13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

Vancouver, B.C., Canada

August 1-6, 2004
Paper No. 1871

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF

WALL-TYPE PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL HOUSES

Takanori Kawamoto1, Hiroshi Kuramoto 2 and Junji Osaki 3

SUMMARY

The purpose of this study is to acquire fundamental data to construct analytical models of members appli-
cable to nonlinear static analysis for wall-type precast concrete panel houses of two stories. The precast
panels are thin walls, floors and beams with reinforcing ribs. The house is built to fasten each panel by
joint steel bars. The wall panels have 2700mm-high, 897mm-wide, 120mm-thick ribs and a 46mm-thick
wall. Two kinds of experiments were carried out. One was a test for the wall panels and the other was for
the frame. A total of four wall specimens and one frame specimen were prepared. Each wall specimen was
fabricated by a single wall panel, while the frame specimen consists of two wall panels, floor panels and
beam panels. The variables investigated were the level of axial forces and the shear span ratio for the wall
panels test and the disposition of wall panels. The specimens in both experiments were loaded with lateral
cyclic shear forces and an axial compression.

This paper shows that the flexural strength of wall panels is decided by the yield of their anchor bars, the
flexural strengths are represented by the existing equations of reinforced concrete walls and the de-
formation capacity of wall panels is influenced seriously by the rotation distortion of wall panels. It also
shows that the strength and deformation capacity of the frame are affected by the disposition of wall pan-
els.

INTRODUCTION

"The method of construction made from Medium size concrete panels with ribs" used for a concrete pre-
fabricated house of 2 stories is a wall type constitution which assembles the standardized precast rein-
forced-concrete panels with ribs by bolt junction, and is a method of construction which enables shorten-
ing of the necessary construction time and cutting the house frame cost.

The authors acquired experimental work data about each detail in the horizontal load experiment of the
concrete wall panels with ribs and the frame assembled concrete wall panels, floor panels, and a sagging
wall and orthogonal wall panels in order to grasp the structural performance of the structural elements of

1 Ube-Mitsubishi Cement Research Institute Corporation, Ube, Japan. Email: 28122u@ube-ind.co.jp

2 Associate Professor, Toyohashi University of Tech., Toyohashi, Japan. Email: kura@tutrp.tut.ac.jp
3 Ube House Corporation, Yamaguchi, Japan
 this method in mind constructing analytical models of members applicable to nonlinear static analysis re-
quired for structural calculation. While describing the scheme of experiments, this paper shows the ex-
amination result of the structural performance of wall panels and a frame.

ANTISYMMETRICAL LOADING TEST OF THE WALL PANELS

Specimens
The list of specimens is shown in Table 1, and the details of the specimens are shown in Fig.1. The four
wall panels of the first floor of a 2-story house. The size of a specimen is the wall thickness x length=
120mmx 897mm and the shell thickness = 46mm (par wall thickness is 57.5mm). Main reinforcements of
the specimen are 2-D13 (SD295A), shell section reinforcements were the 2.9φ@60 mesh and anchor bolts
were D19 (SD295A). Then their specified concrete strength was 30N/mm2 and their specified mortal
strength filled in the joint was 60N/mm2. The variables considered here were axial load (constant, fluctua-
tion) and shear span ratio (a/D=3.42, 1.74). In addition, a/D=1.74 was the assumed stress condition of the
external corner wall, and a/D=3.42 was the assumed stress condition of the wall which an inside grid line
and an outside grid line crossed at right-angles. The high of a/D=3.42 was 2700mm, and the high of
a/D=1.74 was 1200mm. The mechanical properties of concrete and steel are shown in Table 2 and Table
3.

Table 1 Details and arrangement of specimens

Measurement(mm)
Longitudinal
Length Anchor Shell Shear Span Ratio
No Shell main rein- Axial Load
×High Bolts Reinforcement (a/D)
Thickness forcements
×Thickness

1 897x 2700 Constant

3.42
2 x120 Fluctuation
46 2-D19 2-D13 2.9φ@60
3 897x 1200 Constant
1.74
4 x120 Fluctuation
Axial Load
Load(-) Load(+)
220
Table 2 Mechanical properties of concrete
Upper stub
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Wall
No.
Concrete Mortar
Shell 1 46.47 82.17
Nut Mesh line Specimen
(Thickness 46mm)
2.9φ@60 2700 2 50.25 85.21
Washer or
1200
3 50.72 78.60
4 46.47 83.10
2-D13 2-D13

