Programare in R

"ESJBO%6ɰ"
#PHEBO0"/$&"
/JDPMFUB$"3"(&"
$JQSJBO"-&9"/%36
/JDPMBF.BSJVT+6-"
"OB.BSJB%0#3&
DVBQMJDBʴJJÔOTUBUJTUJDʅ
Referenți științifci:
Prof.univ.dr. Elena Druică
Universitatea din București
Prof.univ.dr. Tudorel Andrei
Academia de Studii Economice
Prof.univ.dr. Călin Vâlsan
Bishop’s University, Canada
William’s School of Business
© Editura Universității din București
Șos. Panduri nr. 90-92, 050663 București – ROMÂNIA

Tel./Fax: +40 214102384
E-mail: editura.unibuc@gmail.com
Internet: htp://editura-unibuc.ro
Centru de vânzare:
Bd. Regina Elisabeta nr. 4-12,
030018 București – ROMÂNIA
Tel. +40 213053703
Tehnoredactare: ADRIAN DUȘA

Copertă: MARIUS JULA
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naționale a României

R cu aplicații în statistică / Adrian Dușa, Bogdan Oancea,
Nicoleta Caragea, … - București : Editura Universității din București,
2015
Conține bibliografe
Index
ISBN 978-606-16-0643-6
I. Dușa, Adrian
II. Oancea, Bogdan
III. Caragea, Nicoleta
004:311
*mT`BMb
R AMi`Q/m+2`2 R
RXR *2 2bi2 _\ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R
RXk pMiD2H2 K2/BmHmB _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X k
RXj *mK 7mM+ȧBQM2x _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X j
k AMbiH`2 _ 8
kXR J2/BmH _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8
kXk S`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X e
j S+?2i2 RR
jXR hBTm`B /2 T+?2i2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RR
jXk *_L hbF oB2rb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rj
9 AMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2 R8
9XR *2H2 KB mxmH2 BMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R8
9XRXR *QMbQH _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R8
9XRXk _aim/BQ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R8
9Xk Hi2 BMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R3
9XkXR _*QKKM/2` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R3
9XkXk _iiH2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R3
9XkXj _2pQHmiBQM _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RN
8 _2bm`b2 șB +QKmMBii2 QMHBM2 kR

8XR S`BM+BTH2H2 `2bm`b2 QMHBM2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kR
BB *lS_ALa
8Xk /`2b`2 ŗMi`2#`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kk

8Xj Hi2 `2bm`b2 QMHBM2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kj
e hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x k8

eXR LmK2`B+ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X k8
eXk AMi2;2` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ke
eXj *QKTH2t X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kd
eX9 GQ;B+ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X k3
eX8 *`+i2` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kN
eXe *QMp2`bB /i2HQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kN
eXd PT2`ȧBB /2 #x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kN
d *BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ` jj

dXR .B`2+iQ`mH /2 Hm+`m X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X jj
dXk *BiB`2 /i2HQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X j9
dXkXR *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 i2ti șB +bp X X X X X X X X j9
dXkXk *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 aSaa X X X X X X X X X X X j8
dXkXj *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 aa X X X X X X X X X X X X j8
dXkX9 *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 ."6 X X X X X X X X X X X j8
dXj a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X je
dXjXR a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗM }șB2`2 i2ti X X X X X X X X X X X X je
dXjXk a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM }șB2` aSaa X X X X X X X X X je
dXjXj a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM }șB2` aa X X X X X X X X X je
dXjX9 a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM }șB2` ."6 X X X X X X X X X je
3 :`}+2 jN
3XR liBHBiȧB T2Mi`m ;`}+2, S`K2i`B ;`}+B X X X X X X X X X 9y
3Xk liBHBiȧB T2Mi`m ;`}+2, +mHQ`B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9k
3Xj :`}+2 #b2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9j
3XjXR .B;`K2 tv X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 99
3XjXk .B;`K2 #` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9e
3XjXj .B;`K2 #QtTHQi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9e
*lS_ALa BBB
3XjX9 >BbiQ;`K2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9e
3XjX8 .B;`K2 +B`+mH`2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9d
3X9 :`}+2 HiiB+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 93
3X8 :`}+2 ;;THQik X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8y
3X8XR :`}+2 [THQi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8y
3X8Xk :`}+2 ;;THQi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8k
N ai`m+im`B /2 /i2 88
NXR o2+iQ`B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 88
NXk 6+iQ`B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8d
NXj Ji`B+B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8N
NX9 GBbi2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eR
NX8 .i7`K2@m`B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X e8
NXe PT2`ȧBB `BiK2iB+2 șB HQ;B+2 +m p2+iQ`B X X X X X X X X X X X ee
NXd :2M2``2 /i2HQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X e3
Ry ai`m+im`B /2 T`Q;`K`2 dj
RyXR B7 @ 2Hb2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dj
RyXk 7Q` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X d8
RyXj r?BH2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dd
RyX9 `2T2i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X d3
RR 6mM+ȧBB dN
RRXR .2+H``2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dN
RRXk oHQ`B `2im`Mi2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3R
RRXj `;mK2Mi2 HQ+H2 șB ;HQ#H2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3k
Rk aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _ 3j
RkXR AMi`Q/m+2`2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3j
RkXk .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3d
RkXkXR h#2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3d
RkXkXk _2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ny
Bp *lS_ALa
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X N8

RkXjXR Jbm`B H2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2 X X X X X X X X X X X X Nd
RkXjXk Jbm`B H2 p`BȧB2B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RyR
RkXjXj Jbm`B H2 TQxBȧBQM`BB X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ry8
Rj MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2 RyN

RjXR _2;`2bB mMB7+iQ`BH X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RyN
RjXRXR 1+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RyN
RjXRXk J2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 X X X X X X X X X X X RRy
RjXk _2;`2bB KmHiB7+iQ`BH X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RR9
RjXkXR _2;`2bB #B7+iQ`BH X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RR9
RjXkXk _2;`2bB KmHiBp`Bi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RR8
RjXj h2bi`2 b2KMB}+ȧB2B 2biBKiQ`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X RRd
RjX9 *Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 șB +`Bi2`BB /2 bT2+B}+`2 X X X X RRN
RjX9XR *Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X RRN
RjX9Xk aT2+B}+`2 KQ/2HmHmB KmHiB7+iQ`BH X X X X X X X X Rky
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H X X X X RkR
RjX8XR LQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X RkR
RjX8Xk miQ+Q`2H`2 2`Q`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rk8
RjX8Xj JmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rkd
R9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ Rjj

R9XR S`2+Bx`B T`2HBKBM`2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rjj
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rj9
R9XkXR _2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ H2;im`BB ŗMi`2 /Qm p`B#BH2 Rj8
R9XkXk ȘMb2H2 /2 bm++2bX 1+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ bBKTHRjd
R9XkXj 1biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 X X X X X X X X X RjN
R9XkX9 h2bi`2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ X X X X X X R93
R9Xj _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBTH X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R89
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R83
*lS_ALa p
R8 "x2 /2 /i2 ReN

R8XR h2`KBMQHQ;B2 bT2+B}+ _ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ReN
R8Xk AMi2`72ȧ2 T2Mi`m ++2b`2 #x2HQ` /2 /i2 X X X X X X X X X Rdy
R8XkXR C."* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rdy
R8XkXk JvaZG X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RdR
R8XkXj P."* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rdj
R8XkX9 P`+H2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rd8
R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rde
R8XjXR a2H2+ȧBB X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rde
R8XjXk aQì`B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RdN
R8XjXj *QM+i2M`B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R3k
R8XjX9 hì`2 7+iQ`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R39
R8X9 S`2Hm+``2 i#2H2HQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R3e
Re "B; .i șB _ RNR

ReXR *2 `2T`2xBMi "B; .i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RNR
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 X X X X RN9
ReXkXR 6KBHB /2 T+?2i2 Ǵ#B;K2KQ`vǴ X X X X X X X X X X RN8
ReXkXk S+?2imH ǴzǴ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kye
ReXkXj Hi2 T+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m +H+mHmH T`H2H X X X X X X X kRR
ReXj AMi`Q/m+2`2 ŗM >/QQT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kR9
ReXjXR aBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi >.6a X X X X X X X X X kR8
ReXjXk am#bBbi2KmH JT@_2/m+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kRe
ReX9 AMi2;``2 ŗMi`2 _ șB >/QQT T2Mi`m T`Q+2b`2 pQHmK2HQ`
K`B /2 /i2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kRe
ReX9XR _ șB ai`2KBM; X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kR3
ReX9Xk _>/QQT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kke
ReX9Xj _?BT2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kj8
Di_`s kjd
"B#HBQ;`}2 k9R
*TBiQHmH R
AMi`Q/m+2`2
L2pQB /2 BM7Q`KȧBB- /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB /Bp2`b2 șB KB +QKTH2t2- /` șB

TQbB#BHBiȧBH2 /2 +H+mH pMbi +m DmiQ`mH bQ7i@m`BHQ` iQi KB T2`7Q`KMi2-
m +QM/mb H +`2`2 mMmB #xBM BK2Mb /2 /i2 +`2 TQi } +m mșm`BMȧ
2tTHQii2 T2 #x MHBx2B biiBbiB+2X J2/BmH _ /2p2MBi- ŗM T`2x2Mi- mMmH
/BMi`2 +2H2 KB miBHBxi2 BMbi`mK2Mi2 /2 MHBx biiBbiB+- }BM/ miBHBxi ŗM
K2/BBH2 mMBp2`bBi`2 șB /2 +2`+2i`2 +/2KB+- /` șB ŗM K2/BmH /2 7+2`BX
+2bi KMmH 2bi2 /2biBMi imim`Q` +2HQ` +`2 /Q`2b+ b ŗMp2ȧ2 biiBbiB+-
}BM/ mM Ki2`BH BMi`Q/m+iBp /2 bim/Bm- +`2 T`2xBMi mM bT2+i`m H`; /2
2t2KTH2- T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2 șB MHBx /i2HQ`- /2xpQHii2 +m DmiQ`mH _X
RXR *2 2bi2 _\
J2/BmH _ 2bi2 mM BMbi`mK2Mi /2 MHBx /i2 +QM+2Tmi /2 biiBbiB+B2MB-

T2Mi`m biiBbiB+B2MBX
_ 2bi2 mM bBbi2K T2Mi`m MHBx2 biiBbiB+2 șB `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ +`2i /2
+i`2 _Qbb A?F șB _Q#2ì :2MiH2KM- T`Q72bQ`B /2 biiBbiB+ H
lMBp2`bBii2 m+FHM/ /BM LQm w22HM/R X
_ 2bi2 +QMbB/2ì mM /BH2+i H HBK#DmHmB a +`2i /2 hh "2HH
G#QìQ`B2bX a 2bi2 /BbTQMB#BH bm# 7Q`K bQ7ir`2@mHmB a@SGla-
+QK2`+BHBxi /2 +QKTMB AMbB;?i7mHX 1tBbi /B72`2Mȧ2 BKTQìMi2 ŗMi`2
+2H2 /Qm HBK#D2- _ șB a, +2bi2 bmMi /Q+mK2Mii2 /2 +i`2 A?F
:2MiH2KM URNNeV bm b2 `2;b2b+ ŗM _@6Zk X bi72H- MmK2H2 HBK#DmHmB
_ T`QpBM2 /2 H BMBȧBH T`2MmK2HmB +`2iQ`BHQ`- /` 2bi2 iQiQ/i șB mM
QK;Bm /mb HBK#DmHmB aX
R A?F _X :2MiH2KM _X RNNeX _, HM;m;2 7Q` /i MHvbBb M/ ;`T?B+bX
CQm`MH Q7 *QKTmiiBQMH M/ :`T?B+H aiiBbiB+b 8, kNNĜjR9X
k _@6Z
k AMi`Q/m+2`2
RXk pMiD2H2 K2/BmHmB _
ŖM T`BKmH `M/- _ 2bi2 QT2M@bQm`+2- }BM/ /Bbi`B#mBi ŗM KQ/ ;ìmBi bm#

HB+2Mȧ :Ll @ :2M2`H Sm#HB+ GB+2M+2j c /2xpQHi`2 șB /Bbi`B#mB`2 bmMi
ŗM ;`BD +iQ`p T`Q72bQ`B șB biiBbiB+B2MB- }HBȧB +QKTMBBHQ` șB
mMBp2`bBiȧBHQ`- +mMQb+mȧB bm# /2MmKB`2 ;2M2`B+ /2 _ .2p2HQTK2Mi
*Q`2 h2KX
*QM7Q`K }HQbQ}2B :Ll 9 - bQ7ir`2@mH QT2M@bQm`+2 2bi2 +`+i2`Bxi /2
HB#2ìi2 +Q`/i miBHBxiQ`BHQ` bB /2 @H miBHBx- +QTB- /Bbi`B#mB-
bim/B- KQ/B}+ șB ŗK#mMiȧBX JB 2t+i- 2bi2 pQ`# /2 Ti`m 7Q`K2 /2
HB#2ìi2 +Q`/i2 miBHBxiQ`BHQ`,
Ç GB#2ìi2 /2 miBHBx T`Q;`KmH- ŗM Q`B+2 b+QT UHB#2ìi2 yVc
Ç GB#2ìi2 /2 bim/B KQ/mH /2 7mM+ȧBQM`2 T`Q;`KmHmB- șB /2

@H /Ti M2pQBHQ` T`QT`BB UHB#2ìi2 RVX
++2bmH H +Q/mH@bm`b 2bi2 Q T`2+QM/BȧB2 T2Mi`m +2bic
Ç GB#2ìi2 /2 `2/Bbi`B#mB +QTBB- ŗM b+QTmH DmiQ``BB T`QT2HmB im

UHB#2ìi2 kVc
Ç GB#2ìi2 /2 ŗK#mMiȧB T`Q;`KmH- șB /2 TmM2 ŗK#mMiȧB`BH2

H /BbTQxBȧB Tm#HB+mHmB- ŗM 7QHQbmH ŗMi`2;BB bQ+B2iȧB UHB#2ìi2 jVX
++2bmH H +Q/mH@bm`b 2bi2 Q T`2+QM/BȧB2 T2Mi`m +2biX
6TimH + 2bi2 ;ìmBi i`;2 miQKi pMiDmH +QKT2iBiBp ŗM 7ȧ HiQ`

bQ7ir`2@m`B /2 MHBx biiBbiB+- T`2+mK aii- aa șB aSaaX bi72H-
+Qbim`BH2 HQ+i2 HB+2Mȧ2B /2 bQ7ir`2 /BbT`X
_ 2bi2 /2MmKBi /2 +i`2 LQ`KM LB2- mMmH /BMi`2 7QM/iQ`BB aSaa șB
*1P H _2pQHmiBQM MHviB+b- Ǵ+2H KB Tmi2`MB+ șB ~2tB#BH HBK#D /2
T`Q;`K`2 biiBbiB+ /BM HmK2Ǵ UŗM 2M;H2x Ǵi?2 KQbi TQr2`7mH M/
~2tB#H2 biiBbiB+H T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2 BM i?2 rQ`H/ǴVX8 .Qp/
bm++2bmHmB T2 +`2 _ ŗH `2 ŗM șiBBMȧ /i2HQ`- b@m /2xpQHii K2/BB /2
BMi2;``2 +2bimB ŗM aa șB +?B` aSaaX 1bi2 pQ`# /2bT`2 KQ/mHmH
aafAJGe - +`2 BMi2;`2x HBK#DmH _ ŗM aa- șB /2bT`2 i`MbHi2k_- mM
b2`pB+Bm /2 i`MbHi`2 +Q/mHmB aSaa /B`2+i ŗM _ /2xpQHii /2 +QKTMB
j :Ll
9 :Ll S?BHQbQT?v
8 aKBi?-.X- kyRy-Ǵ_ Bb >QiǴ- _2pQHmiBQM MHviB+b
e aafAJG JQ/mH2
RXj *mK 7mM+ȧBQM2x _ j
2Q/d X
hQiQ/i- _ `2 bmbȧBM2`2 +QKmMBiȧBB +/2KB+2 șB șiBBMȧB}+2
BMi2`MȧBQMH2 - /` șB KmHiQ` +QKTMBB BMi2`MȧBQMH2X .BM +2 ŗM +2
KB KmHi2 +QKTMBB miBHBx2x _ + BMbi`mK2Mi /2 MHBx /i2X .BMi`2
+2bi2- K2MȧBQMK, :QQ;H2- 6+2#QQF- JQxBHH- hrBii2`- h?2 L2r uQ`F
hBK2b- h?2 1+QMQKBbi- L2ra+B2MiBbi- GHQv/Ƕb- "BM;- CQ?MbQMCQ?MbQM-
S}x2`- a?2HH- "MF Q7 K2`B+- 6Q`/X3
_ 2bi2 bmbȧBMmi șB /2 K2/BmH +/2KB+X J`BH2 mMBp2`bBiȧB /BM HmK2
bT`BDBM _- H 72H +mK bT`BDBM șB Hi2 BMBȧBiBp2 bm bQ7ir`2@m`B
QT2M@bQm`+2- T`2+mK bBbi2KmH /2 QT2``2 GBMmt bm bBbi2KmH /2
T`2T``2 /Q+mK2Mi2HQ` Gh1sX
Hi2 TmM+i2 7Qì2 bmMi ~2tB#BHBii2 HBK#DmHmB șB `2T`Q/m+iB#BHBii2
MHBx2HQ`X liBHBxiQ`BB TQi ŗMi`2T`BM/2 MHBx2 THB+i2 T2 /B72`Bi2 b2im`B
/2 /i2 miBHBxM/ +2H2șB BMbi`mK2Mi2 șB +2HșB FMQr@?QrX
*m bB;m`Mȧ- +BiBiQ`BB pQ` /2b+QT2`B bBM;m`B șB Hi2 pMiD2X
RXj *mK 7mM+ȧBQM2x _
G T`BK p2/2`2- K2/BmH _ TQi2 T`2 T`2 +QKTH2t T2Mi`m mM

MQM@bT2+BHBbi bm T2Mi`m mM MQM@T`Q;`KiQ`X ŖM `2HBii2- Hm+`m`BH2 b2
T`2xBMi /B72`BiX P +`+i2`BbiB+ /2 b2K K2/BmHmB _ 2bi2 +?B`
~2tB#BHBii2 bX ŖM iBKT +2 mM bQ7ir`2 +HbB+ }ș2x BMbiMiM2m
`2xmHii2H2 mM2B MHBx2- _ K2KQ`2x +2bi2 `2xmHii2 ŗMi`@mM Q#B2+i-
bi72H + Q MHBx TQi2 } 272+imi 7` }ș`2 p`2mMmB `2xmHiiX
liBHBxiQ`mH TQi2 } bm`T`BMb ŗM +2bi bBimȧB2- ŗMb Q b2K2M2
TìB+mH`Bii2 b2 TQi2 /Qp2/B 7Qì2 miBHX a2 TQi2 2ti`;2 /Q`
Tì2 /BM `2xmHii +`2 T`2xBMi BMi2`2bX aT`2 2t2KTHm- /+ miBHBxiQ`mH
2t2+mi Q b2`B2 /2 ky /2 MHBx2 /2 `2;`2bB2 șB p`2 b +QKT`2 /B72`BȧB
+Q2}+B2MȧB /2 `2;`2bB2- _ TQi2 }ș MmKB +Q2}+B2MȧBB 2biBKȧB, bi72H
`2xmHiimH TQi2 p2 Q bBM;m` HBMB2- ŗM iBKT +2 mM bQ7ir`2 +HbB+ TQi2
/2b+?B/2 ky /2 72`2bi`2 +m `2xmHii2X
_ 2bi2 mM HBK#D Q#B2+imH UŗM 2M;H2x Q#D2+i@Q`B2Mi2/VX hQi2 +QK2MxBH2

/BM _ bmMi 2t2+mii2 bmT` Q#B2+i2HQ` `2ȧBMmi2 ŗM K2KQ`B +iBp
+QKTmi2`mHmBc Mm bmMi miBHBxi2 }șB2`2 i2KTQ``2X *BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2
}șB2`2HQ` bmMi miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m BMTmi@mH șB QmiTmi@mH /i2HQ` șB H
`2xmHii2HQ`X liBHBxiQ`mH 2t2+mi MHBx T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH +QK2MxBHQ`X
_2xmHii2H2 bmMi }și2 /B`2+i T2 2+`M- K2KQì2 ŗMi`@mM Q#B2+i- bm
b+`Bb2 T2 /Bb+ UpH#BH /2 2t2KTHm T2Mi`m ;`}+2VX .BM KQK2Mi +2
d i`MbHi2k_ @ 2Q/
3 _2pQHmiBQM MHviB+b- Ǵ*QKTMB2b lbBM; _Ǵ
9 AMi`Q/m+2`2
`2xmHii2H2 bmMi Q#B2+i2- TQi } +QMbB/2ì2 /i2 șB MHBxi2 + i`2X

6BșB2`2H2 /2 /i2 TQi } +BiBi2 /2 T2 +H+mHiQ`mH HQ+H bm /2 T2 mM b2`p2`
H /BbiMȧ T`BM AMi2`M2iX
.2 +2 2bi2 _ /B72`Bi /2 Hi2 HBK#D2 /2 T`Q;`K`2\
ŖM T`BKmH `M/- _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D BMi2`T`2ii- Mm mMmH +QKTBHi- +22 +2

T`2bmTmM2 + iQi2 +QK2MxBH2 BMi`Q/mb2 T`BM ibiim` bmMi /B`2+i
2t2+mii2 7` b }2 M2+2b` `2/+i`2 mMmB T`Q;`K +QKTH2i- ș +mK
b2 T`Q+2/2x ŗM KDQ`Bii2 HBK#D2HQ` /2 T`Q;`K`2 U*- 6Qì`M 2i+XVX
ŖM H /QBH2 `M/- bBMit 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTH șB BMimBiBpX aT`2 2t2KTHm- Q
`2;`2bB2 HBMB` TQi2 } 272+imi +m DmiQ`mH +QK2MxBB HKUv ! tV +`2
ŗMb2KM Ǵ/2+p`2 KQ/2HmHmB HBMB` pM/ y + p`B#BH /2 `bTmMb șB
x + T`2/B+iQ`ǴX S2 T`+m`bmH +`ȧBB b2 pQ` MHBx șB Hi2 2t2KTH2 +2
BHmbi`2x ~2tB#BHBii2 HBK#DmHmB _X
*TBiQHmH k
AMbiH`2 _
kXR J2/BmH _
ŖM +2bi +ì2 b2 bim/Bx TȔBB /2 BMbiH`2 K2/BmHmB _ T2Mi`m

bBbi2KmH /2 QT2``2 qBM/QrbX _ 2bi2- ŗMb- /BbTQMB#BH T2Mi`m Q`B+2
bBbi2K /2 QT2``2- KB 2t+i T2Mi`m Q ;K H`; /2 THi7Q`K2 lLAs-
qBM/Qrb șB J+PaX _ TQi2 } /2b+`+i /2 T2 bBi2@mH *_L
U*QKT`2?2MbBp2 _ `+?Bp2 L2irQ`FV, ?iiT,ff+`MX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;fX
S2Mi`m BMbiH _- b2 T`+m`; m`KiQ`2H2 2iT2,
RX a2 ++2b2x r2#bBi2@mH _ S`QD2+i, ?iiT,ffrrrX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;
kX a2 b2H2+i2x mM *_L JB``Q` /BM HBbi /BbTQMB#BH- `2+QKM/#BH

} +2H KB T`QTBi /2 HQ+ȧB miBHBxiQ`mHmB UlM;`B bm mbi`B
ŗM +xmH _QKMB2BVc
jX a2 /2b+`+ p2`bBmM2 #b2 K2/BmHmB _- T2Mi`m bBbi2KmH /2 QT2``2

qBM/Qrb- p2`bBmM2 +m`2Mi }BM/ _ jXkXkc
9X a2 2t2+mi }șB2`mH _@jXkXk@rBMX2t2 + H Q BMbiH`2 Q#BșMmBi /2

bQ7ir`2X
G BMbiH`2- b2 p b2H2+i miQKi p2`bBmM2 /2 jkJ"fe9J"- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2

/2 p2`bBmM2 bBbi2KmHmB /2 QT2``2X
S2Mi`m +imHBx p2`bBmM2 /2 _- b2 pQ` m`K 2iT2H2 /2b+`Bb2 Mi2`BQ`X
AMbiH`2 KB KmHiQ` p2`bBmMB /2 _ T2 +2HșB +H+mHiQ` Mm `2T`2xBMi Q
T`Q#H2KX 1H2 b2 pQ` BMbiH ŗM +2HșB 7QH/2`- bm# /B72`Bi2 bm#7QH/2`2- șB
Mm b2 pQ` 72+i mM T2 +2HHiX
e AMbiH`2 _
kXk S`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _
SQ`MBM/ K2/BmH _- b2 p /2b+?B/2 72`2bi` T`BM+BTH _:mB +m

bm#@72`2bi` _ *QMbQH2- +2 +QMȧBM2- T`BMi`2 Hi2H2- BM7Q`KȧBB T`BpBM/
p2`bBmM2- +QTv`B;?i@mH- +QM/BȧBBH2 /2 `2/Bbi`B#mB`2,
_ p2`bBQM jXkXk UkyR8@y3@R9V @@ ]6B`2 a72iv]

*QTv`B;?i U*V kyR8 h?2 _ 6QmM/iBQM 7Q` aiiBbiB+H *QKTmiBM;
SHi7Q`K, Bj3e@re9@KBM;rjkfBj3e Ujk@#BiV
_ Bb 7`22 bQ7ir`2 M/ +QK2b rBi? "aPGlh1Gu LP q__LhuX
uQm `2 r2H+QK2 iQ `2/Bbi`B#mi2 Bi mM/2` +2ìBM +QM/BiBQMbX
hvT2 ^HB+2Mb2UV^ Q` ^HB+2M+2UV^ 7Q` /Bbi`B#miBQM /2iBHbX
_ Bb +QHH#QìBp2 T`QD2+i rBi? KMv +QMi`B#miQ`bX
hvT2 ^+QMi`B#miQ`bUV^ 7Q` KQ`2 BM7Q`KiBQM M/
^+BiiBQMUV^ QM ?Qr iQ +Bi2 _ Q` _ T+F;2b BM Tm#HB+iBQMbX
hvT2 ^/2KQUV^ 7Q` bQK2 /2KQb- ^?2HTUV^ 7Q` QM@HBM2 ?2HT- Q`
^?2HTXbiìUV^ 7Q` M >hJG #`Qrb2` BMi2`7+2 iQ ?2HTX
hvT2 ^[UV^ iQ [mBi _X
P Hi BM7Q`KȧB2 miBH 2bi2 șB KQ/mH ŗM +`2 b2 +Bi2x HBK#DmH _ ŗM

Tm#HB+ȧBB- +2 b2 TQi2 Q#ȧBM2 bi72H,
= +BiiBQMUV
AM7Q`KȧBBH2 M2+2b`2 T2Mi`m +Bi`2 T+?2i2HQ` b2 pQ` Q#ȧBM2- bBKBH`- T`BM

+QKM/,
= +BiiBQMU]MmK2nT+?2i]V
a2 `2+QKM/ +Bi`2 HBK#DmHmB șB T+?2i2HQ` ŗM Q`B+2 Tm#HB+ȧB2 ŗM

+`2 bmMi K2MȧBQMi2X
ŖM *QMbQH _- T`QKTi2`@mH = și2Ti b b2 BMi`Q/m+ BMbi`m+ȧBmMB bm
+QK2MxBX .mT BMi`Q/m+2`2 mM2B +QK2MxB- 2t2+mi`2 +2bi2B b2 p 7+2
ŗM +QMbQH +m ibi 1Mi2`X aT`2 2t2KTHm- _ TQi2 } miBHBxi + șB
+H+mHiQ`,
= k 8
(R) Ry
= RYbBMUR8V
(R) RXe8yk33
= 3 Ry fk
(R) 9y
kXk S`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _ d
P`/BM2 272+im`BB QT2`ȧBBHQ` `2bT2+i `2;mHBH2 Ki2KiB+2X

.+ ŗM Hi2 T`Q;`K2 /2 MHBx biiBbiB+ miBHBxiQ`BB bmMi Q#BșMmBȧB b
pBxmHBx2x2 T2`KM2Mi /i2H2 /2 BMi``2 șB /2 B2șB`2- ŗM _ b2 Hm+`2x +m
+2bi2 bm# 7Q`K /2 Q#B2+i2X bi72H- /i2H2 /2 BMi``2 șB `2xmHii2H2
MHBx2HQ` TQi } K2KQì2 ŗM Q#B2+i2- miBHBxM/ QT2ìQ`mH /2 i`B#mB`2
UI@VX
ŖM `2HBii2- b2 TQi miBHBx șB HȧB QT2ìQ`B /2 i`B#mB`2X +2șiB TQi
`2T`2x2Mi i`B#mB`2 pHQ`BB /BM /`2Ti +i`2 2H2K2MimH /BM biM;-
T`2+mK ŗM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB DQb,
= p`B#BHR 4 e
= p`B#BHk I@ 3
.2 b2K2M2- i`B#mB`2 TQi2 p2 HQ+ șB ŗM b2Mb BMp2`b- +M/ 2H2K2MimH

/BM /`2Ti B pHQ`2 /BM biM;,
= Ry @= p`B#BHj
*m iQi2 +2bi2- 2bi2 `2+QKM/#BH b b2 miBHBx2x2 QT2ìQ`mH I@- HbM/

bTȧBm ŗM Dm`mH HmBX
S2Mi`m }ș mM Q#B2+i- b2 BMi`Q/m+2 MmK2H2 HmB- T`2+mK ŗM 2t2KTHmH /2

KB DQb,
= t I@ k
= t
(R) k
P Hi2`MiBp T2Mi`m }ș`2 2bi2 miBHBx`2 7mM+ȧB2B T`BMiUV,
= T`BMiUtV
(R) k
bm +?B` miBHBx`2 T`Mi2x2HQ`- +m DmiQ`mH +`Q` b2 `2HBx2x

QT2`ȧBmM2 /m#H /2 i`B#mB`2 șB }ș`2 T2 2+`M,
= Ut I@ kV
(R) k
ŖM KQ/ +QMp2MȧBQMH- b2 p miBHBx p`BMi +m T`Mi2x2 T2 iQi T`+m`bmH

+2bi2B +`ȧBX
1tBbi +i2p `2bi`B+ȧBB imM+B +M/ b2 H2;2 MmK2H2 mMmB Q#B2+i- `2bT2+iBp
MmK2H2 mM2B p`B#BH2,
3 AMbiH`2 _
Ç LmK2H2 Q#B2+i2HQ` Mm TQi +QMȧBM2 bBK#QHm`B U5- Y- @- \- OVc
Ç a2 `2+QKM/ miBHBx`2 bBK#QHm`BHQ` X bm n ŗM b2T``2 /Qm

+mpBMi2 /BM MmK2H2 mMmB Q#B2+ic
Ç LmK2H2 Q#B2+i2HQ` TQi +QMȧBM2 MmK2`2- ŗMb Mm H ŗM+2TmimH HQ`c
Ç _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D b2MbB#BH H KDmb+mH2 UŗM 2M;H2x +b2@b2MbBiBp2V-

bi72H + s șB t bmMi /Qm Q#B2+i2 /B72`Bi2X
+2bi2 `2+QKM/`B bmMi BHmbiì2 ŗM 2t2KTH2H2 m`KiQ`2X JB DQb bmMi

`2/i2 +i2p `2;mHB /2 #mM T`+iB+,
= 2t2KTHmR I@ R
= 2t2KTHmHn I@ Ry
= 2t2KTHmnR I@ ky
= QXp`B#BH I@ jy
ŖM +QMiBMm`2- +i2p 2t2KTH2 /2 miBHBx`B 2`QMi2,
= R2t2KTHm I@ Ry
1``Q`, mM2tT2+i2/ BMTmi BM ]R2t]
= n2t2KTHm I@ Ry
1``Q`, mM2tT2+i2/ BMTmi BM ]n]
= 2t2KTHm5 I@ j
1``Q`, mM2tT2+i2/ ^5^ BM ]2t2KTHm5]
O _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D b2MbB#BH H KDmb+mH2
= o`bi I@ Ry
= p`bi
1``Q`, Q#D2+i ^p`bi^ MQi 7QmM/
a2 Q#b2`p + b2 p }ș 2`Q`2 imM+B +M/ MmK2H2 mMmB Q#B2+i ŗM+2T2

+m bBK#QHmH n bm +m mM MmK`X
P Hi TìB+mH`Bii2 HBK#DmHmB BHmbiì ŗM 2t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ` 2bi2
+22 + HBMBBH2 +`2 ŗM+2T +m bBK#QHmH O bmMi BMi2`T`2ii2 T2 TQbi /2
+QK2Mi`BBc 2H2 Mm bmMi 2t2+mii2 /`2Ti +QK2MxBX amMi miBH2 T2Mi`m
7Q`KmH 2tTHB+ȧBB `272`BiQ`2 H MHBx `2HBxi /B`2+i ŗM +/`mH +Q/mHmBX
_ p BMi2`T`2i /`2Ti +QK2MxB Q`B+2 2bi2 b+`Bb ŗM /`2Ti b2KMmHmB OX
S2Mi`m ŗMȧ2H2;2 }HQbQ} /BM bTi2H2 HBK#DmHmB _ ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2

biQ+`2 Q#B2+i2HQ` ŗM K2KQ`B2- b2 p m`K`B 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`X
a2 /2}M2și2 mM Q#B2+i t- B` pHQ`2 HmB b2 i`B#mB2 mHi2`BQ` Q#B2+imHmB X
kXk S`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _ N
= Ut I@ kV
(R) k
= I@ t
lHi2`BQ`- pHQ`2 HmB t 7Qbi KQ/B}+ic +m iQi2 +2bi2- pHQ`2 HmB

`KM2 M2b+?BK#iX
= t
(R) k
=
(R) k
= t I@ 8
=
(R) k
ŖM +QM+HmxB2- imM+B +M/ mMmB Q#B2+i /2D 2tBbi2Mi B b2 i`B#mB2 Q pHQ`2-

+QMȧBMmimH +2bimB p } `2b+`Bb +m MQm pHQ`2X
.+ Q +QKM/ Mm 2bi2 +QKTH2i H b7`șBimH mMmB `M/ /2 H T`QKTi2`@mH
=- _ p HMb mM MQm T`QKTi2`- șB MmK2 bBK#QHmH Y ŗM HBMB bm HBMBBH2
m`KiQ`2X +2bi bBK#QH /BbT`2 imM+B +M/ +QKM/ 2bi2 +QKTH2i,
= t I@ Ry
= v I@ R8
= x I@ t
Y v
= x
(R) R8y
6mM+ȧB HbUV p HBbi iQi2 Q#B2+i2H2 /BM K2KQ`B2,
= HbUV
(R) ]t] ]v] ]x]
P Hi 7mM+ȧB2 miBH 2bi2 `KUVX +2bi b2 miBHB2x T2Mi`m Ȕi2`;2`2 mMmB
Q#B2+i /BM K2KQ`B2- + /2 2t2KTHm și2`;2`2 HmB x,
= `KUxV
= HbUV
(R) ]t] ]v]
lM 2H2K2Mi /2 miBHBii2 2bi2 mșm`BMȧ +m +`2 b2 TQi2 MpB; ŗM BbiQ`B+mH

+QK2MxBHQ` miBHBxi2- T`BM 7QHQbB`2 ibi2HQ` +m b;2ȧB ↑ șB ↓X bi72H- H
Ry AMbiH`2 _
ibi`2 ↑- p T`2 mHiBK +QKM/ BMi`Q/mbX
S2Mi`m ŗM+?2B T`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _- b2 pQ` +`2 /Qm Q#B2+i2 șB

b2 pQ` `2T`2x2Mi ;`}+X
= t I@ +UR-j-8-d-N-RRV
= v I@ +Ue-3-Ry-Rk-R9-ReV
= THQiUt-vV
ŖM m`K +2biQ` +QK2MxB- p `2xmHi 6B;m` kXRX
6B;m` kXR, lM T`BK ;`}+
P b2bBmM2 /2 _ b2 p ŗM+?2B T`BM +QKM/ [UV bm /BM K2MBmH 6BH2 @

= 1tBiX G ŗM+?2B2`2 b2bBmMBB- b2 Q#b2`p + b2 TQi2 bHp ii b+`BTi@mH
U}șB2` +m 2ti2MbB X_V- +i șB /i2H2 2tBbi2Mi2 ŗM bTȧBmH /2 Hm+`m UŗM 2M;H2x
rQ`FbT+2 BK;2VX
*TBiQHmH j
S+?2i2
_ /2p2MBi mM biM/`/ T2Mi`m MQm i2Q`B2 biiBbiB+- ŗM bT2+BH ŗM

+QMi2timH BKTQìMȧ2B T2 +`2 Q +Ti `2T`Q/m+iB#BHBii2 `2xmHii2HQ`
mM2B +2`+2i`B bm MHBx2 UŗM 2M;H2x _2T`Q/m+B#H2 _2b2`+?VX 1H 2bi2
H+imBi /BMi`@Q b2`B2 /2 BMbi`mK2Mi2 /2 KQ/2H`2- MHBx șB pBxmHBx`2
/i2HQ`X +2bi2 bmMi Q`;MBxi2 ŗM #B#HBQi2+B /2 7mM+ȧBB MmKBi2 T+?2i2
UŗM 2M;H2x T+F;2bVX JDQ`Bii2 +2biQ` T+?2i2 b2 ;b2b+ T2 `2ȧ2m
/2 b2`p2`2 *_L Uh?2 *QKT`2?2MbBp2 _ `+?Bp2 L2irQ`FVR X +2bi
+mT`BM/2 b2`p2`2 7iT șB r2# +`2 biQ+?2x p2`bBmMB /2 +Q/ bB
/Q+mK2MiȧBB _ B/2MiB+2 șB +imHBxi2X liBHBxiQ`mH p b2H2+i *_L
KB``Q` +2 KB T`QTBi /2 HQ+HBx`2 b ;2Q;`}+ T2Mi`m 7+BHBi
+QM2tBmM2 H b2`p2`X
_ 2bi2 bi`m+imì ŗM /Qm T`ȧB +QM+2TimH2, T+?2i2 /2 #x șB T+?2i2
+QMi`B#mBi2 UBMbiHi2 /2 T2 *_L bm Hi2 b2`p2`2 @ :Bi>m#-
"BQ+QM/m+iQ`VX
jXR hBTm`B /2 T+?2i2
ŖM _ 2tBbi /Qm iBTm`B /2 T+?2i2, T+?2i2H2 /2 #x șB T+?2i2H2

+QMi`B#mBi2X S+?2i2H2 /2 #x UŗM 2M;H2x #b2 T+F;2bV bmMi +2H2
ŗM+`+i2 miQKi ŗM K2KQ`B2 imM+B +M/ _ 2bi2 TQ`MBiX +2bi2 bmMi
m`KiQ`2H2, #b2- +QKTBH2`- /ib2ib- ;`T?B+b- ;`.2pB+2b- ;`B/-
K2i?Q/b- T`HH2H- bTHBM2b- biib- biib9- i+HiFX
S+?2i2H2 +QMi`B#mBi2 UŗM 2M;H2x +QMi`B#mi2/ T+F;2bV TQi } miBHBxi2
MmKB /mT +2 bmMi ŗM+`+i2 ŗM K2KQ`B2X *i2p /BMi`2 +2bi2 T+?2i2
bmMi `2+QKM/i2 ŗMi`m+i +QT2` K2iQ/2H2 biiBbiB+2 7`2+p2Mi miBHBxi2
R ?iiT,ff+`MX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;f
Rk S+?2i2
ŗM MHBx /2 /i2, E2`MaKQQi?- Jaa- Ji`Bt- #QQi- +Hbb- +Hmbi2`-

+Q/2iQQHb- 7Q`2B;M- HiiB+2- K;+p- MHK2- MM2i- `Tì- bTiBH-
bm`pBpHX
*QM+`2i- BMbiH`2 mMmB T+?2i b2 `2HBx2x T`BM m`KiQ`2 +QKM/,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]bTiBH]V
șB ŗM+`+`2 ŗM K2KQ`B2 mMmB T+?2i U/2 2t2KTHm T+?2imH bTiBHV

S2Mi`m miBHBx mM MmKBi T+?2i- +2bi i`2#mB2 ŗM+`+i ŗM K2KQ`B2- }2
T`BM 7mM+ȧB HB#``vUV- }2 T`BM 7mM+ȥB `2[mB`2UV,
= HB#``vUbTiBHV
= `2[mB`2UbTiBHV
6mM+ȧB HB#``vUV TQi2 } miBHBxi șB T2Mi`m pBxmHBx iQi2 T+?2i2H2

/BbTQMB#BH2 T2Mi`m } ŗM+`+i2 ŗM K2KQ`B2- B` 7mM+ȧB b2`+?UV p HBbi
iQi2 T+?2i2H2 ŗM+`+i2 /2D ŗM K2KQ`B2,
= HB#``vUV
= b2`+?UV
ŖM *QMbQH _- BMbiH`2 T+?2i2HQ` b2 TQi2 7+2 șB /BM K2MBmH S+F;2b-

+m QTȧBmM2 AMbiHH S+F;2UbVX PTȧBmM2 GQ/ S+F;2b p ŗM+`+
T+?2i2 /2D BMbiHi2X PTȧBmM2 a2H2+i _2TQbBiQ`B2b p b2H2+i mMmH /BM
b2`p2`2H2 T2 +`2 b2 `2;b2b+ T+?2i2, *_L- "BQ*- PK2;?i bm
_@6Q`;2X AMbiH`2 T`QT`Bm@xBb T+?2i2HQ` b2 2t2+mi /BM QTȧBmM2
AMbiHHXT+F;2b- bm T`BM p`BMi /2 BMbiH`2 /BM }șB2`2 xBTX
S2 HM; 7mM+ȧBB- T+?2i2H2 +QMȧBM șB Hi2 2H2K2Mi2 șB BM7Q`KȧBB,
p2`bBmM2- HB+2Mȧ- miQ`mH- Q /2b+`B2`2- /Q+mK2MiȧBB șB b2im`B /2 /i2X
S2Mi`m ++2b b2im`BH2 /2 /i2 /BMi`@mM T+?2i UŗM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB DQb-
T+?2imH MHK2V- b2 miBHBx2x m`KiQ`2 7mM+ȧB2,
= /iUT+F;2 4 ]MHK2]V
++2b`2 /Q+mK2MiȧB2B mMmB T+?2i b2 `2HBx2x T`BM 7mM+ȧB ?2HTUV,
= ?2HTUMHK2V
S2Mi`m 2HBKBM /BM K2KQ`B2 mM T+?2i ŗM+`+i- b2 7QHQb2și2 7mM+ȧB

/2i+?UV,
= /2i+?UT+F;2,MHK2V
jXk *_L hbF oB2rb Rj
a2 Q#b2`p + MmK2H2 T+?2imHmB b2 b+`B2 ŗM +2bi +x bm# 7Q`K

T+F;2,MmK2nT+?2iX
+imHBx`2 T+?2i2HQ` b2 7+2 T`BM +QKM/ mT/i2XT+F;2bUV- +`2
p ;2M2` Q HBbi /2 p2`bBmMB +imH2 /BbTQMB#BH2 H2 T+?2i2HQ` BMbiHi2
ȔB p +2`2 +QMbBKȧKMimH miBHBxiQ`mHmB T`BM vfLf+ Uu2bfLQf*M+2HV,
= mT/i2XT+F;2bUV
KMBTmHi2 ,
o2`bBQM yXN3XRRyj BMbiHH2/ BM *,f_f_@jXkXy`+fHB#``v
o2`bBQM RXyXR pBH#H2 i ?iiT,ff+`MXiX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;
lT/i2 UvfLf+V\
lM2H2 T+?2i2 bmMi /2T2M/2Mi2 /2 Hi2 T+?2i2X ŖM +2bi +x- T+?2i2H2

