REVIEW CHAPTER 1,2,3

PART 1: THEORY
Task 1: T or F
1. Utterance meaning is the meaning of an utterance as a communicative act in a given
social setting. F 
2. Content words are the main carriers of information in a sentence. T
3. Utterance meaning derives from expression meaning on the basis of the  particulars
provided by the context of utterance.T
4. Semantics studies the meanings of linguistic expressions in context. F ->  
5. Expression meaning is the meaning of an expression in a given context of utterance.
F
6. Semantics studies all 3 levels of meaning: expression meaning, utterance meaning,
communicative meaning. F >
7.  The meaning of a content word is a concept that provides a mental description for a
certain kind of situation. F-
8. The process of composition is a top-down process. F
9. The meaning of a sentence is determined by its lexical components, their
grammatical meaning, and the syntactic structure of the sentence. T 
10. The meaning of a  grammatical form is called grammatical meaning. T
11. The descriptive meaning of a content word is a concept for its potential referents. T
12. The proposition is the descriptive meaning of the sentence. T.
13. The expressions like “Hi”, “Please” or “Mr Murple” (proper name as term of address)
have expressive meaning. F
14.  The expression “The earth” has constant reference. T
15.  The noun “idiot” in the expression “You idiot!” has social meaning. F
16.  Social meaning and expressive meaning are not parts of expression meanings. F->  
17.  The use of expressions with social meaning is governed by subjective choice. F =>
18.  A referent is an object or an entity in the real world or in the world of your
imagination. T
19. “The building is tall.” In this expression, “the building” has constant reference
because its referent depends on who is the speaker and who is the addressee in a CoU. F
20.  The connotation of a word is the primary meaning.  ⇒ False 
21. Positive connotations, together with social taboos, are responsible for what is called
euphemisms. F >>
22.  A metonymy is an implicit or indirect comparison in which no function word is used.
F-
23.  Differentiation is defined as the meaning shift which results in a special case of what
the expression denotes in its lexical meaning. T
24.  Light in  light blue and light in light breakfast are polysemous. F. ->
25.  The relationship between can (a metal container) and can (able to) is polysemy. F
26.  Two lexemes are homonymous if they have two or more interrelated meanings with
each other. F -> The expression “a demon” in the sentence “He’s a demon for work.” is
metonymically used. F
27. An expression is used metaphorically if it is used to refer to things that are in crucial
aspects similar to the kind of objects to which the expression refers in its literal
meaning.T
28. The expression “The White House” in the sentence “He got a phone call from the
White House” is metaphorically used. F
29.  An expression or an utterance is ambiguous if it can be interpreted in more than one
way. T
30. All lexemes are single words. F => Not all 
idioms: rain cats and dogs 
carry lexical meaning 
Task 2: Gap fill
1. According to the  ---------, the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the
lexical meanings of its components, their grammatical meanings and the syntactic structure
of the whole.           
2.---------  is the investigation of expression meanings stored in the mental lexicon.     
3. ---------are the meanings which are stored in our minds. 
4. -----------meaning  is the meaning of utterance as a communicative act in a given social
setting.  
5.----------- is the process by which we calculate the meaning of a sentence.  
7. ----------- meaning is the meaning of a simple or complex expression taken in isolation 
8. The ------------- of the utterance “Tidy your room.” is a request.       
9. ------------ is the meaning resulted from the process by which we calculate the meaning of
a sentence.
10. -----------is the meaning of an expression when used in a given context of utterance
resulting from fixing reference. 
11. Expression meaning is the meaning of an expression taken in --------
12. Utterance meaning is the meaning of an expression when used in a given ----------------
resulting from fixing reference.
13. Communicative meaning is the meaning of an utterance as a -------------  in a given social
setting
14. The descriptive meaning of a sentence, its proposition, is a concept that provides a
mental description of the kind of ---------- it potentially refers to.
15. The denotation of a content word is the ----------, or set of all its potential referents. 
16. The meaning of a content word is a concept that provides a mental description of a
certain kind of --------
17. The use of expressions with expressive meaning  is governed by ------------ .
18.  ___Social rules/ Social rules of conduct/ Rules for social interaction__________ define
the correct use of expressions with social meaning. 
19. Expressions like “Ouch”, “Oh”, “Wow” has  ___ ___________ meaning
20. A --------  is an object or an entity in the real world or in the world of your imagination. 
21.  “My brother is a singer.” In this expression, “my brother” has -------- reference.
22. Two lexemes are totally ---------- if they have unrelated meanings, but share all other
constitutive properties. 
23. A lexeme is ___--------- ____ if it has two or more interrelated meanings
24. A lexical meaning is vague if it allows for flexible adaptation to the given CoU.
25. An expression is used _metaphorically_____________ if it is used to refer to things that
are in crucial aspects similar to the kind of objects to which the expression refers in its literal
meaning.
26. An expression is used ___metonymically______________ if it is used to refer to things
that belong to the kind of objects to which the expression refers in its literal meaning
 27. ___ ___________ is “the use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from
(though related in some way to) the literal meaning
28. ____ is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another to which it is
related/with which it is associated.
29. The expression “ a heart of stone” in the sentence “She has a heart of stone” is a
metaphor.
30. The expression “an ear for music” in the sentence “She has an ear for music” is a
metonymy.
31.  ________________ ____  is the study of language use in context.

PART 2: PRACTICE
Task 1: What is the relation between the lexemes?
1. bear/bare =>
2. meat/meet =>
3. to/too/two =>
4. flour/ flower =>
5. pretty (adv) – pretty (adj)=>
6. spring (season) – spring (metal coin) =>
7. rose (past form of rise) – rose ( a flower) =>
9. a) The ships are listing badly. 
b. We are listing all members of the society.  =>
10.a) The statue is made of lead. 
       b) The dog is on his lead.
11.a) Bus fares have just gone up. 
    b) Bus fairs are where you buy buses
12. a) What kind of music do you like?
    b) He’s really kind.
13. a) I go jogging twice a week to keep fit.
     b) It doesn’t fit me.
14. a) This table is made of wood. 
    b) She went into the wood. => POLYSEMY
Task 3: Interpret the meaning of the sentences. State the meaning shift. 
1. She has a heart of stone.

 she has a pitiless and unfeeling nature →

2. I’ll make him eat his word. 

3. When he gets going, Jack is a streak of lightning.

4. She has an ear for music

5.  He is a demon for work 

6. When I came to visit, my friend offered me a cup.

7. We need new blood in this organization.

8. The White House agreed with that proposal.