Leg Rib Anchor bolt

Mortar
D19(SD295A)

Anchor bolt
Table 3 Mechanical properties of steel
Wall’s main re-
Leg rib Part Anchor bolt
Lower stub 400 (high 150mm) inforcement
［Junction detail ］ Specification
D19 D13
(SD295A) (SD295A)
Shell(Thickness 46mm)
60 Main reinforcement ［section ］ Yield point
Stress (N/mm2) 395 367
120 2-D13 Strain (µ) 1890 2198
128.5 128.5 Rib
Tensile strength (N/mm2) 578 508
Anchor bolt (Width 70mm) Elongation ratio (%) 24.0 23.2
897
Young's modulus
×105(N/mm2) 2.16 1.85
Fig.1 Specimen
Loading system
A loading apparatus is shown in Fig.2, and the loading path is shown in Fig.3. The specimen was installed
on the precast lower stub fixed by the PC bar in the reaction frame, and was joined with the anchor bolts.
In addition, the circumference’s clearance of the anchor bolts was filled up with expanded mortar. The
upper precast stub was joined to the specimen and the horizontal load apparatus using vertical bolts.

The specimens were subjected to repeat loading with the 500kN actuator attached horizontally. The height
of the loading point was set to 3077mm and 1567mm. Loading of the constant axial load of 29kN (axial
stress was 0.56N/mm2) or the fluctuation axial load (N=29+1.2 x Q kN, Q: horizontal force) of 0-150kN
(axial stress was 0-2.90N/mm2) was carried out, which assumed a long time load acting on the first floor
wall of the 2 stories with a 350kN hydraulic jack.

A measuring apparatus is shown in Fig.4. Horizontal and vertical displacement of the wall panel’s top, the
open and slip displacement of the wall panel’s leg, and elongation displacement of wall side faces were
measured by displacement meters. Strains of main reinforcements, mesh lines and anchor bolts were
measured by wire strain gages. In addition, the horizontal force was measured by the 500kN load cell, and
the axial load was measured by the pressure intensifier.

Test results and discussions

Failure pattern
The ultimate destructive situation of each test specimen is shown in Fig.5.
1/30
350kN Jack

1/50
(+) 1/67
500kN Actuator 1/100
1/200
1/400
-1/400
a/D=3.42:a=3077mm -1/200
Specimen a/D=1.74:a=1567mm
-1/100
(-) -1/67
-1/50

-1/30
400m

Fig.3 Loading path

Fig.2 Loading apparatus

200
500

50
1 1 No3 No4

No1, No2, and No3 are side

splitting failure.
No4 is compression failure.
500
200

No1 No2

Fig.4 Measuring apparatus Fig.5 Ultimate destructive situation

 In regard to the side splitting failure, the decline of horizontal force caused by exfoliation of the concrete
covering the wall’s main-reinforcement on the tension side in No 1 and 2 of a/D=3.42 and No3 of
a/D=1.74 in constant axial load was shown. Also the bending compression destruction of the longitudinal
rib was shown in No4 of fluctuation axial load and a/D=1.74 was shown.

Deformation
The load (Q)-displacement (δ) curves obtained from the experiment are shown in Figs. 6-.9. In all-
specimens, hysteresis showed the slipped type. When seen in detail, from Figs.6 and 7, in No 1 and 2 of
a/D=3.42, first, the transverse tension crack was generated in the cycle of (rotation angle of member) R=1
/ 400. Second, the bond crack of the anchor bolts arose in the cycle of R=1/400-1/200. Third, the anchor
bolts yielded in the cycle of R=1/100. Fourth, the horizontal force did not decline until the cycle of
R=1/50. Afterward, the wall’s main reinforcement yielded in the cycle of R=1/30, and the horizontal force
declined gradually. In addition, it was shown that No2 of the fluctuation axial load, which the degree of
axial stress is high at the positive load and is low at the negative load as compared with No1, had high
horizontal force at positive load, and low horizontal force at negative load. Thus, it is thought that the ax-
ial load affects the horizontal force. From Fig.8, in No3 (a/D=1.74) of the constant axial load, first, the
bond crack of an anchor bolt arose in the cycle of R=1/400. Second, anchor bolts yielded in the cycle of
R=1/100. Third, the horizontal force did not decline until the cycle of R=1/50. Then the wall’s main rein-
forcement yielded in the cycle of R=1/30, the horizontal force declined by exfoliation of the concrete cov-
ering the wall’s main-reinforcement on the tension side in the cycle of R=1/20.