/2 +`2 bmMi /2T2M/2Mi2 b2 pQ` BMbiH }2 miQKi- }2 /mT ++2TimH /i
/2 miBHBxiQ` T`BMi`@Q +bmȧ /2 /BHQ;X
S+?2i2H2 bmMi Tm#HB+i2 șB /Bbi`B#mBi2 MmKB /mT mM KTHm T`Q+2b /2
T22`@`2pB2r- `2HBxi /2 +i`2 biiBbiB+B2MB șB +2`+2iiQ`B- K2K#`B B
*_LX aBbi2KmH /2 T+?2i2- ŗKT`2mM +m BM7`bi`m+im` *_L- TmM2 H
/BbTQxBȧB2 mM T`Q+2b biM/`/Bxi /2 /Q+mK2Mi`2- pHB/`2- +QMbi`mB`2 șB
/Bbi`B#mȧB2 T+?2i2HQ` +i`2 KBHBQM2 /2 miBHBxiQ`B /BM iQi HmK2X ŖM
T`2x2Mi- T2 *_L b2 `2;b2b+ eej8 T+?2i2k - +`2și2`2 +2biQ` }BM/
2tTQM2MȧBH /2 H M H Mj X JmHi2 Q`;MBxȧBB m M2pQB2 /2 mM b2`p2`
UŗM 2M;H2x KB``Q`V H *_L +`2 b +QMȧBM MmKB Q Tì2 /BM T+?2i2-
`2H2pMi2 T2Mi`m +iBpBii2 HQ`X o2MBM/ ŗM ŗMiKTBM`2 +2bi2B M2pQB-
7Qbi +`2i T+?2imH KBMB*_L9 - +`2 7+2 TQbB#BH +2bi Hm+`m T`BM
/2i2`KBM`2 `2ȧ2H2B /2 T+?2i2 /2T2M/2Mi2 șB BMbiH`2 HQ`X
jXk *_L hbF oB2rb
lM KQ/ TìB+mH` /2 ;`mT T+?2i2H2 /mT /QK2MBBH2 /2 MHBx 2bi2

`2T`2x2Mii /2 ș MmKBi2H2 *_L hbF oB2rbX pMiDmH +2biQ` 2bi2
+- T2Mi`m mM MmKBi /QK2MBm U/2 2t2KTHm- biiBbiB+ Q}+BHV- b2 TQi2
BMbiH Q bmBi /2 T+?2i2- +2 Q72` 7mM+ȧBQMHBiȧB +QKTH2i2 T2Mi`m
MHBx2H2 ŗM+Q`TQì2 ŗM /QK2MBmH `2bT2+iBpX *i2p *_L hbF oB2rb
/BM +2H2 jj /BbTQMB#BH2 bmMi,
Ç 1+QMQK2i`B+b @ *QKTmiiBQMH 1+QMQK2i`B+b

k ?iiT,ff+`MX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;fr2#fT+F;2bf
j ?iiT,ff`9biibX+QKfkyR9fy9fydf`@+QMiBMm2b@Bib@`TB/@;`Qri?f
9 ?iiT,ff+`MX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;fr2#fT+F;2bfKBMB*_LfBM/2tX?iKH
R9 S+?2i2
Ç :`T?B+b @ :`T?B+ .BbTHvb .vMKB+ :`T?B+b :`T?B+

.2pB+2b oBbmHBxiBQM
Ç P{+BHaiiBbiB+b @ P{+BH aiiBbiB+b am`p2v J2i?Q/QHQ;v8
Ç aQ+BHa+B2M+2b @ aiiBbiB+b 7Q` i?2 aQ+BH a+B2M+2b
Ç hBK2 a2`B2b @ hBK2 a2`B2b MHvbBb
S2Mi`m BMbiH +2bi2 hbF oB2rb- i`2#mB2 BMbiHi T+?2imH +ip,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]+ip]V
= HB#``vU]+ip]V
lHi2`BQ`- *_L hbF oB2rb TQi } BMbiHi2- `2bT2+iBp +imHBxi2- T`BM

7mM+ȧBBH2 BMbiHHXpB2rbUV șB mT/i2XpB2rbUVX .2 2t2KTHm,
= BMbiHHXpB2rbU]aQ+BHa+B2M+2b]V
= mT/i2XpB2rbU]aQ+BHa+B2M+2b]V
8 1bi2 /BbTQMB#BH șB p`BMi ŗM HBK# `QKM, ?iiT,ffrrrX`@

T`QD2+iX`Qf`QfP{+BHaiiBbiB+bn_PX?iKH
*TBiQHmH 9
AMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2
9XR *2H2 KB mxmH2 BMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2
9XRXR *QMbQH _
62`2bi` /2 *QMbQH _- T`2x2Mii șB ŗM +TBiQHmH Mi2`BQ`- 2bi2 miBH

imM+B +M/ miBHBxiQ`mH `2 /2 2t2+mii +i2p HBMBB /2 +Q/X S2Mi`m Q
MHBx +QKTH2t- bm T2Mi`m bHp +2 b@ Hm+ì- b2 p ++2b K2MBmH
6BH2 șB b2 p b2H2+i L2r a+`BTiX o T`2 mM 2/BiQ` _- mM/2 b2 TQi
BMi`Q/m+2 +Q/m`B șB +`2 TQi2 } bHpi +m 2ti2MbB X_X S2Mi`m 2t2+mi
Q HBMB2 /2 +Q/ /BM 2/BiQ`- b2 p miBHBx I*i`H=@_X a2 Q#b2`p + HBMB /2
+Q/ 7Qbi 2t2+mii ŗM 72`2bi` /2 +QMbQHX
*QMbQH _ Mm 2bi2 iQimșB +2 KB mb2`@7`B2M/Hv BMi2`7ȧ K2/BmHmB _X ŖM
b2+ȧBmM2 m`KiQ`2 b2 p T`2x2Mi Q Hi BMi2`7ȧ ;`}+ @ _aim/BQX
9XRXk _aim/BQ
_aim/BQ 2bi2 mM K2/Bm BMi2;ì /2 /2xpQHi`2 UŗM 2M;H2x BMi2;ì2/

/2p2HQTK2Mi 2MpB`QMK2MiV T2Mi`m HBK#DmH _X 1tBbi /Qm +i2;Q`BB /2
p2`bBmMB,
Ç _aim/BQ .2bFiQT U+m p`BMi PT2M aQm`+2 șB p`BMi +m HB+2Mȧ

+QK2`+BHV, b2 miBHBx2x T2 +H+mHiQ`mH HQ+Hc
Ç _aim/BQ a2`p2` U+m p`BMi2H2 PT2M aQm`+2 1/BiBQM șB S`Q72bbBQMH

1/BiBQMV, T2`KBi2 miBHBx`2 _ ŗMi`@Q BMi2`7ȧ ŗM +/`mH #`Qrb2`@
mHmBXX
Re AMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2
_aim/BQR 2bi2 /BbTQMB#BH T2Mi`m iQi2 bBbi2K2H2 /2 QT2``2, qBM/Qrb-

J+ Pa s șB GBMmtX
_aim/BQ 2bi2 +QMbB/2ì +2H KB BMimBiBp șB KB mșQ` /2 miBHBxi /BMi`2 iQi2
BMi2`72ȧ2H2 ;`}+2X SmM2 H /BbTQxBȧB miBHBxiQ`mHmB ŗM +22șB 72`2bi`
ii +QMbQH- bTȧBmH /2 Hm+`m- b+`BTimH +i șB bTȧBmH /2 pBxmHBx`2 H
T+?2i2HQ` șB H /Q+mK2MiȧB2BX _aim/BQ 2bi2 bi`m+imì ŗM Ti`m xQM2 /2
Hm+`m- T`2+mK ŗM 6B;m` 9XR,
RX 1/BiQ` /2 +QK2MxB U X_Vc
kX *QMbQHc
jX 1MpB`QMK2Mi- >BbiQ`v- 6BH2bc
9X SHQib- S+F;2b- >2HT- oB2r2`X
6B;m` 9XR, _aim/BQ
S`BM+BTH2H2 +`+i2`BbiB+B H2 BMi2`72ȧ2B ;`}+2 _aim/BQ bmMi m`KiQ`2H2,
Ç 1pB/2MȧB2`2 bBMit2B- +QKTH2i`B H2 +Q/mHmB șB HBMB2`2 BMi2HB;2Mic
Ç 1t2+mi`2 +Q/mHmB _ /B`2+i /BM 2/BiQ`c
Ç lșm`BMȧ Q`;MBx`BB 7QH/2`2HQ` șB }șB2`2HQ` /2 Hm+`m T`BM T`QB2+i2c

R ?iiT,ffrrrX`bim/BQX+QK
9XR *2H2 KB mxmH2 BMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2 Rd
Ç *mi`2 BMi2HB;2Mi ŗM +Q/mH bm`b șB B/2MiB}+`2 p`B#BH2HQ` șB

7mM+ȧBBHQ`c
Ç A/2MiB}+`2 /2}MBȧBBHQ` T2Mi`m 7mM+ȧBBc
Ç amTQì șB /Q+mK2MiȧB2 BMi2;ì2c
Ç .2#m;;BM; BMi2`+iBp T2Mi`m B/2MiB}+`2 șB `2xQHp`2 `TB/

2`Q`BHQ`c
Ç AMbi`mK2Mi2 pMbi2 T2Mi`m /2xpQHi`2 T+?2i2HQ`X
P b2`B2 /2 +QK2MxB șB 7mM+ȧBQMHBiȧB H2 K2/BmHmB _ pQ` } 2t2+mii2 +m

mșm`BMȧ ŗM _aim/BQ,
Ç S+?2i2H2 b2 BMbiH2x ++2bM/ #miQMmH AMbiHH /BM i#@mH

S+F;2bX
Ç S+?2i2H2 b2 ŗM+`+ ŗM K2KQ`B2 T`BM #B7`2 +bmȧ2B /BM 7ȧ

/2MmKB`BB T+?2imHmB- ŗM i#@mH S+F;2bX
Ç .Q+mK2MiȧB mMmB T+?2i b2 ++2b2x T`BM +HB+F T2 MmK2H2

T+?2imHmB- ŗM i#@mH S+F;2bX
Ç P#B2+i2H2 TQi } 2tTHQì2 +m mșm`BMȧ ŗM i#@mH 1MpB`QMK2MiX
Ç :`}+2H2 șB Hi2 `2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2 TQi } pBxmHBxi2 șB bHpi2- ŗM

i#@mH SHQibX
P Q#b2`pȧB2 BKTQìMi 2bi2 +22 + iQi2 +QK2MxBH2 T`Q+2bi2 /BM

K2MBm bm /BM /B72`Bi2 #miQM2 U+m KQmb2@mHV- pQ` +QM/m+2 miQKi H
2t2+mi`2 7mM+ȧBBHQ` bT2+B}+2 ŗM *QMbQHX
o2`bBmM2 +imH /2 _aim/BQ UpyXNNV BM+Hm/2 mM .i oB2r2` pMbi-

+`2 T2`KBi2 bQì`2- }Hi``2- +mi`2 ŗM +/`mH b2imHmB /2 /i2
pBxmHBxiX .2 b2K2M2- b2 TQi THB+ 2iB+?2i2 p`B#BH2HQ` /BM b2im`BH2
/2 /i2 miBHBxi2X _aim/BQ Mm Q72` ŗM+ 7+BHBii2 bHp`BB `2xmHii2HQ`
}Hi``BHQ` șB bQì`BHQ`- ŗMb b2 Ȕi2Ti + T2 pBBiQ` b }2 /2xpQHii ȔB
+2bi 7mM+ȥBQMHBii2Xk
_aim/BQ T2`KBi2 +`2`2- 2/Bi`2 șB bHp`2 mM2B ;K2 H`;B /2 iBTm`B
/2 }șB2`2, _ a+`BTi- _ J`F/QrM- _ ar2p2- _ >hJG- _ S`2b2MiiBQM-
_ .Q+mK2MiiBQM- h2ti- h1s- J`F/QrM- sJG- uJG- .*6- a?2HH-
>hJG- *aa- Cpa+`BTi- *f*YY- Svi?QM șB aZGX
k ?iiTb,ffbmTTQìX`bim/BQX+QKf?+f2M@mbfìB+H2bfky8Rd8j33@lbBM;@i?2@.i@oB2r2`
R3 AMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2
9Xk Hi2 BMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2
9XkXR _*QKKM/2`
_*QKKM/2` 2bi2 Q BMi2`7ȧ ;`}+ miBHBxi ŗM bT2+BH T2Mi`m MHBx2

biiBbiB+2 U6B;m` 9XkV- pM/ ŗM+Q`TQì2 /B72`Bi2 7mM+ȧBQMHBiȧB-
T`2+mK, i2bi2 M2T`K2i`B+2- MHBx2 /BK2MbBQMH2- KQ/2H`2 T`BM
`2;`2bBB- /Bbi`B#mȧBB +QMiBMm2- /Bbi`B#mȧBB /Bb+`2i2- i2bi2 /2 BTQi2x2X .2
b2K2M2- Q72` 7+BHBiȧB H BKTQìmH /2 /i2 /BM /B72`Bi2 7Q`Ki2 Ui2ti-
1t+2H- ++2bb- /"b2- aSaa- aa- aii- JBMBi#V șB H `2HBx`2 /2
;`}+2 U?BbiQ;`K- #QtTHQi- MQ` /2 TmM+i2- ;`}+ /2 HBMBB- THQi
+QM/BȧBQMH su- bi`BT +?ì- ;`}+ /2 K2/BB- /B;`K #`- /B;`K
+B`+mH`- ;`}+2 /B;MQbiB+VX
6B;m` 9Xk, _*QKKM/2`
S+?2imH +`2 T2`KBi2 `mH`2 BMi2`72ȧ2B _*QKKM/2` b2 MmK2și2 _+K/`X

_*QKKM/2` /BbTmM2 șB /2 Q b2`B2 /2 THm;BM@m`B- bT2+BHBxi2 T2 /B72`Bi2
/QK2MBB /2 MHBxXj
9XkXk _iiH2
_iiH2 U_ MHviB+ hQQH hQ G2`M 1bBHvV9 2bi2 Q BMi2`7ȧ ;`}+ miBHBxi

T2Mi`m /i KBMBM;- +2 Q72` 7+BHBiȧB T2Mi`m i2bi2 biiBbiB+2- i`Mb7Q`K`B
/2 b2im`B /2 /i2- +Hmbi2`2- KQ/2H2 /2+BbBQM i`22- Ki`B+B 2`Q`2- MHBx2 /2
+Q`2HȧBB- `2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2 H2 KQ/2H2HQ` U6B;m` 9XjVX S2Mi`m miBHBx
BMi2`7ȧ ;`}+ _iiH2- b2 p BMbiH T+?2imH ìiH2X .mT ŗM+`+`2
ŗM K2KQ`B2- b2 p 2t2+mi 7mM+ȧB ìiH2UV ,
j ?iiT,ffrrrX`+QKKM/2`X+QK
9 ?iiT,ffìiH2XiQ;r`2X+QKf
9Xk Hi2 BMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2 RN
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]ìiH2]V
= HB#``vU]ìiH2]V
= ìiH2UV
6B;m` 9Xj, _iiH2
.i2H2 TQi } ŗM+`+i2 /BM }șB2`2 /2 iBT *ao- hsh- 1t+2H- _66-
P."*- _ .ib2i- _.i 6BH2- b2im`B /2 /i2 /BM HB#``BBH2 T+?2i2HQ`-
B` KQ/2H2H2 +QMbi`mBi2 șB 2pHmi2 pQ` } 2tTQìi2 + SJJG UT`2/B+iBp2
KQ/2HHBM; K`FmT HM;m;2V bm + b+Q`m`BX
9XkXj _2pQHmiBQM _
_2pQHmiBQM _ 2bi2 Q p`BMi +QK2`+BH K2/BmHmB _- /BbTQMB#BH ;ìmBi

T2Mi`m miBHBx`2 ŗM b+QTm`B +/2KB+2- miBH KB H2b T2Mi`m KMBTmH`2
#B; /iX _2pQHmiBQM _- ŗM p`BMi 7`22- b2 T`2xBMi T`2+mK ŗM 6B;m` 9X9X
_2pQHmiBQM _ 2bi2 /2xpQHii șB /Bbi`B#mBi /2 +QKTMB _2pQHmiBQM

MHviB+b8 - +`2 T`QKQp2x BMi2Mb HBK#DmH _ ŗM K2/BmH #mbBM2bbX
S`BMi`2 b2`pB+BBH2 Tmb2 H /BbTQxBȧB2- +2bi +QKTMB2 Q72` șB Q
+2ìB}+`2 /2 miBHBx`2 _2pQHmiBQM _ @ +/2Kv_ *2ìB}+iBQM e X
8 ?iiT,ff`2pQHmiBQMMHviB+bX+QKf
e ?iiT,ff`2pQHmiBQMMHviB+bX+QKf+/2Kv`@+2ìB}+iBQM
ky AMi2`72ȧ2 ;`}+2
6B;m` 9X9, _2pQHmiBQM _

*TBiQHmH 8
_2bm`b2 șB +QKmMBii2 QMHBM2
8XR S`BM+BTH2H2 `2bm`b2 QMHBM2
liBHBxiQ`BB K2/BmHmB _ BMi2`+ȧBQM2x BM2pBi#BH +m K`2 +QKmMBii2

QMHBM2X 1MimxBbKmH miBHBxiQ`BHQ` /i Mși2`2 mM2B +QKmMBiȧB /BMKB+2-
ŗM +QMiBMm 2tTMbBmM2 șB +iBpBii2X
ŖM +2H2 +2 m`K2x b2 pQ` T`2x2Mi T`BM+BTH2H2 `2bm`b2 QMHBM2 +`2 Dmi
ŗM miBHBx`2 K2/BmHmB _X
Ç S;BMBH2 /2 bmTQì QM@HBM2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 T+?2i UpB;M2ii2V

+2bi2 `2T`2xBMi Q /2b+`B2`2 /Q+mK2MiȧB2B +`2 bi H #x
}2+`mB T+?2i /2 Hm+`m- ŗMbQȧBi /2 2t2KTH2X 6B2+`2 miQ` /2
T+?2i b+`B2 `2HBx2x +2bi2 T;BMB /2 bmTQ`` Q/i +m
/2xpQHi`2 T+?2imHmB `2bT2+iBpX
Ç .Q+mK2MiȧB /BbTQMB#BH T2 r2#bBi2@mH *_L,

?iiT,ff+`MX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;
+2bi2 /Q+mK2MiȧBB bmMi /BbTQMB#BH2 ŗM /Qm +i2;Q`BB, 2M;H2x șB
Hi2 HBK#BX
Ç _@6Z, ?iiT,ff+`MX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;f/Q+f6Zf_@6ZX?iKH
Ç JQiQ` /2 +mi`2 bT2+BHBxi, ?iiT,ffrrrX`b22FXQ`;

_a22F 2bi2 mM KQiQ` /2 +mi`2 +QM+2Tmi T2 THi7Q`K :QQ;H2X ŖM
+/`mH +2bimB- +mi`2 b2 TQi2 7+2 T2 KB KmHi2 b2+ȧBmMB- +2
BM+Hm/, 6mM+ȧBB- S+?2i2- *`ȧB- "HQ;m`B- hbF oB2rb 2i+X
Ç q2#bBi2 bT2+BHBxi +m șiB`B șB imiQ`BH2 U8dj /2 #HQ;;2`B _V, ?iiT,

ffrrrX`@#HQ;;2`bX+QK
_ "HQ;;2`b +2Mi`HBx2x iQi2 #HQ;m`BH2 bT2+BHBxi2 T2 K2/BmH _X
kk _2bm`b2 șB +QKmMBii2 QMHBM2
Ç :`mTm`B :QQ;H2 :`QmTb

Ç :`mTm`B GBMF2/AM
Ç ZmB+F@_, ?iiT,ffrrrXbiiK2i?Q/bXM2i
Ç _ T2Mi`m miBHBxiQ`B aSaa șB aa, ?iiT,ff`9biibX+QK
Ç *Q/mH /2 #mM2 T`+iB+B 2H#Qì /2 +i`2 :QQ;H2,
?iiT,ff;QQ;H2@bivH2;mB/2X;QQ;H2+Q/2X+QKfbpMfi`mMFf
;QQ;H2@`@bivH2X?iKH
Ç _ CQm`MH, ?iiT,ffDQm`MHX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;
Ç J_L UJM;2/ _ `+?Bp2 L2irQ`FV,
?iiT,ffK`MX`2pQHmiBQMMHviB+bX+QK
J_L 2bi2 Q `?Bp /2 T+?2i2 șB hbF oB2rb- `2HBxi /2
_2pQHmiBQM MHviB+b- ŗM +`2 bmMi `2/i2 ;`}+2H2 /2 /2T2M/2Mȧ2
/BMi`2 T+?2i2X
8Xk /`2b`2 ŗMi`2#`BHQ`
1tBbi Q b2`B2 /2 r2#bBi2@m`B șB 7Q`mKm`B bT2+BHBxi2- mM/2 b2 TQi /`2b

ŗMi`2#`B- /BMi`2 +`2,
Ç _@?2HT KBHBM; HBbi, ?iiT,ffrrrX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;fKBHX?iKH

Ç ai+FQp2`~Qr, ?iiT,ffbi+FQp2`7HQrX+QKf[m2biBQMbfi;;2/f`
+2bi bBi2 2bi2 bT2+BHBxi T2 T`Q#H2K2 /2 T`Q;`K`2- bi`m+im`
/i2- ;`}+2X
Ç aii1t+?M;2, ?iiT,ffbiibXbi+F2t+?M;2X+QK
a2+ȧBmM2 /2 MHBx biiBbiB+ aii1t+?M;2 2bi2 Q`B2Mii KB
/2;`# T2 T`Q#H2K2 /2 Mim` biiBbiB+- /2+i T2 T`Q;`K`2X
Ç hHF aiib, ?iiT,ffrrrXiHFbiibX+QK
Ç *`QbboHB/i2/, ?iiT,ffbiibXbi+F2t+?M;2X+QK
P `2;mH M2b+`Bb 2bi2 +22 +- ŗMBMi2 /2 /`2b Q ŗMi`2#`2- b b2

+QMbmHi2 /Q+mK2MiȧB /BbTQMB#BH ŗM >2HT bm b b2 miBHBx2x2 r2#bBi2@
m`BH2 2MmK2ì2 KB bmbX 1tBbi șMb2 7Qì2 K`B + ŗMi`2#`2 b } 7Qbi
/2D /`2biX
imM+B +M/ b2 /`2b2x ŗMi`2#`B +QKmMBiȧBB- 2bi2 BM/B+i b b2 ȧBM +QMi
/2 +i2p `2;mHB /2 #mM2 T`+iB+BX bi72H- ŗM 7Q`KmH`2 ŗMi`2#`BB i`2#mB2
BM+Hmb2 m`KiQ`2H2 bT2+i2,
8Xj Hi2 `2bm`b2 QMHBM2 kj
Ç *mK b@ DmMb H T`Q#H2K\
Ç *`2 2bi2 QmiTmi@mH și2Tii\
Ç *2 Mm 2bi2 ŗM `2;mH ŗM QmiTmi\f*`2 2bi2 QmiTmi@mH Q#ȧBMmi\
Ç *2 p2`bBmM2 /2 _f/2 T+?2i b2 miBHBx2x\
Ç *2 bBbi2K /2 QT2``2 b2 miBHBx2x\
Ç lM 2t2KTHm KBMBKH- +`2 b +QMȧBM șB /i2H2 M2+2b`2 +QMbii`BB

T`Q#H2K2BX
8Xj Hi2 `2bm`b2 QMHBM2
ŖM +2bi b2+ȧBmM2 b2 pQ` T`2x2Mi Hi2 r2#bBi2@m`B +`2 +QMbiBimB2 `2bm`b2

șB 2t2KTHB}+`B /2 THB+ȧBB H2 K2/BmHmB _,
Ç :TKBM/2`, ?iiT,ffrrrX;TKBM/2`XQ`;
:TKBM/2` 2bi2 mM T`QB2+i +2 Q72` BMbi`mK2Mi2 /2 pBxmHBx`2
/i2HQ` TM2H- miBHBxM/ K2/BmH _X
Ç ZmM/H, ?iiTb,ffrrrX[mM/HX+QK
ZmM/H 2bi2 Q #M+ /2 /i2- +2 +mT`BM/2 #x2 /2 /i2 /2 H
Q`;MBxȧBB MȧBQMH2 șB BMi2`MȧBQMH2- T`2+mK, "M+ JQM/BH-
1m`Qbii- 2i+X ++2b`2 mMmB b2i /2 /i2 T2`KBi2 /2b+`+`2 HmB
ŗM m`KiQ`2H2 7Q`Ki2, _- 1t+2H- *ao- CaPL- sJG- Svi?QM-
JiH#X S2Mi`m _ 2tBbi T+?2imH ZmM/H- +2 `2 /B72`Bi2 QTȧBmMB
/2 /2b+`+`2 șB KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` /2 T2 +2bi r2#bBi2X
Ç _TTQì2`, ?iiT,ff`TTQì2`XM2i
_TTQì2` 2bi2 mM 2t+2H2Mi BMbi`mK2Mi QMHBM2- bm# 7Q`K /2
THi7Q`K șB +HQm/ +QKTmiBM;- /2 `TQì`2 șB MHBx /i2X
*TBiQHmH e
hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2

#x
eXR LmK2`B+
hBTmH /2 /i2 MmK2`B+ b2 KB ŗMiHM2și2 șB bm# /2MmKB`2 /2 /Qm#H2 șB 2bi2

/2 7Q`K MmK2`2HQ` x2+BKH2, jXR9- 8Xk9X +2bi TQi2 } miBHBxi T2Mi`m
`2T`2x2Mi p`B#BH2 +QMiBMm2X
= t I@ jXR9
= v I@ 8Xk9
= x I@ t Y v
6mM+ȧB BbXMmK2`B+UV b2 miBHBx2x T2Mi`m p2`B}+ /+ p`B#BH x 2bi2

/2 iBT MmK2`B+X * Q Hi2`MiBp- b2 TQi2 7QHQbB șB 7mM+ȧB ivT2Q7UVX
= BbXMmK2`B+UxV
(R) h_l1
= ivT2Q7UxV
(R) ]/Qm#H2]
.i2H2 /2 iBT MmK2`B+ `2T`2xBMi T`QtBK`B H2 MmK2`2HQ` `2H2X .BM

TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 Ki2KiB+- 2tBbi Q BM}MBii2 /2 bi72H /2 MmK2`2- ŗMb
+QKTmi2`mH TQi2 `2T`2x2Mi mM MmK` }MBiX a2 TQi2 ŗMiKTH + MmK2`2
T`2+mK yXRk b Mm }2 `2T`2x2Mii2 +m T`2+BxB2- /` `2bT2+iM/ `BiK2iB+
ŗM pB`;mH KQ#BHR X P +QMb2+BMȧ 2bi2 + i`2#mB2 iìi +m T`2+mȧB2
+QKT``2 /Qm MmK2`2 /2 iBT /Qm#H2X lM 2t2KTHm ŗM +2bi b2Mb +m
mM `2xmHii bmT`BMxiQ` 2bi2 Q72`Bi KB DQb,
R ?iiT,ffr2#X+b2XKbmX2/mf+b2jkyf.Q+mK2Mibf6HQiBM;SQBMiXT/7
ke hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x
= yXk Y yXk Y yXk 44 yXe

(R) 6Ga1
1tBbi /Qm 7mM+ȧBB ŗM _ T2Mi`m i2bi`2 2;HBiȧBB ŗM +2bi +x,

B/2MiB+HUV șB HHX2[mHUV,
= HHX2[mHUyXe- yXk Y yXk Y yXkV

(R) h_l1
= B/2MiB+HUyXe- yXk Y yXk Y yXkV
(R) 6Ga1
6mM+ȧB HHX2[mHUV +QKT` pHQ`BH2 ŗM i2`K2MB /2 Ǵ2;HBii2 T`QTBiǴ

UŗM 2M;H2x M2` 2[mHBivV- ŗM iBKT +2 B/2MiB+HUV H2 +QKT` ȧBMM/ +QMi
/2 2;HBii2 2t+iX
_ `2T`2xBMi ŗM KQ/ +Q`2+i pHQ`B MmK2`B+2 BM}MBi2- +mK ` } ±∞ +m AM7
șB @AM7- bm pHQ`B M2MmK2`B+2 +m LL UMQi MmK#2`VX
= Ut I@ 8fyV
(R) AM7
= +HbbUtV
(R) ]MmK2`B+]
= 2tTUtV
(R) AM7
= 2tTU@tV
(R) y
= t @ t
(R) LL
eXk AMi2;2`
.i2H2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; UŗM 2M;H2x BMi2;2`V bmMi MmK2`2H2 Mim`H2- /2 7Q`K,
j- 8y- kRyX 1H2 TQi } miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi p`B#BH2 +MiBiiBp2-
+ /2 2t2KTHm MmK`mH /2 +QTBB /BMi`@Q ;QbTQ/`B2X 6mM+ȧB +HbbUV p
`2im`M iBTmH /2 /i2 /BM Q#B2+iX
= M`n+QTBB I@ bXBMi2;2Ù8V
= BbXBMi2;2ÙM`n+QTBBV
(R) h_l1
= +HbbUM`n+QTBBV
(R) ]BMi2;2`]
eXj *QKTH2t kd
ŖM _- b2 TQi `2HBx QT2`ȧBB ŗMi`2 /i2 MmK2`B+2 șB /i2 BMi2;2`X
= t I@ bXBMi2;2ÙNV
= v I@ kXy
= x I@ tfv
= x
(R) 9X8
a2 Q#b2`p + `2xmHiimH 2bi2 /2 iBT MmK2`B+X
= +HbbUxV
(R) ]MmK2`B+]
eXj *QKTH2t
.i2H2 /2 iBT +QKTH2t bmMi miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi MmK2`2 +QKTH2t2X

1H2 Mm bmMi 7Qì2 ŗMiHMBi2 ŗM MHBx2H2 biiBbiB+2X
6mM+ȧBBH2 bX+QKTH2tUV șB +QKTH2tUV +`22x bi72H /2 /i2X
= i2biR I@ bX+QKTH2tU@k9YeBV
= b[ìUi2biRV
(R) yXeyddR9Y9XNje8kNB
= Ui2bik I@ +QKTH2tUj- `2H 4 8- BK;BM`v 4 kVV
(R) 8YkB 8YkB 8YkB
= ivT2Q7Ui2bikV
(R) ]+QKTH2t]
6mM+ȧB ivT2Q7UV p `2im`M iBTmH Q#B2+imHmBXX

P Q#b2`pȧB2 BKTQìMi 2bi2 +22 + @9 Mm 2bi2 T2`+2Tmi + MmK`
+QKTH2tX
= b[ìUƉ9V
(R) LL
q`MBM; K2bb;2,
AM b[ìU@9V , LLb T`Q/m+2/
S2Mi`m } /2 iBT +QKTH2t- i`2#mB2 b+`Bb bm# 7Q`K Ɖ9YyBX
= b[ìUƉ9YyBV
(R) yYkB
= b[ìUbX+QKTH2tUƉ9VV
(R) yYkB
k3 hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x
eX9 GQ;B+
lM Q#B2+i /2 iBT HQ;B+ TQi2 p2 pHQ`BH2 h_l1 bm 6Ga1 șB 2bi2 miBHBxi
T2Mi`m BM/B+ /+ Q +QM/BȧB2 2bi2 /2pì bm 7HbX bi72H /2 Q#B2+i2
TQi `2xmHi /BM 2tT`2bBB HQ;B+2X
= t I@ k
= Uv I@ t = 9V
(R) 6Ga1
ŖM 2t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ`- Q#B2+imH v T`BK2și2 pHQ`2 HQ;B+ T2Mi`m +QM/BȧB

t = 9X
6mM+ȧBBH2 /2 7Q`K BbXiBT/i2UV U+ /2 2t2KTHm- BbXMmK2`B+UV-
BbXHQ;B+HUV 2i+XV pQ` p2 `2xmHii /2 iBT HQ;B+,
= BbXMmK2`B+URyXj8V
(R) h_l1
= BbXBMi2;2ÙRyXj8V
(R) 6Ga1
= BbX+QKTH2tURY8BV
(R) h_l1
= BbXHQ;B+HUhV
(R) h_l1
1tT`2bBBH2 HQ;B+2 bmMi `2HBxi2 T`BM QT2ìQ`B HQ;B+BX

iQ`BB HQ;B+B /2 #x bmMi, UșB HQ;B+V- % Ubm HQ;B+V- șB 5 UQT2ìQ`mH /2
M2;`2V,
= K I@ h_l1
= M I@ 6Ga1
= K M O K ȐA M
(R) 6Ga1
= K % M O K al M
(R) h_l1
= 5K O M2;`2 HmB K
(R) 6Ga1
+2șiB bmMi T`2x2MiȧB KMmMȧBi ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 eXdX
P#b2`pȧB2, .2șB HBK#DmH _ ++2Ti b+`B2`2 h șB 6 + Hi2`MiBp H h_l1

șB 6Ga1- b2 `2+QKM/ b b2 miBHBx2x2 +2 /2@ /Qm p`BMiX P#b2`pȧB
2bi2 pH#BH șB T2Mi`m b+`B2`2 +2HQ` /Qm pHQ`B ŗM `;mK2Mi2H2 7mM+ȧBBHQ`-
+2 b2 p bim/B ŗM *TBiQHmH RRX
eX8 *`+i2` kN
eX8 *`+i2`
.i2H2 /2 iBT +`+i2` bmMi `2T`2x2Mii2 /2 +`+i2`2- b+`Bb2 ŗMi`2 ;?BHBK2H2

/m#H2 UǴVX aT`2 2t2KTHm- ǴŗKBǴ- ǴTH+2Ǵ- Ǵ_Ǵ bmMi /i2 /2 iBT +`+i2`X
1H2 bmMi /2}MBi2 bi72H,
= U+mpBMi2 I@ +U]BKB]- ]TH+2]- ]_]VV

(R) ]BKB] ]TH+2] ]_]
lM Q#B2+i TìB+mH` +m /i2 /2 iBT +`+i2`- T`2/2}MBi ŗM HBK#DmH _- 2bi2

H2ii2`b bm G1hh1_a,
= H2ii2`b
(R) ]] ]#] ]+] ]/] ]2] ]7] ];] ]?] ]B] ]D] ]F] ]H] ]K] ]M]
(R8) ]Q] ]T] ][] ]`] ]b] ]i] ]m] ]p] ]r] ]t] ]v] ]x]
= G1hh1_a
(R) ]] ]"] ]*] ].] ]1] ]6] ]:] ]>] ]A] ]C] ]E] ]G] ]J] ]L]
(R8) ]P] ]S] ]Z] ]_] ]a] ]h] ]l] ]o] ]q] ]s] ]u] ]w]
eXe *QMp2`bB /i2HQ`
.B72`2Mȧ2H2 /BMi`2 MmKBi2 iBTm`B /2 /i2 bmMi KBMQ`2c T`BM m`K`2 2bi2
TQbB#BH +QMp2`bB mMmB Q#B2+i /BMi`@mM iBT ŗM HimH T`BM b+?BK#`2 mMQ`
i`B#mi2 H2 bH2X P b2K2M2 +QMp2`bB2 p } 272+imi +m Q 7mM+ȧB2 /2
iBTmH bXiBT/i2UVX
_2xmHiimH mM2B +QMp2`bBB /2TBM/2- 2pB/2Mi- /2 i`B#mi2H2 Q#B2+imHmB

+QMp2ìBiX ŖM ;2M2`H- +QMp2`bB m`K2x `2;mHB BMimBiBp2X h#2HmH eXR
Q72` Q T`BpB`2 /2 MbK#Hm bmT` +QMp2`bB2B iBTm`BHQ` /2 /i2X
a2 Q#b2`p + /i2H2 /2 iBT HQ;B+- ŗMi`2; șB +`+i2` TQi } +QMp2ìBi2 ŗM
MmK2`B+X .i2H2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; șB MmKBi2 +`+i2`2 U]6Ga1]- ]h_l1]-
]6]- ]h] TQi } +QMp2ìBi2 ŗM iBT HQ;B+X ŖM }M2- /i2H2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; șB HQ;B+
TQi } +QMp2ìBi2 ŗM +`+i2`X
eXd PT2`ȧBB /2 #x
ŖM _- 2tBbi i`2B iBTm`B T`BM+BTH2 /2 QT2ìQ`B- bBMi2iBxi2 ŗM h#2HmH eXkX

S2 HM; QT2ìQ`BB T`2x2MiȧB Mi2`BQ`- KB 2tBbi șB HȧBB, 0- !- (- ((- ,- \-
I@- 4X P /Q+mK2MiȧB2 +QKTH2i +2biQ` b2 TQi2 ++2b +m \avMitX
jy hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x
h#2HmH eXR, *QMp2`bB /i2HQ`
*QMp2`bB2 ŗM 6mM+ȧB _2;mHB

MmK2`B+ bXMmK2`B+ 6 → y
h → R
]R]- ]k]- Ę → R- k- Ę
]]- Ę → L
HQ;B+ bXHQ;B+H y → 6
Hi2 MmK2`2 → h
]6Ga1]- ]6] → 6
]h_l1]- ]h] → h
Hi2 +`+i2`2 → L
+`+i2` bX+?`+i2` R- k- Ę → ]R]- ]k]- Ę
6 → ]6Ga1]
h → ]h_l1]
h#2HmH eXk, PT2ìQ`B `BiK2iB+B- /2 +QKT`ȧB2- HQ;B+B
PT2ìQ`B
`BiK2iB+B .2 +QKT`ȧB2 GQ;B+B
Y /mM`2 I KB KB+ 5 t Ll HQ;B+
@ b+/2`2 = KB K`2 t v ȘA HQ;B+
ŗMKmHȧB`2 I4 KB KB+ bm 2;H t v B/X
f ŗKT`ȧB`2 =4 KB K`2 bm 2;H t | v al HQ;B+
Ó bm `B/B+`2 H Tmi2`2 44 2;H t || v B/X
WW KQ/mH 54 /B72`Bi /2 tQÙt- vV al 2t+HmbBp
WfW ŗKT`ȧB`2 +m `2bi
eXd PT2`ȧBB /2 #x jR
PT2ìQ`BB `BiK2iB+B șB +2B /2 +QKT`ȧB2 +ȧBQM2x bmT` /Qm

2H2K2Mi2- bT`2 2t2KTHm t Y v- I #X PT2ìQ`BB `BiK2iB+B +ȧBQM2x
Mm /Q` bmT` Q#B2+i2HQ` /2 iBT MmK2`B+ bm +QKTH2t- /` șB bmT`
p`B#BH2HQ` HQ;B+2c ŗM +xmH /BM m`K- pHQ`BH2 HQ;B+2 bmMi i`Mb7Q`Ki2
miQKi ŗM MmK2`B+2X PT2ìQ`BB /2 +QKT`ȧB2 TQi } THB+ȧB Q`B+`mB
iBT, 2B `2im`M2x mM bm +i2p pHQ`B HQ;B+2X
PT2ìQ`BB HQ;B+B bmMi THB+ȧB mMmB bm KB KmHiQ` Q#B2+i2 /2 iBT HQ;B+
șB `2im`M2x mM bm KB KmHi2 pHQ`B HQ;B+2X PT2ìQ`BB ǳȘAǴ șB ǳalǴ
2tBbi bm# /Qm 7Q`K2, +2H bBKTHm +iBQM2x bmT` }2+`mB 2H2K2Mi /BM
Q#B2+i șB `2im`M2x iQi ii2 pHQ`B HQ;B+2 +i2 +QKT`ȧBB b@m 7+mic
+2H /m#Hm QT2`2x bmT` T`BKmHmB 2H2K2Mi H Q#B2+imHmBX
PT2ìQ`BB /2 +QKT`ȧB2 +ȧBQM2x bmT` }2+`mB 2H2K2Mi H K#2HQ`

Q#B2+i2 /2 +QKTì U`2+B+HM/ pHQ`BH2 +2H2B KB b+mì2 /+ 2bi2 M2+2b`V
șB bi72H `2im`M2x mM Q#B2+i /2 +22șB HmM;BK2X
= t I@ R,8
= v I@ R,8
= t 44 v
(R) h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1
ŖM +QMiBMm`2 2bi2 Q72`Bi mM Hi 2t2KTHm +2 BHmbi`2x T`Q+2b`2

QT2ìQ`BHQ` /2 +QKT`ȥB2 ŗM HBK#DmH _X a2 /Q`2și2 }Ȕ`2 TQxBȥBBHQ`
/BMi`@mM p2+iQ` U b2 p2/2 a2+ȧBmM2 NXRV +`2 ŗM/2THBM2b+ MmKBi2
+QM/BȥBB HQ;B+2X
= t I@ +UR,RyV
= t(Ut I 8V % Ut = 3V)
(R) R k j 9 N Ry
S2Mi`m ŗMȥ2H2;2 +mK b@m T`Q+2bi- /2 7Ti- +2bi2 +QK2MxB- b2 p 2tTHB+

bm++2bBmM2 /2 BMbi`m+ȥBmMB T2 +`2 HBK#DmH H2 2t2+miX ŖMi`@Q T`BK 7x-
b2 /2}MBi mM Q#B2+i /2 iBT p2+iQ`- +m pHQ`B /2 H R H RyX a2 /Q`2Ȕi2 }Ȕ`2
TQxBȥBBHQ` /BM p2+iQ` KB KB+B /2+i 8 bm KB K`B /2+i 3X
= Ut I@ +UR,RyVV
(R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry
.mT }Ȕ`2 p2`+iQ`mHmB- b2 p2`B}+ }2+`2 +QM/BȥB2 HQ;B+ b2+mM/` ŗM

Tì2 Ut I 8- `2bT2+iBp t = 3V- B` TQB b2 p2`B}+ +2 T`BM+BTH Ut I 8
% t = 3V,
jk hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x
= t I 8
(R) h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1
= t = 3
(R) 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1
= t I 8 % t = 3
(R) h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1
ŖM }MH- b2 pQ` +mi ŗM p2+iQ`mH t șB b2 pQ` }ș TQxBȥBBH2 +`2 ŗM/2THBM2b+

+QM/BȥB T`BM+BTH,
= t(+Uh_l1-h_l1-h_l1-h_l1-6Ga1-6Ga1-6Ga1-6Ga1-h_l1-h_l1V)
(R) R k j 9 N Ry
*TBiQHmH d
*BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ`
S`BKmH Tb /2 m`Ki imM+B +M/ b2 ŗM+2T2 Hm+`mH ŗM K2/BmH _ 2bi2

+BiB`2 /i2HQ` +m +`2 b2 Hm+`2x bm BKTQì`2 +2biQ` /i2 /BM
/B72`Bi2 7Q`Ki2X S2Mi`m bim/BmH BMBȧBH H K2/BmHmB /2 T`Q;`K`2 _- b@
+QMbB/2ì M2+2b` T`2x2Mi`2 +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 m`KiQ`2HQ` 7Q`Ki2
/2 }șB2`2, i2ti- +bp- aSaa- aa șB ."6X
dXR .B`2+iQ`mH /2 Hm+`m
P 2iT T`2K2`;iQ`2 Hm+`mHmB ŗM _ 2bi2 H2;2`2 mMmB /B`2+iQ` /2 Hm+`m-

ŗM +`2 b2 pQ` biQ+ iQi2 }șB2`2H2 /2 Hm+`m H2 b2bBmMBB `2bT2+iBp2X *H2
/B`2+iQ`mHmB /2 Hm+`m +iBp b2 Q#ȧBM2 T`BM 7mM+ȧB ;2ir/UVX S2Mi`m
KQ/B}+`2 +2bimB b2 TQi2 miBHBx 7mM+ȧB b2ir/UVX
imM+B +M/ b2 /2}M2și2 +H2 /B`2+iQ`mHmB /2 Hm+`m- i`2#mB2 ȧBMmi +QMi /2

7TimH + _ ++2Ti MmKB /m#Hm #+FbHb? U$$V bm mM bHb? bBKTHm UfVX
.2 2t2KTHm,
= b2ir/U]*,f.Q+mK2Mibf?QK2]V
bm,
= b2ir/U]*,$$.Q+mK2Mib$$?QK2]V
ŖM _aim/BQ- 2tBbi ŗM K2MBmH a2bbBQM @=a2i qQ`FBM; .B`2+iQ`v i`2B QTȧBmMB

/2 KQ/B}+`2 /B`2+iQ`mHmB /2 Hm+`m,
RX hQ aQm`+2 6BH2 GQ+iBQM Ĝ p `mH miQKi +QKM/ b2ir/UV șB p

b2i /B`2+iQ`mH /2 Hm+`m ŗM /B`2+iQ`mH /2 mM/2 T`QpBM }șB2`2H2 /2D
j9 *BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ`
/2b+?Bb2c
.+ Mm 2bi2 MB+BmM }șB2` /2b+?Bb- +2bi QTȧBmM2 p } BM+iBpX
kX hQ 6BH2b SM2 GQ+iBQM Ĝ p b2i /B`2+iQ`mH /2 Hm+`m ŗM b2+ȧBmM2
mM/2 2bi2 BMbiHi _aim/BQc
jX *?QQb2 .B`2+iQ`v Ĝ b2 p /2b+?B/2 Q 72`2bi` +m K2MBm /2 H2;2`2
/B`2+iQ`mHmB /2 Hm+`mX
dXk *BiB`2 /i2HQ`
dXkXR *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 i2ti șB +bp
*BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BMi`@mM }șB2` i2ti UXitiV b2 TQi2 7+2 ii /2 T2

