Professional Documents
Culture Documents
;SfS VW W_[eeta ‑+,1(+0
@ efdgu We VW gea
EFJ8
7 M 5 U F a M SIC 8 SH I C C I
6 K CK R S C M F K 8E R
HWUWT[Va bSdS bgT [USuta W_ 3 VW VWlW_Tda VW ‑+,06 SUW[fa W_ ,, VW _Sdua VW ‑+,1
91 68
RMV A M NM ES SK R M AMKSK CK C C M C EC KC RC A ARC NM
FCKME M R R 1K AM R RC AM M KS RM CK MT M S RM AMK NMSAM
C RM C A M C MAM A RS 7M N C C RC C R M OS R M KC MT H NM C N CR
AMK M ( KC C KM R K CS M E AM OS M C C K ES N SK OSC C ES
3CKME M M M M C T E M C KC RC C OS RM F NM R CK E TC M CTC NM
CV KC M RM SR N AMS C CK AC C AMK A KS M C S M C M M CK AFMU
CVN M(1 N M 9M 1 C C S R M A K NM C C RMV A M NM ES MA
C CK AC C CT M Y F NM R CK SA M CTC CK MT M S RM
UZghSe faddW U[S[e egefW fSVSe W bad ha fS Va _W[a(V[S Fe_a S [VSVW evd[US _Fe_ * ]Y ‑ PES & P g * ,3
VW ‑, VW g Za VWh[Va S bdaT W_Se S b S fS VW & P9KE * ‑ 3
[ fdSYW_ VW rYgS a STSefWU[_W fa VW rYgS a[
[ fWdda_b[Va S rdWS Sa dWVad VS SlW VS) ES fSdVW VW a VW ES eyV[a _D g Y [UaeW _Y * VWg W 9KE
‑‑ VW g Za S rYgS Vae fS cgWe VW VgSe hSUSd[Se a VW [fdaYw [a VS gdv[S a eS YgW _Y * VWg
WefShS_ S a SVae UWdUS VW 2++ USTWuSe VW YSVa
WeYafag(eW) GadfS fa S _S Zt VW ‑. VW g Za a [ba SfdW_[S Z[baU adW_[S W TS[jS
SlW VW[da fdaUag S a fW VW rYgS VW fad W[dS bSdS rYgS ae_a S [VSVW evd[US adS_ dWhW SVSe W_ fdwe Vae
VW baua W VW[jag a YSVa TWTWd Sfv [USd eSf[e W[fa) cgSfda S [_S[e W faVSe Se cgSfda hSUSe f[ ZS_
Gadv_ UWdUS VW ,+ ZadSe Sbye VSd rYgS Va baua a xhW[e eS Ygx Wae Sg_W fSVae VW Y [UaeW g
SlW VW[da W Ua fdag Va[e S [_S[e :Seae , W ‑ UdWSf[ S cg[ SeW :B W SebSdfSfa S_[ afdS e WdSeW
VW[fSVae Ua_ e[ S[e Wgda yY[Uae) Ea V[S ‑/ VW g Za 8IJ ) K_ fWefW VW gd[ S a[ dWS [lSVa SbW Se a
faVae ae S [_S[e bgVWdS_ TWTWd rYgS VW baua SV :Sea /) 8 YdSh[VSVW WebWUx [US VS gd[ S WdS , +,. W S
[T[fg_ WjUWfa a bWdxaVa afgd a _Se a V[S ‑0 VW Ua UW fdSuta VW eyV[a S gd[ S WdS , _D) _TadS S
g Za Sbye S dWfa_SVS Va STSefWU[_W fa VW rYgS Uad VS gd[ S aeeW YdaeeW[dS_W fW ad_S g_S WhW
agfdSe VgSe hSUSe :Seae . W / adS_ aTeWdhSVSe Ua_ dWSuta VW eS YgW aUg fa a[ aTeWdhSVS)