50 50
-1/50 -1/100 -1/400 Yield of anchor bolt Yield of mainreinforcement -1/100 -1/400 Yield of anchor bolt Yield of main reinforcement
-1/50
(Q=33.12kN) (Q=35.57kN) (Q=39.59kN)
40 -1/42 -1/67 -1/200 (Q=30.58kN) 40 -1/37 -1/67 -1/200 Yield of anchor bolt
Yield of anchor bolt （Calculate:35.65kN）
30 (Calculate:30.6kN) 30
N=70.3(kN)
20 20

10 10
Q(kN)
Q(kN)

0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Yield of anchor bolt

Yield of anchor bolt
(Calculate:30.6kN)
(Calculate:27.26kN)
-40 Yield of anchor bolt 1/400 1/100 1/50 -40 Yield of anchor bolt 1/100 1/50 1/33 1/20
1/400
(Q=31.26kN) 1/200 1/67 1/30 1/20 (Q=27.54kN) 1/200 1/67
-50 -50
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
δ(mm) δ(mm)

Fig.6 Q-δ Curve (No.1) Fig.7 Q-δ Curve (No.2)

120 120
Yield of anchor bolt
-1/30 -1/50 -1/100 -1/400 Yield of anchor bolt Yield of main reinforcement Compression failure of rib
(Q=52.92kN) (Q=70.3kN) -1/30 -1/50 -1/100 -1/400 (Q=88.89kN) (Q=101.5kN)
100 -1/67 -1/200 100
-1/67 -1/200
80 80 Yield of anchor bolt
Yield of anchor bolt (Calculate:84.38kN)
60 60 N=143.7kN
(Calculate: 60.48kN)
40 40
Q(kN)

Q(kN)

20 20

0 0

-20 -20

-40 Yield of anchor bolt -40 Yield of abchor bolt

(Calculate: 60.48kN) (Calculate:60.59kN)
-60 1/400 1/100 1/50 1/30 1/20 -60 1/400 1/100 1/50 1/30
Yield of anchor bolt 1/200 1/67 Yield of anchor bolt 1/200 1/67
-80 (Q=59kN) -80 (Q=63.5kN)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
δ(mm)
δ(mm)

Fig.8 Q-δ Curve (No.3) Fig.9 Q-δ Curve (No.4)

From Fig.9, in No4 (a/D=1.74) of fluctuation axial load, first, the transverse tension crack and the bond
crack of anchor bolts arose in the cycle of R=1/400. Second, the anchor bolts yielded in the cycle of
 R=1/100 at the positive load and R=1/67 at the negative load. Third, horizontal force did not decline until
the cycle of R=1/50. Then, the wall’s longitudinal rib on the compression side carried out the bending
compression destruction in the cycle of R=1/30, and the horizontal load declined suddenly.

Flexural strength
Comparison between the experimental result at the time the anchor-bolt yielded and the estimated result
are shown in Table 4.The bending-moment (M)-axial load (N) correlation by the bending analysis as-
sumed flat-surface holding and the existing formula (1)[1] are shown in Fig.10.
2500
Table 4 Experimental result
2000
Flexural strength analysis of section
No Direction Experiment Calculation eMy/cMy 1500

N(kN)
eMy(kN･m) cMy(kN･m)
1 + 94.09 94.77 0.99 1000
+ 109.45 109.71 1.00 No3 Experimental value
2 No4 　■：+ Load
- 84.74 83.89 1.01 500
　◆：- Load
(1) Formula
3 + 82.93 94.19 0.88
0
+ 139.29 132.22 1.05 No2 200
4 0 100 300 400 500
- 98.74 94.95 1.04 No1 M(kN･m)
-500

Fig.10 M-N curve

In all test specimens, the experimental result and the estimate showed a good relationship. In the range of
the axial load of this experiment, the bending strength of the anchor bolt yield can be evaluated in general
by the formula (1).

cMy= at･σy･j+ 0.5･N･j (1)

at : Sectional area of an anchor bolt (mm2)
σy: Yield point strength of an anchor bolt (N/mm2)
j : Lever arm 0.74(m)
N : Constant or fluctuation axial load (N)