+H+mHiQ`mH HQ+H- +i șB /2 T2 mM l_GX ŖM T`BKmH +x- T2Mi`m +BiB`2
mMmB }șB2` i2ti /2 T2 ?`/@/BbF@mH HQ+H- b2 miBHBx2x 7mM+ȧB
`2/Xi#H2UV,
= /i2niti I@ `2/Xi#H2U]/iXiti]- ?2/2`4h_l1V
/i2niti `2T`2xBMi MmK2H2 Q#B2+imHmB +`2i H BKTQìmH /i2HQ` /BM

}șB2`mH /iXitiX `;mK2MimH ?2/2`4h_l1 BM/B+ 7TimH + T`BKmH
`M/ /BM }șB2` +QMȧBM2 MmK2H2 p`B#BH2HQ`X
AKTQìmH /i2HQ` b2 TQi2 7+2 șB ŗM KQ/ BMi2`+iBp T`BM H2;2`2 }șB2`mHmB
/BM Jv *QKTmi2`- T`BM BMi`Q/m+2`2 +QK2MxBB,
= Kv/i I@ `2/Xi#H2U7BH2X+?QQb2UV- ?2/2`4h_l1V
AKTQìmH /i2HQ` /2 T2 mM l_G b2 `2HBx2x bi72H,
/i2nm`H I@ `2/Xi#H2U]?iiT,ffHB#XbiiX+KmX2/mfD+;bfim]-
bFBT 4 9- ?2/2` 4 h_l1V
ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm- `;mK2MimH bFBT49 ì + T`BK2H2 9 `M/m`B Mm m

7Qbi +BiBi2X
lM Hi +x TìB+mH` 2bi2 +BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BMi`@mM }șB2` /2 iBT +bp- T2Mi`m
+`2 b2 miBHBx2x 7mM+ȧB `2/X+bpUVX +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 2bi2 Q p`BMi
7mM+ȧB2B T`2x2Mii2 Mi2`BQ` U`2/Xi#H2UVV- pM/ +`+i2`BbiB+B +QKmM2X
a2 `2+QKM/ BKTQìmH }șB2`2HQ` /2 iBT +bp + Hi2`MiBp H H +2HQ` 1t+2HX
.2șB _ Q72` șB T+?2i2 T2Mi`m BKTQìmH }șB2`2HQ` 1t+2H- 7mM+ȧBQMHBii2
HQ` /2TBM/2 /2 p2`bBmM2 /2 Cp BMbiHi- B` /BM +2bi KQiBp BMbiH`2
HQ` TQi2 } mM2Q`B +QKTHB+iX
dXk *BiB`2 /i2HQ` j8
dXkXk *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 aSaa
*BiB`2 }șB2`2HQ` aSaa b2 `2HBx2x +m T+?2imH 7Q`2B;M- miBHBxM/ 7mM+ȧB

`2/XbTbbUV,
= /i2naSaa I@ `2/XbTbbU]/iXbp]- iQX/iX7`K2 4 h_l1V
ŖM KQ/ BKTHB+Bi- H BKTQì- Mm b2 +`22x mM /i7`K2c ș/`- /+

miBHBxiQ`mH `2 M2pQB2 b Hm+`2x2 +m Q#B2+i /2 iBT /i7`K2 b2 p b2i
T`K2i`mH iQX/iX7`K2 +m pHQ`2 h_l1X +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 +Bi2și2
}șB2`2H2 +`2i2 /2 +QK2MxBH2 bp2 șB 2tTQì /BM aSaaX
P Hi p`BMi T2Mi`m +BiB`2 }șB2`2HQ` /BM 7Q`Ki aSaa- +`2 p ;2M2`
miQKi mM /i7`K2 H BKTQì- 2bi2 7mM+ȧB `2/nbTbb /BM T+?2imH
?p2MX
= /i2naSaa I@ `2/nbTbbU]/iXbp]V
ŖM }M2- Q Hi Hi2`MiBp 2bi2 7mM+ȧB bTbbX;2iUV /BM T+?2imH >KBb+X
dXkXj *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 aa
AKTQìmH /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 aa b2 7+2 +m DmiQ`mH +2HmBșB T+?2i

K2MȧBQMi Mi2`BQ`- ŗMb +m 7mM+ȧB bT2+B}+ `2/XtTQìUVX +2bi
7mM+ȧB2 BKTQì }șB2`2 /2 iBT sSP_h aaX
= /i2naa I@ `2/XtTQìU]/iXtTi]V
S2Mi`m }șB2`2 /2 iBT aad".h 2tBbi mM T+?2i bT2+BHBxi- MmKBi

bbd#/i,
= /i2naa I@ `2/Xbbd#/iU]/iXbbd#/i]- /2#m; 4 6Ga1V
dXkX9 *BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2 ."6
.i2H2 /BM }șB2`2H2 ."6 b2 BKTQì +m 7mM+ȧB `2/X/#7UV /BM T+?2imH

7Q`2B;MX
= /i2n."6 I@ `2/X/#7U]/iX/#7]- bXBb 4 6Ga1V
+2bi 7mM+ȧB2 +QMp2ì2și2 +KTm`BH2 /2 iBT +`+i2` ŗM 7+iQ` șB BKTQì

}șB2`2H2 + /i7`K2@m`BX
je *BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ`
dXj a+`B2`2 /i2HQ`
dXjXR a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗM }șB2`2 i2ti
lM /i7`K2 bm Q Ki`B+2 TQi } 2tTQìi2 ŗM }șB2`2 i2ti +m DmiQ`mH

7mM+ȧB2B r`Bi2Xi#H2UV,
= r`Bi2Xi#H2UKv/i- ǫQmiTmiXitiǬ- b2T 4 Ǭ$iǬ- `QrXMK2b 4 6Ga1V
S2Mi`m bHp`2 mMmB Q#B2+i /2 Q`B+2 iBT- b2 TQi2 miBHBx +QKM/ bp2Ut-
v- x- 7BH24 ]tvxX_.i]VX .i2H2 U+`2 bmMi MmKBi2 ŗM +2bi 7x
rQ`FbT+2 ŗM D`;QMmH HBK#DmHmB _V TQi } ŗM+`+i2 KB i`xBm ŗM K2KQ`B2
+m 7mM+ȧB HQ/U]tvxX_.i]VX
dXjXk a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM }șB2` aSaa
S2Mi`m 2tTQì /i2 ŗM }șB2`2 aSaa- b2 miBHBx2x 7mM+ȧB

r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MUV /BM T+?2imH 7Q`2B;M,
= r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MU/i2naSaa- ]QmiTminaSaaXiti]- ]QmiTmin+Q/2XbTb]-

T+F;2 4 ]aSaa]V
6mM+ȧB p b+`B2 mM }șB2` i2ti șB mM T`Q;`K aSaa +`2 p +BiB +2bi }șB2`
i2tiX
dXjXj a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM }șB2` aa
S+?2imH 7Q`2B;M 2bi2 7QHQbBi șB ŗM +xmH b+`B2`BB /i2HQ` /BM _ ŗM }șB2`2

aaX bi72H- b2 p miBHBx m`KiQ`2 +QKM/,
= r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MU/i2naa- ]QmiTminaaXiti]- ]QmiTmin+Q/2Xbb]-

T+F;2 4 ]aa]V
6mM+ȧB p b+`B2 mM }șB2` i2ti șB mM T`Q;`K aa +`2 p +BiB +2bi }șB2`
i2tiX
dXjX9 a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM }șB2` ."6
S2Mi`m 2tTQìmH /i2HQ` U/i7`K2 bm Ki`B+2V ŗM 7Q`Ki ."6- b2

miBHBx2x 7mM+ȧB r`Bi2X/#7UV /BM T+?2imH 7Q`2B;M,
dXj a+`B2`2 /i2HQ` jd
= r`Bi2X/#7U/i2n."6- 7BH2- 7+iQ`k+?` 4 h_l1- KtnM+?` 4 k89V
ŖM }MHmH +2bimB +TBiQH- b2 +QMbB/2` miBH Q 2tTmM2`2 mMmB i#HQm /2

MbK#Hm bmT` 7mM+ȧBBHQ` șB T+?2i2HQ` +`2 TQi } miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m +BiB`2
șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ`X
h#2HmH dXR, 6mM+ȧBB T2Mi`m +BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ`
S+?2i 6Q`Ki *BiB`2 a+`B2`2

miBHb iti `2/Xi#H2UV r`Bi2Xi#H2UV
+bp `2/X+bpUV r`Bi2X+bpUV
7Q`2B;M aSaa `2/XbTbbUV r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MUV
aa `2/XtTQìUV r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MUV
."6 `2/X/#7UV r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MUV
?p2M aSaa `2/nbpUV r`Bi2nbpUV
aa `2/nbbUV @
bbd#/i aa `2/Xbbd#/iUV @
*TBiQHmH 3
:`}+2
a+QTmH +2bimB +TBiQH 2bi2 /2 Q72`B +i2p `272`BMȧ2 T2Mi`m +QMim` Q

B/22 bmT` TìB+mH`BiȧBHQ` K2/BmHmB _ ŗM pBxmHBx`2 /i2HQ`X
oBxmHBx`2 /i2HQ` UŗM 2M;H2x /i pBbmHBbiBQMV b2 `272` H bim/B2`2
`2T`2x2Mi`BB pBxmH2 /i2HQ`X _ Q72` Q p`B2ii2 `2K`+#BH /2
`2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2X S2Mi`m mM b+mì /2KQ- b2 TQi miBHBx +QK2MxBH2
/2KQU;`T?B+bV bm /2KQUT2`bTVX
S2 HM; p`B2ii2- K2/BmH _ Q72` KmHiBTH2 pMiD2 ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2
pBxmHBx`2 /i2HQ`,
Ç ;`}+2 BMi2;ì2c
Ç ~2tB#BHBii2 șB T2`bQMHBx`2c
Ç `2T`Q/m+iB#BHBii2c
Ç +HBii2 2t+2H2Mic
Ç TQbB#BHBii2 /2 bHp`2 ;`}+2HQ` ŗM 7Q`Ki2 p`Bi2, S.6- SL:-

CS:- hA66- "JS- K2i}H2- ao:- 1Sa 2i+X
ŖM _- 2tBbi /Qm +i2;Q`BB T`BM+BTH2 /2 ;`}+2- }2+`2 pM/ H `M/mH

2B /Qm bm#@+i2;Q`BB,
RX :`}+2 HQr@H2p2H
Ç ;`}+2 #b2
Ç ;`}+2 ;`B/
kX :`}+2 ?B;?@H2p2H
9y :`}+2
Ç ;`}+2 HiiB+2
Ç ;`}+2 ;;THQik
:`}+2H2 HQr@H2p2H bmMi +2H2 ŗM +`2 }2+`2 /2iHBm U}2+`2 TBt2H- }2+`2
+`+i2`V H ;`}+mHmB TQi2 } KQ/B}+i bm +mbiQKBxiX :`}+2H2
?B;?@H2p2H bmMi ;`}+2 T`27#`B+i2- +`2 m mM MmKBi bT2+i T`2/2}MBiX
:`}+2H2 ;`B/ Mm pQ` 7+2 Q#B2+imH bim/BmHmB ŗM +2bi +ì2X *2H2 Ti`m
bm#+i2;Q`BB U#b2- ;`B/- HiiB+2 șB ;;THQiV `2T`2xBMi K2/BB ;`}+2 UŗM
2M;H2x ;`T?B+b 2MpB`QMK2MibV H2 K2/BmHmB _X ŖMBMi2 /2 ŗM+2T2
bim/B2`2 +2biQ`- b2 pQ` MHBx +i2p 7mM+ȧBQMHBiȧB bT2+B}+2
K2/BmHmB _ T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi`BH2 ;`}+2X
3XR liBHBiȧB T2Mi`m ;`}+2, S`K2i`B ;`}+B
_2HBx`2 ;`}+2HQ` TQi2 } ŗK#mMiȧBi T`BM miBHBx`2 T`K2i`BHQ`

;`}+BX +2șiB TQi } miBHBxȧB }2 + QTȧBmMB H2 7mM+ȧBBHQ` ;`}+2 UŗMb Mm
7mM+ȧBQM2x T2Mi`m iQi2V- }2 ŗM +/`mH 7mM+ȧB2B TÙVX aT`2 2t2KTHm-
+QKM/ m`KiQ`2,
= TÙ#; 4 ]v2HHQr]V
p p2 + `2xmHii `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+2HQ` +QMb2+miBp2 T2 7mM/H ;H#2MX
1tBbi x2+B /2 T`K2i`B ;`}+B- Q Tì2 /BMi`2 2B pM/ 7mM+ȧBQMHBiȧB

bBKBH`2X GBbi +QKTH2i +2biQ` T`K2i`B TQi2 } pBxmHBxi T`BM
+QKM/ \T`X ŖM +QMiBMm`2 bmMi T`2x2MiȧB +2B KB mxmHB T`K2i`B
;`}+B,
Ç /D, +QMi`QH2x HBMB2`2 i2timHmB 7ȧ /2 HBKBi /BM biM;X

SQi2 Hm m`KiQ`2H2 pHQ`B, y T2Mi`m HBMB2`2 biM;- yX8 T2Mi`m
+2Mi``2- R T2Mi`m HBMB2`2 /`2Ti- pHQ`BH2 > 1 /2THb2x i2timH
ŗMbT`2 biM;- B` pHQ`BH2 M2;iBp2 ŗMbT`2 /`2Tic T2Mi`m /Qm
pHQ`B /i2 U/2 2t2KTHm- +Uy- yVV- /Qm +QMi`QH2x HBMB2`2
p2ìB+H 7ȧ /2 MBp2HmH i2timHmBc
Ç #;, bT2+B}+ +mHQ`2 7mM/HmHmB U/2 2t2KTHm- #;4]`2/]-

#;4]#Hm2]c HBbi +mHQ`BHQ` /BbTQMB#BH2 2bi2 }și +m +QHQ`bUVVc
Ç #iv, +QMi`QH2x iBTmH +b2i2B /BM Dm`mH ;`}+mHmBX

oHQ`BH2 T2`KBb2 bmMi, ]Q]- ]H]- ]d]- ]+]- ]m] bm ])]c T2Mi`m
#iv4]M] +b2i Mm 2bi2 i`bic
3XR liBHBiȧB T2Mi`m ;`}+2, S`K2i`B ;`}+B 9R
Ç +2t, Q pHQ`2 +2 +QMi`QH2x /BK2MbBmM2 7QMimHmB șB bBK#QHm`BHQ`c

T`K2i`BB m`KiQ`B m +2HșB +QMi`QH T2Mi`m t2 U+2tXtBbV-
2iB+?2i2H2 t2HQ` U+2tXH#V- iBiHm U+2tXKBMV șB bm#iBiHm U+2tXbm#Vc
Ç +QH, +QMi`QH2x +mHQ`2 bBK#QHm`BHQ`c bBKBH` +m T`K2i`mH +2t-

șB ŗM +2bi +x 2tBbi p`BMi2H2, +QHXtBb- +QHXH#- +QHXKBM-
+QHXbm#c
Ç 7QMi, Q pHQ`2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; +`2 b2i2x biBHmH i2timHmB UR, MQ`KH-
k, BiHB+- j, #QH/- 9, #QH/ BiHB+Vc 2tBbi șB p`BMi2H2, 7QMiXtBb-
7QMiXH#- 7QMiXKBM- 7QMiXbm#c
Ç Hb, Q pHQ`2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; +`2 +QMi`QH2x Q`B2Mi`2 2iB+?2i2HQ`

/2 T2 t2 Uy, T`H2H +m t2H2- R, Q`BxQMiH- k, T2`T2M/B+mH` T2 t2-
j, p2ìB+HVc
Ç Hiv +QMi`QH2x iBTmH HBMBBHQ`- TQi2 } /2 iBT ŗMi`2; UR, M2ŗMi`2`mTi-

k, bi`Bi UŗM 2M;H2x /b?2/V- j, TmM+ii UŗM 2M;H2x /Qii2/V- 9,
bi`Bi șB TmM+ii UŗM 2M;H2x /Qi/b?V- 8, TmM+ii HmM; UŗM 2M;H2x
HQM;/b?V- e, TmM+ii /m#Hm UŗM 2M;H2x irQ/b?VV- bm /2 iBT șB`
/2 TM H 3 +`+i2`2 UŗMi`2 ]y] șB ]N]V +`2 bT2+B}+ Hi2`MiBp
HmM;BK2- ŗM TmM+i2 bm TBt2HB- 2H2K2Mi2HQ` `2T`2x2Mii2 ;`}+ șB
H2 bTȧBBHQ` ;QH2- /2 2t2KTHm Hiv4]99] p p2 +2HșB 272+i +m
Hiv4kc
Ç Hr/, Q pHQ`2 MmK2`B+ +2 +QMi`QH2x ;`QbBK2 HBMBBHQ`c
Ç K`, mM p2+iQ` /2 9 pHQ`B MmK2`B+2 +`2 +QMi`QH2x +QQ`/QMi2H2

K`;BMBHQ` ;`}+mHmB- pM/ 7Q`K +U#QiiQK- H27i- iQT- `B;?iVc
pHQ`BH2 BKTHB+Bi2 bmMi +U8- 9- 9- kVc
Ç K7+QH, mM p2+iQ` /2 7Q`K +UM`-M+V +`2 ŗKTì2 72`2bi`

;`}+mHmB ŗMi`@Q Ki`B+2 +m M` HBMBB șB M+ +QHQM2- ;`}+2H2 }BM/
TQB /2b2Mi2 T2 +QHQM2c
Ç K7`Qr, B/2MiB+ +m K7+QH- ŗMb ;`}+2H2 bmMi TQB /2b2Mi2 T2 HBMBBc
Ç T+?, +QMi`QH2x iBTmH bBK#QHmHmB ;`}+- }2 + 2bi2 mM ŗMi`2; ŗMi`2 R

șB k8- bm Q`B+2 Hi +`+i2` 7` ]]c
Ç Tb, Q pHQ`2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; +2 +QMi`QH2x /BK2MbBmM2 i2timHmB șB

bBK#QHm`BHQ`c
Ç Tiv, mM +`+i2` +2 bT2+B}+ iBTmH xQM2B `2T`2x2Mii2 ;`}+X

SQi2 Hm pHQ`BH2, ]b] T2Mi`m Tiì UŗM 2M;H2x b[m`2V bm ]K]
T2Mi`m KtBKHc
9k :`}+2
Ç i+F, Q pHQ`2 +`2 bT2+B}+ HmM;BK2 K`+D2HQ` /2 T2 t2 + Tì2

+2H2B KB KB+B HmM;BKB bm ŗMHȧBKB ;`}+mHmBc T2Mi`m i+F4R 2bi2
/2b2Mi Q ;`BHc
Ç i+H, B/2MiB+ +m i+F- ŗMb + Tì2 ŗMHȧBKBB mM2B HBMBB /2 i2ti UŗM
KQ/ BKTHB+Bi i+H4@yX8Vc
Ç tti, T2Mi`m tti4]M] t x 2bi2 b2ii ŗMb Mm /2b2Mi

UT`K2i`m miBH ŗKT`2mM +m tBbUbB/24R- XXXVVc
Ç vti, T2Mi`m vti4]M] t y 2bi2 b2ii ŗMb Mm /2b2Mi

UT`K2i`m miBH ŗKT`2mM +m tBbUbB/24k- XXXVVX
3Xk liBHBiȧB T2Mi`m ;`}+2, +mHQ`B
ŖM K2/BmH _ 2tBbi +i2p 7mM+ȧBQMHBiȧB bT2+B}+2 T2Mi`m +mHQ`BX J2/BmH

_ Hm+`2x +m TH2i2 /2 +mHQ`BX SH2i BKTHB+Bi /2 +mHQ`B b2 ++2b2x +m
m`KiQ`2 +QKM/,
= TH2ii2UV
(R) ]#H+F] ]`2/] ];`22Mj] ]#Hm2]
(8) ]+vM] ]K;2Mi] ]v2HHQr] ];`v]
+2bi b2 TQi2 KQ/B}+ T`BM b+?BK#`2 T`K2i`BHQ`,
= TH2ii2U`BM#QrU8- biì 4 yXR- 2M/ 4 yX8VV

= TH2ii2UV
(R) ]O66NNyy] ]O1"66yy] ]Ody66yy] ]Oyy66y] ]Oyy6638]
.2 b2K2M2- MQm TH2i +`2i TQi2 } b2ii + BKTHB+Bi,
= TH2ii2U]/27mHi]V
6mM+ȧB ;`vUV T2`KBi2 b2H2+i`2 /2 MmMȧ2 /2 ;`B- T`BM i`B#mB`2 /2

pHQ`B +mT`BMb2 ŗMi`2 y șB R,
= ;`vUb2[UyXR- R- #v 4 yXjVV
(R) ]ORRR] ]Oeeeeee] ]O"k"k"k] ]O666666]
6mM+ȧB +QHQ`bUV HBbi2x iQi ;K /2 +mHQ`B +2 TQi2 } miBHBxi H

`2HBx`2 ;`}+2HQ`X S2Mi`m pBxmHBx`2 +QKTH2i ;K2B /2 +mHQ`B
3Xj :`}+2 #b2 9j
/BbTQMB#BH2 ŗM K2/BmH _- b2 `2+QKM/ +QMbmHi`2 mMQ` bm`b2

bmTHBK2Mi`2XR
_*QHQ`"`2r2` 2bi2 mM T+?2i bT2+BHBxi T2 TH2i2 /2 +mHQ`B- +2 Q72`
+i2p TH2i2 T`2/2}MBi2- +`2 b2 TQi T`2pBxmHBx bi72H,
= TÙK` 4 +Uy- 9- y- yVV

= /BbTHvX#`2r2`XHHUV
S`K2i`mH ;`}+ K` +m pHQ`BH2 y-9-y-y p b2i Q K`;BM2 ŗM biM;

;`}+mHmBX SH2i2H2 /2 +mHQ`B /BbTQMB#BH2 ŗM +2bi T+?2i TQi } b2ii2
+ BKTHB+Bi2- T2Mi`m `2HBx`2 ;`}+2HQ` /BM K2/BmH ;`}+ +iBpX aT`2
2t2KTHm- b2 TQi b2i T`BK2H2 i`2B +mHQ`B /BM TH2i ++2Mi- BM+Hmb ŗM
T+?2imH _*QHQ`"`2r2`- bi72H,
= TH2ii2n++2Mi I@ #`2r2`XTHUj- ]++2Mi]V

= TH2ii2UTH2ii2n++2MiV
3Xj :`}+2 #b2
S2Mi`m ;`}+2H2 #b2 2tBbi +i2p 7mM+ȧBB bT2+B}+2- +2 T`Q/m+ /B72`Bi2

iBTm`B /2 `2T`2x2Mi`B,
Ç THQiUV @ /B;`K2 tvc
Ç #`THQiUV @ /B;`K2 #`c
Ç #QtTHQiUV @ /B;`K2 #QtTHQic
Ç ?BbiUV @ ?BbiQ;`Kc
Ç TB2UV @ /B;`K +B`+mH`c
Ç /Qi+?ìUV @ /B;`K +m TmM+i2c
Ç BK;2UV- ?2iKTUV- +QMiQmÙV- T2`bTUV @ ;`}+2 /2 iBT BK;BM2c
Ç [[MQ`KUV- [[HBM2UV- [[THQiUyV @ ;`}+2 T2Mi`m +QKT`ȧB

/Bbi`B#mȧBBHQ`c
Ç TB`bUV- +QTHQiUyV @ `2T`2x2Mi`2 /i2HQ` KmHiBp`Bi2X

R 1`H 6X :HvMM- *?ì Q7 _ *QHQ`b- ?iiT,ff`2b2`+?XbiQr2`b@
BMbiBimi2XQ`;f27;f_f*QHQ`f*?ìf
99 :`}+2
ŖM +QMiBMm`2 b2 pQ` BHmbi` 2t2KTH2 H2 +2HQ` KB BKTQìMi2 șB iQiQ/i

mxmH2 7mM+ȧBB 2MmK2ì2 KB bmbX S2Mi`m bB;m` `2T`Q/m+iB#BHBii2
;`}+2HQ`- b@m miBHBxi Q#B2+i2 +`2i2 UKi`B+B- /i7`K2@m`BV bm b2im`B
/2 /i2 /BM T+?2i2 2tBbi2Mi2X
3XjXR .B;`K2 tv
= b2iXb22/URkj9V
= v I@ Ki`BtU`mMB7UjyV- M+QH 4 j- /BKMK2b 4 HBbiUH2ii2`b(R,Ry)-
G1hh1_a(R,j)VV
= THQiUv(-R)- v(-k)V
ŖM 2t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ` b2 ;2M2`2x Q Ki`B+2- 7Q`Ki /BM j +QHQM2 șB jy

/2 pHQ`B- ŗM +`2 b@m /2}MBi MmK2H2 `M/m`BHQ` șB +QHQM2HQ` +m T`BK2H2
j HBi2`2 KB+B U`M/m`BV șB T`BK2H2 Ry HBi2`2 K`B U+QHQM2VX lHi2`BQ` b2
`2T`2xBMi ;`}+ T`BM 7mM+ȧB THQiUV T`BK2H2 /Qm +QHQM2 H2 Ki`B+2B v-
`2xmHiM/ 6B;m` 3XRX
1tBbi șB TQbB#BHBii2 `2T`2x2Mi`BB ;`}+2 mM2B Ki`B+2 b+ii2`THQi-
T`2+mK ŗM 6B;m` 3XR#X
= TB`bUvV
6B;m` 3XR
X .B;`K tv #X Ji`B+2 b+ii2`THQi
ŖM Ki`B+2 b+ii2`THQi- p`B#BH2H2 bmMi b+`Bb2 T2 /B;QMH ŗM+2TM/ /BM

biM; bmbX 6B2+`2 p`B#BH 2bi2 `2T`2x2Mii ŗM 7mM+ȥB2 /2 +2H2HHi2X
.2 2t2KTHm- TiìmH H /QBH2 /BM T`BK +QHQM 2bi2 Q /B;`K tv
BM/BpB/mH T2Mi`m p`B#BH2H2 șB "- +m `2T`2x2Mii T2 t Ox șB "
T2 OyX +22ȔB /B;`K tv 2bi2 `2THB+i ŗM KBDHQ+mH T`BKmHmB `M/X
3Xj :`}+2 #b2 98
ŖM 2b2Mȥ- /B;`K2H2 /BM Tì2 /2 bmb /B;QMH2B bmMi `2THB+i2- ŗM

Q;HBM/- ŗM Tì2 /2 DQb /B;QMH2BX
a2 TQi +QMi`QH Q`B+2 T`K2i`B ;`}+B șB b2 TQi2 ŗK#mMiȧB ;`}+mH
T`BM /m;`2 Q`B+`Q` BM7Q`KȧBB /BȧBQMH2- BK;BMȧB miBHBxiQ`mHmB
}BM/ bBM;m` HBKBiX .2 2t2KTHm- H ;`}+mH BMBȧBH b2 TQi /m; 2iB+?2i2
pHQ`BHQ` `2T`2x2Mii2 ;`}+ +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B i2tiUV- șB b2 TQi2 bi#BHB
bBK#QHmH TmM+i2HQ` +m `;mK2MimH T+?,
= THQiUv(-R)- v(-k)- T+? 4 k- tH# 4 ]]- vH# 4 ]]V

= i2tiUyXyk Y v(-R)- v(-k)- `QrMK2bUvVV
6B;m` 3Xk, .B;`K tv
ŖM +/`mH 7mM+ȧB2B i2tiUV- pHQ`2 YyXyj p /2THb 2iB+?2i2H2 pHQ`BHQ`

ŗM /`2Ti- T2Mi`m Mm b2 bmT`TmM2 +m bBK#QHm`BH2 ;`}+2X
Hi2 `;mK2Mi2 BKTQìMi2 H2 7mM+ȧB2B THQiUV bmMi,
Ç K` bT2+B}+ /BK2MbBmM2 K`;BMBHQ` /BM Dm`mH bmT`72ȧ2B ;`}+mHmB,

+U#QiiQK- H27i- iQT- `B;?iVc
Ç tH#- vH# bT2+B} 2iB+?2i2H2 #b+Bb2B șB Q`/QMi2Bc
Ç +QH b2i2x +mHQ`2 bBK#QHm`BHQ` ;`}+2c
Ç T+? BM/B+ iBTmH bBK#QHm`BHQ` ;`}+2c

9e :`}+2
Ç Hr/ BM/B+ /BK2MbBmM2 bBK#QHm`BHQ` ;`}+2c

Ç +2t b2i2x /BK2MbBmM2 7QMim`BHQ`c
Ç H2;2M/ +`22x Q H2;2M/ ;`}+mHmBc
Ç #; b2i2x #+F;`QmM/mH `B2B /2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+X
3XjXk .B;`K2 #`
a2 p +QMbB/2` Ki`B+2 v- /2}MBi Mi2`BQ`X a2 /Q`2și2 `2T`2x2Mi`2

;`}+ T`BMi`@Q /B;`K #` T`BK2HQ` Ti`m `M/m`B H2 +2bi2B,
= #`THQiUv(R,9-)- vHBK 4 +Uy- KtUv(R,9-)V Y yXkV-

#2bB/2 4h_l1-H2;2M/ 4 H2ii2`b(R,9)V
ŖM +/`mH `;mK2MimHmB vHBK- pHQ`2 YyXk ŗMbmKi yXk H pHQ`2

T`BK2HQ` Ti`m `M/m`B /BM Ki`B+2- b2iM/ bi72H HBKBi t2B OyX o
`2xmHi /B;`K +m #` p2ìB+H /BM 6B;m` 3XjX
.B;`K2H2 #` pQ` } 2tTHB+i2 KB /2iHBi ŗM *TBiQHmH RkX
3XjXj .B;`K2 #QtTHQi
.B;`K2H2 #QtTHQi bmMi miBH2 T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ p`B#BH2HQ`

MmK2`B+2- 2H2 BM/B+M/ pHQ`BH2 2ti`2K2- KBMBKmH- KtBKmH- [mìBH2H2 șB
K2/BMX
ŖM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`- b@ miBHBxi Ki`B+2 v- T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+
bm# 7Q`K mM2B /B;`K2 #QtTHQi,
= #QtTHQiUvV
ŖM 6B;m` 3Xj#- b2 Q#b2`p + iQi2 +QHQM2H2 Ki`B+2B m 7Qbi `2T`2x2Mii2

T2 +2HșB ;`}+X J2/BM 2bi2 BM/B+i /2 HBMB /BM BMi2`BQ`mH +/`M2HQ`-
pHQ`2 KtBK 2bi2 HBMB /2 bmb șB +2 KBMBK HBMB BM72`BQ` /BM 7`
+/`MmHmB- B` +2H2 /Qm HBMBB Q`BxQMiH2 +2 +QKTmM +/`MmH bmMi [mìBH
BM72`BQ` Uk8W /BM pHQ`B bmMi KB KB+B /2+i +2bi pHQ`2V- `2bT2+iBp
+2 bmT2`BQ` Uk8W /BM pHQ`B bmMi KB K`B /2+i +2bi pHQ`2VX
3XjX9 >BbiQ;`K2
>BbiQ;`K2H2 b2 miBHBx2x T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi ;`}+ 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 /2

T`BȧB2 U+x ŗM +`2 `;mK2MimH 7`2[ B pHQ`2 h_l1V bm /2MbBiȧBH2
3Xj :`}+2 #b2 9d
6B;m` 3Xj
X .B;`K #` p2ìB+H #X .B;`K #QtTHQi
/2 T`Q##BHBii2 U+x ŗM +`2 `;mK2MimH 7`2[ B pHQ`2 6Ga1V T2Mi`m

p`B#BH2 +MiBiiBp2X AMi2`pH2H2 /2 T`BȧB2 T2Mi`m +2bi2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 b2
b2i2x +m `;mK2MimH #`2FbX
ŖM +QMiBMm`2 b2 T`2bmTmM2 mM p2+iQ` /2 p`bi2 T2Mi`m jy /2 BM/BpBxB,
= p`bi2 I@ +Uk8-kR-j8-9j-8R-ed-8y-98-j9-jd-k3-R8-Re-ky-89-eR-
jk-98-j8-jN-kk-k8-R9-kd-8e-8R-jN-9y-kk-RdV
a2 p +`2 ?BbiQ;`K +2biQ` p`bi2,
?BbiUp`bi2-7`2[4h_l1- #`2Fb4e- KBM4]]V
`;mK2MimH KBM4]] 7Qbi miBHBxi T2Mi`m + ;`}+mH b Mm B# iBiHm

UBKTHB+Bi- iBiHmH ` } 7Qbi Ǵ>BbiQ;`K Q7 vǴVX .BM 6B;m` 3X9- b2 Q#b2`p
+ bmMi 8 T2`bQM2 +m p`bi +mT`BMb ŗMi`2 Ry șB ky /2 MB- d T2`bQM2
ŗMi`2 ky șB jy /2 MB- 3 ŗMi`2 T2`bQM2 jy șB 9y /2 MB șXXKX/X
3XjX8 .B;`K2 +B`+mH`2
ŖM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ` b2 pQ` `2T`2x2Mi bm# 7Q`K /2 /B;`K +B`+mH`

MmKBi2 /i2 UpHQ`BV T2Mi`m MmKBi2 bii2 U2iB+?2i2VX
= pHQ`B I@ +URy- jy- 9- Re- kkV

= 2iB+?2i2 I@ +U]_QKMB]- ]:2`KMB]- ]a2`#B]- ]6`Mi]-
]PHM/]V
6mM+ȧB +`2 p ;2M2` 6B;m` 3X9# 2bi2 m`KiQ`2,

93 :`}+2
6B;m` 3X9
X >BbiQ;`K #X .B;`K +B`+mH`
= TB2UpHQ`B- H#2Hb 4 2iB+?2i2-

+QH 4 ;`vUb2[URXy-yX8- H2M;i? 4 8VVV
.B;`K2H2 +B`+mH`2 bmMi #Q`/i2 KMmMȧBi ŗM *TBiQHmH RkX
3X9 :`}+2 HiiB+2
GiiB+2 `2T`2xBMi mM K2/Bm ;`}+ pMbi H K2/BmHmB _X +2bi 2bi2 Q

BKTH2K2Mi`2 bBbi2KmHmB h`2HHBb /BM a@SGla- +`2 +QMbi ŗM ;`}+2
bT2+BHBxi2 T2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 mM2B p`B#BH2 bm `2HȧB2B ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2-
+QM/BȧBQMi /2 mM bm KB KmHi2 p`B#BH2 U7+iQ`BVXk .2șB bBMit 2bi2
bBKBH` +m +2 /BM ;`}+2H2 #b2- HiiB+2 bBKTHB}+ b2+p2Mȧ2H2 /2
BMbi`m+ȧBmMB /2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ /2 iBT ?B;?@H2p2HX
S`BM+BTH B/22 ;`}+2HQ` HiB+2 2bi2 +22 `2T`2x2Mi`BHQ`
+QM/BȧBQM`BHQ` KmHiBTH2, mM ;`}+ #B/BK2MbBQMH p } ŗKT`ȧBi ŗM +i2p
;`}+2 ȧBMM/ +QMi /2 pHQ`BH2 mM2B i`2B p`B#BH2X
6Q`KmH iBTB+ ;`}+2HQ` HiiB+2 2bi2 ;`T?nivT2U7Q`KmH- /iVƄX
;`T?nivT2 `2T`2xBMi mMmH /BM iBTm`BH2 /2 ;`}+2 /BbTQMB#BH2
U#`+?ì- #rTHQi- +HQm/- +QMiQm`THQi- /2MbBivTHQi- /QiTHQi-
?BbiQ;`K- H2p2HTHQi- T`HH2H- bTHQK- bi`BTTHQi- tvTHQi-
rB`27`K2V- B` 7Q`KmH bT2+B}+ p`B#BH2H2 `2T`2x2Mii2 șB p`B#BH2H2
+QM/BȧBQMH2X aT`2 2t2KTHm- !t% b2 `272` H `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+
p`B#BH2B MmK2`B+2 t T2Mi`m }2+`2 MBp2H H 7+iQ`mHmB X aBKBH`- v!t %
k ?iiT,ff+KX#2HH@H#bX+QKf+KfKbf/2TìK2MibfbBfT`QD2+ifi`2HHBbfBM/2tX?iKH
3X9 :`}+2 HiiB+2 9N
" p ŗMb2KM `2T`2x2Mi`2 `2HȧB2B ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 MmK2`B+2 t șB v

T2Mi`m }2+`2 +QK#BMȧB2 MBp2Hm`BHQ` 7+iQ`BHQ` șB "X !t p
`2T`2x2Mi ;`}+ p`B#BH t- /2 bBM2 biiiQ`2X
S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+ +2bi iBT /2 ;`}+2- b2 p ŗM+`+ ŗM K2KQ`B2 T+?2imH
HiiB+2,
= HB#``vUHiiB+2V
ŖM +QMiBMm`2- b2 pQ` `2T`2x2Mi ;`}+ MmK2`2H2 /2 H R H Ry- T2Mi`m

}2+`2 MBp2H H T`BK2HQ` Ti`m HBi2`2 /BM H7#2iX
= i`2HHBbX/2pB+2U+QHQ` 4 6Ga1V
= tvTHQiUR,RyR,Ry%`2TUG1hh1_a(R,9)- 2+?4kVV
S`BK HBMB2 /2 +Q/ p /2x+iBp +mHQ`BH2 /BM bBbi2KmH ;`}+- T2Mi`m +

;`}+mH `2xmHii b +QMȧBM /Q` MmMȧ2 H#@M2;`mX `;mK2MimH 2+?4k
ì + pHQ`BH2 b2 pQ` `2T2i /2 /Qm Q`B T2Mi`m }2+`2 HBi2`X
6B;m` 3X8, .B;`K tv @ HiiB+2

8y :`}+2
3X8 :`}+2 ;;THQik
;;THQik 2bi2 mM bBbi2K pMbi /2 ;`}+2 /2 iBT ?B;?@H2p2H- +2 `2 H #x

i2Q`B BKTH2K2Mii /2 G2HM/ qBHFBMbQM ŗM h?2 :`KK` Q7
:`T?B+bXj
S`BM+BTHmH pMiD H +2bimB bBbi2K 2bi2 bBKTHB}+`2 /2`mH`BB 2iT2HQ`
T2Mi`m `2HBx`2 ;`}+2HQ` +QKTH2t2X
ŖM ;;THQik- bBMit 2bi2 +2Miì ŗM Dm`mH 7mM+ȧB2B T`BM+BTH2 ;;THQiUV-
/` șB 7mM+ȧB2B [THQiUVX
6mM+ȧB ;2QKUV T2`KBi2 H2;2`2 iBTmHmB /2 ;`}+, ;2QKn#HBM2 U;`}+
+m #b+Bb șB Q`/QMiV- ;2QKn`2 U/B;`K bmT`7ȧV- ;2QKn#`
U/B;`K #` p2ìB+HV- ;2QKn#QtTHQi U/B;`K #QtTHQiV 2i+X9 S2
HM; H2;2`2 ;2QK2i`B2B- bBbi2KmH ;;THQik T2`KBi2 2t2+mi`2 mMQ`
i`Mb7Q`K`B biiBbiB+2 bmT` /i2HQ`- +QMi`QHmH bmT` b+H2HQ` KT`BB-
T`2+mK șB b2i`2 bBbi2K2HQ` /2 +QQ`/QMi2X
3X8XR :`}+2 [THQi
ŖM +2bi b2+ȧBmM2 b2 p T`2x2Mi Q Tì2 /BM +T#BHBii2 7mM+ȧB2B

[THQiUV- T`BM BHmbi``2 2t2KTH2HQ` /2 /B;`K T`BM TmM+i2 șB
?BbiQ;`KX
6mM+ȧB [THQiUV 2bi2 bBKBH` 7mM+ȧB2B THQiUV bim/Bi ŗM a2+ȧBmM2 3XkX
+2bi TQi2 p2 + `;mK2Mi2,
Ç t @ +QQ`/QMi2H2 #b+Bb2Bc
Ç v @ +QQ`/QMi2H2 Q`/QMi2Bc
Ç /i @ /i7`K2@mH /BM +`2 b2 Bm /i2H2 /2 BMi``2c
Ç tHBK- vHBK @ HBKBi2H2 #b+Bb2B șB Q`/QMi2Bc
Ç Hi2 `;mK2Mi2 +2 bmMi pH#BH2 șB T2Mi`m 7mM+ȧB THQiX
S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+ +2bi2 ;`}+2- b2 pQ` +`2 /Qm Q#B2+i2 U2șMiBQM2V-

t șB v- }2+`2 /2 +i2 ky /2 ŗM`2;Bbi``B,
= t I@ bKTH2UR,8y- kyV
= v I@ bKTH2U8R,Ryy- kyV
a2 p `2HBx Q /B;`K +m TmM+i2- T`BM i`B#mimH ;2QK2i`B+ /2 iBT TmM+i2-

/BM +`2 p `2xmHi 6B;m` 3Xe,
j G2HM/ qBHFBMbQM URNNNV h?2 :`KK` Q7 :`T?B+b
9 ?iiT,ff/Q+bX;;THQikXQ`;f+m``2Mif
3X8 :`}+2 ;;THQik 8R
= [THQiUt- v- ;2QK 4 ]TQBMi]V
6B;m` 3Xe, .B;`K +m TmM+i2 @ [THQi
ŖM +QMiBMm`2- b2 p `2T`2x2Mi mM ;`}+ +m HBMB2 /2 `2;`2bB2X S2Mi`m

+2bi- b2 p miBHBx b2imH /2 /i2 /BKQM/b /BM T+?2imH ;;THQikX +2bi
BM+Hm/2 BM7Q`KȧBB /BM #x /2 /i2 .BKQM/ a2`+? 1M;BM28 - +2 +mT`BM/2
/i2 `272`BiQ`2 H +ì2 șB +`+i2`B`biB+BH2 +2biQ`, iB2im`B- +mHQ`2-
+H`Bii2- /M+BK2- HȧBK2X .BM b2imH /2 /i2 /BKQM/b b2 p 2ti`;2 mM
2șMiBQM- 7Q`Ki /BM T`BK2H2 Ryyy /2 `M/m`B,
= /BKQM/bnbKHH I@ /BKQM/b(bKTH2UM`QrU/BKQM/bV- RyyyV- )
S2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi ;`}+ `2HȧB /BMi`2 T`2ȧ șB +ì2- /` șB HBMB /2

`2;`2bB2 /BMi`2 +2bi2- b2 p 2t2+mi m`KiQ`2 +QKM/,
= [THQiU+ì- T`B+2- /i 4 /BKQM/bnbKHH-

;2QK 4 +U]TQBMi]- ]bKQQi?]V- K2i?Q/ 4 HKV
o `2xmHi 6B;m` 3XdX

ŖM +QMiBMm`2- T2Mi`m `2HBx`2 mM2B ?BbiQ;`K2 p`B#BH2B +ì b2 p
2t2+mi +QKM/,
= [THQiU+ì- /i 4 /BKQM/b- ;2QK 4 ]?BbiQ;`K]-

#BMrB/i? 4 yXjV
8 .BKQM/ a2`+? 1M;BM2- ?iiT,ffrrrX/BKQM/b2XBM7Qf
8k :`}+2
`;mK2MimH #BMrB/i? 4 yXj bT2+B}+ BMi2`pH2H2 /2 T`BȧB2- +2bi2 }BM/

pBxB#BH2 șB ŗM 6B;m` 3Xd#X
6B;m` 3Xd
X .B;`K T`BM TmM+i2 +m HBMB2 /2
`2;`2bB2 @ [THQi #X >BbiQ;`K @ [THQi
3X8Xk :`}+2 ;;THQi
6mM+ȧB ++2Ti /Qm `;mK2Mi2, b2imH /2 /i2 șB KT`BH2 2bi2iB+2 Q72`Bi2

/2 7mM+ȧB 2bUV- +`2 T2`KBi2 b2i`2 i`B#mi2HQ` 2bi2iB+2 H2 p`B#BH2HQ`
`2T`2x2Mii2X
aBMit ;2M2`H 7mM+ȧB2B ;;THQiUV 2bi2,
= ;;THQiU/i- 2bUXXXVV Y ;2QKn UV YXXXY biin UV YXXX
2bUVV- ;2QKn UV șB biin UV bmMi `;mK2Mi2 +`2 b2i2x i`B#mi2H2