e[ S[e U x [Uae eW_W ZS fWe) 8 S [_W fSuta ad WU[VS Sa
YSVa Ua e[ef[S W_ bS ZS VW Sddal W S [_W fae 8e bd[ U[bS[e VaW uSe W_ Tah[ ae SVg fae cgW
Ua_baefae Ua_WdU[S[e cgW ta Ua f[ ZS_ eS ) 8 dSuta USgeS_ S ad_S [VSVWe Wgda yY[USe [ U gW_
V[rd[S ta a[ fdaUSVS _We_a Sbye S S fS VW rYgS _Se _W [ YaW UW S [fW fda_TaW_Ty [US [ WUU[aeS
a[ dWVgl[VS bSdS Va[e fWduae Sbye S aUaddw U[S Vae [efWd[aeW ba [aW UW S a_S SU[S [ faj[USuta bad eS W
:Seae , W ‑) SU[VaeW dg_[ S ) EWeeW USea Se [ WUu We adS_
VWeUSdfSVSe Ua_ TSeW S Sgew U[S VW WTdW W S
JaVae ae cgSfda S [_S[e S WfSVae WdS_ w_WSe ba [aW UW S a_S rU[S a[ VWeUSdfSVS badcgW hrd[ae
W egSe [VSVWe :Seae , S / adS_ ‑0 ‑‑ ,1 W ,2 S [_S[e VWeW ha hWdS_ e[ S[e Wgda yY[Uae
_WeWe dWebWUf[hS_W fW) Ea bd[_W[da V[S ae :Seae , dWbW f[ S_W fW W bad g_ Ugdfa bWdxaVa VW fW_ba) F
W / W Ua fdShS_(eW W_ VWU T[fa VadeS Ua_ W hW W S_W fa bad eS a[ VWeUSdfSVa Ua_ TSeW S
WebSe_ae _geUg SdWe W Ua_S W ta Ua eWYg[S_ eW Sgew U[S VW eS S dSuta) GadfS fa [ [U[S _W fW
WhS fSd) Fe USeae ‑ W . Ua eWYg[S_ [USd VW bv _Se [lW_ae g_ V[SY yef[Ua bdah[eyd[a VW SU[VaeW dg_[ S
_aefdShS_ VWbdWeeta fa fgdS W Ua eU[w U[S SYgVS ae :Seae , W ‑) Ea W fS fa ae dWeg fSVae Vae
bWdfgdTSVS VgdS fW ae cgS[e Ua f[ gShS_ eW WjS_We STadSfad[S[e dWhW SdS_ Z[ba SfdW_[S Ua_
_ahW Va Ua fdS Se YdSVWe VS TS[S W ta TS[jS ae_a S [VSVW evd[US W egYWd[dS_ S baee[T[ [VSVW
Ua eWYg[S_ TWTWd ag Ua_Wd eal[ Zae) JaVae W We VW [ faj[USuta ZxVd[US) Ea :Sea / fW fS_ae U See[ [USd S
SbdWeW fShS_ e[ fa_Se VW VWe[VdSfSuta Ua_a Z[ba SfdW_[S VW SUadVa Ua_ ae Ud[fvd[ae V[SY yef[Uae
W a fS _a W W VgdWU[_W fa VS bW W W a :Sea , Sb [USVae W_ Zg_S ae)1 bSdS Ua [d_Sd a V[SY yef[Ua
Wj[T[S _[Uuta dWcgW fW) 8 fW_bWdSfgdS dWfS WefShS VW [ faj[USuta bad rYgS) _ bd[_W[da gYSd S YdSh[VSVW
VW fda Vae [_[fWe ad_S[e W ZW_aY aT[ d[S cgW v WebWUx [US VS gd[ S VWhW eWd [ Wd[ad S , ++. W_
g_S VSe _S [ WefSu We _S[e Ua_g e VW [ faj[USuta bSU[W fWe Wgha w_[Uae Ua_ Z[ba SfdW_[S W
bad rYgS W_ TWlWddae. 3(,, ,/ a[ YdaeeW[dS_W fW Z[baae_a S [VSVW) Ea W fS fa a Va :Sea / a[