The stress -elongation of anchor bolt

The stress –elongation curve of the anchor bolt is shown in Fig.11. It is shown slipped type hysteresis like
the Q-δ curve. The slipped type hysteresis of Q-δ curve is considered that this behavior of the anchor bolt
has influenced as one factor. The behavior of the anchor bolt observed in this experiment is shown in
Fig.12. The anchor bolt is jointed with a nut at the wall. In the condition that the anchor bolt yielded and
600 Horizontal
shear forces

400 Up

200
Stress(N/mm )

Anchor bolt yielded and ex-

2

It contacted and began

tended.
0 Horizontal to be effective.
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 shear forces
N
-200 Q(+)

Down
Down
-400
Aperture

1/400 1/200 1/100 1/67 1/50 stress of anchor

-600
Aperture(mm) It slipped out
Loading is removed.

Fig.11 Stress-elongation curve of anchor bolt Fig.12 Behavior of anchor bolt

extended, after the wall rotated and the nut touched at the wall leg rib, the anchor bolt began (Q-δ curve
began to recover from a slip condition) to be effective as a tension member, and, after the bond had dete-
riorated, the anchor bolt slipped out at the time of the removing load.

Moreover, it was shown that the tension stiffness of the anchor bolt lowered once in the cycle of R=1/200
from Fig.11. This was in agreement with the cycle which the bond crack of the anchor bolt (shown in
Fig.5) arose. It is thought that looseness arose due to bond deterioration on the anchorage section of the
anchor bolt into the wall. And in Q-δ curve of Fig.6-Fig.9, it has appeared as stiffness depression in the
cycle of R=1/400-1/200.

Deformation component rate

A deformation component rate is shown in Fig.14. Using the measurements of displacement meters shown
in Fig.4, each deformation is calculated from the geometric condition shown in Fig.17. It is shown that the
rotation distortion by the elongation of the anchor bolt forms about 70% of all deformations from Fig.16
and that the rate becomes large as the rotation angle of the member becomes large. Moreover, it is shown
that a horizontal slip deformation is comparatively small [about 3% of all deformations].

δM:Bending de- δR:Rotation de- δs:Slip deforma- δshear:Shear de- δM δR δs δshear

δ: All deformations formation formation tion formation

No1
θ h’
= + + + No2
h
∆δ θ
M
No3
ρ
∆δ
R

δM=h’/ρ x ∆δM
L No4
δR=h/L x ∆δR δshear=δ-(δM+δR+δs) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
割合

Fig.13 Geometric condition of deformation Fig.14 Deformation component rate

ANTISYMMETRICAL LOADING TEST OF THE FREAM

Specimen
A frame specimen detail and a bar arrangement of a wall panel are shown in Fig.15 and Table 6. The
frame specimen with orthogonal wall panels was set up. It was simulated the first floor of a 2-story house.
The wall used for the experiment were concrete panels with ribs, and they had height of 2,700mm, rib
thickness of 120mm, shell thickness of 46mm, and wall length of 897mm. Moreover, the floor was made
into a shape which combines three 3810mm-length floor panels as shown in Fig.15 a long arm of floors
was put on the plane wall panels. In addition, the floor panels had thickness of 150mm, shell thickness of
46mm.

The longitudinal rib’s main reinforcements of the wall panel were 2-D13 (SD295A), and shell reinforce-
ments were 2.9φ@60mesh, and the rib main reinforcements of the floor panel were 4-D13 (SD295A), and
shell reinforcements of the floor panel were 2.9φ@100mesh. Moreover, foundation and wall panels were
jointed by 2-D19 (SD295A) anchor bolts of mortar fitting combined use, a wall panel and a floor panel
were jointed by 2-16φ(SS400) bolts of mortar fitting combined use, and a wall panel and a wall panel
were jointed by 3-13φ(SS400) bolts, and a floor panel and a floor panel were jointed by 13φ(SS400) bolts
and shear cotter of mortar fitting. In addition, specified concrete and mortar strength were 30N/mm2.
 Loading system
The scheme of a loading apparatus is shown in Figs.16. The experiment was carried out by loading the re-
peat horizontal force (height of the loading point is 2,775mm) with the 500kN actuator horizontally at-
tached to an abutment test wall, after it was loaded the constant axial load of 29kN (orthogonal walls are
14.5kN) which were equivalent to long time loading of a first floor wall with the 500kN hydraulic jack in-
stalled on the floor panel through the PC bar which anchored to the lower stub along the central heart of
each wall.
Table 5 Specimens 120 2-Ｄ10