2bi2iB+2- ;2QK2i`B+2 șB biiBbiB+2 H2 ;`}+2HQ`X
h2K2H2 ;`}+2HQ` TQi } ++2bi2 +m 7mM+ȧB i?2K2n;2iUV șB TQi }
b+?BK#i2 +m i?2K2UVX
:`}+2H2 șB +`+i2`BbiB+BH2 HQ` TQi } biQ+i2 ŗM Q#B2+i2X a2 p Hm /`2Ti
2t2KTHm `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ /Qm p`B#BH2 /BM b2imH /2 /i2
/BKQM/bnbKHH- +`2i ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 3X8XRX
= UT I@ ;;THQiU/BKQM/bnbKHH-2bU+ì- T`B+2VV Y ;2QKnHBM2UVV
6mM+ȧB bmKK`vUV Q72` /2iHBB H2 +`+i2`BbiB+BHQ` ;`}+mHmB T- `2T`Q/mb

ŗM 6B;m` 3X3X
3X8 :`}+2 ;;THQik 8j
6B;m` 3X3, .B;`K +m HBMBB @ ;;THQi
= bmKK`vUTV
/i, +ì- +mi- +QHQ`- +H`Biv- /2Ti?- i#H2- T`B+2- t- v- x (RyyytRy)
KTTBM;, t 4 +ì- v 4 T`B+2
7+2iBM;, 7+2inMmHHUV
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;2QKnHBM2,
biinB/2MiBiv,
TQbBiBQMnB/2MiBiv, UrB/i? 4 LlGG- ?2B;?i 4 LlGGV
aHp`2 ;`}+mHmB b2 TQi2 7+2- /2 2t2KTHm- ŗMi`@mM }șB2` T/7 ,
= ;;bp2UT- 7BH2 4 ]KvTHQiXT/7]V
bm ŗM 7Q`Ki CS:,
= ;;bp2UT- 7BH2 4 ]KvTHQiXDT;]V
P /B;`K #QtTHQi b2 TQi2 `2HBx T`BM KQ/B}+`2 `;mK2MimHmB

;2QKnUV- bi72H,
= UT I@ ;;THQiU/BKQM/bnbKHH- 2bU+QHQ`- T`B+2f+ì- 7BHH4+QHQ`VV-

;2QKn#QtTHQiUV Y b+H2n7BHHn;`2vUVV
= T Y ;mB/2bU7BHH46Ga1V
89 :`}+2
ŖM THmb- `;mK2MimH b+H2n7BHHn;`2v 7Qbi miBHBxi T2Mi`m + ;`}+mH b

}2 +QHQì ŗM MmMȧ2 /2 ;`B- B` i`B#mimH ;mB/2bU7BHH46Ga1V 2HBKBMi
H2;2M/ ;`}+mHmB- `2xmHiM/ bi72H 6B;m` 3XNX
a2 Q#b2`p + i`B#mi2H2 biiBbiB+2 șB ;2QK2i`B+2 b2 TQi b2i mHi2`BQ`
/2}MB`BB ;`}+mHmBX ŖM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`- ŗM +`2 b2 miBHBx2x b2imH /2
/i2 /BKQM/b- b2 pQ` /2}MB- `M/ T2 `M/- +i2p i`B#mi2X
= UT I@ ;;THQiU/BKQM/b- 2bUt 4 T`B+2VVV

1``Q`, LQ Hv2`b BM THQi
+2bi 2`Q`2 T`2 /2Q`2+2 Mm 7Qbi b2ii i`B#mimH ;2QK2i`B+ H

;`}+mHmB- i`B#mi +2 2bi2 Q#HB;iQ`BmX ŖM +QMiBMm`2- b2 pQ` THB+
i`B#mi2 ;2QK2i`B+2 șB biiBbiB+2- m`KM/ b `2xmHi2 6B;m` 3XN#- +2
`2T`2xBMi Q /B;`K bmT`7ȧX `;mK2MimH i?2K2n#rUV p b2i i2K
H#@M2;`m- 2HBKBMM/ i2K ;`B UBKTHB+Bi bBbi2KmHmB ;;THQiVX
= T Y ;2QKn?BbiQ;`KUV
= T Y ;2QKn?BbiQ;`KU#BMrB/i? 4 RyyyV
= T Y biin#BMU;2QK 4 ]`2]V Y i?2K2n#rUV
6B;m` 3XN
X .B;`K #QtTHQi @ ;;THQi #X .B;`K bmT`7ȧ @ ;;THQi
*TBiQHmH N
ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
NXR o2+iQ`B
o2+iQ`mH `2T`2xBMi Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 pHQ`B +`2 T`ȧBM +2HmBșB iBT /2 /i2X

.+ 2H2K2Mi2H2 mMmB p2+iQ` bmMi iQi2 /2 iBT MmK2`B+- p2+iQ`mH 2bi2 /2
iBT MmK2`B+- B` /+ iQi2 pHQ`BH2 bmMi /2 iBT +`+i2`- p `2xmHi mM
p2+iQ` /2 +`+i2`2X
bi72H- mM p2+iQ` TQi2 } miBHBxi T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi Q bBM;m` p`B#BH
/BMi`@mM b2i /2 /i2X S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 p +`2 mM p2+iQ` +m 8
2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBT MmK2`B+X
= p2+iQ`MmK2`B+ I@ +Uk- 9- j- 8- 3V
a2 }ș2x iBTmH /2 /i2 T2 +`2 BH `2 p2+iQ`mH,
= +HbbUp2+iQ`MmK2`B+V
(R) ]MmK2`B+]
S`BM 7mM+ȧB +UR,MV K2/BmH _ +`2x p2+iQ`mH /2 iBT BMi2;2` /2 M 2H2K2Mi2X
= Up2+iQ`BMi2;2` I@ +UR,8VV
(R) R k j 9 8
= +HbbUp2+iQ`BMi2;2`V
(R) ]BMi2;2`]
*`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` /2 iBT HQ;B+,
= t I@ +Uh_l1- 6Ga1V
= +HbbUtV
(R) ]HQ;B+H]
8e ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
*`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` /2 iBT +`+i2`,
= t I@ +U]]-]#]-]+]V
= +HbbUtV
(R) ]+?`+i2`]
*`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` /2 iBT +QKTH2t,
= t I@ +URYjB- 8YeBV
= +HbbUtV
(R) ]+QKTH2t]
S`BM 7mM+ȧB p2+iQÙV b2 TQi2 HQ+ bTȧBmH M2+2b` 7` i`B#mB pHQ`B
p`B#BH2B `2bT2+iBp2X
= Ut I@ p2+iQÙ]MmK2`B+]- H2M;i?48VV
(R) y y y y y
*M/ b2 ŗM+2`+ +QMbi`mB`2 mMmB p2+iQ` +m 2H2K2Mi2 /BM +Hb2 /B72`Bi2-

+2bi2 bmMi i`Mb7Q`Ki2 ŗM 2H2K2Mi2 /BM +22șB +Hb- B` p2+iQ`mH 2bi2
i`Mb7Q`Ki ŗM +Hb +2 KB +mT`BMxiQ`2X bi72H- /BM +QK#BM`2 /2
pHQ`B HQ;B+2 bm MmK2`B+2 +m +2H2 /2 iBT +`+i2` p `2xmHi mM p2+iQ`
/2 iBT +`+i2`- B` Him``2 /2 pHQ`B HQ;B+2 +m +2H2 /2 iBT MmK2`B+ p
/2i2`KBM +`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` MmK2`B+X a2 TQi2 +`2 mM p2+iQ` +m +Hb2
/B72`Bi2- /` K2/BmH _ H2 p +QMp2ìB H Q +Hb mMB+X *`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ`
+m +Hb2 /B72`Bi2 +`2 p } i`Mb7Q`Ki miQKi ŗM +`+i2`,
= Uv I@ +URX8- ]]VV
(R) ]RX8] ]]
= +HbbUvV
(R) ]+?`+i2`]
*`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` +`2 p } i`Mb7Q`Ki miQKi ŗM MmK2`B+,
= Uv I@ +Uh_l1- 6Ga1- kVV

(R) R k
= +HbbUvV
(R) ]MmK2`B+]
a2 Q#b2`p + pHQ`2 h_l1 2bi2 i`Mb7Q`Ki ŗM MmK`mH R- B` pHQ`2

6Ga1 2bi2 i`Mb7Q`Ki ŗM MmK`mH yX
*`2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` +m 2H2K2Mi2H2 i`Mb7Q`Ki2 ŗM iBT +`+i2`,
NXk 6+iQ`B 8d
= Uv I@ +U]]- h_l1VV
(R) ]] ]h_l1]
= +HbbUvV
(R) ]+?`+i2`]
NXk 6+iQ`B
P p`B#BH /2 iBT 7+iQ` 2bi2 Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 pHQ`B +`2 TQi T`ȧBM2 mM2B
KmHȧBKB /i2 /2 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2X lM 7+iQ` 2bi2 bBKBH` +m mM p2+iQ`- +m
2t+2TȧB 7TimHmB + pHQ`BH2 /BMi`@mM 7+iQ` bmMi HBKBii2 H Q KmHȧBK2
/i /2 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2X
lM 7+iQ` TQi2 } 7QHQbBi T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi Q p`B#BH +i2;Q`BH
/BMi`@mM b2i /2 /i2X 6+iQ`BB bmMi miBHBxȧB- /2 Q#B+2B- ŗM KQ/2H`2
biiBbiB+ /2Q`2+2 p`B#BH2H2 +i2;Q`BH2 bmMi iìi2 /B72`Bi /2 +i`2
KQ/2H2H2 biiBbiB+2 ŗM +QKT`ȧB2 +m p`B#BH2H2 +QMiBMm2X ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2
b2 +mMQși2 + p`B#BH /BM b2`B /2 /i2 2bi2 /2 iBT +i2;Q`BH imM+B
2bi2 `2+QKM/i + /i2H2 b b2 biQ+?2x2 ŗM p`B#BH2 /2 iBT 7+iQ` T2Mi`m
} iìi2 +Q`2+i /2 +i`2 7mM+ȧBBH2 /2 KQ/2H`2X
1t2KTHmH R, T2Mi`m KmHȧBK2 MmK2`2HQ` &k-j-R-j-k-9-k-R-R-j-k-k-j-9' b2
TQi B/2MiB}+ m`KiQ`2H2 +i2;Q`BB, R-k-j-9X
= p2+iQ`MmK2`2 I@ +Uk-j-R-j-k-9-k-R-R-j-k-k-j-9V
= U7p2+iQ`MmK2`2 I@ bX7+iQÙp2+iQ`MmK2`2VV
(R) k j R j k 9 k R R j k k j 9
G2p2Hb, R k j 9
1t2KTHmH k, b2tmH T`BKBHQ` x2+2 `2bTQM/2MȧB H mM bQM/D 2bi2

{ F, M, M, F, M, F, F, M, F, M}- b2`B2 /2 /i2 +`2 +QMȧBM2 /Qm +i2;Q`BB,
6@72KBMBM- J@Kb+mHBMX
= p2+iQ`b2t I@ +U]6]-]J]-]J]-]6]-]J]-]6]-]6]-]J]-]6]-]J]V
= +HbbUp2+iQ`b2tV
(R) ]+?`+i2`]
= U7p2+iQ`b2t I@ bX7+iQÙp2+iQ`b2tVV
(R) 6 J J 6 J 6 6 J 6 J
G2p2Hb, 6 J
S2Mi`m 7+2 +QMp2`bB /2MmKB`BHQ` BKTHB+Bi2 H2 +2HQ` /Qm +i2;Q`BB

`2;bBi2 ŗM 2t2KTHmH T`2+2/2Mi- `2bT2+iBp 6 șB J ŗM 62KBMBM șB Jb+mHBM
b2 miBHBx2x Q bBM;m` 7mM+ȧB2 MmKBi H2p2HbUVX a+?BK#`2 /2MmKB`BB
+i2;Q`BBHQ` 6 șB J- ŗM 62KBMBM- `2bT2+iBp Jb+mHBM,
83 ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
= H2p2HbU7p2+iQ`b2tV I@ +U^62KBMBM^-^Jb+mHBM^V
= 7p2+iQ`b2t
(R) 62KBMBM Jb+mHBM Jb+mHBM 62KBMBM Jb+mHBM 62KBMBM
62KBMBM Jb+mHBM 62KBMBM Jb+mHBM
G2p2Hb, 62KBMBM Jb+mHBM
o`B#BH2H2 /2 iBT 7+iQ` `2T`2xBMi Q KQ/HBii2 7Qì2 2}+B2Mi /2 biQ+

pHQ`B /2 iBT +`+i2`- /2Q`2+2 }2+`2 pHQ`2 mMB+ 2bi2 biQ+i Q bBM;m`
/i- B` /i2H2 ŗM bBM2 bmMi biQ+i2 + mM p2+iQ` /2 MmK2`2 ŗMi`2;BX .BM
+2bi KQiBp- 7mM+ȧB `2/Xi#H2UV p +QMp2ìB miQKi p`B#BH2H2 /2 iBT
+`+i2` ŗM 7+iQ`B- +m 2t+2TȧB +xmHmB ŗM +`2 2bi2 bT2+B}+i Hi72H T`BM
`;mK2MimH bXBbX a2 +`2x mM p2+iQ` MmKBi HmMB +m Q b2`B2 /2 pHQ`B
`2T`2x2MiM/ HmMBH2 /2 MȔi2`2 Rd M;DȥB,
= HmMB I@ +U]T`]-]J`]-]62#]-]AM]- ]LQB]-]P+i]-].2+]-]T`]-

]JB]-]a2T]-]m;]-]AM]-]JB]- ]AmH]-]AmM]-].2+]-
]AmM]-]m;]V
= 7HmMB I@ bX7+iQÙHmMBV
}Ȕ`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM i#2H /2 +Q`2HȧB2 ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2- `2T`2x2Mii2 T`BM

/2MmKB`2 +i2;Q`B2B- `2bT2+iBp MmK2`2H2 /2 T`BȥB2 +i2;Q`B2B,
= i#H2U7HmMBV
7HmMB
T` m; .2+ 62# AM AmH AmM JB J` LQB P+i a2T
k k k R k R k k R R R R
P`/BM2 }`2b+ HmMBHQ` Mm 2bi2 `2~2+ii ŗM `2xmHiimH }și /2 7mM+ȧB

i#H2UV- B` T2Mi`m Q`/QM`2 +i2;Q`BBHQ` b2 miBHBx2x T`K2i`mH
H2p2Hb ŗM +/`mH 7mM+ȧB2B 7+iQÙV- Him`B /2 T`K2i`mH
Q`/2`2/4h_l1X
= 7HmMB I@ 7+iQÙHmMB- H2p2Hb 4 +U]AM]-]62#]- ]J`]-]T`]-

]JB]- ]AmM]-]AmH]-]m;]-
]a2T]-]P+i]- ]LQB]-].2+]V-
Q`/2`2/ 4 h_l1V
a2 p2`B}+ /+ T`BKmH 2H2K2Mi /BM p2+iQ`mH 7HmMB 2bi2 KB KB+ /2+i H
/QBH2 2H2K2Mi- BMBȧBH T`BKmH 2H2K2Mi }BM/ ǶT`Ƕ- B` H /QBH2 ǶJ`Ƕ,
= 7HmMB(R) I 7HmMB(k)
(R) 6Ga1
NXj Ji`B+B 8N
}ș`2 /i2HQ` ŗMi`@mM i#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2- `2T`2x2Mii2 T`BM /2MmKB`2

+i2;Q`B2B- `2bT2+iBp 7`2+p2Mȧ /2 T`BȧB2 +i2;Q`B2B- /` /2 /i +2bi
Q`/QMi2 /mT +i2;Q`BBH2 /2}MBi2 T`BM T`K2i`mH H2p2HbX
= i#H2U7HmMBV
7HmMB
AM 62# J` T` JB AmM AmH m; a2T P+i LQB .2+
k R R k k k R k R R R k
MHBx pHQ`BHQ` /BMi`@mM p2+iQ` /2 iBT MmK2`B+ b2 TQi2 `2HBx +m 7mM+ȧB

+miUV- ŗMbQȧBi /2 `;mK2MimH #`2Fb T2Mi`m +`2 mM 7+iQ` +m BMi2`pH2
2;H2- +QMbB/2ì2 +i2;Q`BB- ŗM +`2 b2 pQ` `2;bB pHQ`BH2 /BM p2+iQ`mH
MHBxiX S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 TQi2 +`2 mM p2+iQ` +m p2MBim`BH2
Rk bH`BȧB- ŗKT`ȧBi2 ŗM [mìBH2 UŗM Ti`m BMi2`pH2 2;H2 + MmK` /2
bH`BȧBV,
= p2MBim`B I@ +URkyy- R9yy- Rjyy- Rkyy- R3yy- Reyy- kjyy-

R9yy- k8yy- R8yy- R3yy- kjyyV
= 7p2MBim`B I@ +miUp2MBim`B-
#`2Fb 4 +URkyy- Rjd8- R88y- RNk8- k8yyV-
BM+Hm/2XHQr2bi 4 h_l1- /B;XH# 4 9V
= +HbbU7p2MBim`BV
(R) ]7+iQ`]
= i#H2U7p2MBim`BV
7p2MBim`B
(Rkyy-Rjd8) URjd8-R88y) UR88y-RNk8) URNk8-k8yy)
j j j j
ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm- pHQ`BH2 Rkyy șB k8yy `2T`2xBMi bH`BmH KBMBK șB KtBK-

B` pHQ`BH2 Rjd8- R88y șB RNk8 bmMi +2H2 i`2B [mìBH2 +`2 ŗKTì p2MBim`BH2
ŗM Ti`m +Hb2 +m MmK` 2;H /2 bH`BȧBX
NXj Ji`B+B
P p`B#BH /2 iBT Ki`B+2 `2T`2xBMi +QH2+ȧB2 #B/BK2MbBQMH /2 pHQ`B

+`2 m iQi2 +2HșB iBTX oHQ`BH2 bmMi `MDi2 ŗM `M/m`B șB +QHQM2- B`
ŗM HBK#DmH bT2+B}+ _- ŗM Q#b2`pȧBB șB p`B#BH2X ŖM 7Ti- Ki`B+2 2bi2 mM
+x TìB+mH` H mM2B p`B#BH2 UŗM 2M;H2x ``vV M@/BK2MbBQMH +m /Q`
/Qm /BK2MbBmMBX
ey ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
a2 TQi2 +`2 Q Ki`B+2 +m k `M/m`B șB 8 +QHQM2 /B`2+i +m 7mM+ȧB

Ki`BtUVX
= UK I@ Ki`BtUR,Ry- M+QH 4 8VV

(-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)
(R-) R j 8 d N
(k-) k 9 e 3 Ry
a2 Q#b2`p + MmK2`2H2 /2 H R H Ry b2 +QKTH2i2x ŗM Ki`B+2 T2 +QHQM2X

.2 `2ȧBMmi + MmK2H2 +QHQM2HQ` 2bi2 ǳ- DǴ- B` MmK2H2 `M/m`BHQ` 2bi2 ǳB-
Ǵ- bT`2 2t2KTHm T`BK +QHQM 2bi2 ǳ- RǴ- B` /Qm HBMB2 2bi2 ǳkǴX a2
}ș2x T`BK +QHQM,
= K(- R)
(R) R k
S`BK HBMB2 2bi2,
= K(R- )
(R) R j 8 d N
.+ b2 /Q`2și2 }ș`2 pHQ`BB ǳ3Ǵ- +`2 `2T`2xBMi 2H2K2MimH /2 H

BMi2`b2+ȧB +QHQM2B ǳ9Ǵ +m HBMB ǳkǴ- b2 miBHBx2x +QKM/,
= K(k- 9)
(R) 3
lM2Q`B 2tBi /Qm b2`BB /2 /i2 +`2 i`2#mB2 b 7Q`K2x2 mM i#HQm

#B/BK2MbBQMH- /B+ Q Ki`B+2X S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 +QMbB/2`
p2+iQ`mH p`bi2HQ` M;DȧBHQ`, k8-9j-kd-je șB ŗMHȧBK2 +2biQ`-
2tT`BKi ŗM +2Mi`BK2i`B, Rd8-R3y-Re3-R3jX
= p`bi2 I@ +Uk8- 9j- kd- jeV

= BMHiBK2 I@ +URd8- R3y- Re3- R3jV
Smi2K +QM+i2M +2H2 /Qm b2`BB T2 +QHQM2 bm T2 `M/m`BX S2 +QHQM2

pQK miBHBx 7mM+ȧB +#BM/UVX
= UM;DiB I@ +#BM/Up`bi2- BMHiBK2VV

p`bi2 BMHiBK2
(R-) k8 Rd8
(k-) 9j R3y
(j-) kd Re3
(9-) je R3j
NX9 GBbi2 eR
S2Mi`m +QM+i2M`2 T2 `M/m`B b2 miBHBx2x 7mM+ȧB `#BM/UVX
= UM;DiB I@ `#BM/Up`bi2- BMHiBK2VV

(-R) (-k) (-j) (-9)
p`bi2 k8 9j kd je
BMHiBK2 Rd8 R3y Re3 R3j
S2Mi`m +`2`2 mM2B p`B#BH2 +m i`2B /BK2MbBmMB b2 TQi2 miBHBx 7mM+ȧB

``vUV- bi72H,
= Upj/BK I@ ``vUR,Rk- /BK 4 +Uk- j- kVVV

- - R
(-R) (-k) (-j)

(R-) R j 8
(k-) k 9 e
- - k
(-R) (-k) (-j)

(R-) d N RR
(k-) 3 Ry Rk
1H2K2Mi2H2 /BM p`B#BH i`B/BK2MbBQMH b2 TQi }ș 7Qì2 mșQ`- +2bi2

}BM/ Tì2 /BMi`@mM +m#X S`+iB+- b2 Hm+`2x +m Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 /Qm Ki`B+B
+m /BK2MbBmMBH2 /2 k `M/m`B T2 j +QHQM2X
= pj/BK(- - R)
(-R) (-k) (-j)
(R-) R j 8
(k-) k 9 e
1H2K2MimH +`2 `2 pHQ`2 3 b2 ;b2și2 T2 TQxBȧB, `M/mH k- +QHQM R-

Ki`B+2 k- bi72H,
= pj/BK(k- R- k)
(R) 3
NX9 GBbi2
GBbi 2bi2 Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBTm`B /B72`Bi2X +2bi2 b2 /2bTì T2

+QKTQM2Mi2- B` ŗM }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 TQi } /B72`Bi2 iBTm`B /2 Q#B2+i2,
p2+iQ`B- Ki`B+B- /i7`K2@m`B- HBbi2X
ek ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
= UHBbi I@ HBbiU93,8k- ]v]- h_l1- jYRyBVV

((R))
(R) 93 9N 8y 8R 8k
((k))
(R) ]v]
((j))
(R) h_l1
((9))
(R) jYRyB
= +HbbUHBbiV
(R) ]HBbi]
LmK2`2H2 /BM T`Mi2x2H2 Tiì2 /m#H2 `2T`2xBMi TQxBȧB

+QKTQM2Mi2HQ` /BM +/`mH HBbi2B- B` MmK2`2H2 ŗM T`Mi2x2 bBKTH2
`2T`2xBMi TQxBȧB 2H2K2Mi2HQ` /BM +/`mH p2+iQ`mHmBX
.2 2t2KTHm- MmK`mH 8y b2 ;b2și2 ŗM T`BK +QKTQM2Mi HBbi2B- T2
TQxBȧB i`2B,
= HBbi((R))(j)
(R) 8y
S2Mi`m }ș +QKTQM2Mi B /BMi`@Q HBbi +m M +QKTQM2Mi2 b2 p T`Q+2/

B/2MiB+ + ŗM +xmH p2+iQ`BHQ`X /Qm +QKTQM2Mi /BM HBbi 2bi2 +`+i2`mH
v,
= HBbi((k))
(R) ]v]
.`- 2H2K2MimH k 2bi2 mM p2+iQ` /2 iBT +`+i2` +`2 +QMȧBM2 mM bBM;m`

2H2K2MiX
= +HbbUHBbi(k)V
(R) ]HBbi]
= +HbbUHBbi((k))V
(R) ]+?`+i2`]
ŖM 2t2KTHmH T`2+2/2Mi b@ Q#b2`pi Q HBbi 7Q`Ki /BM Ti`m p2+iQ`B +m

mM bBM;m` 2H2K2Mi }2+`2X a2 +QMbi`mB2și2 Q HBbi +m p2+iQ`B /2 /BK2MbBmMB
NX9 GBbi2 ej
șB iBTm`B /B72`Bi2 T2Mi`m b2bBx MmKBi2 /B72`2Mȧ2 ŗM KQ/mH /2 ++2b H

2H2K2Mi2H2 +QKTQM2Mi2X
= HBbi+QKTH2t I@ HBbiU 4 R8,jy- # 4 ]v]-

+Uh_l1- 6Ga1- h_l1- 6Ga1V- jYRyBV
= +HbbUHBbi+QKTH2tV
(R) ]HBbi]
GBbi HBbi+QKTH2t +QMȧBM2 Ti`m p2+iQ`B- bi72H,

@ T`BKmH +m /2MmKB`2 șB pHQ`BH2 /2 H R8 H jy- BM+HmbBpc
@ H /QBH2 +m MmK2H2 #- +`2 +QMȧBM2 Q bBM;m` pHQ`2 /2 iBT +`+i2`, vc
@ H i`2BH2 2bi2 mM p2+iQ` /2 iBT HQ;B+ +m Ti`m pHQ`B, h_l1- 6Ga1-
h_l1- 6Ga1c
@ mHiBKmH +QMȧBM2 mM MmK` +QKTH2t, jYRyBX
= HBbi+QKTH2t
0
(R) R8 Re Rd R3 RN ky kR kk kj k9 k8 ke kd k3 kN jy
0#
(R) ]v]
((j))
(R) h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1
((9))
(R) jYRyB
a2 ~ MmK`mH /2 +QKTQM2Mi2 /BM HBbi+QKTH2t- T`BM +QKM/

H2M;i?,
= H2M;i?UHBbi+QKTH2tV
(R) 9
hBTmH /i2HQ` T2Mi`m T`BK +QKTQ2Mi /BM HBbi 2bi2,
= +HbbUHBbi+QKTH2t((R))V
(R) ]BMi2;2`]
.` +2HșB Hm+`m b2 TQi2 7+2 șB T`BM /`2b`2 /B`2+i MmK2HmB T`BKmHmB
2H2K2Mi- - bi72H,
e9 ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
= +HbbUHBbi+QKTH2t0V
(R) ]BMi2;2`]
.2 b2K2M2 b2 TQi2 ~ /BK2MbBmM2 T`BK2B +QKTQM2Mi2 UmM p2+iQ`V-

T`BM /Qm K2iQ/2,
= H2M;i?UHBbi+QKTH2t((R))V
(R) Re
= H2M;i?UHBbi+QKTH2t0V
(R) Re
hBTmH +2HQ`HHi2 2H2K2Mi2 /BM HBbi b2 ~ ŗM KQ/ bBKBH`,
= +HbbUHBbi+QKTH2t((k))V
(R) ]+?`+i2`]
= +HbbUHBbi+QKTH2t((j))V
(R) ]HQ;B+H]
= +HbbUHBbi+QKTH2t((9))V
(R) ]+QKTH2t]
S2Mi`m }ș`2 2H2K2MimHmB B /BM T`BKmH p2+iQ` b2 p miBHBx +QKM/,
= HBbi+QKTH2t((R))((j))
(R) Rd
am,
= HBbi+QKTH2t0(j)
(R) Rd
P Hi p`BMi- KB `` miBHBxi- 2bi2,
= HBbi+QKTH2t((+UR-jV))
(R) Rd
P /`2b`2 T`BM HBbi+QKTH2t(R-j) Mm p 7mM+ȧBQM T2Mi`m + 2bi2

bT2+B}+ mM2B p`B#BH2 /2 iBT Ki`B+2 șB Mm HBbi- T`2+mK +2 /BM 2t2KTHmH
T`2+2/2MiX liBHBx`2 +2bi2B +QK2MxB p ;2M2` Q 2`Q`2 +m T`BpB`2 H
MmK`mH ;`2șBi /2 /BK2MbBmMB H +`2 7+2 `272`B`2,
NX8 .i7`K2@m`B e8
= HBbi+QKTH2t(R-j)
1``Q` BM HBbi+QKTH2t(R- j) , BM+Q``2+i MmK#2` Q7 /BK2MbBQMb
.2MmKB`2 p2+iQ`BHQ`f2H2K2Mi2HQ` /BMi`@Q HBbi TQi } }și2 T`BM +QKM/

MK2bUV,
= MK2bUHBbi+QKTH2tV
(R) ]] ]#] ]] ]]
ŖM 2t2KTHmH T`2+2/2Mi /Q` T`BK2H2 /Qm 2H2K2Mi2 m /2MmKB`B -

`2bT2+iBp #X
NX8 .i7`K2@m`B
lM /i7`K2 2bi2 Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 Q#b2`pȧBB 7Q`Ki /BM mMmH bm KB KmHȧB
p2+iQ`B șBfbm 7+iQ`B /2 +22șB HmM;BK2- /2 Q`B+`2 iBTX a2 pQ` Hm +
2t2KTHm +BM+B p2+iQ`B +`2 +QMȧBM BM7Q`KȧBB T`BpBM/ +`+i2`BbiB+BH2 mMQ`
miQim`BbK2X
= K`+ I@ +U]oQHbFr;2M]-]_2MmHi]-]6Bi]V
= KQiQ` I@ +U].B2b2H]-]"2MxBM]-]"2MxBM]V
= +T+Bii2 I@ +UReyy- RNyy- RkyyV
= Tmi2`2 I@ +Ud8- e8- 88V
= i`MbKBbB2 I@ +U]miQKi]-]JMmH]-]JMmH]V
= UmiQ I@ /iX7`K2UK`+- KQiQ`- +T+Bii2- Tmi2`2-
i`MbKBbB2VV
K`+ KQiQ` +T+Bii2 Tmi2`2 i`MbKBbB2
R oQHbFr;2M .B2b2H Reyy d8 miQKi
k _2MmHi "2MxBM RNyy e8 JMmH
j 6Bi "2MxBM Rkyy 88 JMmH
.mT +mK b2 Q#b2`p- mM /i7`K2 2bi2 mM 72H /2 Ki`B+2 ŗM +`2 }2+`2

+QHQM TQi2 p2 mM iBT /B72`Bi /2 /i2X ŖM /i7`K2@mH miQ- iBTm`BH2
p`B#BH2HQ` bmMi,
= mMHBbiUHTTHvUmiQ- +HbbVV
K`+ KQiQ` +T+Bii2 Tmi2`2 i`MbKBbB2
]7+iQ`] ]7+iQ`] ]MmK2`B+] ]MmK2`B+] ]7+iQ`]
.i7`K2@m`BH2 bmMi 7QHQbBi2 KB H2b T2Mi`m /i2H2 BKTQìi2 /BM /B72`Bi2
bm`b2 2ti2`M2X
ee ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
NXe PT2`ȧBB `BiK2iB+2 șB HQ;B+2 +m p2+iQ`B
lMmH /BMi`2 +2H2 KB K`B pMiD2 H2 miBHBx`BB K2/BmHmB _ ŗM MHBx
biiBbiB+ 2bi2 7TimH + 7Qbi +`2i /2 biiBbiB+B2MB T2Mi`m biiBbiB+B2MBX
.2KQMbi`ȧB +2 KB bBKTH b2 TQi2 7+2 T`BM mșm`BMȧ +m +`2 b2
`2HBx2x QT2`ȧBBH2 `BiK2iB+2 șB +2H2 HQ;B+2 bmT` p2+iQ`BHQ`X
/mM`2 mM2B pHQ`B H iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2 mMmB p2+iQ` b2 `2HBx2x T`BM
bBKTH QT2`ȧB2 `BiK2iB+- 7` miBHBx bi`m+im`B `2T2iBiBp2 /2 T`+m`;2`2
2H2K2Mi2HQ` p2+iQ`mHmBX lM p2+iQ` +`2 b +QMȧBM MmK2`2H2 ŗMi`2;B /2
H R H Ry b2 +`2x bi72H,
= Up I@ R,RyV
(R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry
a2 ŗMbmK2x pHQ`2 ǳRǴ H iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2 p2+iQ`mHmB,
= Up I@ p Y RV
(R) k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR
/mM`2 /QB p2+iQ`B 2bi2 /2 b2K2M2 7Qì2 bBKTH- B` T2Mi`m +2bi
b2 +`2x p2+iQ`BB, pR șB pk,
= pR I@ +UR- k- j- 9- 8V
= pk I@ +URy- ky- jy- 9y- 8yV
= pR Y pk
(R) RR kk jj 99 88
P Hi QT2`ȧB2 TQi2 } ŗMKmHȧB`2 pHQ`BHQ` +2HQ` /QB p2+iQ`B,
= pR pk
(R) Ry 9y Ny Rey k8y
.+ p2+iQ`BB m HmM;BKB /B72`Bi2- QT2`ȧB `BiK2iB+ b2 p `2HBx

`2T2iM/ pHQ`BH2 p2+iQ`mHmB KB b+mì TM H Q#ȧBM2`2 HmM;BKBB
p2+iQ`mHmB KB HmM;X
= pR I@ +URyy- kyy- jyy- 9yyV

= pk I@ +UR- kV
= pR Y pk
(R) RyR kyk jyR 9yk
NXe PT2`ȧBB `BiK2iB+2 șB HQ;B+2 +m p2+iQ`B ed
ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 HmM;BK2 p2+iQ`mHmB KB HmM; Mm 2bi2 T2`72+i /BpBxB#BH +m

HmM;BK2 p2+iQ`mHmB KB b+mì- +QKM/ b2 p 2t2+mi ŗMb K2/BmH _ p
}ș mM K2bD /2 p2ìBx`2 UŗM 2M;H2x r`MBM;V,
= pR I@ +URyy- kyy- jyy- 9yyV

= pk I@ +UR- k- jV
= pR Y pk
(R) RyR kyk jyj 9yR
q`MBM; K2bb;2,
AM pR Y pk ,
HQM;2` Q#D2+i H2M;i? Bb MQi KmHiBTH2 Q7 b?Qì2` Q#D2+i H2M;i?
am#b2im`B
a2H2+ȧB mMQ` 2H2K2Mi2 /BMi`@mM p2+iQ` b2 `2HBx2x T`BMi`@mM p2+iQ` /2
iBT HQ;B+ i`MbKBb + T`K2i`m p2+iQ`mHmB ŗM bBM2X .2 2t2KTHm, b2 pQ`
b2H2+i /BM p2+iQ`mH +`2 +QMȧBM2 MmK2`2H2 ŗMi`2;B /2 H R H R8 +2H2 pHQ`B
/BpBxB#BH2 +m jX S`BKmH Tb 2bi2 +`2`2 p2+iQ`mHmB,
= Up I@ R,R8V
(R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8
S2Mi`m ~ MmK2`2H2 /BpBxB#BH2 +m j b2 p miBHBx QT2ìQ`mH KQ/mHQ șB

MmK2 WW +`2 p `2im`M `2bimH ŗKT`ȧB`BB H jX
= p WW j
(R) R k y R k y R k y R k y R k y
.+ b2 +QKT` +2bi p2+iQ` +m pHQ`2 x2`Q- b2 p +`2 mM p2+iQ` /2

iBT HQ;B+ +m pHQ`BH2 6Ga1 T2Mi`m pHQ`BH2 /B72`Bi2 /2 x2`Q șB h_l1 T2Mi`m
+2H2 pHQ`B 2;H2 +m x2`QX
= p WW j 44 y
(R) 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1
h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1
o2+iQ`mH /2 iBT HQ;B+ +`2i șB b2 p i`MbKBi2 p2+iQ`mHmB p- B` + `2xmHii

b2 Q#ȧBM iQi2 pHQ`BH2 /BpBxB#BH2 +m jX
= p(p WW j 44 y)
(R) j e N Rk R8
e3 ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
NXd :2M2``2 /i2HQ`
J2/BmH _ /BbTmM2 /2 7mM+ȧBB 7Qì2 miBH2 T2Mi`m ;2M2``2 /i2HQ` ii /2

M2+2b`2 H i2bi`B bm bBKmH`B- imM+B +M/ /i2H2 `2H2 bm Q#b2`pi2 Mm
bmMi /BbTQMB#BH2X .2 7Ti- +M/ b2 /Bb+mi /2 ;2M2``2 /i2HQ`- ŗM KQ/
Q#BșMmBi- b2 7+2 `272`B`2 H ;2M2``2 mMQ` MmK2`2- H2iQ` bm /mT Q
MmKBi `2;mHX .2Q`2+2 Q`B+2 ;2M2``2 `2 ŗM p2/2`2 mM MmK` }MBi /2
pHQ`B- imM+B b2 TQi2 MmKB b2+p2Mȧ /2 MmK2`2X ŖM HBK# 2M;H2x 2bi2
ŗMiHMBi /2MmKB`2 `2;mH` b2[m2M+2- T`BM +`2 b2 ŗMȧ2H2;2 + b2+p2Mȧ /2
MmK2`2 2bi2 ;2M2ì /mT Q MmKBi `2;mHX
P 7mM+ȧB2 7Qì2 ŗMiHMBi 2bi2 b2[UV UŗM 2M;H2x a2[m2M+2 :2M2ìBQMV-
+`2 TQi2 T`BKB + `;mK2Mi2,
@ 7`QK, /2 H pHQ`2 XXXc
@ iQ, TM H pHQ`2 XXXc
@ #v, /mT `2;mH /2 ;2M2``2, UUiQ @ 7`QKVfUH2M;i?XQmi @ RVVc
@ H2M;i?XQmi, MmK`mH /2 pHQ`B ;2M2ì2- B` BKTHB+Bi `2 pHQ`2 LlGGc
@ HQM;XrBi?, /2@ HmM;mH- /B+ B HmM;BK2 `;mK2MimHmBX
1t2KTHm- ŗM +`2 b2 T`2xBMi i`2B K2iQ/2,
= R,Ry
(R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry
= b2[URyV
(R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry
= b2[UH2M;i?XQmi 4 RyV
(R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry
.+ b2 ŗM+2`+ ;2M2``2 mM2B b2+p2Mȧ2 /2 MQm MmK2`2- /` iQi2

+mT`BMb2 ŗMi`2 y șB R b2 miBHBx2x m`KiQ`2 7Q`K 7mM+ȧB2B,
= b2[Uy- R- H2M;i?XQmi 4 NV
(R) yXyyy yXRk8 yXk8y yXjd8 yX8yy yXek8 yXd8y yX3d8 RXyyy
}ș`2 MmK2`2HQ` T`2 /BM BMi2`pHmH y @ Ry b2 TQi2 7+2 T`BM b+?BK#`2

7Q`KmH2B U `2;mHBB /2 ;2M2``2V- T`BM `;mK2MimH #v- bi72H,
= b2[Uy- Ry- #v 4 kV
(R) y k 9 e 3 Ry
P Hi 7mM+ȧB2 T`BM +`2 b2 TQi ;2M2` miQKi MmKBi2 /i2- /` /mT
`2;mH KmHiBTHB+`BB- 2bi2, `2TUV- +m `;mK2Mi2H2, t- iBK2b șB H2M;i?XQmiX
JmHiBTHB+`2 MmK`mHmB R /2 8 Q`B,
NXd :2M2``2 /i2HQ` eN
= `2TUR- 8V
(R) R R R R R
JmHiBTHB+`2 b2+p2Mȧ2B /2 MmK2`2 /2 H R H j /2 /Qm Q`B,
= `2TUR,j- kV
(R) R k j R k j
JmHiBTHB+`2 }2+`mB MmK` /BM BMi2`pHmH /2 H R H j /2 /Qm Q`B,
= `2TUR,j- 2+? 4 kV
(R) R R k k j j
*`2`2 mM2B b2`BB /2 /i2 T`BM ;2M2``2 H2iQ`2 /2 MmK2`2 2bi2

BKTQìMi T2Mi`m 7mM+ȧBBH2 /2 MHBx biiBbiB+X ŖM +2bi +i2;Q`B2-
K2/BmH _ /BbTmM2 /2 Q KmHiBim/BM2 /2 7mM+ȧBB- B` miBHBx`2 mM2B MmK2
ȧBM2 7Qì2 KmHi /2 `2;mH /2 ;2M2``2 /Q`BiX
6mM+ȧB .Bbi`B#mȧB ∥ 6mM+ȧB .Bbi`B#mȧB

`#2iUV "2i ∥ `HQ;BbUV GQ;BbiB+
`#BMQKUV "BMQKBH ∥ `KmHiBMQKUV JmHiBMQKBH
`+m+?vUV *m+?v ∥ `M#BMQKUV L2;X "BMQKBH
`+?Bb[UV *?B@b[m`2 ∥ `MQ`KUV LQ`KH
`2tTUV 1tTQM2MiBH ∥ `TQBbUV SQBbbQM
`7UV 6 ∥ `bB;M`MFUV aB;M2/ _MF
`;KKUV :KK ∥ ìUV aim/2MiǶb i
`;2QKUV :2QK2i`B+ ∥ `mMB7UV lMB7Q`K
`?vT2ÙV >vT2`;2QK2i`B+ ∥ `r2B#mHHUV q2B#mHH
`HMQ`KUV GQ; LQ`KH ∥ `rBH+QtUV qBH+QtQM _MF amK
6mM+ȧB `mMB7UV ;2M2`2x M MmK2`2 H2iQ`2 /mT Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2

mMB7Q`K ŗMi`@mM BMi2`pH /iX `;mK2Mi2H2 7mM+ȧB2B bmMi,
Ç M, MmK`mH /2 2H2K2Mi2c
Ç KBM șB Kt, BMi2`pHmH ŗM +`2 b2 pQ` ;2M2` MmK2`2H2X
:2M2``2 8 MmK2`2 +m /Bbi`B#mȧB2 mMB7Q`K- ŗM BMi2`pHmH R șB Ry,
= `mMB7U8- KBM 4 R- Kt 4 RyV

(R) eXN9NjeN dXkjy8yk kX3Ryj3y 9Xje3399 dX9NjNjN
dy ai`m+im`B /2 /i2
AMbi`m+ȧBmMBH2 /BM 2t2KTHmH T`2+2/2Mi pQ` ;2M2` H }2+`2 2t2+mȧB2 Hi2

MmK2`2- /` /+ b2 /Q`2și2 + 2t2+mȧB BMbi`m+ȧBmMBHQ` b ;2M2`2x2 K2`2m
+2H2șB MmK2`2 i`2#mB2 BMBȧBHBxi mM T`K2i`m /2 bBbi2K Ub2iXb22/V
ŗMBMi2 /2 `mH`2 Q`B+`2B 7mM+ȧBB- bi72H,
= b2iXb22/URkjV
= `mMB7U8- KBM 4 R- Kt 4 RyV
(R) jX833RN3 3XyN9d9e 9Xe3ydNk 3XN9dR8d NX9e9kye
:2M2``2 mM2B b2`BB /2 MmK2`2 +m Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 MQ`KH b2 `2HBx2x +m

7mM+ȧB `MQ`KUV- +`2 TQi2 T`BKB `;mK2Mi2H2,
Ç M, MmK`mH /2 pHQ`B ;2M2ì2c
Ç K2M, K2/Bc
Ç b/, #i2`2 biM/`/ UŗM 2M;H2x biM/`/ /2pBiBQMVX
1t2KTHm /2 ;2M2``2 8 MmK2`2 +m /Bbi`B#mȧB2 MQ`KH- /2 K2/B2 y șB

#i2`2 biM/`/ R,
= b2iXb22/URkjV
= `MQ`KU8- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 RV
(R) @yX8ey9d8e8 @yXkjyRdd9N RX883dy3jR yXydy8y3jN yXRkNk3dd9
H2;2`2 H2iQ`2 mMQ` MmK2`2 /BMi`@Q b2`B2 +`2 2tBbi /2D ŗM K2KQ`B2-
;2M2ì bm ŗM+`+i /BMi`@Q #x /2 /i2 b2 `2HBx2x T`BM 7mM+ȧB
bKTH2UV- +m m`KiQ`2H2 `;mK2Mi2,
Ç t, p2+iQ`mH /2 2H2K2Mi2 /BM +`2 b2 p `2HBx 2ti`;2`2c
Ç bBx2, MmK`mH /2 2H2K2Mi2 +`2 b2 p 2ti`;2c
Ç `2TH+2, +`2 TQi2 Hm pHQ`BH2, h_l1 bm 6Ga1- bi#BHBM/ /+
MmK2`2H2 2ti`b2 pQ` } BMi`Q/mb2 /BM MQm ŗM m`M- `2bT2+iBp bmMi
2HBKBMi2 /BM m`MX
ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 7mM+ȧB 2bi2 miBHBxi 7` `;mK2Mi2- b2 p `2HBx Q

