Gas Dynamics Equations Summary

Version 0.2
June 5, 2007
Genick Bar-Meir, Ph.D.
Abstract
This document is a summary of the equations that appeared in the
book “Fundamentals of compressible Flow Mechanics.” This summary
supposed to be used by professionals and students who would like to
have a handy summary of the equations without going through the
pages of the whole books.

1 Introduction
Many have asked me to make a summary for the working questions
for the gas dynamics. Due to time constrains, this document wasn’t
constructed. Therefore, I found myself searching for an equation in the
book and I realized the importance and the urgency of this document.
At this stage, this collection is a “quick–fix” which will be improved,
hopefully, in the coming days. These equations were collected from
the book “Fundamentals of compressible Flow” by Genick Bar-Meir
and translated by using latex2html versions 1.7.

2 Speed of Sound
2.1 General
The general equation of speed sound is

dP ∂P 
= (1)
dρ ∂ρ s

1
2.2 Ideal Gas
Gas that obey the equation of state P = ρRT , the speed of sound is

√
c= kRT (2)

Gas that obey the equation of state P = zρRT , the speed of sound
is

√
c= nzRT (3)

Where n is defined as
k
z}|{ ∂z

!
Cp z +T ∂T ρ
n= ∂z

(4)
Cv z+T ∂T P

2.3 Speed of Sound in Liquid

s s
elastic property B
c= = (5)
inertial property ρ

where
dP
B=ρ (6)
dρ

2.4 Speed of Sound in Solids

s
E
c= (7)
ρ

where E is Young’s Modulus

2
2.5 Sound Speed in Two Phase Medium
For flow of mostly gas with drops of the other phase (liquid or solid)
Let
ρ
=1+m (8)
ρa
ṁb
where m = ṁ a
is mass flow rate per gas flow rate. and the subscript
a is for the gas phase and b for the liquid or solid phase.
The equation of state is
P R
= T (9)
ρ 1+m

p
c= γRmix T (10)

where
Cp + mC
γ= (11)
Cv + mC

R
and Rmix = 1+m

3 Isentropic Flow
  k   k
P0 T0 k−1 k−1 2 k−1
= = 1+ M (12)
P T 2

  1   1
ρ0 T0 k−1 k−1 2 k−1
= = 1+ M (13)
ρ T 2

The star values

T∗ c∗2 2
= 2 = (14)
T0 c0 k+1

3
   k
P∗ 2 k−1
= (15)
P0 k+1

  1
ρ∗ 2 k−1
= (16)
ρ0 k+1

3.1 Relationships for Small Mach Number

P0 (k − 1)M 2 kM 4 2(2 − k)M 6

=1+ + + ··· (17)
P 4 8 48

ρ0 (k − 1)M 2 kM 4 2(2 − k)M 6

=1+ + + ··· (18)
ρ 4 8 48

compressibility correction
z }| {
P0 − P M 2 (2 − k)M 4
1 2
=1+ + + ··· (19)
2 ρU
4 24

r  
∗ U k+1 k−1 2
M = ∗ = M 1− M + ··· (20)
c 2 4

 
P0 − P kM 2 M2
= 1+ + ··· (21)
P 2 4

 
ρ0 − ρ M2 kM 2
= 1− + ··· (22)
ρ 2 4

4
 s  
ṁ kP0 2 M 2 k−1 2
= 1+ M + ··· (23)
A RT0 4
The ratio of the area to star area is
  k+1  
A 2 2(k−1) 1 k+1 (3 − k)(k + 1) 3
= + M+ M + ···
A∗ k+1 M 4 32
(24)

! k+1
k−1 2 2(k−1)
A 1 1+ 2 M
= k+1
(25)
A ∗ M 2

3.2 Isentropic Isothermal Flow Nozzle

T1 = T 2 (26)

k−1 2

k−1 2


T01 1+ 2 M1 1+ 2 M1
= k−1 2

= k−1 2

(27)
T02 1+ 2 M2 1+ 2 M2

2
!k
P2 k(M1 2 −M2 2 ) e M1 2

=e 2 = 2 (28)
P1 e M2

!k
A2 M1 e M2 2 2

= (29)
A1 M2 e M1 2

! k " #k
P02 P2 1+ k−1
2 M2
2 k−1
e M1 2 2

= = (30)
P01 P1 1+ k−1
2 M1
2
e M1 2

5
The star values

T = T∗ (31)

P ρ (1−M 2 )k
= = e 2 (32)
P∗ ρ∗

A 1 (1−M 2 )k
= e 2 (33)
A∗ M

k

k−1
T0 2 1 + k−1
2 M1
2
= (34)
T0 ∗ k+1

k

k−1
(1−M )k 2 1 +
k−1 2
P0 2 M1
= e 2 (35)
P0 ∗ k+1

The initial stagnation temperature is denoted as T 0int .