3810
2-Ｄ10 Form (mm) Rebar work
2-Ｄ13 Part Leng- Thickness Main reinforce-
Floor panel
Width Mesh line
2.9φ
60m esh
th Rib Shell ment
46 2.9φ SWM
Wall 2700 897 120 46 2-D13 SD295A
@60 -P
1107 2.9φ SWM
Floor 3810 150 46 4-D13 SD295A
552 @100 -P
2-Ｄ13
2-Ｄ13
13φBolt

128.5
anchor bolt
2-Ｄ13 2-Ｄ13
Table 6 Mechanical Properties of Steel
Top-of-floor 2-Ｄ13

13φBolt 16φBolt
Bar arrangement Main re-
150
Part Anchor bolt inforce- Mesh Joint bolt
ment
D19 D13 2.9φ 16φ 13φ
Specification
13φBolt
SD295A SD295A SWM-P SS400 SS400
at(mm2) 287 127 6.6 201 133
Plane Orthogonal
2700
Wall Wall Panel σy(N/mm2) 339 336 664 327 303
Panel
εy(µ) 1903 2057 5400 1681 1539
13φBolt
σt(N/mm2) 515 487 672 458 433
Elongation
25.6 25.6 － 31.5 32.3
ratio(%)
D19Anchor bolt
D19 Anchor bolt
Es(KN/mm2) 177 172 146 195 205
2010

Front elevation Side elevation

Fig.15 Specimen

500kN Hydraulic jack Reaction-force wall 200mm-

500kN Load cell Floor displacement gage

Q(-) PC Bar for Q(+)

horizontal load sagging wall.

Displacement holder
500kN
wall orthogonal
Actuator
wall
PC Bar for
Axial Load

50mm-displacement
25mm-displacement

Stub Reaction-force floor

Stub

Fig.16 Load apparatus Fig.17 Displacement

A measuring method is shown in Fig.17. The horizontal and vertical displacement of the wall panel’s top
and the floor panel, and the aperture and slip displacement of the wall panel’s leg, and the open displace-
ment of a sagging wall panel – a floor panel and a wall panel, and the slip displacement of a wall panel – a
column panel were measured by displacement meters. Moreover, strains of main reinforcements, mesh
lines and joint bolts were measured by wire strain gages.

Test results and discussions

Failure pattern
The crack pattern (rotation angle of member R=1/50) of the specimen is shown in Fig.18. The horizontal
load depression was rising gradually by compression failure of the compression side longitudinal ribs of
the plane walls, and the specimen showed the type of rupture near the wall panel specimen No4.

180
Floor side -1/33 -1/50 -1/67 -1/100 -1/400
Yiekd of anchor bolt 158.32kN

-1/200 -1/800 Yield of anchor bolt

Calculate:Q=143.34kN
120

Floor
plate

rectangular
60

wall

Q(kN)
0

Q(+)
-60
Top of
flooring -120
Yield of anchor bolt 1/800 1/200
Calculate:Q=135.32kN 1/400 1/100 1/67 1/50 1/33
Yield of anchor bolt 153.14kN
-180
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120
δ(mm)

Fig.19 Q-δ Curve

Deformation
The horizontal-load (Q)-level displacement (δ) curve ob-
tained from the experiment is shown in Fig.19. The frame
specimen shows slipped type hysteresis like the result of
the wall experiments. When seen in detail, first,the depres-
sion of initial stiffness was seen in the cycle of R=1 / 800.
Second, the stiffness depression arose gradually in the cy-
Surface of wall
cle of R=1/400. Third, the load rising once became gradu-
ally when a diagonal crack arose to the floor rib on the or-
Fig.18 Crack Pattern thogonal wall in the cycle of R=+1/200. Fourth, anchor
bolts yielded at load 158.32kN in the cycle of R=+1/100
and load -153.14kN in the cycle of R=-1/67. In the cycle
of R=1/67 and 1/50, the horizontal load did not decline. And the longitudinal-rib leg concrete on the com-
pression side of the plane wall deteriorated in the cycle of R=1/33, after the load fell to about 90% of the
maximum load, the horizontal load declined further in the cycle of R=1/20.