2ti`;2`2 imim`Q` 2H2K2Mi2HQ` /BM p2+iQ`mH /i- ŗM KQ/ H2iQ`- T`BM
BMBȧBHBx`2 mMmB p2+iQ` șB `2`MD`2 H2iQ`2 MmK2`2HQ` /BM p2+iQ`-
bi72H,
NXd :2M2``2 /i2HQ` dR
= t I@ R,Ry
= bKTH2UtV
(R) N d e Ry 9 3 j k R 8
a2 B + 2t2KTHm 2ti`;2`2 MmK2`2HQ` +șiB;iQ`2 /2 H GQi2`B _QKM-

H DQ+mH e /BM 9NX JB ŗMiB b2 ;2M2`2x MmK2`2H2 /2 H R H 9N- TQB b2
2ti`; e MmK2`2 /BM 9N,
= b2iXb22/URkj9V
= bKTH2UR,9N- eV
(R) e jy kN 9d jN 9e
lHiBKmH 2t2KTHm 2bi2 2ti`;2`2 mMmB MmK` /2 2H2K2Mi2 /BMi`@mM p2+iQ`

+m `2BMi`Q/m+2`2 +2biQ` ŗM b2`B /2 /i2 Uș MmKBi 2șMiBQM`2 +m
ŗMHQ+mB`2V- T`BM `;mK2MimH `2TH+2X
= b2iXb22/URkj9V
= bKTH2URy- 8- `2TH+2 4 h_l1V
(R) k d d d N
ŖM 2t2KTHmH T`2+2/2Mi b2 Q#b2`p + MmK`mH k 7Qbi 2ti`b /2 /Qm Q`B-

/2Q`2+2 }BM/ BMi`Q/mb ŗM m`M pmi /BM MQm șMb /2 } 2ti`bX
*TBiQHmH Ry
ai`m+im`B /2 T`Q;`K`2
*mMQși2`2 bi`m+im`BHQ` /2 T`Q;`K`2- ŗMiHMBi2 șB bm# /2MmKB`2 /2

#m+H2 UŗM 2M;H2x HQQTbV- b2 p /Qp2/B miBH +M/ b2 /Q`2și2 `2T2i`2 mM2B
BMbi`m+ȧBmMB bm mMmB #HQ+ ŗMi`2; /2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB T2Mi`m iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2
/BMi`@mM p2+iQ`- B` Hi2Q`B /Q` T2Mi`m mM2H2 2H2K2Mi2 /BM +2H p2+iQ`X
RyXR B7 @ 2Hb2
AMbi`m+ȧBmM2 B7UV b2 miBHBx2x /mT +mK 2bi2 +mMQb+mi șB /BM Hi2

HBK#D2 /2 T`Q;`K`2- B` bBMit +2 KB bBKTH 2bi2 B7 U+QM/V 2tT`
U/+ 2bi2 ŗM/2THBMBi +QM/BȧB +QM/ b2 2t2+mi BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 2tT`VX
1pB/2Mi- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 +i /2 +QKTH2t 2bi2 T`Q#H2K T`QTmb bT`2
`2xQHp`2- bBMit TQi2 p2 KB KmHi2 +xm`B- iQi2 /2bT`BMb2 /BM
bBMit +QKTH2i- T`BM HBTb mMQ` 2H2K2Mi2,
B7 U+QM/BiB2RV &
O 2t2+mi MBȑi2 2tT`2bBB
' 2Hb2 B7 U+QM/BiB2kV &
O 2t2+mi Hi2 2tT`2bBB
' 2Hb2 &
'
P bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 șB Q bBM;m` BMbi`m+ȧBmM2,
B7 U+QM/BiB2V 2tT`2bB2
1t2KTHm,
d9 ai`m+im`B /2 T`Q;`K`2
= p2+i I@ Ry,ky
= B7 Up2+i(k) 44 RRV T`BMi U]2H2K2MimH k `2 pHQ`2 RR]V
(R) ]2H2K2MimH k `2 pHQ`2 RR]
P bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 șB KB KmHi2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB,
B7 U+QM/BiB2V &
'
1t2KTHm,
= p2+i I@ Ry,ky
= B7 Up2+i(k) 44 RRV &
p2+i(k) I@ jj
T`BMi U]2H2K2MimH k `2 Q Hi} pHQ`25]V
'
(R) ]2H2K2MimH k `2 `2 Q Hi} pHQ`25]
P bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 +m /Qm BMbi`m+ȧBmMB- mM T2Mi`m +xmH ŗM/2THBMB`BB

+QM/BȧB2B- Q Hi T2Mi`m +xmH +QMi``,
B7 U+QM/BiB2V 2tT`2bB2 2Hb2 Hin2tT`2bB2
1t2KTHm,
= p2+i I@ Ry,ky
= B7 Up2+i(j) 44 RRV &
T`BMiU]2H2K2MimH j `2 pHQ`2 RR]V
' 2Hb2 &
T`BMi U]2H2K2MimH j Mm `2 pHQ`2 RR]V
'
(R) ]2H2K2MimH j Mm `2 pHQ`2 RR]
P bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 +m KmHiBTH2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB- mM b2i T2Mi`m +xmH

ŗM/2THBMB`BB +QM/BȧB2B- mM Hi b2i T2Mi`m +xmH +QMi``,
B7 U+QM/BiB2V &
' 2Hb2 &
'
1t2KTHm,
RyXk 7Q` d8
= p2+i I@ Ry,ky
= B7 Up2+i(k) 44 RRV &
T`BMiU]2H2K2MimH k `2 pHQ`2 RR]V
p2+i(k) I@ jj
' 2Hb2 &
T`BMiU]2H2K2MimH k Mm `2 pHQ`2 RR]V
p2+i(k) I@ RR
'
JB 2tBbi Q p2`bBmM2 bi`m+im`BB B7@2Hb2 MmKBi p2+iQ`Bxi,

B72Hb2U+QM/BȞB2-2tT`R-2tT`kVX a HmK + 2t2KTHm }ș`2 pHQ`BB R
T2Mi`m iQi2 pHQ`BH2 KB KB+B /2+i R8 șB pHQ`BB y T2Mi`m iQi2
pHQ`BH2 KB K`B bm 2;H2 +m R8 /BM p2+iQ`mH Ry,ky,
= Up2+i I@ Ry,kyV
(R) Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re Rd R3 RN ky
= B72Hb2U/i2H2K2H2 I R8- R- yV
(R) R R R R R y y y y y y
RyXk 7Q`
aBMit BMbi`m+ȧBmMBB 2bi2 b2KMiQ`2 +m +2 +mMQb+mi /BM Hi2 HBK#D2-

/` `2 iQimșB mM bT2+B}+ /i /2 2tT2`B2Mȧ +2HQ` +`2 m +`2i HBK#DmH
ŗM /QK2MBmH biiBbiB+BB, 7QÙp` BM b2[V 2tT`X *m Hi2 +mpBMi2- T2Mi`m
iQi2 pHQ`BH2 p` /BM b2+p2Mȧ /2 /i2 b2[ b2 `2T2i BMbi`m+ȧBmMBH2 2tT`X
_2T2i mM b2i /2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB /2 mM MmKBi MmK` /2 Q`B,
7Q` UBM/2t BM BMi2`pHV &

O b2i /2 BMbi`m+iBmMB
'
o`B#BH BM/2t T`BK2și2 T2 `M/ pHQ`BH2 /BM BMi2`pH șB 2t2+mi T2Mi`m

}2+`2 pHQ`2 T2 +`2 Q T`BK2și2 b2imH /2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMBX
}ș`2 mMmB bHmi /2 8 Q`B,
= 7Q` UB BM R,kV T`BMiU]aHmi5]V

(R) ]aHmi5]
(R) ]aHmi5]
a2 Q#b2`p + p`B#BH B Hmi pHQ`B ŗMi`2 R ȔB 8- B` }ș`2 b@ 7+mi ŗM

KQ/ +Q`2bTmMxiQ`X S2Mi`m 2t2+mȧB /Qm BMbi`m+ȧBmMB T2 }2+`2 #m+H-
+2bi2 b2 pQ` +mT`BM/2 ŗM +QH/2,
de ai`m+im`B /2 T`Q;`K`2
= 7QÙB BM R,kV&
K2bD I@ Tbi2U]aHmi5]- BV
T`BMiUK2bDV
'
(R) ]aHmi5 R]
(R) ]aHmi5 k]
ŖM ;2M2`H- ŗM Hm+`mH +m p2+iQ`B 2tBbi KB KmHi2 TQbB#BHBiȧB /2 `2xQHp`2

T2Mi`m +22șB T`Q#H2KX aT`2 2t2KTHm- +QMbi`mB`2 mMmB p2+iQ` +m Ti`m
2H2K2Mi2 șB }ș`2 +2biQ` T`BM /Bp2`b2 K2iQ/2,
= t I@ +U]]- ]#]V
a2 }ș2x T`BM T`+m`;2`2 p2+iQ`mHmB /2 H T`BKmH 2H2K2MimH Ti`m-

/2Q`2+2 b2 +mMQși2 MmK`mH /2 2H2K2Mi2,
= 7QÙB BM R,kV T`BMiUt(B)V

(R) ]]
(R) ]#]
ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 Mm b2 +mMQși2 +i2 2H2K2Mi2 +QMȧBM2 p2+iQ`mH- b2 TQi2

~ +m BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 H2M;i?UVX
= 7QÙB BM b2[UH2M;i?UtVVV T`BMiUt(B)V

(R) ]]
(R) ]#]
S`+m`;2`2 mMmB p2+iQ` /2 H T`BKmH H mHiBKmH 2H2K2Mi b2 TQi2 `2HBx șB

+m 7mM+ȧB b2[nHQM;UV- +`2 `2im`M2x mM p2+iQ` MmK2`B+ +`2 +QMȧBM2
MmK`mH }2+`mB 2H2K2Mi /2 H R H MX
= 7Q` UB BM b2[nHQM;UtVV T`BMiUt(B)V

(R) ]]
(R) ]#]
lM Hi KQ/ ` } T`+m`;2`2 p2+iQ`mHmB /2 +`+i2`2- /2 H T`BK H mHiBK

HBi2`- bi72H,
= 7Q` UHBi2` BM tV T`BMiUHBi2`V

(R) ]]
(R) ]#]
RyXj r?BH2 dd
.+ 2bi2 7QHQbBi ŗKT`2mM +m B7- b2 TQi2 b`B T2bi2 mM MmKBi MmK`
/2 Bi2`ȧBB,
= 7Q` UBM/2t BM R,R8V &

B7 UBM/2t = RkV T`BMiUBM/2tV
'
(R) Rj
(R) R9
(R) R8
RyXj r?BH2
1t2+mi`2 mM2B BMbi`m+ȧBmMB ii iBKT +i 2bi2 ŗM/2THBMBi Q +QM/BȧB2 b2

TQi2 7+2 +m BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 r?BH2UV- B` bBMit 2bi2 r?BH2U+QM/BiB2V
2tT`X S2Mi`m 2t2+mȧB KB KmHiQ` BMbi`m+ȧBmMB- +2bi2 b2 pQ` +mT`BM/2
ŗM +QH/2X
= B I@ y
= r?BH2 UB I jV &
B I@ B Y R
T`BMiUBV
'
(R) R
(R) k
(R) j
.+ ŗM b2imH /2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB- Q/i +m T`+m`;2`2 }2+`2B Bi2`ȧBB-

pHQ`2 +QM/BȧB2B `KM2 M2b+?BK#i TQi2 `2xmHi Q `2T2i`2 BM}MBi
b2imHmB /2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB- +mMQb+mi bm# /2MmKB`2 /2 #m+H BM}MBiX
1t2KTHm /2 miBHBx`2 +Q`2+i,
= BM/2t I@ y
= r?BH2UBM/2t I jV&
T`BMiUBM/2tV
BM/2t I@ BM/2t Y R
'
(R) y
(R) R
(R) k
:2M2``2 mM2B #m+H2 BM}MBi2- /2Q`2+2 pHQ`2 p`B#BH2B BM/2t Mm b2

KQ/B}+ T`BM T`+m`;2`2 b2imHmB /2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB,
d3 ai`m+im`B /2 T`Q;`K`2
= BM/2t I@ y
= r?BH2UBM/2t I 8V&
T`BMiUBM/2tV
'
(R) y
(R) y
(R) y
XXX
RyX9 `2T2i
ŖM +xmH BMbi`m+ȧBmMBB `2T2i 2tT`2bBBH2 +mT`BMb2 ŗM +QH/2 pQ` } 2t2+mii2

TM +M/ 2bi2 ŗMiHMBi BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 #`2FX aBMit bBKTH 2bi2,
`2T2i &
#`2F
'
+2bi ŗMb2KM + i`2#mB2 b KB 2tBbi2 ŗM +Q/ Q +QM/BȧB2 +`2 b2 p

p2`B}+ șB p +QM/m+2 H 2t2+mi`2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMBB /2 B2șB`2 /BM #m+HX
1t2KTHm,
= BM/2t I@ y
= `2T2i &
BM/2t I@ BM/2t Y R
T`BMiUBM/2tV
B7UBM/2t =4 jV #`2FUV
'
(R) R
(R) k
(R) j
lM 2t2KTHm /2 miBHBx`2 BM+Q`2+i 2bi2 QKBi2`2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMBB #`2F bm

M2ŗM/2THBMB`2 +QM/BȧB2B +`2 /m+2 H 2t2+mi`2 +2bi2BX
= BM/2t I@ y
= `2T2i &
T`BMiUBM/2tV
B7 UBM/2t = 8V #`2F
'
*TBiQHmH RR
6mM+ȧBB
6mM+ȧBBH2 bmMi Q#B2+i2 /2 T`BK `M; ŗM _X 1tBbi 7mM+ȧBB BM+Hmb2 ŗM

T+?2i2H2 /2 #x H2 _ bm ŗM +2H2 BMbiHi2 bmTHBK2Mi` șB 7mM+ȧBB +`2i2
/2 miBHBxiQ`X a2 TmM2 T`Q#H2K +`2`BB T`QT`BBHQ` 7mM+ȧBB imM+B +M/
T2Mi`m `2xQHp`2 mM2B T`Q#H2K2 2bi2 M2pQB2 /2 b+`B2`2 KB KmHiQ`
BMbi`m+ȧBmMB- B` +2bi2 b2 `2T2i /2 KB KmHi2 Q`B- /` +m MmKBȧB
T`K2i`B +`2 ŗșB TQi b+?BK# pHQ`BH2X S`K2i`B 7mM+ȧBBHQ` b2 KB
MmK2b+ șB `;mK2Mi2X
RRXR .2+H``2
P 7mM+ȧB2 b2 /2+H` T`BM +mpMimH +?2B2 7mM+iBQMX

h`2#mB2 `2ȧBMmi + 7mM+ȧBBH2 TQi } ++2Tii2 /2 Hi2 7mM+ȧBB + `;mK2Mi2
bm TQi T`BKB + `;mK2Mi2 Hi2 7mM+ȧBBX aBMit 2bi2,
6mM+iB2liBHBxiQ` I@ 7mM+iBQM UI`;mK2Mi2=V &

`2im`MUpHm2V
'
a2 p +`2 T2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 Q 7mM+ȧB2 +m Ti`m `;mK2Mi2 7` H2

/2+H` iBTmH,
= 6mM+iB2liBHBxiQ` I@ 7mM+iBQMU- #- +- /V &

T`BMiUTbi2U] 4]- - ]/2 iBT,]- +HbbUVVV
T`BMiUTbi2U]# 4]- #- ]/2 iBT,]- +HbbU#VVV
T`BMiUTbi2U]+ 4]- +- ]/2 iBT,]- +HbbU+VVV
3y 6mM+ȧBB
T`BMiUTbi2U]/ 4]- /- ]/2 iBT,]- +HbbU/VVV

B7 U44RV ]mMm] 2Hb2 ]/B72`Bi /2 mMm]
'
= 6mM+iB2liBHBxiQÙR- ]LmK2]- jXR9- h_l1V
(R) ] 4 R /2 iBT, MmK2`B+]
(R) ]# 4 LmK2 /2 iBT, +?`+i2`]
(R) ]+ 4 jXR9 /2 iBT, MmK2`B+]
(R) ]/ 4 h_l1 /2 iBT, HQ;B+H]
(R) ]mMm]
= +HbbU6mM+iB2liBHBxiQ`V
(R) ]7mM+iBQM]
a2 Q#b2`p + m 7Qbi /2+Hì2 Ti`m `;mK2Mi2, - #- +- /- B` ŗM

KQK2MimH T2H`BB 7mM+ȧB2B- +2bi2 `;mK2Mi2 m T`BKBi iBTmH, MmK2`B+-
+?`+i2`- MmK2`B+- `2bT2+iBp HQ;B+HX lHiBK BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 /BM +/`mH
7mM+ȧB2B 2` p2`B}+`2 pHQ`BB `;mK2MimHmB - B` pHQ`2 ;bBi URV
/2i2`KBMi }ș`2 șB`mHmB /2 +`+i2`2 ǴmMmǴX lHiBK BMbi`m+ȧBmM2
2t2+mii 7Qbi +HbbUV- +`2 }și iBTmH Q#B2+imHmB
6mM+iB2liBHBxiQ`- șB MmK2 Ǵ7mM+iBQMǴX
a2 +`2x Q Hi 7mM+ȧB2 T2Mi`m ŗMbmK`2 /Qm MmK2`2- B` `;mK2Mi2H2
șB # pQ` } BMBȧBHBxi2 +m pHQ`2 y- /B+ HB b2 p i`B#mB pHQ`2
BKTHB+Bi y,
= 6mM+iB2amK I@ 7mM+iBQMU 4 y- # 4 yV &

T`BMiUTbi2U] 4]- - ]/2 iBT,]- +HbbUVVV
T`BMiUTbi2U]# 4]- #- ]/2 iBT,]- +HbbU#VVV
`2im`MU Y #V
'
= 6mM+iB2amKUR- kV
(R) ] 4 R /2 iBT, MmK2`B+]
(R) ]# 4 k /2 iBT, MmK2`B+]
(R) j
S`BM T2H`2 7mM+ȧB2B 6mM+iB2amKUV +m `;mK2Mi2H2 R șB k `2xmHiimH

p }- /2bB;m`- j- B` iBTmH p`B#BH2HQ` p } }și- K#2H2 }BM/ /2 iBT
MmK2`B+X
.+ b2 T2H2x 7mM+ȧB 6mM+iB2amKUV +m `;mK2Mi2 MQM@MmK2`B+2-
K2/BmH _ p ;2M2` Q 2`Q`2,
= 6mM+iB2amKU]LmK2]- ]S`2MmK2]V
(R) ] 4 LmK2 /2 iBT, +?`+i2`]
(R) ]# 4 S`2MmK2 /2 iBT, +?`+i2`]
1``Q` BM Y # , MQM@MmK2`B+ `;mK2Mi iQ #BM`v QT2ìQ`
RRXk oHQ`B `2im`Mi2 3R
a2 Q#b2`p + /2șB b@m BMBȧBHBxi `;mK2Mi2H2 +m pHQ`2 y- ŗM KQK2MimH

T2H`BB 7mM+ȧB2B +m șB`m`B /2 +`+i2`2- ǴLmK2Ǵ șB ǴS`2MmK2Ǵ- K2/BmH
_ b+?BK#i miQKi iBTmH `;mK2Mi2HQ`- /BM MmK2`B+ ŗM +?`+i2`-
/` H BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 /2 ŗMbmK`2 ;2M2ì Q 2`Q`2 T`BM +`2 ì +
`;mK2Mi2H2 M2@MmK2`B+2 m 7Qbi i`MbKBb2 mMmB QT2ìQ` `BiK2iB+X ŖM
+2H KQK2Mi 2t2+mȧB 7mM+ȧB2B 7Qbi QT`BiX bi72H /2 2`Q`B i`2#mB2 b
}2 T`2ŗMiKTBMi2 T`BM p2`B}+`B T`2H#BH2- M2+2b`2 ŗMBMi2 /2 QT2`ȧBBH2
pmi2 ŗM p2/2`2- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 bT2+B}+mH +2biQ`X
RRXk oHQ`B `2im`Mi2
ŖM b2+ȧBmM2 T`2+2/2Mi b@ miBHBxi /2D `2im`M T2Mi`m ŗMiQ`+2

bBbi2KmHmB `2xmHiimH ŗMbmK`BB +2HQ` /Qm `;mK2Mi2X
a2 KQ/B}+ mHiBK 7mM+ȧB2 +`2i T2Mi`m `2HBx /Q` +H+mHmH- 7`
KB }ș iBTmH `;mK2Mi2HQ` T`BKBi2,

`2im`MU Y #V
'
= 6mM+iB2amKUR- kV
(R) j
_2xmHiimH ŗMbmK`BB MmK2`2HQ` R +m k 7Qbi j- B` /mT +2bi QT2`ȧB2

bBKTH b2 +`2x Q Hi p`B#BH ŗM +`2 b2 ŗMKmHȧ2și2 +m k `2xmHiimH
`2im`Mi /2 7mM+ȧB2 șB b2 Q#ȧBM2 pHQ`2 eX
= Up`B#BH I@ 6mM+iB2amKUR- kV kV
(R) e
JB KmHi /2+i ii- b2 TQi2 T2H 7mM+ȧB T`BM 2 ŗMbșB- bi72H,
= 6mM+iB2amKU6mM+iB2amKUR- kV- jV
(R) e
J2/BmH _ p 2t2+mi KB ŗMiB ŗMbmK`2 MmK2`2HQ` R +m k- B` `2xmHiimH

p } i`MbKBb /BM MQm 7mM+ȧB2B +`2i2- /` /2 /i +2bi + `;mK2Mi- H
+`2 p /m; `;mK2MimH jX _2xmHiimH }MH `2im`Mi /2 7mM+ȧB2 7Qbi
eX
3k 6mM+ȧBB
RRXj `;mK2Mi2 HQ+H2 șB ;HQ#H2
`;mK2Mi2H2 mM2B 7mM+ȧBB TQi } ~i2 +m BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 `;bUVX

`2im`MU Y #V
'
= `;bU6mM+iB2amKV
7mM+iBQM U 4 y- # 4 yV
LlGG
/2b2- MmK2H2 `;mK2Mi2HQ` bmMi miBH2- KB H2b ŗM 7mM+ȧBBH2 +m KB KmHi2
`;mK2Mi2- B` pHQ`BH2 BKTHB+Bi2 bmMi mM2Q`B M2+2b`2 T2Mi`m + 7mM+ȧB b
`mH2x2 7` 2`Q`BX AMBȧBHBx`2 `;mK2Mi2HQ` 2bi2 `2+QKM/i T2Mi`m +2H2
+`2 bmMi miBHBxi2 Q#HB;iQ`Bm ŗM BMi2`BQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2BX
`;mK2MimH XXX b2 miBHBx2x imM+B +M/ MmK`mH `;mK2Mi2HQ` Mm 2bi2
+mMQb+miX aT`2 2t2KTHm b2 TQi2 `2HBx Q 7mM+ȧB2 /2 ŗMbmK`2 KB
KmHiQ` MmK2`2X
= 6mM+iB2amK I@ 7mM+iBQMUXXXV &

`2im`MUbmKUXXXVV
'
= 6mM+iB2amKUR-k-jV
(R) e
*TBiQHmH Rk
aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
RkXR AMi`Q/m+2`2
aiiBbiB+ 2bi2 Q șiBBMȧ +`2 BKTHB+ /Bp2`b2 iBTm`B /2 /i2- +`2 bmMi
miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m H2 +HbB}+ șB Q`;MBx- B` TQB T2Mi`m H2 BMi2`T`2i șB
MHBxX
AM/B72`2Mi /2 /QK2MBmH H +`2 2bi2 THB+i- biiBbiB+ U+2H TmȧBM H MBp2H
/2b+`BTiBpV TQi2 } miBHBxi ŗM KQ/ bBKBH`X 6B2 + 2bi2 pQ`# /2 Q#B2+i2
}xB+2- bm 2MiBiȧB 2+QMQKB+2- Q`B mMBiȧB bQ+BH2- +2bi2 TQi } ŗKT`ȧBi2
T2 +i2;Q`BB- Kbmì2 ŗM KQ/ MmK2`B+ B` /2b+`B2`2 +2biQ` b2 7+2 H
72HX
1tBbi ș/` MBși2 2MiBiȧB /2 #x H2 biiBbiB+BB- miBHBxi2 ŗM +/`mH
QT2`ȧBmMBB /2b+`BTiBp2 p`B#BH2HQ`X +2bi2 bmMi MBp2Hm`BH2 /2
Kbm``2,
Ç MQKBMH
Ç Q`/BMH
Ç BMi2`pH
Ç `TQì
P p`B#BH 2bi2 Q`B+2 +`+i2`BbiB+ +2 p`Bx /2 H Q mMBii2 Q#b2`pi H

Hi UiBT /2 +iBpBii2 2+QMQKB+ T2Mi`m mMBiȧB 2+QMQKB+2- T`2ȧmH T2Mi`m
#mMm`B șB b2`pB+BB- ŗMHȧBK2 T2Mi`m QK2MB- 2i+XV lM2H2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 TQi
} Kbmì2 ŗM KQ/ MmK2`B+- Hi2H2 /2}M2b+ MBși2 +i2;Q`BB T2 +`2 QK2MBB
H2 BMi2`T`2i2x +HBiiBpX
ŖM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 KQ/mH +mK 2bi2 Kbmì Q MmKBi +`+i2`BbiB+- b2 TQi
miBHBx MmKBi2 QT2`ȧBmMB /2b+`BTiBp2 bm Hi2H2X S`BK2H2 /Qm MBp2Hm`B
39 aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
/2 Kbm``2 /2}M2b+ ș MmKBi2H2 p`B#BH2 +i2;Q`BH2 Ubm +HBiiBp2V-

B` mHiBK2H2 /Qm T2 +2H2 MmK2`B+2 Ubm +MiBiiBp2- Q`B K2i`B+2VX
o`B#BH2H2 MQKBMH2 bmMi +2H2 +`2 ŗKTì mMBiȧBH2 /2 bim/Bm ŗM
+i2;Q`BB T2Mi`m +`2 Q`/BM2 Mm 2bi2 BKTQìMiX .2 2t2KTHm
ŗKT`ȧB`2 HQ+HBiȧBHQ` T2 m`#M șB `m`H- ŗMi`@Q bi72H /2 +QH2+ȧB2 Mm
+QMi2x +`2 /BMi`2 +i2;Q`BB 2bi2 T`BK bm /QmX 1bi2 /Q` Q
2MmK2``2 +2biQ`- B` 2H2 TQi } T`2x2Mii2 ŗM Q`B+2 Q`/BM2X
* șB H p`B#BH2H2 MQKBMH2- +2H2 Q`/BMH2 ŗKTì mMBiȧBH2 Q#b2`pi2 ŗM
+i2;Q`BB- ŗMb Uș +mK b2 bTmM2 MmK2H2V- Q`/BM2 +2biQ` 2bi2 7Qì2
BKTQìMiX .2 2t2KTHm- /+ mMBiȧBH2 2+QMQKB+2 bmMi Q`/QMi2 /mT
+`Bi2`BmH K`BKBB- ŗM +i2;Q`BBH2 ǳ7Qì2 K`BǴ- ǳK`BǴ- ǳKB+BǴ șB ǳ7Qì2
KB+BǴ- b2 TQi2 p2/2 7Qì2 +H` + +2bi2 +i2;Q`BB bmMi Q`/QMi2 ŗMi`@Q
MmKBi /B`2+ȧB2 UŗM +2bi +x ŗM Q`/BM2 /2b+2M/2Mi K`BKBBVX
ŖM +?2biBQM`2H2 +MiBiiBp2- +i2;Q`BBH2 TQi } `2T`2x2Mii2 /2 MBși2
MmK2`2, RX l`#M șB kX _m`H- B` ŗM +H+mHiQ` b2 BMi`Q/m+ MmK2`2H2 R șB
k ŗM HQ+mH +i2;Q`BBHQ`X +2bi2 MmK2`2 bmMi /Q` MBși2 bBKTH2 ŗMHQ+mBiQ`2
T2Mi`m +i2;Q`BBH2 `2bT2+iBp2- ŗMb Mm m b2KMB}+ȧB2 MmK2`B+X ŖM
Ki2KiB+- +B7` k 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i +B7` R ŗMb ŗM +2bi 2t2KTHm
+B7` k UK2/Bm `m`HV Mm 2bi2 Ki2KiB+ KB K`2 /2+i +B7` R UK2/Bm
m`#MVX *B7`2H2 bmMi miBHBxi2 /Q` T2Mi`m 7+2 `272`B`2 H +i2;Q`BBH2
`2bT2+iBp2- Mm b2 TQi2 bTmM2 + `m`HmH 2bi2 /m#HmH m`#MmHmBX
o`B#BH2H2 MmK2`B+2- T2 /2 Hi Tì2- bmMi +2H2 T2Mi`m +`2 Q MmKBi
+`+i2`BbiB+ TQi2 } Kbmì T`BMi`@mM MmK` T2 #x +`mB b2 TQi
272+im QT2`ȧBmMB Ki2KiB+2X o`bi mM2B T2`bQM2- bm ;`2mii2
+2bi2B bmMi +`+i2`BbiB+B +MiBiiBp2- +`2 TQi } Kbmì2 7Qì2 T`2+Bb
+m DmiQ`mH mMQ` MmK2`2X +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 pH#BH T2Mi`m K#2H2 MBp2Hm`B
/2 Kbm``2- BMi2`pH șB `TQì- bBM;m` /B72`2Mȧ ŗMi`2 +2bi2 }BM/
7TimH + MBp2HmH /2 Kbm``2 `TQì `2 Q +`+i2`BbiB+ bmTHBK2Mi`
7ȧ /2 MBp2HmH BMi2`pH- MmK2 7TimH + `2 x2`Q #bQHmiX
P +`+i2`BbiB+ MmK2`B+ TQi2 bm Mm b B# x2`Q #bQHmi UpHQ`2 H
+`2 b2 +QMbii #b2Mȧ +QKTH2i +`+i2`BbiB+BB bim/Bi2VX .2 2t2KTHm-
+Q2}+B2MimH /2 BMi2HB;2Mȧ mM2B T2`bQM2 2bi2 Q p`B#BH +`2 Mm `2 x2`Q
#bQHmi- ŗMi`m+i i2bimH T2 #x +`mB 7Qbi HQ+i mM +Q2}+B2Mi bm HimH
2bi2 `2HiBp UK Tmi2 bTmM2 +?B` bm#B2+iBpVX P pHQ`2 2;H +m x2`Q H
mM i2bi /2 BMi2HB;2Mȧ Mm ŗMb2KM #b2Mȧ +QKTH2i BMi2HB;2Mȧ2B- ș/`
pHQ`2 x2`Q T2Mi`m +2bi p`B#BH Mm 2bi2 #bQHmiX
S2Mi`m MmKBi2 +`+i2`BbiB+B }xB+2 bm ;2Q;`}+2 U+mK bmMi ŗMHȧBK2-
;`2mii2 bm /BbiMȧV- pHQ`2 x2`Q 2bi2 #bQHmiX S2Mi`m ;`2mii2- x2`Q
ŗMb2KM #b2Mȧ +QKTH2i ;`2miȧBB- B` T2Mi`m /BbiMȧ pHQ`2 x2`Q
ŗMb2KM #b2Mȧ +QKTH2i /BbiMȧ2B /BMi`2 /Qm TmM+i2 U2bi2 TmM+imH
RkXR AMi`Q/m+2`2 38
/2 TQ`MB`2- pHQ`2 /2 H +`2 ŗM+2T2 /BbiMȧVX

a2 p p2/2 + iQi2 +2bi2 /BbiBM+ȧBB bmMi BKTQìMi2 T2Mi`m Tmi2
/BbiBM;2 ŗMi`2 /B72`Bi2H2 QT2`ȧBmMB /2b+`BTiBp2 +`2 TQi } THB+i2 mMQ`
p`B#BH2X 1bi2 7Qì2 BKTQìMi- ŗMi`m+i MmKBi2 QT2`ȧBmMB Mm TQi }
THB+i2 /2+i T2Mi`m MmKBi2 p`B#BH2- /2 2t2KTHm Mm b2 TQi2 +H+mH
Q K2/B2 `BiK2iB+ ŗMi`2 +i2;Q`BBH2 l`#M șB _m`HX
ŖM }M2- ŗM +/`mH p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 KB i`2#mB2 7+mi Q mHiBK
/BbiBM+ȧB2 ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 /Bb+`2i2 șB p`B#BH2H2 +QMiBMm2X *2H2 /Bb+`2i2
m mM MmK` }MBi șB MmK`#BH /2 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2- B` +2H2 +QMiBMm2 m mM
MmK` BM}MBi /2 pHQ`BX LmK`mH /2 +QTBB `2T`2xBMi mM 2t2KTHm /2
p`B#BH /Bb+`2i- ŗM iBKT +2 ;`2mii2 `2 mM MmK` BM}MBi /2 pHQ`BX
6B2+`2 T2`bQM `2 Q ;`2mii2 mMB+ H mM BM}MBi /2 x2+BKH2 TQbB#BH2-
T`Q##BHBii2 + /Qm T2`bQM2 b B# 2t+i +22șB ;`2mii2 }BM/
T`+iB+ x2`QX
ŖM _- 2tBbi MmKBi2 Q#B2+i2 +`2 b2 TQi`Bp2b+ +m +2H2 Ti`m MBp2Hm`B /2
Kbm``2X *Q`2bTQM/2MimH p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2 TQì /2MmKB`2 /2
ǳ7+iQ`Ǵ ŗM HBK#DmH _- B` T2Mi`m p`B#BH2H2 MmK2`B+2 2tBbi Q#B2+i2
MmK2`B+2X
o`B#BH2H2 MQKBMH2 ŗM _ bmMi /2MmKBi2 bBKTHm ǳ7+iQ`Ǵ- B` +2H2 Q`/BMH2
TQì /2MmKB`2 /2 ǳQ`/2`2/ 7+iQ`ǴX S2Mi`m K#2H2 iBTm`B- +i2;Q`BBH2
TQì /2MmKB`2 /2 ǳH2p2HǴ U+`2 ŗM HBK# `QKM TQi2 } i`/mb +
ǳMBp2HǴ șB mM2Q`B b2 KB miBHBx2x + i`2 ŗM HQ+mH +i2;Q`BBHQ`VX
= 7+iQÙ+U]"]- ]]- ]*]VV

(R) " *
G2p2Hb, " *
ș +mK 7Qbi ìi H b2+ȧBmM2 NXk- /+ Q`/BM2 +i2;Q`BBHQ`

UMBp2Hm`BHQ`V Mm 2bi2 bT2+B}+i ŗM p`2mM 72H MmK2 imM+B _ H2
Q`/QM2x- ŗM KQ/ BKTHB+Bi- ŗM Q`/BM2 H7#2iB+X .+ b2 /Q`2și2 Q
Q`/BM2 MmK2- imM+B b2 TQi2 miBHBx `;mK2MimH H2p2Hb /BM 7mM+ȧB
7+iQÙVX
= 7+iQÙ+U]"]- ]]- ]*]V- H2p2Hb 4 +U]*]- ]]- ]"]VV

(R) " *
G2p2Hb, * "
6Qì2 KmHȧB miBHBxiQ`B +QM7mM/ Q`/QM`2 MBp2Hm`BHQ` +m p`B#BH2H2

Q`/BMH2- ŗMb B+B Mm 2bi2 pQ`# /2+i /2 Q bBKTH `MD`2 ŗMi`@Q Hi
Q`/BM2 /2+i +2 H7#2iB+X 1bi2 + șB +mK b@` `2`MD +i2;Q`BBH2
ǳ;H#2MǴ- ǳp2`/2Ǵ șB ǳH#bi`mǴ ŗMi`@Q Hi Q`/BM2 /2+i +2 H7#2iB+
3e aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
ǳH#bi`mǴ- ǳ;H#2MǴ șB ǳp2`/2ǴX +2bi `2`MD`2 +i2;Q`BBHQ` Mm

ŗMb2KM + Q p`B#BH 2bi2 Kbmì H MBp2H Q`/BMH- +B iQi H MBp2H
MQKBMH UmM/2 Q`/BM2 `MD`BB +2biQ` Mm +QMi2x /2HQ+VX
S2Mi`m p`B#BH2H2 Q`/BMH2 2tBbi mM `;mK2Mi bmTHBK2Mi` MmKBi
Q`/2`2/,
= 7+iQÙ+U]"]- ]]- ]*]V- H2p2Hb 4 +U]*]- ]]- ]"]V-

Q`/2`2/ 4 h_l1V
(R) " *
G2p2Hb, * I I "
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 2t2KTH2H2 Mi2`BQ`2- b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + 2tBbi Q

MmKBi Q`/BM2 +i2;Q`BBHQ`, T`BK }BM/ *- TQB - TQB "- ŗMi`2 2H2
}BM/ b2KMmH IX
lM 2t2KTHm +QM+`2i /2 p`B#BH Q`/BMH ŗH `2T`2xBMi +2H2 +m b+H /2
`bTmMb /2 iBT GBF2ì,
= b2iXb22/URkj98V
= Up`R I@ bKTH2UR,9- ky- `2TH+2 4 h_l1VV
(R) j 9 9 9 k R k j j 9 R R j R k k k k R 9
= Up`R I@ 7+iQÙp`R- H#2Hb4+U]6Qì2 TmȞBM]- ]SmȞBM]-

]JmHi]- ]6Qì2 KmHi]V- Q`/2`2/4h_l1VV
(R) JmHi 6Qì2 KmHi 6Qì2 KmHi 6Qì2 KmHi
(8) SmȞBM 6Qì2 TmȞBM SmȞBM JmHi
(N) JmHi 6Qì2 KmHi 6Qì2 TmȞBM 6Qì2 TmȞBM
(Rj) JmHi 6Qì2 TmȞBM SmȞBM SmȞBM
(Rd) SmȞBM SmȞBM 6Qì2 TmȞBM 6Qì2 KmHi
G2p2Hb, 6Qì2 TmȞBM I SmȞBM I JmHi I 6Qì2 KmHi
S`BK +QKM/ /BM +2bi 2t2KTHm +`2x Q#B2+imH p`R- +`2 +QMȧBM2 ky
/2 MmK2`2 +m pHQ`B ŗMi`2 R șB 9 U/2 `2K`+i BM+Hm/2`2 ŗMi`2;BB +QK2MxB
ŗMi`2 /Qm T`Mi2x2- +m `QHmH /2 272+im +QKM/ șB /2 }ș
`2xmHiimH +2bi2B T2 2+`M- ŗM +2HșB iBKTVX ŖM T`2H#BH- 7Qbi
miBHBxi 7mM+ȧB b2iXb22/UV T2Mi`m + MmK2`2H2 ;2M2ì2 H2iQ` b }2
+2H2șB H Q miBHBx`2 mHi2`BQ` +QK2MxBB bKTH2UVX
oHQ`BH2 ;2M2ì2 Mm m b2KMB}+ȧB2 Ki2KiB+- /Q` ŗMHQ+mB2b+
+i2;Q`BBH2 ǳ6Qì2 TmȧBMǴ- ǳSmȧBMǴ- ǳJmHiǴ șB ǳ6Qì2 KmHiǴ- +`2 m ŗM
KQ/ 2pB/2Mi Q Q`/QM`2 T`2+Bb /2 H 2ti`2K 7Qì2 TmȧBM H 2ti`2K
7Qì2 KmHiX /Qm +QKM/ i`Mb7Q`K Q#B2+imH p`R ŗMi`@Q p`B#BH
Q`/BMH- T`BM T2H`2 7mM+ȧB2B 7+iQÙV șB `;mK2Mi2HQ` +2bi2B
RkXk .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2 3d
Q`/2`2/ șB H#2Hb- /BMi`2 +`2 mHiBKmH Mm 7+2 Hi+2p /2+i b +Q`/2

2iB+?2i2 pHQ`BHQ` /2 H R H 9X
ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm Mm KB 7Qbi M2pQB2 /2 `;mK2MimH H2p2Hb- ŗMi`m+i
+2bi2 m 7Qbi T`2Hmi2 ŗM KQ/ miQKi /2 +i`2 _ ŗM Q`/BM2 +`2b+iQ`2
MmK2`2HQ` UH 72H +mK ŗM +xmH HBi2`2HQ` b2 `MDm miQKi ŗM Q`/BM2
H7#2iB+VX
S2Mi`m p`B#BH2H2 MmK2`B+2- ŗM _ Mm b2 7+2 /BbiBM+ȧB2 ŗMi`2 MBp2Hm`BH2
BMi2`pH șB `TQì- +2bi Hm+`m }BM/ BMi2`T`2i#BH MmKB T2Mi`m miBHBxiQ`BX
*H+mHiQ`mH Mm +mMQși2 T`BQ`B /+ Q pHQ`2 x2`Q `2T`2xBMi mM x2`Q
#bQHmi bm mMmH `2HiBp- /Q` QK2MBB TQi b 7+ +2bi /BbiBM+ȧB2X
ŖM +QMiBMm`2 +2bimB +TBiQH- pQ` } T`2x2Mii2 K2iQ/2 ;`}+2 șB K2iQ/2
MmK2`B+2 /2 bmK`Bx`2 /i2HQ`- miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 MBp2H /2
Kbm``2 ŗM Tì2X 1tBbi K2iQ/2 ;`}+2 ii T2Mi`m p`B#BH2
+i2;Q`BH2 +i șB T2Mi`m p`B#BH2 MmK2`B+2- B` K2iQ/2H2 /2 bmK`Bx`2
MmK2`B+ pQ` } THB+i2 MmKB p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2- +m 2t+2TȧB mMQ`
+xm`B 7Qì2 BxQHi2 ŗM +`2 pQ` Tmi2 } THB+i2 șB mMQ` iBTm`B bT2+BH2
/2 p`B#BH2 Q`/BMH2X
RkXk .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2
S2Mi`m +2bi2 iBTm`B /2 p`B#BH2- bmMi TQbB#BH2 /Q` 7Q`K2H2 /2b+`BTiBp2

+`2 Mm 7+ T2H H QT2`ȧBmMB Ki2KiB+2X h#2H2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ
`2T`2xBMi Q #mM K2iQ/ /2 bmK`Bx`2- B` ŗM KQ/ ;`}+ TQi }
272+imi2 Q b2`B2 /2 ;`}+2- ŗM K`2 HQ` KDQ`Bii2 /2 iBT #` U#`
+?ìV bm +B`+mH`2 UTB2 +?ìVX
RkXkXR h#2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ
h#2H2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ bmMi T`BMi`2 +2H2 KB miBHxi2 7Q`K2 /2 bmK`Bx`2

/i2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2X 1H2 T`2xBMi- ŗMi`@Q Q`/BM2 Q`2+`2- +i2;Q`BBH2
p`B#BH2B `2bT2+iBp2- T`2+mK șB 7`2+p2Mȧ /2 T`BȧB2 +i2;Q`B2B
`2bT2+iBp2 UHi72H bTmb- +i2 mMBiȧB /2 Q#b2`pȧB2 2tBbi ŗM 2șMiBQM- +`2
7+ Tì2 /BMi`@Q +i2;Q`B2 bm HiVX
a2 TQi2 miBHBx 2t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ` +m Q#B2+imH p`R +`2 +QMȧBM2 `bTmMbm`B
T2 Q b+H /2 iBT GBF2ì,
= i#H2Up`RV
p`R
6Qì2 TmȞBM SmȞBM JmHi 6Qì2 KmHi
8 e 9 8
33 aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
JmHi2 T`Q;`K2 /2 MHBx biiBbiB+ U+mK 2bi2 bT`2 2t2KTHm aSaaV