T 1
= k−1
(36)
T0int 1 + 2 M2

P 1
=
k−1 (37)
P0int k−1 2
1+ 2 M
k

f (M2 ) f (M1 )
z }| { z f (M
}|
2)
{ zP }| { z f (M
}|
1)
Fnet P2 A2 2

1 A 1 2

{
= 1 + kM 2 − 1 + kM 1 (38)
P0 A∗ P0 A∗ P0 A∗

6
 see function (38)

z }| {
2
F P1 A1 1 + kM1 1 P1 A1 2

1
= ∗ ∗ = 1 + kM1 (39)
F∗ P A (1 + k) P∗ P0 A∗ (1 + k)
P0
|{z}
k
2
( k+1 ) k−1

  k  
k+1 k−1 F2 F1
Fnet = P0 A (1 + k)
∗
− ∗ (40)
2 F ∗ F

for isothermal

U2 2
F2 P2 A2 1 + RT
= (41)
F1 P1 A1 1 + U1 2
RT

F2 M1 1 + kM2 2
= (42)
F1 M2 1 + kM1 2

F2 1 1 + kM2 2
= (43)
F∗ M2 1 + k

4 Normal Shock

T0y = T0x (44)

 2  2
Ty Py My
= (45)
Tx Px Mx

7
 Py 1 + kMx 2
= (46)
Px 1 + kMy 2

k

k−1
k−1 2
P0y Py 1 + 2 My
= k
(47)
P0x Px 1 + k−1 2

k−1
2 Mx

Mx 2 + 2
k−1
My 2 = 2k 2
(48)
k−1 Mx −1

Py 2k k−1
= Mx 2 −
Px k+1 k+1
Py 2k

=1+ Mx 2 − 1 (49)
Px k+1

ρy Ux (k + 1)Mx 2
= = (50)
ρx Uy 2 + (k − 1)Mx 2

  k+1 Py
!
Ty Py k−1 + Px
= (51)
Tx Px k+1 Py
1+ k−1 Px

  
k+1 Py
ρx 1 + k−1 Px
=     (52)
ρy k+1
+ y
P
k−1 Px

Moving shocks

8
5 Isothermal Flow
Z L Z 1/k
4f dx 1 − kM 2
= dM 2 (53)
0 D M2 kM 2

4f Lmax 1 − kM 2
D = + ln kM 2 (54)
kM 2

" # k
k−1 2 k−1
P0 P 1+ 2 M
= ∗ (55)
P0∗ P 1 + k−1
2k

  k   k
P0 1 2k k−1 k−1 2 k−1 1
=√ 1+ M (56)
P0∗ k 3k − 1 2 M

 
T0 T 1 + k−1
2 M
2
2k k−1
= k−1
= 1+ M2 (57)
T0
∗ T ∗
1 + 2k 3k − 1 2

 2
4f L

4f Lmax  4f Lmax 
 1 − kM1 2 1 − kM2 2 M1
D = D  − D  = − + ln
1 2 kM1 2 kM2 2 M2
(58)

For the case that M1 >> M2 and M1 → 1 equation (58) is reduced

into the following approximation
∼0
z }| {
4f L 1 − kM2 2
D = 2 ln M1 − 1 − (59)
kM2 2

„ «
4f L
M1 ∼ e 1
2 D +1
(60)

9
6 Fanno Flow


4f dx 1 − M 2 dM 2
= (61)
D kM 4 (1 + k−1 2
2 M )