[_bWdUWbfxhW W_ faVae ae USeae) [ SVWcgSVS_W fW S fa , +,. egYWd[ Va V[ef dT[a VS
WjUdWuta VW rYgS [hdW USgeSVa bad eaTdWUSdYS VW
Fe dWeg fSVae Vae fWefWe STadSfad[S[e eta ha g_W Ua fdSuta VW ha g_W ag ex Vda_W VW eWUdWuta
SbdWeW fSVae S JSTW S ,) 8 ae_a S [VSVW evd[US a[ [ SVWcgSVS VW Zad_z [a S f[V[gdvf[Ua) EWeeW USea S
Wef[_SVS VW SUadVa Ua_ S eWYg[ fW yd_g S1 5 Ua fdSuta VW ha g_W a[ egebW[fSVS Ua_ TSeW S
Z[efyd[S W ae e[ fa_Se VW VWe[VdSfSuta) Ea
ESakS BSiSZSdS Wf S ) ,1,
bSU[W fWe Ua_ Z[ba SfdW_[S Z[baha w_[US W g uta S Ua fdSuta VW ha g_W a[ baefWd[ad_W fW dWea h[VS
dW S ad_S S Ua UW fdSuta VW eyV[a S gd[ S VWhW Ua_ S [ YWefta VW g_S YdS VW cgS f[VSVW VW rYgS VW
eWd [ Wd[ad S ‑+ _D) GadfS fa S Ua UW fdSuta baua) Ea W fS fa egS Ua UW fdSuta VW eyV[a a[
afShW _W fW TS[jS VW eyV[a S gd[ S Va :Sea / , _D baefWd[ad_W fW dWhW SVS Ua_a eW Va VW SbW Se ‑ .
egYWd[S egS g uta dW S ad_S W S Wj[efw U[S VW _D W egebW[fag(eW VW Z[ba SfdW_[S V[ gU[a S YdShW)
bWdVSe VW g[Va WjfdSddW S USgeS Va Ua fdSuta VW
ha g_W) 8e bWdVSe VW g[Vae WjfdS(dW S[e baVW_ Ea bd[_W[da V[S fdSfS_ae ae USeae , W ‑ Ua_
aUaddWd Ua_a Ua eWcgw U[S VW hz_[fae bda a YSVae g_S ea guta [YW[dS_W fW Z[bafz [US Ua UW fdSuta
V[SddW[S YdShW ag eWcgWefda VW g[Vae W_ g_ fWdUW[da VW eyV[a ,+1 _D W 21 _D dWebWUf[hS_W fW
WebSua) EWeeW USea fS[e e[ fa_Se ta WefShS_ [ U g[ Va T[USdTa Sfa VW eyV[a bSdS egebW[fS VW
bdWeW fWe VW _aVa cgW S Ua fdSuta VW ha g_W a[ SU[VaeW dg_[ S W ae USeae . W / Ua_ ea guta
bdWeg_[VS Ua_a VWUaddW fW VS S ZS a STSefWU[_W fa Z[bWdfz [US Ua UW fdSuta VW eyV[a
VW rYgS) ISTW(eW cgW WeeSe bWdVSe VW g[Vae /‑+ _D W .00 _D dWebWUf[hS_W fW ) 8 SV_[ [efdSuta
YWdS _W fW baVW_ USgeSd Z[ba SfdW_[S cgS Va Se [ fdShW aeS VW ea guta eS [ S Z[bWdfz [US fW_ e[Va
bWdVSe eta dWbaefSe bW S [ YWefta VW rYgS bgdS ag dWUa_W VSVS bSdS [ faj[USuta bad rYgS W_ TWlWddae3 4
xcg[Vae Ua_ TS[ja fWad VW eyV[a1 4 ) EWeeW USea 6 a W fS fa WeeWe USeae W_ Z[bafz [Ua W_
,1‑ @ faj[USuta bad rYgS W_ Tah[ ae SVg fae