}ș2x ŗM 72`2bi` /2 `2xmHii2 MBși2 i#2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ +m mM /2bB;M
KmHi KB bm;2biBp- B` /2 Q#B+2B +i2;Q`BBH2 bmMi T`2x2Mii2 T2 HBMBB B`
7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 T2 +QHQM2X +2bi T`2Mi KBMmb H HmB _ 2bi2 /2 7Ti mM
K`2 THmb- ŗMi`m+i T2Mi`m iQi2 +2H2HHi2 T+?2i2 biiBbiB+2 BM7Q`KȧBBH2
T`2x2Mii2 ŗM 72`2bi` /2 `2xmHii2 bmMi Tm` /2b+`BTiBp2- bmMi }și2 șB
Mm KB TQi } miBHBxi2 ŗM +QMiBMm`2X
S2 /2 Hi Tì2- _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D bmT2`BQ` ŗMi`m+i Q`B+2 Q#B2+i UBM+HmbBp
+2H2 /2 iBT `2xmHiiV TQi } biQ+i2 șB `2miBHBxi2 mHi2`BQ`X l`KiQ`mH +Q/
2bi2 bm;2biBp,
= i#X7` I@ i#H2Up`RV
= i#X7`(9)
6Qì2 KmHi
8
S`BK HBMB2 /2 +Q/ 272+im2x i#2HmH /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 T2 p`B#BH p`R șB Q

biQ+?2x ŗM Q#B2+imH i#X7`- B` /Qm HBMB2 /2 +Q/ ì + mM Q#B2+i
/2 iBT i#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 ŗM _ b2 TQi2 +QKTQì ŗMiQ+KB + mM p2+iQ`X
7Qbi BMi2`Q;i Ti` +i2;Q`B2 i#2HmHmB- B` T2 2+`M 7Qbi }și
ŗKT`2mM +m 7`2+p2Mȧ /2 T`BȧB2 +2bi2BX
ș/`- _ 2bi2 KmHi KB ~2tB#BH ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2 miBHBx`2 șB `2miBHBx`2
Q#B2+i2HQ`- BM/B72`2Mi + pQ`#BK /2 /i2 /2 BMi``2 bm /2 `2xmHii2 H2
mMQ` +ȧBmMB bmT` +2biQ`X ŖM THmb- Q#B2+i2H2 `2xmHii /BM _ TQi }
mșQ` i`Mb7Q`Ki2 T2Mi`m } i`BKBb2 +i`2 Q KmHiBim/BM2 /2 Hi2 K2/BB
/2 miBHBx`2X .2 2t2KTHm- 2tBbi T+?2i2 ŗM _ +`2 i`Mb7Q`K bi72H /2
i#2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ ŗM 7Q`Ki >hJG- Hi2H2 +`2 i`Mb7Q`K ŗM 7Q`Ki
Gh1s T2Mi`m Tm#HB+ȧBB T`Q72bBQMH2- Hi2H2 +`2 T`2Bm +2bi2 i#2H2 șB
+QMbi`mB2b+ Q BK;BM2 U/2 iBT XDT;- XTM; 2i+XV +m mM /2bB;M TìB+mH`- ŗM
T`BM+BTBm Q`B+2 2bi2 TQbB#BH- bBM;m` HBKBi }BM/ BK;BMȧB miBHBxiQ`mHmBX
lM 2t2KTHm /2 7Q`Ki`2 T`Q72bBQMH 2bi2 T`2x2Mii ŗM i#2HmH RkXR- ŗM
+`2 bmMi T`2x2Mi2,
Ç pHQ`BH2 /2 H R H 9 ;2M2ì2 Mi2`BQ`c
Ç 2iB+?2i2H2 +2biQ` U/B+ +2H2 Ti`m +i2;Q`BB /2 `bTmMbVc
Ç 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 #bQHmi2 U6XXV- MmK`mH /2 Q#b2`pȧBB /BM }2+`2

+i2;Q`B2c
Ç 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2 U6X_XV- Q#ȧBMmi2 T`BM ŗKT`ȧB`2 7`2+p2Mȧ2HQ`

#bQHmi2 H iQiHmH /2 ky- bmK +2biQ` }BM/ RX
RkXk .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2 3N
h#2HmH RkXR, h#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ T2Mi`m p`B#BH p`R
6XX 6X_X
RX 6Qì2 TmȧBM 8 yXk8
kX SmȧBM e yXjy
jX JmHi 9 yXky
9X 6Qì2 KmHi 8 yXk8
hQiH ky RXyy
+2bi 2bi2 mM iBT /2 i#2H TQi`BpBi T2Mi`m iBT`B`2 ŗM Tm#HB+ȧBB

T`Q72bBQMH2- Q#ȧBMmi T2 #x Q#B2+imHmB `2xmHii /BM _X amMi KB KmHi2
T+?2i2 ŗM _ +`2 TQi ;2M2` bi72H /2 i#2H2 T`Q72bBQMH2- mMmH /BMi`2
+2bi2 }BM/ ar2p2X
ŖM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB bmb- /Bbi`B#mȧB /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 `2HiBp2 2bi2 bBKTHm /2
Q#ȧBMmi T`BM ŗKT`ȧB`2 H pQHmKmH 2șMiBQMmHmB- Q#ȧBMmi }2 +m,
= H2M;i?Up`RV
(R) ky
bm +m,
= bmKUi#X7`V
(R) ky
G `M/mH HQ`- 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2 TQi } Q#ȧBMmi2 }2 +m,
= i#X7`fbmKUi#X7`V
p`R
yXk8 yXjy yXky yXk8
bm +m,
= T`QTXi#H2Ui#X7`V
p`R
yXk8 yXjy yXky yXk8
Ny aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
RkXkXk _2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2
P Hi KQ/HBii2 /2b miBHBxi T2Mi`m /2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +HBiiBp2

bmMi `2T`2x2Mi`BH2 ;`}+2X J2/BmH _ `2 mMmH /BMi`2 +2H2 KB Tmi2`MB+2
KQiQ`2 ;`}+2 2tBbi2Mi2 ŗM T`2x2Mi- /2xpQHii2 ŗM H#QìQ`2H2 "2HHX
ŖM +xmH p`B#BHQ` +i2;Q`BH2- +2H2 KB miBHBxi2 `2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2 bmMi
/B;`K2H2 #` UŗM 2M;H2x #` +?ìV șB /B;`K2H2 +B`+mH`2 UŗM 2M;H2x
TB2 +?ìVX
.B;`K2H2 #` bmMi 7Q`Ki2 /BMi`@Q b2`B2 /2 #`2 Q`BxQMiH2 bm p2ìB+H2
+`Q` HmM;BK2 U`2bT2+iBp ŗMHȧBK2V bmMi 2;H2 +m 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 #bQHmi2 H2
+i2;Q`BBHQ` `2T`2x2Mii2X
= #`THQiUi#X7`- MK2bX`; 4 +U]6Qì2$MTmȞBM]- ]SmȞBM$M]-

]JmHi$M]- ]6Qì2$MKmHi]VV
6B;m` RkXR, .B;`K #` p2ìB+H
ŖM };m` RkXR- +2H2 Ti`m #`2 p2ìB+H2 +Q`2bTmM/ 7`2+p2Mȧ2HQ` #bQHmi2

/BM i#2HmH RkXR- `2bT2+iBp 8 T2Mi`m +i2;Q`B ǳ6Qì2 TmȧBMǴ- e T2Mi`m
+i2;Q`B ǳSmȧBMǴ- 9 T2Mi`m +i2;Q`B ǳJmHiǴ șB 8 T2Mi`m +i2;Q`B ǳ6Qì2
KmHiǴX
`;mK2MimH ǳMK2bX`;Ǵ `2 șB mM 272+i +QbK2iB+- T`BM BMi`Q/m+2`2
+`+i2`mHmB ǳ$MǴ T2Mi`m }ș 2iB+?2i2H2 T2 /Qm `M/m`B- mM i`m+
7Qì2 miBH imM+B +M/ 2iB+?2i2H2 bmMi T`2 HmM;B T2Mi`m HȧBK2 #`2HQ`X
P p2`bBmM2 KB #mM /B;`K2B #` T2 p2ìB+H 2bi2 +2 +m #`2H2
/BbTmb2 T2 Q`BxQMiH- ș +mK 2bi2 T`2x2Mii ŗM };m` RkXk- Q#ȧBMmi +m
+QK2MxBH2,
RkXk .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2 NR
= TÙK` 4 +Uk-e-R-RVV
= #`THQiUi#X7`- ?Q`Bx 4 h_l1- Hb 4 RV
6B;m` RkXk, .B;`K #` Q`BxQMiH
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 +QKM/ T2Mi`m /B;`K p2ìB+H- m 7Qbi miBHBxi2

/Qm MQB `;mK2Mi2, ?Q`Bx +QMi`QH2x Q`B2Mi`2 T2 Q`BxQMiH #`2HQ`-
ŗM iBKT +2 T`K2i`mH Hb +QMi`QH2x Q`B2Mi`2 2iB+?2i2HQ` UŗM +2bi
+x- pHQ`2 R ŗMb2KMM/ iQi T2 Q`BxQMiHVX .2 +2bi /i Mm KB
7Qbi M2+2b` KQ/B}+`2 2iB+?2i2HQ` ŗMi`m+i T2 Q`BxQMiH 2tBbi bm}+B2Mi
bTȧBm T2Mi`m b+`B2`2 +2biQ`X
*QKM/ TÙV +QMi`QH2x Q ŗMi`2; b2`B2 /2 T`K2i`B ;`}+B- T`BMi`2
+`2 `;mK2MimH K` T2Mi`m /BK2MbBmM2 K`;BMBHQ` /2 DQb- biM;- bmb șB
/`2Ti- pHQ`BH2 }BM/ `2T`2x2Mii2 ŗM MmK` /2 HBMBBX
.mT +mK b2 TQi2 p2/2- 2tBbi Q KmHiBim/BM2 /2 T`K2i`B șB
`;mK2Mi2 /BbTQMB#BH2 T2Mi`m +QMi`QH /Bp2`b2 bT2+i2 pBxmH2 H2 mM2B
/B;`K2X aT`2 2t2KTHm- H +QKM/ #`THQiUV KB 2bi2 mM `;mK2Mi
MmKBi +QH +`2 +QMi`QH2x +mHQ`BH2 #`2HQ` UTQi2 } miBHBxi Q bBM;m`
+mHQ`2 T2Mi`m iQi2 #`2H2 bm mM p2+iQ` /2 +mHQ`B /2 HmM;BK2 2;H +m
MmK`mH /2 #`2V- bm mM `;mK2Mi MmKBi H2;2M/Xi2ti +`2 T`Q/m+2 Q
H2;2M/ imM+B +M/ 2bi2 +xmH 2i+X
1tBbi mM T`BM+BTBm /2 #x ŗM +QMbi`mB`2 /B;`K2HQ`- +`2 T`2p2/2
Q#ȧBM2`2 mMmB 2+?BHB#`m ŗMi`m +2`M2H +QMbmKi șB BM7Q`KȧB
i`MbKBbX aBimȧB B/2H 2bi2 imM+B +M/ b2 i`MbKBi2 KtBK /2
BM7Q`KȧB2 +m KBMBK /2 +2`M2H +QMbmKiX .BM +2bi KQiBp- mM Hi iBT
/2 /B;`K +`2 i`MbKBi2 +22șB BM7Q`KȧB2 /` +m KB TmȧBM
+2`M2H +QMbmKi 2bi2 }și ŗM };m` RkXj,
Nk aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
= TÙK` 4 +Uk-e-R-RVV
= /Qi+?ìUi#X7`- tHBK 4 +Uy- eVV
6B;m` RkXj, .B;`K +m TmM+i2
.B;`K2H2 #` bmMi T`BMi`2 +2H2 KB miBHBxi2- ii ŗM Tm#HB+ȧBBH2

T`Q72bBQMH2 +i șB ŗM +/`mH /Q+mK2Mi2HQ` mxmH2X G 72H /2 miBHBxi 2bi2
șB /B;`K +B`+mH` UŗM 2M;H2x TB2 +?ìV- +`2 T`2xBMi Mm ii
7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 #bQHmi2 H2 +i2;Q`BBHQ` /BM i#2H +i KB /2;`#
7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2 H2 +2biQ` U/2bB;m`- ș +mK b@ ìi Mi2`BQ`-
7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2 b2 Q#ȧBM 7Qì2 mșQ` T`BM ŗKT`ȧB`2 H iQiHVX
l`KiQ`2H2 +QK2MxB T`Q/m+ /B;`K +B`+mH` /BM };m` RkX9- ŗM +`2
b@ miBHBxi T2 TQbi /2 +mHQ`B- ŗM `;mK2MimH +QH- Q b2`B2 /2 Ti`m MmMȧ2
/2 ;`B Q#ȧBMmi2 +m +QKM/ ;`vUV,
= TÙK` 4 +Uy- y- y- yVV

= TB2Ui#X7`- +QH 4 ;`vUb2[URXy- yX9- H2M;i? 4 9VVV
G 72H + ŗM +xmH imim`Q` +2HQ`HHi2 /B;`K2- b2 TQi +QMi`QH Q`B+2 72H /2

T`K2i`B ;`}+B șB ŗK#mMiȧB /B;`K T`BM /m;`2 Q`B+`Q`
BM7Q`KȧBB /BȧBQMH2X .2 2t2KTHm- ` } BMi2`2bMi /2 pBxmHBxi șB
7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 72HB2 ŗM Tì2- ŗMi`m+i ŗM p`BMi 2B
T`2/2}MBi /B;`K +B`+mH` Mm }ș2x /2+i 2iB+?2i2H2 +i2;Q`BBHQ`X
*Q/mH M2+2b` Q#ȧBM2`BB /B;`K2B /BM };m` RkX8 DmM;2 b }2 mșQ` KB
+QKTH2t- ŗMb T2`KBi2 ~2tB#BHBii2 KtBK ŗM /m;`2 bm b+Qi2`2
}2+`mB /2iHBmX
= TÙK` 4 +Uy- y- y- yVV

RkXk .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2 Nj
6B;m` RkX9, .B;`K +B`+mH`
= TB2Ui#X7`- +QH 4 ;`vUb2[URXy- yX9- H2M;i? 4 9VV-

H#2Hb 4 Tbi2UMK2bUi#X7`V-
T`QTXi#H2Ui#X7`V-
b2T 4 ]$M]VV
6B;m` RkX8, .B;`K +B`+mH` ŗK#mMiȧBi
ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm b@ 7+mi T2H H `;mK2MimH H#2Hb H +QK2MxBB TB2UV-

mM/2 b@ HBTBi +m +QKM/ Tbi2UV iQi2 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2 /2 }2+`2
2iB+?2i ŗM Tì2X 1iB+?2i2H2 b2 `2;b2b+ +?B` ŗM Q#B2+imH i#X7` șB TQi
} 2ti`b2 +m +QKM/ MK2bUVX *2H2 /Qm b2im`B /2 pHQ`B U2iB+?2i2H2
șB 7`2+p2Mȧ2H2 `2HiBp2V m 7Qbi b2Tì2 +m +2HșB +`+i2` ǳ$MǴ- T2Mi`m
ș2x`2 7`2+p2Mȧ2HQ` `2HiBp2 T2 mM Hi `M/ UHi72H ` } 7Qbi ș2xi2 ŗM
/`2Ti 2iB+?2i2HQ`VX
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 /B;`K2H2 #` bm +2 +m TmM+i2- /B;`K +B`+mH`
N9 aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
2bi2 ŗMb 2pBii ŗM Tm#HB+ȧBBH2 T`Q72bBQMH2- ŗM +Bm/ miBHBx`BB 2B 7Qì2

H`;B ŗM /Q+mK2Mi2H2 mxmH2X hQi HmK2 Q 7QHQb2și2- ŗMb TmȧBMB șiBm + /2
7Ti /B;`K2H2 +B`+mH`2 bmMi 2ti`2K /2 M2+H`2 imM+B +M/ T`QTQ`ȧBBH2
+i2;Q`BBHQ` bmMi T`QtBKiBp 2;H2X
1tBbi bim/BB /2 T2`+2TȧB2 pBxmH +`2 ì 7Qì2 +H` Q mșm`BMȧ ŗM
BMi2`T`2i`2 /B72`2Mȧ2HQ` T2 Q /B;`K #` șB Q /B}+mHii2 T2`+2TimH
imM+B +M/ b2 }ș2x +2H2șB /i2 T2 Q /B;`K +B`+mH`X +2bi
Hm+`m b2 ŗMiKTH /2Q`2+2 Q+?BmH 2bi2 M2pQBi b 2pHm2x2 Mm /Q`
/B72`2Mȧ2H2 /BMi`2 +i2;Q`BB- /` șB /B72`2Mȧ2H2 /BMi`2 `BBH2 `2T`2x2Mii2
/2 72HBBH2 /B;`K2B- mM Hm+`m /B}+BH KB H2b /+ 2tBbi KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB
+m KmHi2 +mHQ`B U+mHQ`BH2 ŗM+?Bb2 T` KB KB+B- +mHQ`BH2 /2b+?Bb2 T` KB
H`;BVX
P /B;`K +QMbB/2ì KB TmȧBM ǳMQ+BpǴ 2bi2 +2 BM2H` UŗM 2M;H2x
/QMmi +?ìV- ŗM +`2 Q+?BmH Mm KB 2bi2 7Q`ȧi b T2`+2T `BB H`;B +B
KB /2;`# mM 72H /2 #` ŗM/QBi- + ŗM };m` RkXeX
6B;m` RkXe, .B;`K BM2H`
1tBbi KB KmHi2 K2iQ/2 /2 Q#ȧBM2 Q bi72H /2 /B;`K- +m 7mM+ȧBB

/2/B+i2 ŗM T+?2i2 bT2+BH2- ŗMb 272+imH }MH 2bi2 +2H +`2 +QMi2x șB
T`Q##BH +2 KB mșQ` K2iQ/ 2bi2 /2 miBHBx +2HșB +Q/ miBHBxi T2Mi`m
};m` RkX8 șB b2 /m; Tm` șB bBKTHm mM +2`+ /2bmT`- mKTHmi +m +mHQ`2
H#X lM bi72H /2 +2`+ TQi2 } Q#ȧBMmi 7Qì2 mșQ` /m;M/ m`KiQ`mH
+Q/,
= TÙM2r 4 h_l1V
= bvK#QHbUy- y- yX8- #; 4 ]r?Bi2]- BM+?2b 4 6Ga1V
`;mK2MimH M2r4h_l1 /BM +QKM/ TÙV bTmM2 + mM MQm ;`}+ p }

/m;i T2bi2 +2H /2D 2tBbi2Mi UHi72H MQmH ;`}+ ŗH p ŗMHQ+mB T2 +2H
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 N8
/BMBMi2V- B` +QKM/ bvK#QHbUV 2bi2 +2 +`2 /m; mM +2`+ ŗM

+2Mi`mH /B;`K2B UH +QQ`/QMi2H2 y T2 Q`BxQMiH șB y T2 p2ìB+HV- +`2
b +QT2`2 DmKii2 /BM iQiHmH `B2B UpHQ`2 /2 yX8 T2 i`2B TQxBȧB2VX
K#2H2 iBTm`B /2 /B;`K2 +B`+mH`2 UBM+HmbBp +2 BM2H`V bmMi H 72H /2
/B}+BH2 T2`+2TimH- ŗM THmb miBHBx2x șB KB KmHi +2`M2H /2+i Q
/B;`K #`X a2 i`MbKBi2 +22șB BM7Q`KȧB2- ŗMb miBHBxM/ KmHi KB
KmHi2 2H2K2Mi2 U#`2H2 bmMi ŗM/QBi2- +mHQ`BH2 b2;K2Mi2HQ` bmMi /B72`Bi2
2i+XV
.BMi`2 iQi2 7Q`K2H2 /2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2- bmMi
/2 T`272ì /B;`K2H2 #` Q`BxQMiH2- bm +?B` /B;`K +m TmM+i2-
T2Mi`m +2B +`2 pQ` b `2HBx2x2 T`2x2Mi`B T`Q72bBQMH2X
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2
ŖM +xmH p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2- 2tBbi KB KmHi2 TQbB#BHBiȧB /2b+`BTiBp2-

ŗMb T`BMi`2 +2bi2 Mm b2 KB MmK` i#2H2H2 /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 șB /B;`K2H2
bT2+B}+2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2X JQiBpmH 2bi2 mMmH 7Qì2 #mM- ŗMi`m+i mM
i#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 ì iQi2 pHQ`BH2 TQbB#BH2 H2 mM2B p`B#BH2- ŗKT`2mM
+m 7`2+p2Mȧ /2 T`BȧB2 }2+`2B pHQ`BX
o`B#BH2H2 MmK2`B+2 TQi p2 2ti`2K /2 KmHi2 pHQ`B U+2H2 +QMiBMm2 TQi
p2 +?B` mM BM}MBi /2 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2V bi72H ŗM+i +QMbi`mB mM i#2H
/2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 +m ii /2 KmHi2 HBMBB 2bi2 mM MQMb2MbX .2 +22- i#2H2H2
/2 7`2+p2Mȧ2 bmMi UŗM +2H2 KB KmHi2 +xm`BV bT2+B}+2 /Q` p`B#BH2HQ`
+i2;Q`BH2X 1tBbi /Q` /Qm bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 TQi } +QMbi`mBi2 i#2H2 /2
7`2+p2Mȧ șB T2 #x p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2X
S`BK bBimȧB2 2bi2 +2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 /Bb+`2i2 +m 7Qì2 TmȧBM2
pHQ`B Ub bTmM2K +m +2H KmHi Ry bm R8 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2V- /2 2t2KTHm
MmK`mH /2 +QTBB /BMi`@Q 7KBHB2X ŖM +pbB@KDQ`Bii2 +xm`BHQ`- MmK`mH
/2 +QTBB b2 bBim2x mM/2p ŗMi`2 y șB 9- /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB `` H mM MmK`
KB K`2 șB 2ti`2K /2 `` T2bi2 Ry bm KB KmHiX .+ b2 }t2x Q
HBKBi KtBK H R8 +QTBB- Tmi2K } bB;m`ȧB + }2+`2 7KBHB2 b2 p
`2;bB ŗMi`@mMmH /BMi`2 +2bi2 MmK2`2- B` R8 HBMBB bmMi bm}+B2Mi /2 TmȧBM2
T2Mi`m Tmi2 +QMbi`mB mM i#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ H MmK`mHmB /2 +QTBB
U+?B` /+ +2bi p`B#BH 2bi2 MmK2`B+VX
/Qm bBimȧB2 2bi2 +2 ŗM +`2 p`B#BH K2i`B+ 2bi2 ;`mTi T2 BMi2`pH2
Ubm T2 +Hb2V /2 pHQ`BX o`bi `2bTQM/2MimHmB 2bi2 mM bi72H /2 2t2KTHm-
+`2 TQi2 } `2+Q/B}+i T2 BMi2`pH2 UKB KmHi2 bm KB TmȧBM2- KB
ŗM;mbi2 bm KB Hi2- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 ŗMi`2#`BH2 /2 +2`+2i`2 bT2+B}+2VX
ŖMi`@Q bBimȧB2 BTQi2iB+ /2 +2`+2i`2- ` Tmi2 } BMi2`2bMi /2 p2/2
Ne aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
/B72`2Mȧ2H2 /BMi`2 +2H2 i`2B K`B +i2;Q`BB /2 p`bi2, iBM2`B- /mHȧB șB

pbiMB+BX S2Mi`m }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2H2 i`2B +i2;Q`BB b2 TQi2 bT2+B}+ Q
HBKBi KBMBK șB mM KtBK, iBM2`B ŗMi`2 Re șB 9y /2 MB- /mHȧB ŗMi`2 9R
șB e8 /2 MB șB p`biMB+B ŗMi`2 ee șB Ny MB șB T2bi2X 6B2+`2 BM/BpB/ b2
`2;b2și2 ŗMi`@mMmH /BMi`2 +2bi2 BMi2`pH2- ș/` }2+`2 BM/BpB/
T`ȧBM2 mM2B /BMi`2 +2bi2 +i2;Q`BB /2i2`KBMi2 /2 BMi2`pH2H2 /2
p`biX S`BM `2+Q/B}+`2 b2 Q#ȧBM /Q` i`2B +i2;Q`BB- ș/` b2 TQi2
+QMbi`mB mM i#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2- T2 KQ/2HmH i#2HmHmB RkXkX
ŖM 72HmH +2bi- Q p`B#BH MmK2`B+ TQi2 } i`Mb7Q`Ki UT`BM
`2+Q/B}+`2 pHQ`BHQ`V ŗMi`@Q p`B#BH +i2;Q`BH +`2 TQi2 } miBHBxi
KB /2Tì2 T2Mi`m } /2b+`Bb +m DmiQ`mH K2iQ/2HQ` ìi2 H
b2+ȧBmM2 T`2+2/2MiX *Q/mH /2 KB DQb ì ;2M2``2 mM2B p`B#BH2 +m
p`bi2 R8y /2 `2bTQM/2MȧB ŗMi`2 Re șB Ny MB- THmb `2+Q/B}+`2 +2bi2B
ŗM p`B#BH p`2+ T2 +2H2 i`2B BMi2`pH2X
= b2iXb22/URkj98V
= p`bi I@ bKTH2URe,Ny- R8y- `2TH+2 4 h_l1V
= p`2+ I@ `2TUk- H2M;i?Up`biVV O BMBiBHBx`2
= p`2+(p`bi I 9R) I@ R
= p`2+(p`bi = e8) I@ j
G 72H + ŗM +xmH p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2- T2 #x +2bimB i#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ2

b2 TQi2 ;2M2` șB Q `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+- ș +mK 2bi2 BHmbiì ŗM };m`
RkXdX
ŖM ;2M2`H- }2+`2 /BMi`2 b2+ȧBmMBH2 m`KiQ`2 bmMi +`+i2`Bxi2 ii /2
Kbm`B MmK2`B+2 +i șB /2 `2T`2x2Mi`B ;`}+2- ș ŗM+i Mm KB 2bi2
M2+2b` Q b2+ȧBmM2 b2Tì T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi`B- +2bi2 }BM/
T`2x2Mii2 T`BMi`2 Kbm`BH2 MmK2`B+2 bQ+Bi2 ŗM +/`mH }2+`2B b2+ȧBmMB
ŗM Tì2X
h#2HmH RkXk, h#2H /2 7`2+p2Mȧ T2Mi`m p`B#BH p`2+
6XX
RX Re @ 9y MB 98
kX 9R @ e8 MB 98
jX ee @ Ny MB ey
hQiH R8y
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 Nd
6B;m` RkXd, .B;`K #` T2Mi`m p`B#BH p`2+
RkXjXR Jbm`B H2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2
ŖM 7` /2 +xm`BH2 ``2 ŗM +`2 Q p`B#BH MmK2`B+ TQi2 } /2b+`Bb +m

DmiQ`mH i#2H2HQ` /2 7`2+p2Mȧ- T`Q##BH +2H2 KB +QKmM2 Kbm`B
/2b+`BTiBp2 +`2 b2 TQi `2HBx T2 +2bi2 iBTm`B /2 p`B#BH2 bmMi +2H2 +`2
b2 `272` H +2Mi`mH /Bbi`B#mȧB2BX
A/22 +QM+2TimHmB /2 +2Mi`HBii2 b2 `272` H M2+2bBii2 biiBbiB+ /2
/2b+`B2 HQ+mH mM/2 b2 ~ +2H2 KB KmHi2 2H2K2Mi2 /BM p`B#BH
`2bT2+iBpX ŖM Q`B+2 TQTmHȧB2 2tBbi 2H2K2Mi2 iBTB+2 șB 2H2K2Mi2 iBTB+2-
mHiBK2H2 }BM/ +QMbB/2ì2 ``BiȧBX 6Qì2 TmȧBMB QK2MB bmMi 2ti`2K /2
#Q;ȧB U2H2K2Mi2 iBTB+2V- ŗM iBKT +2 K`2 Kb TQTmHȧB2B m
p2MBim`B `2HiBp b2KMiQ`2 U2H2K2Mi2 iBTB+2VX ș/`- `QHmH mM2B
Kbm`B /2b+`BTiBp2 T2Mi`m i2M/BMȧ +2Mi`H 2bi2 b ì2- T`BMi`@mM
bBM;m` MmK`- +`2 2bi2 pHQ`2 iBTB+ T2Mi`m K`2 KDQ`Bii2
2H2K2Mi2HQ` U/B+ HQ+mH ŗM +`2 bmMi /mMi2 +2H2 KB KmHi2 /BMi`2
+2bi2 2H2K2Mi2VX
*2 KB bBKTH KQ/HBii2 /2 /2i2`KBM Q pHQ`2 iBTB+ 2bi2 /2
m`K`B +`2 /BMi`2 pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B T`2 +2H KB /2b UT2 B/22 + /+ Q
MmKBi pHQ`2 2bi2 bT2+B}+ KmHiQ` 2H2K2Mi2 imM+B 2 `2T`2xBMi K`2
KDQ`Bii2 2H2K2Mi2HQ`V- +22 +2 ŗM biiBbiB+ b2 MmK2și2 ǳKQ/ǴX
JQ/mH 2bi2 ș/` mM /BMi`2 Kbm`BH2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2- /2i2`KBMi
/2 pHQ`2 p`B#BH2B +m 7`2+p2Mȧ +2 KB K`2 /2 T`BȧB2X ŖM _-
/2i2`KBM KQ/mH 2bi2 Q bBKTH +?2biBmM2 /2 +QMbi`mB mM i#2H /2
7`2+p2Mȧ2 +m iQi2 pHQ`BH2 2tBbi2Mi2 UMm iQi2 pHQ`BH2 TQbB#BH2- /Q` +2H2
2tBbi2Mi2V TQB b2H2+ii +2 pHQ`2 bQ+Bi +m KtBKmH 7`2+p2Mȧ2BX
= i#X7` I@ i#H2Up`biV
= KtUi#X7`V
N3 aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
(R) 8
= MK2bUi#X7`V(i#X7` 44 KtUi#X7`V)
(R) ]89] ]ek] ]dy] ]de]
JtBKmH /2 T`BȧB2 mM2B p`bi2 2bi2 /2 +BM+B Q`B- B` Ti`m /BMi`2 p`bi2H2
2tBbi2Mi2 ŗM p`B#BH p`bi T`2xBMi +2bi 7`2+p2Mȧ, 89 MB- ek MB-
dy MB șB de MB- iQi2 +2bi2 T` +m +22șB 7`2+p2Mȧ KtBK /2 8 Q`BX
+2bi 2bi2 +22 +2 b2 MmK2și2 Q p`B#BH KmHiB@KQ/H- +m KB KmHi2
KQ/m`BX 1tBbi +xm`B ŗM +`2 Q p`B#BH TQi2 p2 mM bBM;m` KQ/
Up`B#BH mMB@KQ/HV- bm +m /Qm KQ/m`B Up`B#BH #B@KQ/HV bm-
+mK 2bi2 +xmH B+B- +m KB KmHi2 KQ/m`BX .BM +2bi KQiBp- KQ/mH 2bi2 Q
/Q` T`BK ŗM+2`+`2 /2 /2i2`KBM +2Mi`mH /Bbi`B#mȧB2B- ŗMb Mm 2bi2
7Qì2 2}+B2Mi /+ KB KmHi2 b2K2M2 pHQ`B 2tBbi ŗM b2imH /2 /i2X
P Hi Kbm` i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2- /2 Hi72H +2 KB miBHBxi /BMi`2 iQi2-
2bi2 +?B` K2/B p`B#BH2B- +`2 b2 +H+mH2x /mT 7Q`KmH +HbB+ bmK2B
pHQ`BHQ` bmT` MmK`mH /2 pHQ`B,
n
∑ xi
i =1
x= URkXRV
n
ŖM _- +H+mH`2 K2/B2B b2 7+2 i`BpBH +m,
= K2MUp`biV
(R) 88X98jjj
J2/B 2bi2 mM #mM 2biBKiQ` H i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2- +i p`2K2 iQi2

pHQ`BH2 bmMi KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM b2KMiQ`2- T2 Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2
MQ`KH U+2H2 KB KmHi2 pHQ`B ŗM KBDHQ+mH /Bbi`B#mȧB2B- /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB
TmȧBM2 H biM; șB H /`2Ti- H Q /BbiMȧ 2;H 7ȧ /2 KBDHQ+VX
1tBbi bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 mM2H2 pHQ`B bmMi 2ti`2K /2 /B72`Bi2 /2 +2H2HHi2-
+2bi2 }BM/ /2MmKBi2 ǳpHQ`B 2ti`2K2Ǵ UŗM 2M;H2x QmiHB2`bVX aT`2
2t2KTHm- p2MBim`BH2 Ry T2`bQM2 TQi },
= Up2MBi I@ +URd8y- 3yy- Rkyy- Rj8y- R98y- kyyy- R9yy- Ry8y-

Rjyy- R8yyVV
(R) Rd8y 3yy Rkyy Rj8y R98y kyyy R9yy Ry8y Rjyy R8yy
= K2MUp2MBiV
(R) Rj3y
J2/B p2MBim`BHQ` +2HQ` Ry T2`bQM2 2bi2 /2 Rj3y H2B- B` bi`m+im` +2biQ`
2bi2 `2HiBp b2KMiQ`2- b2 ŗM+/`2x ŗMi`2 Q HBKBi KBMBK /2 3yy H2B
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 NN
șB mM KtBK /2 kyyy H2B- 7Qì2 /2b ŗMiHMBi2 H K`2 KDQ`Bii2

QK2MBHQ` /BM _QKMBX .B}+mHiȧBH2 /2 BMi2`T`2i`2 T` imM+B +M/
ŗMi`2 pHQ`BH2 Q#b2`pi2 T` șB mM2H2 2ti`2K2 UQ`B 7Qì2 KB+B- Q`B 7Qì2
K`B ŗM +QKT`ȧB2 +m +2H2HHi2VX a bTmM2K + H b2`B /2 /i2 2tBbi2Mi
b2 /m; ŗM+ Q T2`bQM +m mM p2MBi 7Qì2 K`2,
= Up2MBi I@ +Up2MBi- RyyyyVV

(R) Rd8y 3yy Rkyy Rj8y R98y kyyy R9yy Ry8y Rjyy R8yy Ryyyy
= K2MUp2MBiV
(R) kRejXeje
G +2H2 Ry p2MBim`B Q#b2`pi2 Mi2`BQ` 7Qbi /m;i ŗM+ mMmH- +m Q pHQ`2

/2 Ryyyy H2B HmM`- B` K2/B imim`Q` +2HQ` RR p2MBim`B b@ KQ/B}+i H
pHQ`2 /2 kRejXe9 H2B U+m `QimMDB`2 H /Qm x2+BKH2VX +2bi pHQ`2
p2MBimHmB K2/Bm- ŗMb- Mm KB TQi2 } +QMbB/2ì `2T`2x2MiiBp T2Mi`m
T`BK2H2 x2+2 pHQ`B- /2Q`2+2 iQi2 b2 ŗM+/`2x TM H mM KtBK /2
kyyy H2B- B` K2/B 2bi2 KB K`2 +?B` /2+i +2bi pHQ`2 KtBKX
.2 +2HHi Tì2- +2bi pHQ`2 p2MBimHmB K2/Bm Mm `2T`2xBMi MB+B
mHiBKmH p2MBi +m pHQ`2 /2 Ryyyy H2B- ș/` imM+B +M/ 2tBbi pHQ`B
2ti`2K2 ŗM /i2- K2/B Mm KB TQi2 } +QMbB/2ì Q Kbm` +Q`2+i
i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2X
a2 TQi2 Q#b2`p +m +2ìBim/BM2 + K2/B 2bi2 BM~m2Mȧi 7Qì2 KmHi /2
pHQ`BH2 2ti`2K2- +2bi2 +ȧBQMM/ + MBși2 TQHB /2 i`+ȧB2, K2/B b2
/2THb2x ŗM /B`2+ȧB ŗM +`2 b2 ~ pHQ`2 2ti`2K- /2 +2H2 KB KmHi2
Q`B ŗM 7` xQM2B mM/2 b2 ~ K`2 KDQ`Bii2 2H2K2Mi2HQ`X
hQi2 +2bi2 TìB+mH`BiȧB m Q bi`Mb H2;im` +m 7Q`K /Bbi`B#mȧB2B
T2 +`2 Q T`2xBMi p`B#BH /2 BMi2`2b, /+ /Bbi`B#mȧB 2bi2 mM
MQ`KH- K2/B bi ŗM +2Mi`mH /Bbi`B#mȧB2B U/2+B `2T`2xBMi K`2
KDQ`Bii2 pHQ`BHQ` Q#b2`pi2V- B` /+ /Bbi`B#mȧB pHQ`BHQ` Mm 2bi2
MQ`KH U+m HmM;B`2 }2 bT`2 biM; }2 bT`2 /`2TiV- imM+B 2tBbi
pHQ`B 2ti`2K2 ŗMi`2 pHQ`BH2 Q#b2`pi2X 6Q`K /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2bi2 ș/` Q
T`BK 7Q`K /2 B/2MiB}+`2 2tBbi2Mȧ2B pHQ`BHQ` 2ti`2K2X
6B;m` RkX3 `2T`2xBMi mM 2t2KTHm iBTB+ /2 /BbiQ`bBQM`2 7Q`K2B
/Bbi`B#mȧB2B imM+B +M/ bmMi T`2x2Mi2 pHQ`B 2ti`2K2X ŖM Tì2 biM;
2bi2 Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 MQ`KH- bBK2i`B+ p`B#BH2B ŗMBMi2 /2 /m;`2
pHQ`BB /2 Ryyyy H2B- B` ŗM Tì2 /`2Ti 2bi2 Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 HmM;Bi H
/`2Ti- /mT BMi`Q/m+2`2 +2H2B pHQ`BX
6Q`K HmM;Bi /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2bi2 mM T`BK BM/B+Bm /2 2tBbi2Mȧ pHQ`BHQ`
2ti`2K2 ŗM b2imH /2 /i2X G b2+ȧBmM2 RkXjXj pQ` } T`2x2Mii2 șB Hi2
KQ/HBiȧB /2 B/2MiB}+`2 +2biQ` pHQ`B- ŗMb T2Mi`m KQK2Mi BMbT2+ȧB
pBxmH 2bi2 BKTQìMiX a2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + K`2 KDQ`Bii2 pHQ`BHQ`
Ryy aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
6B;m` RkX3, .Bbi`B#mȧB p`B#BH2B p2MBi

X /Bbi`B#mȧB2 MQ`KH #X /Bbi`B#mȧB2 HmM;Bi
bmMi ;`mTi2 ŗM BMi2`pHmH y @ kyyy H2B- B` K2/B 2;H +m kRejXe9 Mm

`2T`2xBMi +2bi KDQ`Bii2X
.BM +2bi KQiBp- 2bi2 BMi`Q/mb Q i`2B Kbm` i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2
MmKBi ǳK2/BMǴX J2/BM 2bi2 pHQ`2 /BM KBDHQ+mH mM2B /Bbi`B#mȧBB
/2 pHQ`B Q`/QMi2 +`2b+iQ`X ŖM +xmH p`B#BH2B p2MBi- ŗMBMi2 /2
BMi`Q/m+2`2 pHQ`BB 2ti`2K2- Q`/QM`2 ì +K ș,
= bQìUp2MBi(@RR)V
(R) 3yy Ry8y Rkyy Rjyy Rj8y R9yy R98y R8yy Rd8y kyyy
= K2/BMUp2MBi(@RR)V
(R) Rjd8
*Q/mH /2 KB bmb }ș2x pHQ`BH2 Q`/QMi2 +`2b+iQ`- KB TmȧBM mHiBK
U RRV BMi`Q/mb Mi2`BQ`X amMi Ry pHQ`B- B` K2/BM b2 ~ H KBDHQ+mH
/BbiMȧ2B /BMi`2 +BM+2 șB șb2 pHQ`2- /B+ ŗMi`2 Rj8y șB R9yyX
l`KiQ`2 +QKM/ }ș2x pHQ`2 K2/BM2B- 2;H +m Rjd8 H2BX
S2Mi`m p2`B}+`2 pBxmH T`Q+2bmHmB 2bi2 BKT2ìBp Q`/QM`2
pHQ`BHQ`- ŗMb +QKM/ K2/BMUV 7+2 +2bi Hm+`m ŗM KQ/ T`2/2}MBiX
l`KiQ`2H2 HBMBB /2 +Q/ }ș2x iQi2 pHQ`BH2- Q`/QMi2 /2 H +2 KB
KB+ U3yyV TM H +2 KB 2ti`2K pHQ`2 URyyyyVX ŖM iQiH- +mK bmMi
RR pHQ`B B` K2/BM 2bi2 +2 /BM KBDHQ+- /B+ șb2,
= bQìUp2MBiV
(R) 3yy Ry8y Rkyy Rjyy Rj8y R9yy R98y R8yy Rd8y kyyy Ryyyy
= K2/BMUp2MBiV
(R) R9yy
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 RyR
G KQ/mH ;2M2`H- T2Mi`m Q p`B#BH +m n pHQ`B- K2/BM b2 `2;b2și2

H TQxBȧB MmK`mH n+ 2 X .+ n 2bi2 mM MmK` BKT`- imM+B K2/BM
1
2bi2 +?B` pHQ`2 /BM KBDHQ+mH b2`B2B /2 /i2- B` /+ n 2bi2 mM MmK`
BKT` imM+B K2/BM b2 +H+mH2x H KBDHQ+mH /BbiMȧ2B /BMi`2 pHQ`BH2
/BM +2Mi`mH b2`B2B /2 /i2X
liBHBx`2 K2/BM2B `2 KmHiBTH2 pMiD2 bmT` miBHBx`BB K2/B2B- ŗM
bT2+BH imM+B +M/ 2tBbi pHQ`B 2ti`2K2 ŗM b2`B /2 /i2X S2Mi`m +2H2 Ry
pHQ`B BMBȧBH2- K2/BM 2` 2;H +m Rjd8 H2B- B` /mT BMi`Q/m+2`2
pHQ`BB 2ti`2K2 K2/BM /2p2MBi 2;H +m R9yy H2BX K#2H2 pHQ`B H2
K2/BM2B b2 ~ ŗMi`2 KBMBK /2 3yy șB KtBK /2 kyyy H2B +`2 /2}M2b+
K`2 KDQ`Bii2 2H2K2Mi2HQ`- /2+B K2/BM `2T`2xBMi Q 7Qì2 #mM
2biBK`2 +2Mi`mHmB /Bbi`B#mȧB2BX
JB KmHi- /+ ŗM HQ+ /2 x2+2 KBB H2B ` } 7Qbi BMi`Q/mb pHQ`2 /2 mM
KBHBQM /2 H2B- K2/B b@` } /2THbi șB KB KmHi ŗM Tì2 /`2Ti
UNkRejXe9 H2BV- ŗMb K2/BM ` } `Kb iQi H pHQ`2 /2 R9yy H2BX
AM/B72`2Mi /2 K;MBim/BM2 pHQ`BHQ` 2ti`2K2- K2/BM `KM2 iQi ŗM
+2Mi`mH /Bbi`B#mȧB2B- ș/` 2bi2 BKmM H +ȧBmM2 +2biQ` pHQ`BX
ŖM +xmH mM2B /Bbi`B#mȧBB MQKH2- bBK2i`B+2- iQi2 +2H2 i`2B Kbm`B UK2/B-
K2/BM șB KQ/mHV bmMi 2;H2 șB b2 ~ ŗM 2t+i +2HșB HQ+ T2 +2Mi`mH
/Bbi`B#mȧB2B- B` /+ /Bbi`B#mȧB 2bi2 HmM;Bi K2/B Mm KB TQi2 } Q
#mM 2biBK`2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2X
ŖMBMi2 /2 BMi`Q/m+2`2 pHQ`BB 2ti`2K2 K2/B 2` 2;H +m Rj3y H2B- B`
K2/BM +m Rjd8 H2BX .mT BMi`Q/m+2`2 pHQ`BB 2ti`2K2- K2/B /2p2MBi
2;H +m kRejXe9 H2B ŗMb K2/BM `2xBbii ŗM +2Mi`m- H pHQ`2 /2 R9yy
H2BX
K#2H2 pHQ`B H2 K2/BM2B URjd8- `2bT2+iBp R9yy H2BV b2 ~ ŗM +22șB
xQM +m pHQ`2 K2/B2B T2Mi`m Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 MQ`KH URj3y H2BV ș/`
b2 /2KQMbi`2x 7TimH + K2/BM 2bi2 +2 KB #mM Kbm` T2Mi`m
/2i2`KBM`2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2- BM/B72`2Mi /+ b2`B /2 /i2 `2 bm Mm
pHQ`B 2ti`2K2 UșB TQi2 KB BKTQìMi- BM/B72`2Mi /2 K;MBim/BM2
+2biQ` pHQ`B 2ti`2K2VX
RkXjXk Jbm`B H2 p`BȧB2B
Jbm`BH2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2 Dmi H /2b+`B2`2 T`BK` mM2B TQTmHȧBB /2

bim/Bm- ŗMb Mm Q72` Q BK;BM2 +QKTH2i +2bi2BX amMi KmHi2 bBimȧBB
ŗM +`2 KB KmHi2 b2`BB /2 /i2 m +2H2șB pHQ`B H2 K2/B2B șB K2/BM2B-
ŗMb +2bi2 TQiB } 2ti`2K /2 /B72`Bi2X
lM 2t2KTHm ` Tmi2 } +QMbiBimBi /BM +2H2 i`2B b2`BB /2 /i2 /BM i#2HmH /2
KB DQb,
Ryk aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
aR, R k j 9 8 e d 3
ak, k k 9 9 8 8 d d
aj, 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8
ii K2/B- +i șB K2/BM T2Mi`m iQi2 +2H2 i`2B b2`BB /2 /i2 m 2t+i
+22șB pHQ`2- MmK2 9X8 U/Q` pHQ`BH2 KQ/H2 /B72`- ŗMb iQi2 b2`BBH2
m KQ/ KmHiBTHmVX Cm/2+M/ /Q` /BM T2`bT2+iBp i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2-
7` BMbT2+ȧB imim`Q` b2`BBHQ` /2 /i2 b@` Tmi2 +QMbii + bmMi
b2KMiQ`2X
= bR I@ R,3
= bk I@ `2TU+Uk-9-8-dV- 2+? 4 kV
= bj I@ `2TU9,8- 2+? 4 9V
= +UK2MUbRV- K2/BMUbRVV
(R) 9X8 9X8
= +UK2MUbkV- K2/BMUbkVV
(R) 9X8 9X8
= +UK2MUbjV- K2/BMUbjVV
(R) 9X8 9X8
ŖM KQ/ 2pB/2Mi ŗMb- 2H2 /B72` 7Qì2 KmHi bm# bT2+imH p`B2iȧBB /i2HQ`,
T`BK b2`B2 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 p`Bi +m QTi MmK2`2 /B72`Bi2 ŗMi`2 2H2- /Qm
b2`B2 2bi2 KB TmȧBM p`Bi +m /Q` Ti`m MmK2`2 mMB+2 B` i`2B 2bi2
+2 KB TmȧBM p`Bi +m /Q` /Qm MmK2`2 mMB+2X .2b+`B2`2 +2biQ` b2`BB
/2 /i2 i`2#mB2 +QKTH2ii +m Hi2 Kbm`B +`2 b +QKTH2i2x2 BK;BM2
7Q`Ki ŗM +/`mH i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2X
+2bi2 Kbm`B /BȧBQMH2 b2 MmK2b+ Kbm`B H2 p`BȧB2B șB Q72` Q Hi
/2b+`B2`2 bmT` /i2HQ`- /BM T2`bT2+iBp /B72`2Mȧ2B Ubm BMp2`b-
b2KM`BBV /BMi`2 2H2K2Mi2X ŖM HBK#D biiBbiB+- /B72`2Mȧ2H2 bmMi
+mKmHi2 ŗM +QM+2TimH /2 ǳ2i2`Q;2MBii2Ǵ B` b2KM`BH2 ŗM +QM+2TimH
QTmb /2 ǳQKQ;2MBii2ǴX
P p`B#BH 2bi2 /2MmKBi 2i2`Q;2M /+ 2H2K2Mi2H2 +`2 Q H+imB2b+ bmMi
7Qì2 /B72`Bi2 ŗMi`2 2H2 șB 2bi2 /2MmKBi QKQ;2M /+ 2H2K2Mi2H2 +`2 Q
H+imB2b+ bmMi b2KMiQ`2 ŗMi`2 2H2X amMi +QM+2Ti2 QTmb2- ŗMi`m+i Q
p`B#BH 2ti`2K /2 2i2`Q;2M 2bi2 ŗM +2HșB iBKT Q p`B#BH 7Qì2 TmȧBM
QKQ;2M șB BMp2`bX
ŖM +xmH +2HQ` i`2B b2`BB /2 /i2- 2bi2 2pB/2Mi 7TimH + T`BK b2`B2 2bi2
+2 KB 2i2`Q;2M /BMi`2 iQi2 B` +2 /2 i`2B 2bi2 +2 KB QKQ;2MX
+2bi /B72`2MȧB2`2 ŗMb TQi2 } `2HBxi șB +m DmiQ`mH mMQ` Kbm`B
MmK2`B+2 +`2 b i2bi2 +i /2 2i2`Q;2M șB +i /2 QKQ;2M 2bi2 Q p`B#BHX
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 Ryj
1bi2 M2pQB2 ș/` /2 Q Kbm` +`2- /+ `2 Q pHQ`2 K`2 b b2

