Chapter 1, Part 2.

Types of Thinking:

- Types of Scientific Thinking:

o Critical/Convergent Thinking:
▪ Which is the process of finding a single best solution to a
problem you’re trying to solve.
o Creative/Divergent Thinking:
▪ Which is a thought process used to generate creative ideas.
Typically occurs in a non-linear manner. The many possible
solutions are explored in a short amount of time.
o Lateral/Metacognition Thinking:
▪ Which is solving problems through and indirect and creative
approach.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:
- A method that categorizes the brain thinking into six levels. In two
groups.
Low Level Thinking which includes:
1- Knowledge (ability to recall facts or terms.)
2- Comprehension (ability to interpret information, compare like terms,
combine basic info.)
3- Application (ability to apply knowledge)
High Level Thinking which includes:
1- Analysis (ability to break up any new info to parts)
2- Synthesis (ability to combine different types of info)
3- Evaluation (ability to defend opinion based on evidence)
Bloom’s Levels Key Values:

- Evaluate: choose, determine, defend, judge.

- Synthesis: design, build, create, modify, develop.
- Analyze: classify, break down, categorize.
- Apply: predict, solve, use, demonstrate.
- Compresence: describe, explain, summarize, discuss.
- Knowledge: list, recite, outline, define, identify.

Components of Scientific Thinking:

- Empiricism:
o The theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.
- Rationalism:
o Is the philosophy that knowledge comes from logic
- Skepticism:
o Any questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of
putative knowledge or belief.
Intellectual Thinking Standards:

1. Clarity:
- A thinker must be clear in how to communicate thoughts, beliefs,
and reasons for beliefs.
2. Accuracy:
- Making sure that all information is correct and free from error. If
the thinking is reliable, then it has Accuracy.
3. Precision:
- One step further than Accuracy. It demands that the words and
data used are exact. If no more details could be added, then it
has Precision.
4. Relevance:
- Means that everything included is important, that each part
makes a difference.
5. Depth:
- If an argument includes all the degrees necessary to make the
point, it has Depth
6. Logic:
- Means that an argument is reasonable
7. Fairness:
- Means that the argument is balanced and free from bias.

A Thinker uses:

1. Imagination (the ability to find in the bits and pieces of information

elicited from reality)
2. Custom (Which is the lesson learned through certain experience)
3. Reasoned judgement (the act of arriving at a conclusion based on
known facts and evidence)
Opinion: A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based
on fact or knowledge.

- A Thinker needs to know how to tell the difference between facts

used to judge and opinion.

Sources of Knowledge:

• Primary:
o Provides direct or firsthand evidence about an object.
o Provide the original materials on which other research is based.
o Can be written or non-written.
o Examples: (interviews, surveys, observation as well as fieldwork)
• Secondary:
o Describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary sources.
o Lack the freshness and immediacy of the original material.
o Examples: (Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias,
books, literature reviews and articles)