Z Lmax k+1 2
4 1 1 − M2 k + 1 2 M
f dx = + ln (62)
D L k M2 2k 1 + k−1
2 M
2

A representative friction factor is defined as

Z Lmax
¯ 1
f= f dx (63)
Lmax 0

4f¯Lmax 1 1 − M2 k + 1 k+1
2 M
2
= + ln (64)
D k M2 2k 1 + k−1
2 M
2

s
k+1
P 1 2
= k−1
(65)
P ∗ M 1+ 2
2 M

k+1
T c2 2
= = (66)
T∗ c∗ 2 1 + k−1
2 M
2

s
k−1 2
ρ 1 1+ 2 M
= k+1
(67)
ρ∗ M 2

 −1 s
k+1
U ρ 2
= =M k−1
(68)
U∗ ρ∗ 1+ 2
2 M

10
 ! k+1
k−1 2 2(k−1)
P0 1 1+ 2 M
∗ = k+1
(69)
P0 M 2

v
u ! k+1
u k
s − s∗ 2t k+1
= ln M
(70)
cp 2M 2 1 + k−1
2 M
2

T 

T2 T ∗ M2
= T 
 (71)
T1 T M1
∗

   
4f Lmax 4f Lmax 4f L
= − (72)
D 2 D 1 D

7 RAYLEIGH FLOW
P∗ 1 + kM1 2
= (73)
P1 1+k

 2
T∗ 1 1 + kM1 2
= 2 (74)
T1 M 1+k

√
√U
∗ r
ρ1 U∗ kRT ∗ 1 T∗
kRT ∗
= = √ = (75)
ρ∗ U1 √ U1 kRT1 M1 T1
kRT1

k−1 2

 
T01 T1 1 + 2 M1 2(1 + k)M1 2 k−1
∗ = 1+k

= 1+ M1 2 (76)
T0 T∗ 2
(1 + kM 2 )2 2

! k
k−1 2  
P01 P1 1 + 2 M1 1+k 1 + kM1 2 k−1

∗ =
= (77)
P0 P∗ 1+k
2
1 + kM1 2 (1+k)
2

11
8 Oblique-Shock
U1n
tan θ = (78)
U1t

U2n
tan(θ − δ) = (79)
U2t

M1n
sin θ = (80)
M1

M2n
sin(θ − δ) = (81)
M2

M1t
cos θ = (82)
M1

M2t
cos(θ − δ) = (83)
M2

 
M1 2 sin2 θ − 1
tan δ = 2 cot θ (84)
M1 2 (k + cos 2θ) + 2

ρ2 U1n (k + 1)M1 2 sin2 θ

= = (85)
ρ1 U2n (k − 1)M1 2 sin2 θ + 2

 
T2 2kM1 2 sin2 θ − (k − 1) (k − 1)M1 2 + 2
= (86)
T1 (k + 1)2 M1

12
 The Rankine–Hugoniot relations are the same as the relationship
for the normal shock
P2 − P 1 P2 − P 1
=k (87)
ρ2 − ρ 1 ρ2 − ρ 1

x3 + a 1 x2 + a 2 x + a 3 = 0 (88)

where

x = sin2 θ (89)

and
M1 2 + 2
a1 = − 2 − k sin2 δ (90)
M1
 
2M1 2 + 1 (k + 1)2 k − 1
a2 = − + + sin2 δ (91)
M1 4 4 M1 2
cos2 δ
a3 = − (92)
M1 4

1
x1 = − a1 + (S + T ) (93)
3

1 √
x2 = − a1 − 21 (S + T ) + 21 i 3(S − T ) (94)
3
and
1 √
x3 = − a1 − 21 (S + T ) − 21 i 3(S − T ) (95)
3
Where
q
3 √
S = R + D, (96)

q
3 √
T = R− D (97)

13
 and where the definition of the D is

D = Q3 + R 2 (98)

and where the definitions of Q and R are

3a2 − a1 2
Q= (99)
9
and
9a1 a2 − 27a3 − 2a1 3
R= (100)
54

r h i
k+1 2 k−1 2 k+1

4
−1 + 4 M1 + (k + 1) 1 + 2 M1 + 2 M1
sin2 θmax =
kM1 2
(101)

A simplified case of the Maximum Deflection Mach Number’s equa-

tion for large Mach number becomes
r
k+1
M1n = M1 for M1 >> 1 (102)
2k

r q  
(k + 1)M1 2 + 1 + (M1 2 M1 2 (k + 1)2 + 8(k 2 − 1) + 16(1 + k)
M1n = √
2 k
(103)

P2 2kM1 2 sin2 θ − (k − 1)
= (104)
P1 k+1
The density ratio can be expressed as

ρ2 U1n (k + 1)M1 2 sin2 θ

= = (105)
ρ1 U2n (k − 1)M1 2 sin2 θ + 2

14



T2 c2 2 2kM1 2 sin2 θ − (k − 1) (k − 1)M1 2 sin2 θ + 2
= 2 = (106)
T1 c1 (k + 1)M1 2 sin2 θ

(k + 1)2 M1 4 sin2 θ − 4(M1 2 sin2 θ − 1)(kM1 2 sin2 θ + 1)

M2 2 =


2kM1 2 sin2 θ − (k − 1) (k − 1)M1 2 sin2 θ + 2
(107)

The ratio of the total pressure can be expressed as

 k 
 k−1  1
P 02 (k + 1)M1 2 sin2 θ k+1 k−1
=
P 01 (k − 1)M1 2 sin2 θ + 2 2kM1 2 sin2 θ − (k − 1)
(108)

8.1 Given Two Angles, δ and θ

2(cot θ + tan δ)
M1 2 = (109)
sin 2θ − (tan δ)(k + cos 2θ)

2(P2 − P1 ) 2 sin θ sin δ

2
= (110)
ρU cos(θ − δ)

ρ2 − ρ 1 sin δ
= (111)
ρ2 sin θ cos(θ − δ)

9 Prandtl-Meyer Function
ν(M ) = θ(M ) − θ(Mstarting ) (112)
r r !
k+1 k − 1p 2 p
= tan−1 M − 1 − tan−1 M 2 − 1
k−1 k+1
(113)

15
 "r #
π k+1
ν∞ = −1 (114)
2 k−1

16