TQi bTmM2 + p`Bx 7Qì2 KmHi U2bi2 2i2`Q;2MV- B` /+ `2 Q
pHQ`2 KB+ imM+B b b2 TQi bTmM2 + Q p`B#BH p`Bx 7Qì2 TmȧBM
U2bi2 QKQ;2MVX
S`BK /BMi`2 +2bi2 Kbm`B H2 p`BȧB2B b2 MmK2și2 KTHBim/BM2 UŗM
2M;H2x `M;2V- +H+mHi + /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2 pHQ`2 KtBK șB +2
KBMBK /BMi`@Q b2`B2 /2 /i2- T2 T`BM+BTBmH + /+ Q p`B#BH 2bi2
QKQ;2M imM+B p p2 Q /BbiMȧ KB+ ŗMi`2 KBMBK șB KtBK- B` /+
p`Bx KmHi p p2 Q THD H`; /2 pHQ`B Uș/` BKTHB+Bi Q /BbiMȧ
H`; ŗMi`2 KBMBK șB KtBKVX
= `M;2UbRV
(R) R 3
= `M;2UbkV
(R) k d
= `M;2UbjV
(R) 9 8
Cm/2+M/ T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH +2bi2B Kbm`B- T`BK b2`B2 /2 /i2 `2 Q

KTHBim/BM2 2;H +m 8 − 1 = 7- /Qm Q KTHBim/BM2 2;H +m 7 − 2 = 5
B` i`2B Q KTHBim/BM2 2;H +m 5 − 4 = 1X +2bi 2bi2 Q T`BK
KQ/HBii2 /2 BMbT2+ȧB2 p`BȧB2B mMQ` /i2- ŗMb UbBKBH` +m KQ/mH ŗM
Kbm`BH2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2V `2 Q THB+#BHBii2 7Qì2 `2/mb ŗMi`m+i
2bi2 Tmi2`MB+ BM~m2Mȧi /2 2tBbi2Mȧ pHQ`BHQ` 2ti`2K2X aT`2 2t2KTHm-
/+ mHiBKmH MmK` /BM i`2B b2`B2 /2 /i2 ` } 7Qbi 2;H +m Ryy- K }
/2/mb + KTHBim/BM2 ` } 2;H +m Ne +m +QM+HmxB mM2B p`BȧBB 7Qì2
K`B- +M/ ŗM 7Ti i`2B b2`B2 /2 /i2 2bi2 +2 KB QKQ;2M /BMi`2
iQi2 +2H2 i`2B b2`BBX
P Hi TQbB#BHBii2 /2 Kbm` +MiBii2 /2 p`BȧB2 /BMi`@Q p`B#BH 2bi2
+H+mH`2 /BbiMȧ2B /BMi`2 }2+`2 Q#b2`pȧB2 TM H mM TmM+i /2 `272`BMȧ-
+2H }BM/ K2/B p`B#BH2BX A/22 2bi2 `2HiBp mșQ` /2 ŗMȧ2H2b, /+ +2bi2
/BbiMȧ2 bmMi K`B- imM+B /i2H2 p`Bx KmHi- B` /+ /BbiMȧ2H2 bmMi
KB+B imM+B /i2H2 p`Bx TmȧBMX
+2bi /BbiMȧ ŗMi`2 }2+`2 Q#b2`pȧB2 șB TmM+imH /2 `272`BMȧ UK2/BV
b2 7+2 +m 7Q`KmH xi − x- mM/2 i = 1, 2, . . . , nX
= bR @ K2MUbRV
(R) @jX8 @kX8 @RX8 @yX8 yX8 RX8 kX8 jX8
ŖM b2`B /2 /i2 bR }2+`2 pHQ`2 `2 Q /BbiMȧ 7ȧ /2 K2/B2- ș ŗM+i
iQi2 +2bi2 /BbiMȧ2 i`2#mB2 miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m Q#ȧBM2 Q bBM;m` Kbm`
Ry9 aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
MmK2`B+X P QTȧBmM2 ` } +H+mH`2 K2/B2B imim`Q` /BbiMȧ2HQ`- T2

+22șB B/22, /+ K2/B /BbiMȧ2HQ` 2bi2 mM MmK` K`2- pHQ`BH2 bmMi
7Qi2 p`Bi2- B` /+ +2bi K2/B2 /BbiMȧ2HQ` 2bi2 mM MmK` KB+-
pHQ`BH2 bmMi QKQ;2M2X
.B}+mHii2 +m +2bi `ȧBQMK2Mi Mm +QMbi ŗM +QKTH2tBii2 /2 +H+mH +B
ŗM ŗMbșB Mim` /2 +H+mH Q`B+`2B K2/BB, 2bi2 bmK pHQ`BHQ` ŗKT`ȧBi H
MmK`mH /2 pHQ`BX .i }BM/ ŗMb + mM2H2 /BbiMȧ2 bmMi M2;iBp2 UpHQ`BH2
bmMi KB KB+B /2+i K2/B p`B#BH2BV B` Hi2H2 bmMi TQxBiBp2 UpHQ`BH2 bmMi
KB K`B /2+i K2/B p`B#BH2BV- 2H2 b2 MmH2x `2+BT`Q+ B` bmK +2biQ`
/BbiMȧ2 2bi2 2;H +m x2`Q- BKTHB+Bi K2/B /BbiMȧ2HQ` 2bi2 2;H +m b2`QX
S2Mi`m MmH 272+imH /B72`2Mȧ2HQ` /2 b2KM- Q K2iQ/ 7Qì2 miBHBxi
ŗM Ki2KiB+ 2bi2 `B/B+`2 H Tiì- B` 7Q`KmH +QKTH2i K2/B2B
/BbiMȧ2HQ` 2bi2,
n
∑ ( x i − x )2
i =1
s2 = URkXkV
n−1
6Q`KmH RkXk ì Q bmK /2 /BbiMȧ2 `B/B+i2 H Tiì- ŗKT`ȧBi2 H

MmK`mH pHQ`BHQ` UnV KBMmb RX ŖMi`m+i /BbiMȧ2H2 7ȧ /2 K2/B2 bmMi
`B/B+i2 H Tiì- 7Q`KmH b2 MQi2x +m s2 șB b2 MmK2și2 p`BMȧ UŗM
2M;H2x p`BM+2V- +`2 2bi2 +2 /2 /Qm Kbm` p`BȧB2BX
= pÙbRV
(R) e
= pÙbkV
(R) jXdR9k3e
= pÙbjV
(R) yXk38dR9j
.mT +mK b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p- p`BMȧ `2bT2+i T`BM+BTBmH 2MmMȧi KB

/2p`2K2 U/+ 2bi2 mM MmK` K`2- p`B#BH 2bi2 2i2`Q;2M- B` /+
2bi2 mM MmK` KB+- p`B#BH 2bi2 QKQ;2MV- ŗMb mMBii2 /2 Kbm`
+2bi2B pHQ`B 2bi2 `B/B+i H TiìX S2Mi`m Q /m+2 ŗMTQB H mMBii2 /2
Kbm` Q`B;BMH p`B#BH2B- b2 /2}M2și2 +2 /2 i`2B Kbm` p`BȧB2BX
172+imH `B/B+`BB H Tiì b2 MmH2x T`BM 2ti`;2`2 `/B+HmHmB- ș ŗM+i
b2 BMi`Q/m+2 #i2`2 biM/`/ s UŗM 2M;H2x biM/`/ /2pBiBQMV +`2 b2
+H+mH2x + `/B+H /BM p`BMȧ,
√
s= s2 URkXjV
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 Ry8
#i2`2 biM/`/ `2bT2+i șB 2 T`BM+BTBmH K2MȧBQMi- +m pMiDmH

/BȧBQMH + b2 2tT`BK ŗM +22șB mMBii2 /2 Kbm` + p`B#BH2B T2
#x +`2B 7Qbi +H+mHiX
= b/UbRV
(R) kX99N9N
= b/UbkV
(R) RXNkdk93
= b/UbjV
(R) yX8j98kk8
*2 KB K`2 #i2`2 biM/`/ 2bi2 +2 T2Mi`m b2`B /2 /i2 s1 U+`2 `2
p`BȧB +2 KB K`2 /i2HQ`V ŗMb pHQ`2 /2 kX98 2bi2 K`2 /Q` ŗM
+QKT`ȧB2 +m K2/B /2 9X8X .+ K2/B p`B#BH2B ` } 2;H +m Ryy- Q
#i2`2 biM/`/ 2;H +m kX98 ` BM/B+ ŗM 7Ti Q p`B#BH 7Qì2 QKQ;2MX
ŖM +QM+HmxB2- pHQ`2 #i2`BB biM/`/ b2 Dm/2+ ŗM +QKT`ȧB2 +m
pHQ`2 K2/B2B p`B#BH2B, /+ `2T`2xBMi Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 KB+ /BM K2/B2-
p`BȧB 2bi2 KB+ B` /+ `2T`2xBMi Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 K`2 /BM K2/B2-
p`BȧB 2bi2 K`2X
RkXjXj Jbm`B H2 TQxBȧBQM`BB
*2 /2 i`2B b2`B2 /2 Kbm`B miBH2 T2Mi`m /2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` b2 `272`

H TQxBȧBQM`2 2H2K2Mi2HQ` mM2H2 7ȧ /2 +2H2HHi2X lM2Q`B 2bi2 miBH b
b2 B/2MiB}+2 ŗM +2 xQM b2 TQxBȧBQM2x MmKBi2 pHQ`B, ŗM T`BK Tì2
/i2HQ`- bm ŗM /Qm\ ŖMi`2 +2H2 KB KB+B- bm ŗMi`2 +2H2 KB K`B\
*m bT2+B}+ H +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH- ŗM +2 +i2;Q`B2 7+2 Tì2 Q T2`bQM-
bm# bT2+imH p2MBimHmB /2 2t2KTHm\ ŖMi`2 +2B KB b`+B- bm ŗMi`2 +2B KB
#Q;ȧB- bm mM/2p T2 H KBDHQ+\ bi72H /2 ŗMi`2#`B m b2Mb- /2 +22
b2 T`Q+2/2x U+ șB ŗM +xmH K2/BM2B H /2b+`B2`2 i2M/BMȧ2B +2Mi`H2V
H Q`/QM`2 imim`Q` pHQ`BHQ` ŗM b2Mb +`2b+iQ`- /mT +`2 b2 bi#BH2și2
Q ŗKT`ȧB`2 +2biQ` ŗM xQM2 /BbiBM+i2 +m DmiQ`mH mMQ` DHQM2 +`2 b2
MmK2b+ ;2M2`B+ ǳ[mMiBH2ǴX
aT`2 2t2KTHm- K2/BM 2bi2 Q bi72H /2 [mMiBH ŗMi`m+i ŗKTì2
Q#b2`pȧBBH2 UpHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2BV ŗM /Qm DmKiȧB 2;H2 + MmK` /2
pHQ`BX .+ b2 /Q`2și2 ŗKT`ȧB`2 ŗM i`2B T`ȧB 2;H2- DHQM2H2 miBHBxi2
b2 MmK2b+ ǳi2`ȧBH2ǴX .+ b2 /Q`2și2 ŗKT`ȧB`2 ŗM Ti`m T`ȧB 2;H2
DHQM2H2 b2 MmK2b+ ǳ[mìBH2Ǵ- T2Mi`m Ry T`ȧB 2;H2 b2 MmK2b+ ǳ/2+BH2Ǵ-
T2Mi`m Ryy T`ȧB 2;H2 b2 MmK2b+ ǳT2`+2MiBH2Ǵ 2i+X hQi2 +2bi2 DHQM2
Ui2`ȧBH2- [mìBH2- /2+BH2 2i+XV 7+ Tì2 /BMi`@Q 7KBHB2 ;2M2`B+ MmKBi
ǳ[mMiBH2ǴX
Rye aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
ŖM 2t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ` +m Q`/BM2 p2MBim`BHQ`- Q THB+ȧB2 7Qì2 miBH 2bi2

ŗKT`ȧB`2 +2biQ` T2 /2+BH2, b2 /mM p2MBim`BH2 +2HQ` KB b`+B RyW
/BMi`2 HQ+mBiQ`B- b2 /mM șB p2MBim`BH2 +2HQ` KB #Q;ȧB RyW /BMi`2
HQ+mBiQ`B- TQB b2 7+2 `TQìmH +2biQ` /Qm p2MBim`B +mKmHi2, /+
+2bi `TQì 2bi2 mMmH 2ti`2K /2 K`2 Up2MBim`BH2 #Q;ȧBHQ` /2 7Qì2
KmHi2 Q`B KB K`2 /2+i p2MBim`BH2 b`+BHQ`V imM+B bQ+B2ii2 TQi2 }
/2b+`Bb + BM2;HBi`- B` /+ +2bi `TQì 2bi2 /Q` `2xQM#BH K`2
Up2MBim`BH2 #Q;ȧBHQ` KB K`B- ŗMb Mm 2MQ`K2 7ȧ /2 H2 b`+BHQ`V
imM+B bQ+B2ii2 TQi2 } /2b+`Bb + 2;HBi`X
G ŗKT`ȧB`2 Q#b2`pȧBBHQ` T2 [mìBH2- bmMi M2+2b`2 i`2B DHQM2, mM
T2Mi`m ŗKT`ȧB`2 ŗM /Qm DmKiȧB- TQB T2Mi`m }2+`2 DmKii2 +i2
ŗM+ mM DHQM T2Mi`m ŗKT`ȧB`2 }2+`2B ŗM Hi2 /Qm DmKiȧB 2;H2X
+2bi2 DHQM2 bmMi /2MmKBi2 Q1 - Q2 șB Q3 UmM/2 Q2 2bi2 +?B` K2/BM
p`B#BH2BVX ŖKT`2mM +m +2 KB KB+ șB +2 KB K`2 pHQ`2 /BM
p`B#BH UKBMBK șB KtBKV 7Q`K2x +2H2 +BM+B pHQ`B +`2- Him`B /2
K2/B2- H+imB2b+ +2 KB +mMQb+mi șB KB miBHBxi 7Q`K /2 bmK`Bx`2
MmK2`B+ /i2HQ`X
= bmKK`vUp2MBiV
JBMX Rbi ZmX J2/BM J2M j`/ ZmX JtX
3yy Rk8y R9yy kRe9 Rek8 Ryyyy
= bmKK`vUp2MBi(@RR)V
JBMX Rbi ZmX J2/BM J2M j`/ ZmX JtX
3yy Rkk8 Rjd8 Rj3y R933 kyyy
ŖM 2t2KTHmH p2MBimHmB- pHQ`2 KBMBK 2bi2 3yy- B` ŗM #b2Mȧ pHQ`BB /2

Ryyyy- +2 KtBK 2bi2 kyyyX Q1 2bi2 2;H +mRkyy- Q2 UK2/BMV 2bi2
2;H +m Rjd8 B` Q3 2bi2 2;H +m R8yyX *2H2 i`2B [mìBH2 bmMi 2ti`2K /2
BM7Q`KiBp2 șB m KmHiBTH2 miBHBx`BX
P T`BK miBHBx`2 [mìBH2HQ` 2bi2 /2 B/2MiB}+ i2M/BMȧ +2Mi`H șB
T2Mi`m /2i2`KBM /+ /Bbi`B#mȧB /i2HQ` 2bi2 mM MQ`KH bm HmM;BiX
G b2+ȧBmM2 RkXjXR b2 ì + ŗM +xmH mM2B /Bbi`B#mȧBB MQ`KH2 K2/B
2bi2 ŗM +2HșB TmM+i +m K2/BM- B` /+ K2/B 2bi2 7Qì2 /2Tì2 /2
K2/BM imM+B /Bbi`B#mȧB T`2xBMi Q HmM;B`2X
ŖM +xmH p`B#BH2B p2MBi- ŗM #b2Mȧ pHQ`BB /2 Ryyyy /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2
K2/B2 șB K2/BM 2bi2 mM 7Qì2 KB+ URj3y 7ȧ /2 Rjd8V ș ŗM+i b2
TQi2 +QM+HmxBQM + /Bbi`B#mȧB pHQ`BHQ` 2bi2 7Qì2 T`QTBi /2
MQ`KHBii2 U+m Q /Q` 7Qì2- 7Qì2 KB+ /2THb`2 bT`2 /`2TiVX ŖM
bBimȧB +M/ pHQ`2 /2 Ryyyy 2bi2 BMi`Q/mb ŗM b2imH /2 pHQ`B-
/B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2 K2/B2 șB K2/BM /2pBM2 7Qì2 K`2 UkRe9 7ȧ /2 R9yyV
+22 +2 bm;2`2x Q Tmi2`MB+ /2THb`2 bT`2 /`2Ti /Bbi`B#mȧB2B șB
RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 Ryd
2tBbi2Mȧ mMQ` pHQ`B 2ti`2K2X ŖM ;2M2`H- imM+B +M/ b2 B/2MiB}+ Q

/Bbi`B#mȧB2 /2THbi /2 H MQ`KHBii2- 2bi2 mM T`BK BM/B+Bm T2Mi`m
2tBbi2Mȧ mMQ` TQbB#BH2 pHQ`B 2ti`2K2 ŗM +/`mH p`B#BH2BX
.+ T`BK miBHBx`2 [mìBH2HQ` b2 `272`2 H Kbm`BH2 i2M/BMȧ2B
+2Mi`H2- +2 /2 /Qm miBHBx`2 +2biQ` b2 `272` H Kbm`BH2 p`BȧB2BX
* șB ŗM +xmH K2/B2B U+`2 2bi2 b2MbB#BH H +ȧBmM2 pHQ`BHQ` 2ti`2K2V-
b@ ìi șB ŗM +xmH KTHBim/BMBB + 2bi2 7Qì2 b2MbB#BH H +2H2șB
pHQ`B 2ti`2K2X *M/ pHQ`2 KtBK 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 K`2 Ubm BMp2`b-
pHQ`2 KBMBK 2ti`2K /2 KB+V 7ȧ /2 `2bimH /i2HQ`- KTHBim/BM2 Mm
KB TQi2 } +QMbB/2ì Q #mM Kbm` T2Mi`m /2b+`B2`2 p`BȧB2B
/i2HQ`X *m DmiQ`mH [mìBH2HQ` ŗMb TQi2 } +QMbi`mBi Q BK;BM2 KB
#mM BM/B72`2Mi /2 2tBbi2Mȧ pHQ`BHQ` 2ti`2K2X
ŖMi`m+i pHQ`BH2 2ti`2K2 T` H +T2i2H2 /BM biM; bm /`2Ti H2
pHQ`BHQ` Q`/QMi2 +`2b+iQ`- imM+B +M/ b2 B;MQ` T`BKmH b72ì șB mHiBKmH
b72ì /BMi`2 pHQ`B Tmi2K } bB;m`B + pHQ`BH2 `Kb2 ŗM KBDHQ+ Mm KB
+QMȧBM MB+BmM 72H /2 pHQ`B 2ti`2K2X ș/`- ŗMi`2 Q1 șB Q3 b2 ~
DmKii2 /BMi`2 pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B B` /BbiMȧ /BMi`2 +2bi2 b2 MmK2și2
#i2`2 BMi2`[mìBH șB Q72` Q BK;BM2 bBKBH` +m KTHBim/BM2,
AIQ = Q3 − Q1 X
.+ #i2`2 BMi2`[mìBH UAIQV 2bi2 mM MmK` KB+- /i2H2 p`Bx
TmȧBM UbmMi QKQ;2M2V- B` /+ 2bi2 mM MmK` K`2- /i2H2 p`Bx KmHi
UbmMi 2i2`Q;2M2VX LmK`mH `2bT2+iBp 2bi2 K`2 bm KB+- ŗM +QKT`ȧB2 +m
K2/BM p`B#BH2B UH 72H +mK #i2`2 biM/`/ 2bi2 K`2 bm KB+ ŗM
+QKT`ȧB2 +m K2/BVX
P i`2B miBHBx`2 TQbB#BH [mìBH2HQ` 2bi2 +22 /2 B/2MiB}+`2
pHQ`BHQ` 2ti`2K2X 6Q`K HmM;Bi /Bbi`B#mȧB2B pHQ`BHQ` 2bi2 /Q` mM
BM/B+Bm H 2tBbi2Mȧ2B +2biQ`- ŗMb +m DmiQ`mH [mìBH2HQ` TQi }
B/2MiB}+i2 +m +2ìBim/BM2 +`2 /BMi`2 pHQ`B bmMi 2ti`2K2X
ŖM +2bi b+QT- 2bi2 miBHBxi Q Hi /B;`K MmKBi #QtTHQi- +2bi KB
}BM/ +mMQb+mi UŗM HBK# 2M;H2xV șB bm# MmK2H2 /2 /B;`K #Qt M/
r?BbF2`bX
= #QtTHQiUp2MBi(@RR)- ?Q`BxQMiH 4 h_l1V
ŖM };m` RkXN 2bi2 T`2x2Mii Q bi72H /2 /B;`K- ŗM +`2 TQxBȧB +miB2B

T2 t Q`BxQMiH 2bi2 /2i2`KBMi /2 [mìBH2H2 Q1 șB Q3 X ŖM BMi2`BQ`mH
+2bi2B +miBB 2bi2 Q #` p2ìB+H- +`2B TQxBȧB2 2bi2 /2i2`KBMi /2 +2
/2 /Qm [mìBH Q2 X
oHQ`BH2 2ti`2K2 bmMi +2H2 /BM 7` HBMBBHQ` TmM+ii2 UQ bBM;m` bi72H /2
pHQ`2 b2 ~ ŗM Tì2 /`2TiVX P`B+BM2 ` } BMimBi + Q pHQ`2 2;H +m
Ry3 aiiBbiB+ /2b+`BTiBp ŗM _
6B;m` RkXN, .B;`K #QtTHQi
Ryyyy 2bi2 mM 2ti`2K- ŗMb 7Qì2 TmȧBM 2pB/2Mi 7Qbi 7TimH + pHQ`2
/2 kyyy 2bi2 mM 2ti`2K- ŗM +QKT`ȧB2 +m `2bimH /i2HQ`X
P pHQ`2 2ti`2K 2bi2 Q pHQ`2 p`2 b2 ~ ŗM 7` mMQ` T`;m`B- /2}MBi2
/2 RX8 #i2`B BMi2`[mìBH2 ŗM biM; [mìBH2B Q1 șB iQi /2 RX8 #i2`B
BMi2`[mìBH2 ŗM /`2Ti [mìBH2B Q3 X ŖM +xmH p`B#BH2B p2MBi- +2 /2
i`2B [mìBH `2 Q pHQ`2 /2 R933 B` #i2`2 BMi2`[mìBH `2 Q pHQ`2
/2 1488 − 1225 = 263- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + T`;mH /BM /`2Ti 2bi2 /2
Q3 + 1.5 · AIQ = 1488 + 1.5 · 263 = 1882.5 B` Q`B+2 pHQ`2 T2bi2 +2bi
T`; b2 /2}M2și2 + }BM/ 2ti`2KX *mK pHQ`2 /2 kyyy 2bi2 KB K`2
/2+i +2bi T`;- 2bi2 Q pHQ`2 2ti`2KX
.2bB;m`- pHQ`2 /2 Ryyyy 2bi2 +m bB;m`Mȧ 2ti`2K- +m /B72`2Mȧ ŗMi`2
pHQ`B 2ti`2K2 KQ/2ì2 U+mK 2bi2 kyyyV șB pHQ`B 2ti`2K2 Tmi2`MB+2 U+mK
2bi2 RyyyyVX
*TBiQHmH Rj
MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X
JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
ŖM ++2TȧBmM2 ;2M2`H- 2+QMQK2i`B `2T`2xBMi THB+`2 biiBbiB+BB

Ki2KiB+2 ŗM MHBx /i2HQ` 2+QMQKB+2- ŗM b+QTmH i2bi`BB i2Q`BBHQ`
șBfbm `2HBx`BB /2 T`Q;MQx2XR
SQ`MBM/ /2 H B/22 HmB 6`Bb?- RNjj- TTX R@k- +QM7Q`K +`2B, Ǵ1tT2`B2Mȧ
ìi + }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 i`2B TmM+i2 /2 p2/2`2- /B+ biiBbiB+-
i2Q`B 2+QMQKB+ șB Ki2KiB+ bmMi +QM/BȧBB M2+2b`2- /` Mm `2T`2xBMi
ŗM bBM2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m Q ŗMȧ2H2;2`2 `2H `2HȧBBHQ` +MiBiiBp2
/BM pBȧ 2+QMQKB+ KQ/2`MX .Q` mMB}+`2 imim`Q` +2HQ` i`2B / Tmi2`2
/2 MHBxX ȘB 2+QMQK2i`B +QMbiBimB2 iQ+KB +2bi mMB}+`2ǴX
RjXR _2;`2bB mMB7+iQ`BH
RjXRXR 1+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2
.2 2t2KTHm- /BM i2Q`B 2+QMQKB+ b2 +mMQși2 7TimH + p2MBim`BH2 UsV șB

+QMbmKmH 7KBHBBHQ` UuV bmMi /Qm p`B#BH2 +`2 Mm 2pQHm2x
BM/2T2M/2Mi mM /2 Hi- KB 2t+i- +QMbmKmH /2TBM/2 ŗM K`2 Kbm`
/2 MBp2HmH p2MBim`BHQ`X a2 ++2Ti- T2Mi`m ŗM+2Tmi- BTQi2x + H MBp2HmH
ŗMi`2;BB TQTmHȧBB +QMbmKmH /2TBM/2 HBM2` /2 p2MBiX a2 TQi2 b+`B2
+QMbmKmH + 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p2MBi bi72H,
Y = f ( X, e) URjXRV
mM/2 2 bBK#QHBx2x +2BHHȧB 7+iQ`B +`2 +QMi`B#mB2 H 7Q`K`2

R S2Mi`m /2iHB2`2 MHBx2B 2+QMQK2i`B+2- b2 p2/2 CmH UCmHV
RRy MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
+QKTQìK2MimHmB /2 +QMbmKX 6B2 JUufsV pHQ`2 MiB+BTi

+QMbmKmHmB imM+B +M/ p2MBimH iBM;2 pHQ`2 s,
M (Y/X ) = a0 + a1 X URjXkV
.+ b2 BMi2`T`2i2x p`B#BH JUufsV + }BM/ pHQ`2 K2/B2

+QMbmKmHmB +H+mHi T2Mi`m iQi2 7KBHBBH2 +`2 ŗM`2;Bbi`2x mM MmKBi
MBp2H s H p2MBimHmB- imM+B,
Ç a1 @ ŗM+HBMȧB K`;BMH bT`2 +QMbmK 7KBHBBHQ` /BM TQTmHȧB

MHBxiX
Ç a0 @ MBp2HmH +QMbmKmHmB imM+B +M/ p2MBimH 7KBHB2B 2bi2 x2`QX
.` +QMbmKmH 272+iBp ŗM`2;Bbiì UuV Mm 2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM 2;H +m JUufsV Ĝ

pHQ`2 MiB+BTi +QMbmKmHmB T2Mi`m mM p2MBi /i sX *QMbmKmH 272+iBp
H 7KBHBBHQ` ` i`2#mB b }2 b+`Bb,
Y = M(Y/X ) + e URjXjV
2+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2 HmB u ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 s- bm
Y = a0 + a1 X + e URjX9V
JQ/2H`2 +QMbmKmHmB UYV ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p2MBi UXV ŗMb2KM bi#BHB`2

mMQ` pHQ`B a!0 șB a!1 T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB a0 șB a1 bi72H ŗM+i ŗMHQ+mBM/ +2bi2
pHQ`B ŗMi`ɣQ 2+mȧB2 /2 7Q`K Y ! = a!0 + a!1 X- +m Xt +mMQb+mi- b b2 Q#ȧBM
pHQ`B Y!t +i KB T`QTBi2 /2 +2H2 ŗM`2;Bbiì2 ŗM 2șMiBQMmH b2H2+ii (Yt )X
a2 /2}M2și2 /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2 +QMbmKmH 2biBKi Y!t șB +2H ŗM`2;Bbiì 272+iBp
Yt - MmKBi p`B#BH `2xB/mH,
ut = Yt − Y!t , t = 1, 2, ..., n URjX8V
RjXRXk J2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2
*`Bi2`BmH THB+i ŗM +xmH K2iQ/2B +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 2bi2 m`KiQ`mH,
/`2Ti +`2 bB;m` +2 KB #mM Dmbi`2 TmM+i2HQ` 2KTB`B+2
U/`2Ti /2 `2;`2bB2V 2bi2 +22 T2Mi`m +`2 b2 KBMBKBx2x bmK
Tiì2HQ` #i2`BHQ` /BMi`2 TmM+i2H2 /2 T2 ;`}+ șB TmM+i2H2 +`2 m
+2BșB #b+Bb T2 /`2Ti /2 `2;`2bB2- #i2`BH2 }BM/ Kbmì2 p2ìB+HX
MHBiB+- b2 MQi2x F ( a!0 , a!1 ) bmK Tiì2HQ` #i2`BHQ` m /BMi`2 pHQ`BH2
RjXR _2;`2bB mMB7+iQ`BH RRR
ŗM`2;Bbiì2 H2 p`B#BH2B u șB pHQ`BH2 +H+mHi2 Y ! U/B+ F ( a!0 , a!1 )

KbQ` bmK Tiì2HQ` pHQ`BHQ` p`B#BH2B `2xB/mH2V,
n n n
F ( a!0 , a!1 )) = ∑ u2t = ∑ (Yt − Y!t )2 = ∑ (Yt − a!0 − a!1Yt )2 URjXeV
t =1 t =1 t =1
J2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 +QMbi ŗM /2i2`KBM`2- T2Mi`m mM b2i /i
/2 Q#b2`pȧBB- +2HQ` pHQ`B a!0 șB a!1 +`2 KBMBKBx2x 7mM+ȧB F ( a!0 , a!1 )X
a2 Q#ȧBM2 ș@MmKBimH bBbi2K /2 2+mȧBB MQ`KH2,

"
∑nt=1 Yt = n a!0 + a!1 ∑nt=1 Xt
URjXdV
∑nt=1 Xt Yt = a!0 ∑nt=1 Xt + a!1 ∑nt=1 Xt2
1t2KTHm
.BMi`@Q +2`+2i`2 biiBbiB+ b2 T`2bmTmM2 + m 7Qbi B/2MiB}+i2 8 b2im`B
+i2 k8 /2 pHQ`B U/2 2t2KTHm- p2MBim`B- BMp2biBȧBB- +?2HimB2HB +m +2`+2i`2
2i+XVX 6B2 X1- X2- X3- X4 șB Y b2`BBH2 `2bT2+iBp2X h`2#mB2 b b2
BM/2MiB}+2 /+ +2șiB 7+iQ`B BM~m2Mȧ2x p2MBim`BH2- ŗM +2 Kbm` șB +2
;`/ ŗM+`2/2`2 b2 TQi2 p2 ŗM BM7Q`KȧBBH2 Q#ȧBMmi2X
S`BK 2iT T2Mi`m KQ/2H`2 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _ T`2bmTmM2 ŗM+`+`2
/i2HQ`,
= /i2H2nK2H2 I@ /iX7`K2U
sR 4 +Uj- k- yX3- kX8- k- RX9- kX8- kX8- j- RX9- R- RXk- RXe- RX3-
R- kX3- jX8- kXe- kX9- jX9- RXe- RXN- jX8- RXe- jV-
sk 4 +URXj- kX3- RX8- yXk- RX3- 9- RX3- k- yX8- kX3- jXk- kX8- RXj-
kXk- jX8- RXR- y- yXk- k- RXk- j- j- yXe- jXk- yXjV-
sj 4 +UkXR- kX9- RXR- RX9- RXN- kXd- kXk- kXj- RXd- kXR- kXR- RX3-
RX8- k- kXj- k- RXd- RX9- kXk- kXj- kXj- kX8- kXR- kX9- RXeV-
s9 4 +UkX9- RXe- yXe- k- RXe- RXR- k- k- kX9- RXR- yX3- R- RXj- RX9-
yX3- kXk- kX3- kXR- RXN- kXd- RXj- RX8- kX3- RXj- kX9V-
u 4 +Uk- yX8- RX8- j- R- y- kXR- RX3- j- yXd- yX8- R- RX9- RXk-
yX3- kXj- jX8- jX3- RX3- kXe- yX3- RXk- 9Xk- yX3- kX8VV
S2Mi`m pBxmHBx bi`m+im` +`2i- KB 2t+i T`BK2H2 e ŗM`2;Bbi``B- b2

7QHQb2și2 +QKM/,
= ?2/U/i2H2nK2H2V
sR sk sj s9 u
R jXy RXj kXR kX9 kXy
RRk MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
k kXy kX3 kX9 RXe yX8

j yX3 RX8 RXR yXe RX8
9 kX8 yXk RX9 kXy jXy
8 kXy RX3 RXN RXe RXy
e RX9 9Xy kXd RXR yXy
S2Mi`m KQ/2HmH mMB7+iQ`BH- i`2#mB2 b b2 B/2MiB}+2 /+ mM /BMi`2

p`B#BH2- /2 2t2KTHm X1- BM~m2Mȧ2x bi`2 șB /BMKB+ p`B#BH2B YX
JQ/2HmH HBM2` mMB7+iQ`BH 2bi2
Yt = a0 + a1 X1t + et URjX3V
ŖM _- `2xQHp`2 KQ/2HmHmB T`BM THB+`2 K2iQ/2B +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2

T`2bmTmM2 m`KiQ`2H2 +QK2MxB,
= `2;`2bB2 I@ HKUu sR- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2xmHii2H2 2biBK`BB KQ/2HmHmB b2 TQi }ș +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B

bmKK`vUV,
= bmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V
*HH,
HKU7Q`KmH 4 u sR- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@RXy3yR @yXjjyj @yXRdNd yXkN89 RX898k
*Q277B+B2Mib,
1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 SÙ=%i%V
UAMi2`+2TiV @yXeeNy yXjd9d @RXd38 yXy3d9 X
sR RXRk98 yXReke eXNR9 9Xde2@yd
@@@
aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ǭ Ǯ yXyyR ǭ Ǯ yXyR ǭ Ǯ yXy8 ǭXǮ yXR ǭ Ǯ R
_2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yXe8R3 QM kj /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXed8k-/Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXeeR
6@biiBbiB+, 9dX3R QM R M/ kj .6- T@pHm2, 9XdeR2@yd
_2xmHii2H2 Q#ȧBMmi2 bm;2`2x m`KiQ`2 `2HȧB2 HBM2` /BMi`2 p`B#BH

X1 șB Y,
Y!t = −0.669 + 1.1245 ∗ X1t URjXNV
RjXR _2;`2bB mMB7+iQ`BH RRj
*Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 `2 pHQ`2 R2 = 0.6752- B` +Q2}+B2MȧBB

KQ/2HmHmB bmMi b2KMB}+iBp /B72`BȧB /2 x2`Q- H mM T`; /2 10% +QMbiMi
/BM KQ/2H U+QM+`2i- 100 − 8.74%V șB H mM T`; KB K`2 /2 99.99%
+Q2}+B2MimH p`B#BH2B X1X
S2Mi`m ++2b șB Hi2 BM7Q`KȧBB /2bT`2 `2xmHii2H2 `2;`2bB2B- b2 TQi T2H

Q b2`B2 /2 +QK2MxB,
= QmiTmi I@ bmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V
= aa_ I@ /2pBM+2U`2;`2bB2V
= GG I@ HQ;GBFU`2;`2bB2V
= :`/2n/2nHB#2ìi2 I@ `2;`2bB20/7
= u2bi I@ `2;`2bB207Bii2/XpHm2b
= *Q27 I@ `2;`2bB20+Q277B+B2Mib
= _2bB/ I@ `2;`2bB20`2bB/mHb
= b I@ QmiTmi0bB;K
= _a[m`2/ I@ QmiTmi0`Xb[m`2/
= *QpJi`Bt I@ bk QmiTmi0+Qp
mM/2
Ç aa_ @ bmK Tiì2HQ` `2xB/mm`BHQ`
Ç GG @ HQ;`BiK /BM 7mM+ȧB /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2
Ç u2bi @ p2+iQ`mH pHQ`BHQ` 2biBKi2
Ç _2bB/ @ p2+iQ`mH `2xB/mm`BHQ`
Ç b @ #i2`2 biM/`/ 2biBKi 2`Q`BHQ`
Ç *QpJi`Bt @ Ki`B+2 p`BMȧ@+Qp`BMȧ +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` UT2H#BH

șB miBHBxM/ p+QpUVV
RR9 MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
RjXk _2;`2bB KmHiB7+iQ`BH
RjXkXR _2;`2bB #B7+iQ`BH
_2;`2bB #B7+iQ`BH Ubm #Bp`BiV T`2bmTmM2 MHBx 2pQHmȧB2B mM2B

p`B#BH2 u ŗM `TQì +m /QB 7+iQ`B /2 BM~m2MȧX +2bi H2;im` b2
T`2bmTmM2 + 2bi2 bm;2ì /2 Q MmKBi i2Q`B2 2+QMQKB+ U/2 2t2KTHm-
ŗM K`F2iBM; b2 bm;2`2x Q H2;im` ŗMi`2 MBp2HmH pMx`BHQ` șB BMp2biBȧB
ŗM `2+HK- `2bT2+iBp T`2ȧVX
lM 2t2KTHm /2 KQ/2H #B7+iQ`BH 2bi2,
Yt = a0 + a1 X1t + a2 X2t + et URjXRyV
oHQ`2 2biBKi Y
! p },
Y!t = a!0 + a!1 X1t + a!2 X2t URjXRRV
.+ b2 MQi2x +m ut /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2 pHQ`2 ŗM`2;Bbiì șB pHQ`2

2biBKi p`B#BH2B u- imM+B,
! + ut
Yt = Y URjXRkV
G 72H + ŗM KQ/2HmH mMB7+iQ`BH- b2 /2}M2și2 7mM+ȧB /2 TB2`/2`2

n n
F ( a!0 , a!1 , a!2 ) = u′ u = ∑ u2t = ∑ (Yt − a!0 − a!1 X1t − a!2 X2t )2 URjXRjV
t =1 t =1
+`2 b2 KBMBKBx2x ŗM `TQì +m 2biBKiQ`BB a!0 , a!1 , a!2 X
1t2KTHm
JQ/2HmH #B@7+iQ`BH T`2bmTmM2 + k 7+iQ`B 2tTHB+iBpB- X1 șB X2 - b

BM~m2Mȧ2x2 Q p`B#BH 2tTHB+i- YX
ŖM _ b2 7QHQb2b+ m`KiQ`2H2 +QK2MxB,
= `2;`2bB2k I@ HKUu sR Y sk- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V

= bmKK`vU`2;`2bB2kV
S`Q;`KmH `2im`M2x m`KiQ`2H2 `2xmHii2,

RjXk _2;`2bB KmHiB7+iQ`BH RR8
*HH,
HKU7Q`KmH 4 u sR Y sk- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@yXdR8ye @yXRdR9N yXyR9R9 yXRkRNd RXy8dd9
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV RXN3je yX8jdN jXe33 yXyyRkN
sR yX99y8 yXRej9 kXeNe yXyRjR3
sk @yXej3d yXRR8y @8X88j RX92@y8
@@@
_2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX9jyR QM kk /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3e9d-/Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX38k9
6@biiBbiB+, dyXjk QM k M/ kk .6- T@pHm2, kXdd92@Ry
*QM7Q`K `2xmHii2HQ`- `2HȧB /BMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 X1- X2 șB Y `2 7Q`K,
Y!t = 1.9836 + 0.4405 ∗ X1t − 0.6387 ∗ X2t URjXR9V
șB 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp /BM T2`bT2+iBp i2bi2HQ` mxmH2 UR2 - i2bi2H2 /2

b2KMB7+ȧB2 H2 2biBKiQ`BHQ`- i2bimH 6VX
RjXkXk _2;`2bB KmHiBp`Bi
_2;`2bB KmHiB7+iQ`BH Ubm KmHiBp`BiV T`2bmTmM2 2tBbi2Mȧ mMQ` F

p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2X 6B2 Xit pHQ`2 p`B#BH2B 2tTHB+iBp2 B- ŗM
ŗM`2;Bbi``2 i- mM/2 B 4 R- k-Ę F B` i 4 R- k-Ę MX .+ b2 ++2Ti
BTQi2x + `2HȧB /BMi`2 Yt șB p`B#BH2H2 2tTHB+iBp2 2bi2 HBM2`- imM+B
b2 TQi2 b+`B2,
⎧
⎪
⎪ Y1 = a0 + a1 X11 + a2 X21 + · · · + ak Xk1 + e1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ Y2 = a0 + a1 X12 + a2 X22 + · · · + ak Xk2 + e2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ Y = a0 + a1 X13 + a2 X23 + · · · + ak Xk3 + e3
⎨X 3
⎪
XX URjXR8V
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ Yt = a0 + a1 X1t + a2 X2t + · · · + ak Xkt + et
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ XX
⎪
⎪
⎪ X
⎪
⎩
Yn = a0 + a1 X1n + a2 X2n + · · · + ak Xkn + en
RRe MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
*m MQiȧBBH2, ⎛ ⎞
Y1
⎜ Y2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
Y = ⎜ Y3 ⎟ URjXReV
⎜ XX ⎟
⎝ X⎠
Yn
⎛ ⎞
1 X11 X21 · · · Xk1
⎜1 X12 X22 · · · Xk2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ Xk3 ⎟
X = ⎜1 X13 X23 · · · ⎟ URjXRdV
⎜ XX XX XX XX ⎟
⎝X X X X ⎠
1 X1n X2n · · · Xkn
⎛ ⎞
a0
⎜ a1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ a2 ⎟ URjXR3V
⎜ XX ⎟
⎝X⎠
ak
⎛ ⎞
e1
⎜ e2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
e = ⎜ e3 ⎟ URjXRNV
⎜ XX ⎟
⎝X⎠
en
bBbi2KmH TQi2 } b+`Bb Ki`B+2H bi72H,