Although the failure type showed the same aspect of compression destruction on the compression side
longitudinal rib as compared with the wall panel specimen No4 loaded the fluctuation axial load, it was
shown that the suddenly horizontal force depression (R=1/40) seen in the wall panel specimen No4 did
not arise in the frame specimen. So it is thought that the deformation performance improves by forming
frame.

Inflection Point
Stress distribution of the plane wall’s main reinforcements obtained from the main reinforcement strains
of the plane walls is shown in Fig.20. From Fig.20, tensile stress has occurred in the main reinforcement
 on the right hand side of both the wall’s leg and Q(+)
the left hand side of both wall’s head at the posi-
2W7 2W4 1W 7 1W3
tive load, and it is possible that the inflection
point arises in the plane walls in the frame. More- Wall 2W3 1W6 Wall
over, also in the crack pattern of Fig.18, in the
wall upside, the transverse tension cracks are
2W6 2W2 1W5 1W2
shown.
2W5 2W1 1W4 1W1

2700 2700 2700 2700

1/400 1/200 1/200 1/200 1/50 1W3 Yield point
2W7 Yield point 1W7

Gauge location of height direction(mm)

2W4 1/400
Gauge location of height direction(mm)

1/400 1/100
1/50 2W3 1W8
1800 1800 1800 1800
1/100

1/100
1/50
1/200 1/50
900 900 1/100 900 900
2W6 2W2 1W5 1W2
1/400
2W5 Yield point 2W1 1W4 Yield point 1W1
0 0 0 0
-400 -200 0 200 400 -400 -200 0 200 400 -400 -200 0 200 400 -400 -200 0 200 400
σ(N/mm 2) σ(N/mm 2)
σ(N/mm2 ) σ(N/mm2 )

Fig.20 Stress Distribution

Flexural strength
The relationship between the lift up displacement of the plane wall’s top and total tensile force of the ver-
tical joint bolts of the orthogonal wall’s top is shown in Fig.22. It is shown that the tensile force arisen in
the vertical joint bolt of the orthogonal wall’s top becomes larger as the plane wall rotates from Fig.22.
The tension force arises in the vertical joint bolts of the orthogonal wall’s top as floors are lifted up by ro-
tation of the plane wall when the orthogonal walls are placed by the tension side of the plane wall’s leg.
And the tension force restrains the lift up of floors. It is shown that the orthogonal wall’s effect[2] shown
in Fig.21 that the pressing axial load of floors reposed on the plane wall applies to the frame also. There-
fore it is thought that the orthogonal wall’s effect can be similarly evaluated in the frame. In addition, also
in the crack pattern of Fig.18, the punching-like shear crack occurred to the floor rib on the orthogonal
wall. Thus the floor is pressing down the rotation of the plane wall.
200

Pressing axial 150

Tensile Force of Orthogonal Walls (kN)

1/67 1/50

load of a floor horizontal 100

load
50 Q(-) N2 N1 Tensile Force Q(+)

Pressing by a or- Up Lift

thogonal wall’s head 0

Rotation of wall bolt
-50
-5 0 5 10 15 20
Up Lift(mm)

Fig.21 Orthogonal effect Fig.22 Tensile Force-Up Lift Curve

Comparison between the experimental result at the time of anchor-bolt yield and the estimate calculated in
consideration of the bending moment of the sagging wall and the floor and the orthogonal wall’s effect is
shown in Table 7.
In addition, the flexural strength estimate of the plane wall at the time of anchor-bolt yield is calculated by
formula (2) 2), as shown in Fig.24.The bending moment of the sagging wall and the floor calculated by
flexural strength formula(3) of a beam which gave as σb the tensile stress(Fig.23) calculated from the
strain of sagging wall-wall joint bolts and a floor’s main reinforcement (I thought that all the cross sec-
tions of the main reinforcements on tension side were effective to bending because the bending crack of
the floor on sagging wall-wall junction had arisen over the floor-panel and the next floor panel.) at the
time of anchor bolt yield (rotation angle of member 1/100).

Table 7 Flexural strength

cMy= at･σy･j+ 0.5･(N+Ns)･j+0.9･(Nt+NTt)･D (2)
at : Anchor bolt cross-sectional area (mm2) Flexural strength
Direc-
σy: The yield point of an anchor bolt (N/mm2) tion Experiment Calculation
eQy/cQy
j : Lever arm 0.74(m), N: Axial load of a plane wall (N) eQy(kN) cQy(kN)
Nt : Axial load of a orthogonal wall (N) ＋ 158.32 143.34 1.10
NTt: Pressing axial load by a floor (N)
Ns: Shear force due to the bending moment of the － 153.14 135.32 1.13
sagging wall and the floors (N)
D : The plane wall length (m)

Note) Nt and NTt take into consideration about the plane wall to which orthogonal wall exists in the leg tension side of a plane wall.

cMby= 0.9･atb･σyb･d (3)

at b: A floor’s main reinforcements or junction bolts cross-sectional area (mm2)

Bending moment of a sagging wall and floors

N=29kN N NTt=128kN
+131 -56 +72 +284
Floor main reinforcement cMby(Left)
=27.86kNm Q
cMby(Right)
=36.81kNm
Cross tie
bolt
Cross tie
bolt Q(+)
-17 +159 Nt=29kN
-27 +164 (Tie bolt stress of h=2.345m
TS =NS
orthogonal walls)
NS
=23.95kNm (Tension)
+168 (Compression)

cMy(Left) cMy(Right)
Unit :N/mm2
=80.87kNm =190.58kNm
+: Tension 、-: Compression

Anchor-bolt yield
Fig.23 Stress of joint bolt and
Floor main reinforcement Fig.24 Moment distribution

In addition, as Ns, NTt and Nc of a formula (2), the shear arisen due to the bending moment of the sagging
wall and the floor, the tensile force arisen in the vertical joint bolts of the orthogonal wall’s head, and the
shear arisen due to the bending of the compound beam of a sagging wall and a floor were given.From Ta-
ble 7, the experimental result and the calculation show a good relationship. It is thought that the flexural
strength of the frame can estimate in the scope of this experiment by taking account of the bending mo-
ment of the sagging wall and the floors and the orthogonal wall’s effect.

Equivalent viscous damping factor

The relationship between the equivalent viscous damping factor and the rotation angle which were ob-
tained from the hysteresis curve is shown in Fig.25. In addition, the hysteresis curve is adopted the two-
cycle of each rotation angle. Moreover, the experimental results of the wall panel are also shown all over
Fig.25 for comparison. It is shown that the equivalent viscous damping factor of the frame is 11 - 16%
from Fig.25, and improves about 3 to 4% from the wall panels. In addition, it is thought that about 11% is
adequately as an equivalent viscous damping factor for the structural calculation of the frame because the
equivalent viscous damping factor in the rotation angle over R=1/100 shows the steady value which is
about 11%.

20% 60

Q (kN )
(δp, Qp)
40

20 ∆W
15% 0
-1 0 -5 0 5 10
heq (%)

Frame - 20
δ(m m )
- 40

10% (δm, Qm)

No3
No1
5% Equivalent-viscous-damping factor(heq)
No4
No2
heq= ∆W/(4x π xW)
∆W: Acreage of 1 cycle of an
0% antecedent loop
0 5 10 15 20 25 W= {(δp+δm)/2}x{(Qp+Qm)/2}/2
-3
Rotation Angle (Rx10 rad)

Fig.25 Equivalent viscous damping factor

CONCLUSIONS

The following results were acquired from these horizontal load experiments of the wall panels with ribs,
and the frame.

1) The wall panels with ribs and the frame have the deformation capacity about 1/50 rotation angle. More-
over, the horizontal strength depression in rotation angle over R=1/50 becomes gradually by forming
the frame.

2) The rate of the rotation deformation in the wall specimens occupies about 70% of all deformations, and
that the horizontal slip deformation is comparatively as small as about 3%.

3) Inflection point arises in the plane walls by forming the frame.

4) It is thought that the orthogonal wall’s effect can also be evaluated in the frame.

5) The bending strength of the wall at the time of an anchor bolt yield that is calculated by Eq.(1) shows a
good relationship. Furthermore, it is thought that the horizontal strength of the frame can also be esti-
mated by taking into consideration the orthogonal wall effect and the bending resistance of a sagging
wall and floors.

6) The equivalent viscous damping factor of the frame is about 11%.

REFERENCES

1. T. Kawamoto, H. Kuramoto: Experimental study on structural performance of precast thin walls with
reinforcing ribs, Proceedings of The Japan Concrete Institute,Vol.25,No.2,2003:811-816
2. T. Kawamoto, H. Kuramoto: Experimental study on structural performance of precast T-shaped walls
with reinforcing ribs, AIJ, Structural engineering collected papers Vol.50B, 2004.3(Printing sched-
ule)