Y = XA + e URjXkyV
_2xQHp`2 bBbi2KmH p p2 + `2xmHii Q#ȧBM2`2 m`KiQ`2B 7Q`K2 T2Mi`m

p2+iQ`mH 2biBKiQ`BHQ`,
! = ( X ′ X ) −1 X ′ Y
A URjXkRV
1t2KTHm
6B2 m`KiQ`2H2 KQ/2H2 HBM2`2,
@ KQ/2HmH `2;`2bB2j,
Yt = a0 + a1 X1t + a2 X2t + a3 X3t + et URjXkkV
@ KQ/2HmH `2;`2bB29
Yt = a0 + a1 X1t + a2 X2t + a3 X3t + a4 X4t + et URjXkjV
ŖM /2iHBm 2bi2 }și KQ/2HmH regresie4X

RjXj h2bi`2 b2KMB}+ȧB2B 2biBKiQ`BHQ` RRd
= `2;`2bB2j I@ HKUu sR Y sk Y sj- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V

= `2;`2bB29 I@ HKU X- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
= bmKK`vU`2;`2bB29V
*HH,
HKU7Q`KmH 4 u X- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@yXdj3jR @yXRNRRy @yXyykNe yXR8k9j yX3e3dy
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV kXRRk3 yX8j88 jXN98 yXyyy3
sR @jX3key jXdj8k @RXyk9 yXjRdN
sk @kX88k3 RXRN39 @kXRjy yXy983
sj jXd888 kXjj98 RXeyN yXRkj9
s9 kXN93R 9XjkN9 yXe3R yX8yjd
@@@
_2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX9kR8 QM ky /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX33RN-/Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX383j
6@biiBbiB+, jdXj9 QM 9 M/ ky .6- T@pHm2, 8XR392@yN
a2 Q#b2`p + T2Mi`m regresie4 b@ 7QHQbBi 7Q`K u ! X- /B+ BM~m2Mȧ

imim`Q` p`B#BH2HQ` 2tTHB+iBp2 /BM b2imH /2 /i2 /BbTQMB#BH,
Y!t = 2.1128 − 3.8260 ∗ X1t − 2.5528 ∗ X2t + 3.7555 ∗ X3t + 2.9481 ∗ X4t
URjXk9V
RjXj h2bi`2 b2KMB}+ȧB2B 2biBKiQ`BHQ`
1biBKiQ`BB /BM KQ/2HmH HBM2`- +H+mHȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B
Tiì2- bmMi p`B#BH2 H2iQ`2 `2TìBxi2 MQ`KH șB m K2/B 2;H +m
pHQ`2 T`K2i`mHmB T2 +`2 ŗH 2biBK2x UbmMi M2/2THbȧBVX 6BBM/
p`B#BH2 H2iQ`2- 2biBKiQ`BB TQi p2 Ĝ 2pB/2Mi- +m T`Q##BHBiȧB
/B72`Bi2 Ĝ Q`B+2 pHQ`2 bBimi ŗMi`@mM MmKBi BMi2`pHX .+ +2bi
BMi2`pH +QMȧBM2 șB pHQ`2 x2`Q- imM+B- +m Q T`Q##BHBii2 +`2 TQi2 }
+H+mHi- 2biBKiQ`BB TQi Hm pHQ`2 x2`QX .2 2t2KTHm- ŗM KQ/2HmH
mMB7+iQ`BH- BMi2MbBii2 H2;im`BB /BMi`2 X șB Y 2bi2 /i /2 pHQ`2
T`K2i`mHmB a1 - 2biBKi T`BM a!1 X .+ 2biBKiQ`mH a!1 TQi2 } x2`Q +m Q
RR3 MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
T`Q##BHBii2 P( a!1 = 0) bm}+B2Mi /2 K`2- ŗMb2KM + 2tBbi `Bb+mH +

ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 X șB Y b Mm }2 MB+B Q H2;im`- bm +2H TmȧBM b2 TQi2
}`K + 2șMiBQMmH b2H2+ii Mm Q72` `;mK2Mi2 biiBbiB+2 bm}+B2Mi /2
Tmi2`MB+2 +`2 b DmbiB}+2 BTQi2x mM2B H2;im`B ŗMi`2 X șB Y /2 iBTmH +2H2B
/KBb2 T`BM KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2` T`2x2MiiX S2Mi`m MmKBi2 iBTm`B
/2 T`Q#H2K2 2bi2 BKTQìMi șB i2bimH T`BpBM/ b2KMB}+ȧB 2biBKiQ`mHmB
a!0 - /2Q`2+2 /KBi2`2 BTQi2x2B a!0 = 0 ` Tmi2 p2 BKTHB+ȧBB i2Q`2iB+2
/2Qb2#Bi2 UCmH- CmHVX
S`Q+2/m` mxmH THB+i T2Mi`m i2bi`2 b2KMB}+ȧB2B T`K2i`BHQ` /BM
KQ/2HmH mMB7+iQ`BH /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2` m`K`2și2 i2bi`2 BTQi2x2B MmH2
H0 , T`K2i`BB Mm /B72` b2KMB}+iBp /2 x2`Q- +QMi` BTQi2x2B Hi2`MiBp2
H1 , T`K2i`BB /BM 2+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2 bmMi- ŗM pHQ`2 #bQHmi- bi`B+i
TQxBiBpBX imM+B- bm# BTQi2x H0 - biiBbiB+
a!i
t a!i = URjXk8V
s a!i
m`K2x Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 i@aim/2Mi +m M ė F @ R ;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2X a2

`2bTBM;2 BTQi2x /2 MmH H0 , a!i = 0 UXi Mm BM~m2Mȧ2x YV /+ pHQ`2
#bQHmi +2bimB i2bi 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i Q pHQ`2 +`BiB+ Q#ȧBMmi /BM
i#2H2H2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B i Uaim/2MiVX
1t2KTHm
= bmKK`vU`2;`2bB29V
*HH,
HKU7Q`KmH 4 u X- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@yXdj3jR @yXRNRRy @yXyykNe yXR8k9j yX3e3dy
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV kXRRk3 yX8j88 jXN98 yXyyy3
sR @jX3key jXdj8k @RXyk9 yXjRdN
sk @kX88k3 RXRN39 @kXRjy yXy983
sj jXd888 kXjj98 RXeyN yXRkj9
s9 kXN93R 9XjkN9 yXe3R yX8yjd
@@@
RjX9 *Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 șB +`Bi2`BB /2 bT2+B}+`2 RRN
_2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX9kR8 QM ky /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX33RN-/Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX383j
6@biiBbiB+, jdXj9 QM 9 M/ ky .6- T@pHm2, 8XR392@yN
a2KMB}+ȧB 2biBKiQ`BHQ` b2 /2/m+2 /BM mHiBK +QHQM,
Ç 2biBKiQ`mH a!0 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp UT2bi2 NNWV
Ç 2biBKiQ`mH a!1 Ll 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp UT`Q##BHBii2 /2 ;`2șB

`2bTBM;M/ BTQi2x /2 MmH 2bi2 31.79%- KB K`2 /2+i T`;mH
biM/`/ /2 8WV
Ç 2biBKiQ`mH a!2 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp UT2bi2 N8WV
Ç 2biBKiQ`mH a!3 Ll 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp
Ç 2biBKiQ`mH a!4 Ll 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp
*Q/m`BH2 /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 aB;MB7X+Q/2b Dmi H B/2MiB}+`2 `TB/

2bBiKiQ`BHQ` b2KMB}+iBpBX
*QM7Q`K `2xmHii2HQ` Q#ȧBMmi2- KQ/2HmH ` i`2#mB `2bT2+B}+i U/2
2t2KTHm- T`BM 2HBKBM`2 mM2B p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2VX
S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 +2HQ`Hi2 i2bi2- b2 +QMiBMm +m +2bi KQ/2H- +m

K2MȧBmM2 + ŗM T`+iB+ MHBx ` i`2#mB QT`Bi B+B șB KQ/2HmH
`2bT2+B}+iX
RjX9 *Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 șB +`Bi2`BB /2

bT2+B}+`2
RjX9XR *Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2
S`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 b2 /2i2`KBM +2 2+mȧB2 /2 `2;`2bB2
T2Mi`m +`2 bmK Tiì2HQ` #i2`BHQ` /BMi`2 /i2H2 ŗM`2;Bbiì2 șB +2H2
+H+mHi2 2bi2 +2 KB KB+ TQbB#BH- T2Mi`m +Hb /2 KQ/2H2 `2bT2+iBp2X
S`Q#H2K +`2 b2 `B/B+- ŗM +QMiBMm`2- 2bi2 +22 Kbm`BB ŗM +`2
p`BȧB 2tQ;2M2B TQi2 2tTHB+ 2pQHmȧB p`B#BH2B 2M/Q;2M2X
a2 /2}M2și2 +Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 R2 + }BM/ Tì2 /BM p`BȧB HmB

Y +`2 TQi2 } i`B#mBi p`BȧB2B HmB X- T2Mi`m 2șMiBQMmH MHBxi,
∑nt=1 u2t
R2 = 1 − URjXkeV
∑nt=1 (Yt − Ȳ )2
Rky MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
*Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 2bi2 Q K`BK2 TQxBiBp șB bm#mMBi`X *m

+i R2 2bi2 KB T`QT2 /2 mMm- +m ii KQ/2HmH b2 T`QTB2 KB KmHi
/2 T`Q+2bmH 2+QMQKB+ KQ/2HiX AMi2`T`2i`2 Q#BșMmBi +Q2}+B2MimHmB
/2 /2i2`KBM`2 2bi2 m`KiQ`2, /BM p`BȧB iQiH HmB u- ( R2 ) ∗ 100%
` Tmi2 } i`B#mBi p`BȧB2B HmB sX ŖM }`KȧB T`2+2/2Mi ŗMHQ+mB`2
7Q`KmH`BB ` Tmi2 } i`B#mBi +m 7Q`KmH`2 2bi2 +mxi /2 TQi2 /m+2
H +QM+HmxBB 2`QMi2- ŗM bT2+BH imM+B +M/ MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ b2 `272`
H b2`BB /2 iBKTX
P Hi Kbm` +mì2ȧ2B Dmbi`BB 2bi2 +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 /2i2`KBM`2
+Q`2+ii- +H+mHi bi72H,
n−1
R2 = 1 − (1 − R2 ) URjXkdV
n−k−1
mM/2 M 2bi2 /BK2MbBmM2 2șMiBQMmHmB șB F MmK`mH /2 p`B#BH2
2tTHB+iBp2X
1t2KTHm
= O+Q27B+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2
= UbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`Xb[m`2/V
(R) yXed8Re39
= O+Q27B+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 Dmbii
= UbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0/DX`Xb[m`2/V
(R) yXeeRy98j
= UbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2kV0/DX`Xb[m`2/V
(R) yX38k9j8
= UbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2jV0/DX`Xb[m`2/V
(R) yX3eR3N8j
= UbmKK`vU`2;`2bB29V0/DX`Xb[m`2/V
(R) yX383kd83
*QM7Q`K `2xmHii2HQ`- KQ/2HmH b2 ŗK#mMiȧ2și2 T`BM BM+Hm/2`2

p`B#BH2B X2- `2bT2+iBp X3- +HBii2 +2bimB b+xM/ ŗM KQK2MimH
BM+Hm/2`BB p`B#BH2B X4X
RjX9Xk aT2+B}+`2 KQ/2HmHmB KmHiB7+iQ`BH
.+ T`BM BM+Hm/2`2 mM2B UmMQ`V p`B#BH2 bmTHBK2Mi`2 bmK Tiì2HQ`

`2xB/mm`BHQ` b+/2 KB `2T2/2 /2+i MmK`mH ;`/2HQ` /2 HB#2ìi2- /BM
TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 2+QMQK2i`B+ b2 DmbiB}+ `2ȧBM2`2 ŗM KQ/2H p`B#BH2B
Up`B#BH2HQ`V `2bT2+iBp2X
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H RkR
.2 b2K2M2- b2 TQi2 /2KQMbi` m`KiQ`2 T`QT`B2ii2, /+ pHQ`2

#bQHmi i2bimHmB i T2Mi`m mM T`K2i`m /BM 2+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2`
KmHiBTH 2bi2 KB KB+ /2+i R- imM+B- 2HBKBMM/ /BM KQ/2H p`B#BH
2tTHB+iBp bQ+Bi- pHQ`2 +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 /2i2`KBM`2 +Q`2+ii p
+`2și2c /+ b2 2HBKBM Q p`B#BH T2Mi`m +`2 i biiBbiB+ 2bi2 KB K`2
/2+i R- pHQ`2 +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 /2i2`KBM`2 +Q`2+ii b2 p `2/m+2X
a@m /2}MBi KB KmHi2 ș MmKBi2 +`Bi2`BB BM7Q`KȧBQMH2,
Ç *`Bi2`BmH BM7Q`KȧBQMH FBF2 UA*V
Ç *`Bi2`BmH BM7Q`KȧBQMH a+?rìx U"A*V
Ç *`Bi2`BmH BM7Q`KȧBQMH >MMM@ZmBMM U>ZV
P +QM/BȧB2 T2Mi`m BM+Hm/2`2 mM2B MQB p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 2bi2 + T`BM

+2bi `2@bT2+B}+`2 KQ/2HmHmB b b2 Q#ȧBM Q pHQ`2 KB KB+ T2Mi`m
+`Bi2`BBH2 K2MȧBQMi2X
1t2KTHm
.2Q`2+2 /BK2MbBmM2 2șMiBQMmHmB 2bi2 `2HiBp KB+- b2 `2+QKM/
miBHBx`2 i2bimHmB "A*,
= "A*U`2;`2bB2- `2;`2bB2k- `2;`2bB2j- `2;`2bB29V

/7 "A*
`2;`2bB2 j 8dXRReNe
`2;`2bB2k 9 j3X9j9ey
`2;`2bB2j 8 j3X3j9y8
`2;`2bB29 e 9RX9dNNe
h2bimH BM/B+ KQ/2HmH k UY ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p`B#BH2H2 X1 șB X2 V + }BM/ +2H

KB #mMX
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM

KQ/2H
RjX8XR LQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ`
LQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ` `2T`2xBMi Q +QM/BȧB2 2b2MȧBH T2Mi`m

2pHm`2 +HBiȧBB 2biBKiQ`BHQ` +H+mHȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B
Tiì2- ŗM +xmH KQ/2H2HQ` HBM2`2 /2 `2;`2bB2X +2bi /2Q`2+2
KDQ`Bii2 `2xmHii2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H `2;`2bB HBM2` m 7Qbi /2xpQHii2
TQ`MBM/ /2 H BTQi2x MQ`KHBiȧBB /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ`X
Rkk MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
*QMb2+BMȧ2H2 M2`2bT2+i`BB BTQi2x2B /2 MQ`KHBii2 2`Q`BHQ` bmMi,
RX 1biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` /BM KQ/2H bmMi M2/2THbȧB șB +QMbBbi2MȧBX
kX 1biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` /BM KQ/2H Mm bmMi 2}+B2MȧBX
jX 1biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` /BM KQ/2H Mm m T`QT`B2ii2 /2 KtBK

p2`QbBKBHBii2X
9X h2bimH i biiBbiB+ Uaim/2MiV THB+i T2Mi`m MHBx b2KMB}+ȧB2B

2biBKiQ`BHQ` Mm 2bi2 pHB/
lMmH /BMi`2 +2H2 KB +mMQb+mi2 i2bi2 T`BpBM/ MQ`KHBii2 2`Q`BHQ` 2bi2
i2bimH C`[m2@"2` UC`[m2 ȔB "2`- RN3y-#V- i2bi +`2 7QHQb2și2
KQK2Mi2H2 M2+2Miì2 H2 `2xB/mm`BHQ` T2Mi`m 2biBK +QM7Q`KBii2
/Bbi`B#mȧB 2`Q`BHQ`X JQK2MimH +2Miì /2 Q`/BM ` H 2`Q`BHQ` 2bi2,
∑nt=1 urt
µr = URjXk3V
n
h2bimH 2bi2 7Q`KmHi bi72H,
- . /2 0 . /
1 µ23 1 µ4 3 µ21 µ3 ∗ µ1
JB = n ∗ + ∗ −3 +n ∗ − URjXkNV
6 µ32 24 µ22 2 µ2 µ22
BTQi2x /2 MmH i2bimHmB C`[m2@"2` 2bi2 H0 , 2`Q`BH2 bmMi MQ`KH

/Bbi`B#mBi2 șB 2bi2 2pHmi +QMi` BTQi2x2B Hi2`MiBp2 H1 , 2`Q`BH2
m`K2x Q Hi /Bbi`B#mȧB2 /BM 7KBHB /Bbi`B#mȧBBHQ` /2 iBT S2`bQMX
C`[m2 "2` m /2KQMbiì +- bm# BTQi2x /2 MmH- biiBbiB+ C"
m`K2x bBKTiQiB+ Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 χ2 +m k ;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2X BTQi2x /2
MmH UMQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ`V 2bi2 `2bTBMb /+ pHQ`2
i2bimHmB C" 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i pHQ`2 i2Q`2iB+ /BM /Bbi`B#mȧB χ22 (α)-
mM/2 α 2bi2 T`;mH /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 UT`Q##BHBii2 2`Q`BB /2 iBTmH AXV
i2Mm`2 +QMb2+BMȧ2HQ` MQM@MQ`KHBiȧBB /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ`

a2 /2KQMbi`2x + i2bi2H2 #xi2 T2 KQK2Mi2H2 +2Miì2 H2 `2xB/mm`BHQ`
bmMi 7Qì2 b2MbB#BH2 H T`2x2Mȧ TmM+i2HQ` iBTB+2 UŗM 2M;H2x QmiHB2`bVk X
.+ MQM@MQ`KHBii2 2bi2 /iQì 2tBbi2Mȧ2B TmM+i2HQ` /2 +2bi iBT-
imM+B T`Q#H2K b2 `2xQHp T`BM 2tTHB+`2 T`2x2Mȧ2B TmM+i2HQ` `2bT2+iBp2X
imM+B +M/ BTQi2x /2 MQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ` 2bi2 BMpHB/i-
k CmH .X- kyyj- AMi`Q/m+2`2 ŗM 2+QMQK2i`B2- 1/Bim` S`Q72bbBQMH *QMbmHiBM;-
"m+m`2șiB- T;X kRR@kRj

RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H Rkj
/2 Q#B+2B b2 THB+ MmKBi2 i2?MB+B /2 i`Mb7Q`K`2 b2`BBHQ` /2 /i2- /2

Q#B+2B T`BM HQ;`BiK`2X
1t2KTHm
h2bimH C`[m2@"2` Mm b2 ~ ŗM T+?2imH biM/`/X h2bimH BKTH2K2Mii
BM _ 7QHQb2și2 KQK2Mi2H2 +2iì2 H2 2`Q`BHQ` șB `2 pHQ`B B/2MiB+2 +m +2H
T`2x2Mii Mi2`BQ` T2Mi`m KQ/2H2 +`2 m i2`K2M HB#2`X a2 ŗM+`+
T+?2imH ib2`B2b,
= HB#``vUib2`B2bV
THB+`2 i2bimHmB T2Mi`m KQ/2HmH mMB7+iQ`BH /m+2 H m`KiQ`2H2

`2xmHii2,
= D`[m2X#2`Xi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHbV
C`[m2 "2` h2bi
/i, bmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHb
s@b[m`2/ 4 kXkkyj- /7 4 k- T@pHm2 4 yXjkN8
AMi2`T`2i`2 2bi2, /+ b2 `2bTBM;2 BTQi2x /2 MmH- +QM7Q`K +`2B

2`Q`BH2 bmMi MQ`KH /Bbi`B#mBi2- T`Q##BHBii2 /2 ;`2șB 2bi2 /2
T`QtBKiBp jjWX ŖM +QMb2+BMȧ- BTQi2x /2 MmH Mm 2bi2 `2bTBMbX
P#bX h2bimH `2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 bBKTiQiB+- bi72H ŗM+i ŗM +xmH KQ/2HmHmB
MHBxi- /BK2MbBmM2 `2HiBp KB+ 2șMiBQMmHmB TQi2 /m+2 H
BMi2`T`2i`B 2`QMi2 H2 i2bimHmBX
Hi2 i2bi2 /2 MQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ` ŗM _ b2 ;b2b+ ŗM T+?2imH

/2 7mM+ȧBB MQì2bi,
Ç /Xi2bi @ i2bimH M/2`bQM@.`HBM;
Ç +pKXi2bi @ i2bimH *`K2`@pQM JBb2b
Ç HBHHB2Xi2bi @ i2bimH GBHHB27Q`b UEQHKQ;Q`Qp@aKB`MQpV
Ç T2`bQMXi2bi @ i2bimH χ2 @ S2`bQM
Ç b7Xi2bi @ i2bimH a?TB`Q@6`M+B
1t2KTHm
a2 ŗM+`+ T+?2imH MQì2biX .+ Mm 2bi2 /2b+`+i- b2 p 7QHQbB +QKM/
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]MQì2bi]V h2bimH M/2`bQM@.`HBM;,
Rk9 MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
= /Xi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHbV
M/2`bQM@.`HBM; MQ`KHBiv i2bi
4 yX8Ne3- T@pHm2 4 yXRy38
S2Mi`m THB+ i2bimH *`K2`@pQM JBb2b- b2 7QHQb2și2,
= +pKXi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHbV
*`K2`@pQM JBb2b MQ`KHBiv i2bi
q 4 yXRyed- T@pHm2 4 yXy38yN
S2Mi`m THB+ i2bimH GBHHB27Q`b UEQHKQ;Q`Qp@aKB`MQpV,
= HBHHB2Xi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHbV
GBHHB27Q`b UEQHKQ;Q`Qp@aKB`MQpV MQ`KHBiv i2bi
. 4 yXR8eR- T@pHm2 4 yXRkyk
S2Mi`m THB+ i2bimH χ2 @ S2`bQM,
= T2`bQMXi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHbV
S2`bQM +?B@b[m`2 MQ`KHBiv i2bi
S 4 RRXRe- T@pHm2 4 yXy93j
S2Mi`m THB+ i2bimH a?TB`Q@6`M+B,
= b7Xi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2V0`2bB/mHbV
a?TB`Q@6`M+B MQ`KHBiv i2bi
q 4 yXN9k8- T@pHm2 4 yXR9Nd
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H Rk8
hQi2 i2bi2H2 BM/B+ MQ`KHBii2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ` H T`;mH biM/`/

/2 b2KMB}+ȧB2X
RjX8Xk miQ+Q`2H`2 2`Q`BHQ`
ŖM T`2x2Mȧ miQ+Q`2H`BB 2`Q`BHQ` 2bi2 72+ii +HBii2 2biBKiQ`BHQ`

+H+mHȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB
KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2X miQ+Q`2H`2 2`Q`BHQ` T`2bmTmM2 2tBbi2Mȧ mM2B
+Qp`BMȧ2 M2MmH2 ŗMi`2 2`Q`BH2 /BM 2+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2X
ŖM KQ/2H2H2 2+QMQKB+2 /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2` b2 ŗMiHM2b+ /2b bBimȧBB ŗM +`2
2`Q`BH2 bmMi miQ+Q`2Hi2X ŖM bT2+BH- miQ+Q`2H`2 2`Q`BHQ` T`2 ŗM
KQ/2H2H2 +QMbi`mBi2 T2Mi`m b2`BBH2 /2 iBKTX S`BM+BTH2H2 +mx2 +`2
/2i2`KBM 72MQK2MmH `2bT2+iBp bmMi,
RX QKBi2`2 /BM KQ/2H mMQ` p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 +m BM~m2Mȧ

b2KMB}+iBp bmT` p`B#BH2B 2M/Q;2M2c
kX B;MQ``2 T`2x2Mȧ2B mMQ` `2HȧBB M2HBM2`2 ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2 șB
jX BKTQbB#BHBii2 2pBi`BB mMQ` 2`Q`B /2 Kbm``2X
*QMb2+BMȧ2 H2 miQ+Q`2H`BB 2`Q`BHQ`

ŖM T`2x2Mȧ miQ+Q`2H`BB 2`Q`BHQ`- 2biBKiQ`BB +H+mHȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ`
KB KB+B Tiì2 T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2` `KM
M2/2THbȧB șB +QMbBbi2MȧB- /2Q`2+2 ŗM /2KQMbi``2 T`QT`B2iȧBHQ`
`2bT2+iBp2 Mm b 7QHQbBi BTQi2x /2 HBTb miQ+Q`2H`BB 2`Q`BHQ` U+- /2
Hi72H- MB+B BTQi2x /2 HBTb ?2i2`Qb+2/biB+BiȧBBVX ŖM b+?BK#-
2biBKiQ`BB Mm bmMi 2}+B2MȧB- ŗM b2MbmH + 2tBbi 2biBKiQ`B B
T`K2i`BHQ` KQ/2HmHmB +`2 m Q /BbT2`bB2 KB KB+ /2+i /BbT2`bB
2biBKiQ`BHQ` +H+mHȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2X
JB KmHi- b2 /2KQMbi`2x + /+ 2`Q`BH2 bmMi miQ+Q`2Hi2- imM+B

/BbT2`bB 2`Q`BHQ` șB /BbT2`bBBH2 2biBKiQ`BHQ` bmMi bm#2biBKi2X ŖM +2bi2
+QM/BȧBB- pHQ`BH2 i2bi2HQ` /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 i aim/2Mi bmMi
bmT`/BK2MbBQMi2- B` T`K2i`BB TQi T`2 + b2KMB}+iBpB +?B` /+
ŗM `2HBii2 +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 7HbX
.+ 72MQK2MmH /2 miQ+Q`2H`2 2`Q`BHQ` /BM KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2
HBM2` 2bi2 B;MQì- B` T2Mi`m 2biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` b2 7QHQb2și2
K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2- imM+B- bBMi2iB+- +QMb2+BMȧ2H2 bmMi
m`KiQ`2H2,
Ç 1biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` /BM KQ/2H bmMi M2/2THbȧB șB +QMbBbi2MȧBX

Rke MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
Ç 1biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` /BM KQ/2H Mm bmMi 2}+B2MȧB șB Mm m

T`QT`B2ii2 /2 KtBK p2`QbBKBHBii2X
Ç 1biBKiQ`BB +H+mHȧB T2Mi`m /BbT2`bB șB +Qp`BMȧ T`K2i`BHQ`

bmMi /2THbȧB- Mm bmMi +QMbBbi2MȧB șB Mm bmMi 2}+B2MȧBX
Ç h2bimH i biiBbiB+ Uaim/2MiV THB+i T2Mi`m MHBx b2KMB}+ȧB2B

2biBKiQ`BHQ` Mm 2bi2 pHB/X
Ç oHQ`BH2 i aim/2Mi +H+mHi2 T2Mi`m 2biBK`2 b2KMB}+ȧB2B

T`K2i`BHQ` bmMi bmT`/BK2MbBQMi2- +22 +2 bm;2`2x Q
b2KMB}+ȧB2 T`K2i`BHQ` KB K`2 /2+i 2bi2 ŗM `2HBii2X
Ç #i2`2 biM/`/ 2`Q`BHQ` 2bi2 bm#/BK2MbBQMi 7ȧ /2 pHQ`2

`2H șB- ŗM +QMb2+BMȧ- +Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 R2 2bi2
bmT`/BK2MbBQMi- +22 +2 BM/B+ Q Dmbi`2 KB #mM /2+i 2bi2 ŗM
`2HBii2X
h2bimH .m`#BM Ĝ qibQM U.m`#BM ȔB qibQM- RN8y- RN8RV 2bi2 +2 KB
+mMQb+mi T`Q+2/m` miBHBxi T2Mi`m B/2MiB}+`2 miQ+Q`2H`BB /2
Q`/BMmH ŗMiB 2`Q`BHQ` /BM KQ/2H2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2`X aiiBbiB+
.m`#BM Ĝ qibQM b2 +H+mH2x bi72H,
∑nt=2 (ut − ut−1 )2
dw = URjXjyV
∑nt=1 u2t
.BM i#2H2H2 i2bimHmB #BHi2`H .m`#BM Ĝ qibQM b2 b2H2+i2x UTQ`MBM/ /2

H MBp2HmH /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 H2b Ĝ /2 Q#B+2B- yXy8 bm yXyRV- pHQ`BH2 +`BiB+2
dL șB dU- T2Mi`m k Ĝ MmK`mH /2 p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 /BM KQ/2H șB n Ĝ
/BK2MbBmM2 2șMiBQMmHmBX
Ç a2 ++2Ti BTQi2x H0 Ĝ HBTb miQ+Q`2H`BB /2 Q`/BMmH A- /+ dU ≤

dw ≤ 4 − dU
Ç a2 `2bTBM;2 H0 /+ dw ≤ dL bm dw ≤ 4dUX
Ç .+ dL ≤ dw ≤ dU bm 4 − dU ≤ dw ≤ 4 − dL- i2bimH 2bi2

M2+QM+Hm/2MiX
1t2KTHm
h2bimH .m`#BM@qibQM b2 ;b2și2 ŗM T+?2imH HKi2bi șB b2 7QHQb2și2
T2HM/ 7mM+ȧB /ri2biUV,
= HB#``vUHKi2biV
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H Rkd
= /ri2biU`2;`2bB2V
.m`#BM@qibQM i2bi
/i, `2;`2bB2
.q 4 RXNyjj- T@pHm2 4 yXjNkN
Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb, i`m2 miQ+Q``2HiBQM Bb ;`2i2` i?M y
SQi`BpBi i2bimHmB .q- b2 `2bTBM;2 BTQi2x /2 miQ+Q`2H`2 2`Q`BHQ` U/2

Q`/BMmH AVX .+ b@` ++2Ti Q b2KM2 BTQi2x- T`Q##BHBii2 /2 2`Q`2
U2`Q`2 /2 Q`/BMmH AV ` } /2 jNXjW- KB K`2 /2+i T`;mH biM/`/ /2
8WX
P#bX .BK2MbBmM2 `2HiBp KB+ 2șMiBQMmHmB TQi2 /m+2 H BMi2`T`2i`B
2`QMi2 H2 i2bi2HQ`X
RjX8Xj JmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2
lM /BMi`2 BTQi2x2H2 /2 7mM/K2Mi`2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HBM2`

KmHiB7+iQ`BH }`K 7TimH + Mm 2tBbi MB+B Q `2HȧB2 HBM2` ŗMi`2 /Qm
bm KB KmHi2 p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 U#b2Mȧ +QHBM2`BiȧBBVX ŖM T`+iB+
KQ/2H`BB ŗMb- Q b2K2M2 BTQi2x 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 ;`2m /2 ŗM/2THBMBi-
/2Q`2+2 ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 2+QMQKB+2 2tBbi KmHiBTH2 H2;im`B /2
BMi2`+QM/BȧBQM`2X P `2MmMȧ`2 H BTQi2x /2 BM/2T2M/2Mȧ p`B#BH2HQ`
2tTHB+iBp2 /BM KQ/2H2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 +`22x T`Q#H2K2 ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2
2biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` șB +HBii2 2biBKiQ`BHQ`X
*QMb2+BMȧ2 H2 KmHiB+QHBM2`BiȧBB
Ç .+ /Qm bm KB KmHi2 p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 /BM KQ/2HmH /2

`2;`2bB2 KmHiBTH bmMi T2`72+i +Q`2Hi2- 2biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` Mm
TQi } +H+mHȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2X
Ç .+ MmKBi2 p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 bmMi `2HiBp Tmi2`MB+ +Q`2Hi2-

2biBKiQ`BB Q#ȧBMmȧB T`BM K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 bmMi HBM2`B-
MQ`KH /Bbi`B#mBȧB- M2/2THbȧB- +QMbBbi2MȧB șB /2 KtBK
Ç 172+imH KmHiB+QHBM2`BiȧBB b2 KMB72bi ŗM +`2și2`2 #i2`BB

biM/`/ 2biBKiQ`BHQ` +H+mHȧB T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB KQ/2HmHmB-
+22 +2 `2/m+2 pHQ`2 i2bimHmB i biiBbiB+ Uaim/2MiVX +2bi 7+2
2biBKiQ`BB KB TmȧBM b2KMB}+iBpB UTQbB#BH +?B` M2b2KMB}+iBpBVX
hQimșB- i2bimH i `KM2 pHB/X
Rk3 MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
Ç a2 `2/m+2 T`2+BxB 2biBKiQ`BHQ` +H+mHȧB T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB

KQ/2HmHmB- ŗM b2MbmH + #i2`2 biM/`/ K`2 /m+2 H +`2și2`2
BMi2`pHmHmB /2 ŗM+`2/2`2 ŗM +`2 bmMi ;`MiȧB T`K2i`BBX
Ç .2Q`2+2 +Qp`BMȧ ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 2tTHB+iBp2 +Q`2Hi2 `2HiBp

Tmi2`MB+ TQi2 } K`2 UŗM pHQ`2 #bQHmiV- BMi2`T`2i`2
T`K2i`BHQ` BM/BpB/mHB 2bi2 /B}+BHX
1tBbi MmKBi2 2H2K2Mi2 +2 TQi BM/B+ T`2x2Mȧ KmHiB+QHBM2`BiȧBB,
Ç *Q2}+B2MȧBB /2 +Q`2HȧB2 HBM2`- +H+mHȧB T2Mi`m T2`2+?BH2 /2

p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 /BM KQ/2H- bmMi K`B ŗM pHQ`2 #bQHmi
UbmMi- ŗM KQ/mH- T`QTBȧB /2 ± RVX
Ç .2i2`KBMMimH Ki`B+2B ( X ′ X ) `2 pHQ`B ŗM T`QTB2`2 HmB x2`QX

*Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 R2 2bi2 K`2- B` pHQ`BH2 i2bi2HQ` i
Uaim/2MiV- +H+mHi2 T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB KQ/2HmHmB bmMi KB+BX
Ç 1biBKiQ`BB T`K2i`BHQ` bmMi b2MbB#BHB H bT2+B}+`2 KQ/2HmHmBX
Ç JmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2 2bi2 B/2MiB}+i T`BM THB+`2 mMQ` T`Q+2/m`B

7Q`KH2
h2bimH "2HbH2v- Em? q2Hb+? U"EqV
h2bimH "Eq TQ`M2și2 /2 H MHBx pHQ`BHQ` T`QT`BB H2 Ki`B+2B /2

+Qp`BMȧ 2biBKiQ`BHQ` șB b2 #x2x T2 Q#b2`pȧB + /+ 2tBbi mM
MmK` K`2 /2 pHQ`B T`QT`BB ŗM T`QTB2`2 HmB x2`Q- imM+B 2tBbi `Bb+mH
mMQ` /2T2M/2Mȧ2 HBM2`2 ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2Xj
S2Mi`m THB+`2 i2bimHmB b2 +H+mH2x ș@MmKBi *L Ĝ +QM/BȧB2 /2
MmK` UŗM 2M;H2x +QM/BiBQM MmK#2`V- + `TQì ŗMi`2 +2 KB K`2
(λmax ) șB +2 KB KB+ (λmin ) pHQ`2 T`QT`B2 Ki`B+2B /2 +Qp`BMȧ
2biBKiQ`BHQ`X
hQiQ/i- b2 +H+mH2x *A Ĝ +QM/BȧB /2 BM/B+2 UŗM 2M;H2x +QM/BiBQM
BM/2tV- /mT `2HȧB,
1
λmax
CIi = URjXjRV
λi
T2Mi`m }2+`2 pHQ`2 T`QT`B2 Ki`B+2B `2bT2+iBp2 Uλi VX P pHQ`2 K`2

+Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` *A BM/B+ T`2x2Mȧ KmHiB+QHBM2`BiȧBBX S`+iB+- b2
+QMbB/2` + Q pHQ`2 *A I Ry- Mm `B/B+ T`Q#H2K2- Ry I *A I jy-
j CmH .X- CmH LX@JX- kyR8- 1+QMQK2i`B2- 1/Bim` JmbiM;- "m+m`2șiB
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H RkN
ŗMb2KM Q +QHBM2`Bii2 KQ/2ì- B` Q pHQ`2 *A = jy 2bi2 bQ+Bi

+m Q +QHBM2`Bii2 b2p2`X
.2 b2K2M2- b2 +H+mH2x /2b+QKTmM2`2 /BbT2`bB2B 2biBKiQ`BHQ`- ŗM
7mM+ȧB2 /2 pHQ`BH2 T`QT`BB λi X .+ T`QTQ`ȧB /BM /BbT2`bB iQiH mMmB
2biBKiQ`- bQ+Bi +2HmB KB K`2 *A 2bi2 bmT2`BQ` mMmB MmKBi T`;
U/2 2t2KTHm- 8yWV- imM+B p`B#BH `2bT2+iBp 2bi2 +Q`2Hi Tmi2`MB+ +m
+2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2 /BM KQ/2HX
imM+B +M/ 2bi2 /2i2`KBMi Q bBimȧB2 /2 KmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2- 2tBbi
K2iQ/2 /2 i2Mm`2,
Ç 1HBKBM`2 mMQ` p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2
Ç _2HBx`2 mMQ` Q#b2`pȧBB bmTHBK2Mi`2 bmT` p`B#BH2HQ` /BM

KQ/2H Ub2 K`2și2 pQHmKmH 2șMiBQMmHmBV
Ç S`2Hm+``2 T`BK` /i2HQ` U+H+mHmH `BiKm`BHQ` /2 KQ/B}+`2-

bTQ`m`BHQ`- BM/B+BHQ`- HQ;`BiK`2 pHQ`BHQ` Q#b2`pi2 2i+XV
Ç _2;`2bB `B/;2
1t2KTHm
h2bimH "Eq b2 ;b2și2 ŗM T+?2imH T2ìm`#,
= HB#``vUT2ìm`#V
= Oi2bi2x KmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2
= +QHH/B;U`2;`2bB29- //XBMi2`+2Ti 4 6Ga1- b+H2 4 6Ga1V
*QM/BiBQM
AM/2t o`BM+2 .2+QKTQbBiBQM S`QTQìBQMb
sR sk sj s9
R RXyyy yXyyy yXyyy yXyyy yXyyy
k kXdR9 yXyyy yXyyk yXyyy yXyyy
j RkjXeed yXyRe yXNjy yXNjy yXyj9
9 ke9Xeye yXN39 yXye3 yXydy yXNe8
oHQ`BH2 /BM +QHQM *QM/BiBQM AM/2t T2bi2 jy BM/B+ Q +QHBM2`Bii2

b2p2`X
1tBbi /Qm pHQ`B H2 *A bmT2`BQ`2 T`;mHmB /2 jy- +22 +2 BM/B+
2tBbi2Mȧ mM2B +QHBM2`BiȧB b2p2`2 ŗMi`2 p`B#BH2H2 2tTHB+iBp2X
P#bX .BK2MbBmM2 `2HiBp KB+ 2șMiBQMmHmB TQi2 /m+2 H BMi2`T`2i`B
2`QMi2 H2 i2bi2HQ`X
Rjy MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
h2bimH oA6 S2Mi`m B/2MiB}+ +2 p`B#BH i`2#mB2 2HBKBMi- b2 +H+mH2x

BM/B+iQ`mH oA6 UŗM 2M;H2x o`BM+2 AM~iBQM 6+iQ`bV- miBHBxM/ T+?2imH
+`,
= HB#``vU+`V
= pB7U`2;`2bB29V
sR sk sj s9
RkeRX98dd keRXN9ky RRjX3ReN Ry3jXkedN
*QM7Q`K `2xmHii2HQ`- b2 2HBKBM p`B#BH X1 U+2H KB K`2 +Q2}+B2MiV șB

b2 `27+2 KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 7` +2bi p`B#BH,
= `2;`2bB28 I@ HKUu sk Y sj Y s9- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V

= bmKK`vU`2;`2bB28V
*HH,
HKU7Q`KmH 4 u sk Y sj Y s9- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@yXdy9kk @yXkyjed yXyjNyd yXRd9y3 yXNkN3k
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV kXy3R8 yX8j8j jX333 yXyyy393
sk @kXy39N RXRyNk @RX33y yXyd9yNe X
sj kX3jyd kXR889 RXjRj yXkyjkj3
s9 @RXk8R3 RXjNRd @yX3NN yXjd3eR9
@@@
_2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX9kk QM kR /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3d8d-/Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX38dN
6@biiBbiB+, 9NXjk QM j M/ kR .6- T@pHm2, RXRye2@yN
a2 p2`B}+ /BM MQm pHQ`2 *A,
= +QHH/B;U`2;`2bB28- //XBMi2`+2Ti 4 6Ga1- b+H2 4 6Ga1V

*QM/BiBQM
RjX8 h2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H 2`Q`BH2 /BM KQ/2H RjR
sk sj s9
R RXyyy yXyyy yXyyy yXyyy
k kX3jR yXyyk yXyyy yXyyk
j RyeXekd yXNN3 RXyyy yXNN3
= pB7U`2;`2bB28V
sk sj s9
kkjX339N9 NeXdNjNk RRRXedjRe
a2 2HBKBM șB p`B#BH X2- b2 Q#ȧBM2,
= `2;`2bB2e I@ HKUu sj Y s9- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V

= bmKK`vU`2;`2bB2eV
*HH,
HKU7Q`KmH 4 u sj Y s9- /i 4 /i2H2nK2H2V
_2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@yXdRdye @yXRk93d @yXyjR9N yXR9kRd RXyNNNd
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV RX3jk8 yX89dd jXj9e yXyykNj
sj @RXRNNe yXkjkR @8XReN jX8y2@y8
s9 RXj8k9 yXRjN8 NXeN9 kXRk2@yN
@@@
_2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX998e QM kk /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3893-/Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX39Re
6@biiBbiB+, e9Xd8 QM k M/ kk .6- T@pHm2, eXy892@Ry
a2 p2`B}+ pHQ`2 *A,
= +QHH/B;U`2;`2bB2eV
*QM/BiBQM
BMi2`+2Ti sj s9
R RXyyy yXyyj yXyy9 yXyR9
k 8X8jN yXykk yXRyy yX39y
j RjX8jy yXNd8 yX3Ne yXR9e
Rjk MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2
ŖM +xmH /2 7ȧ- KQ/2HmH `2 iQȧB 2biBKiQ`BB b2KMB}+iBpB șB Mm T`2xBMi

KmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2X *Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBM`2 2bi2 yX3893X .2 b2K2M2-
2`Q`BH2 bmMi /Bbi`B#mBi2 MQ`KH,
= D`[m2X#2`Xi2biUbmKK`vU`2;`2bB2eV0`2bB/mHbV
C`[m2 "2` h2bi
/i, bmKK`vU`2;`2bB2eV0`2bB/mHb
s@b[m`2/ 4 RX3jed- /7 4 k- T@pHm2 4 yXjNNk
șB Mm T`2xBMi miQ+Q`2H`2 /2 Q`/BM R,
= /ri2biU`2;`2bB2eV
.m`#BM@qibQM i2bi
/i, `2;`2bB2e
.q 4 RXeRye- T@pHm2 4 yXR9kj
Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb, i`m2 miQ+Q``2HiBQM Bb ;`2i2` i?M y
*TBiQHmH R9
_2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
R9XR S`2+Bx`B T`2HBKBM`2
ŖM +TBiQH2H2 Mi2`BQ`2- ŗM +`2 7Qbi T`2x2Mii `2;`2bB HBMB`-

Q#B2+iBpmH T`BM+BTH 2` +2H /2 KQ/2H p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi (y)-
+QMbB/2ì p`B#BH +QMiBMm- T`BM 2biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` 2+mȧB2B /2
`2;`2bB2 T2 #x K2iQ/2B +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2X bi72H /2 K2iQ/2 bmMi
/2MmKBi2 K2iQ/2 biiBbiB+2 T`K2i`B+2 bm +MiBiiBp2X
S`Q#H2K 2b2MȧBH +`2 p } Tmb ŗM /Bb+mȧB2 ŗM +2bi +TBiQH 2bi2 /2
2pB/2MȧB H2;im` ŗMi`2 72MQK2M2H2 bQ+BQ@2+QMQKB+2 T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH
BMbi`mK2Mi`mHmB biiBbiB+- T2 #x +`+i2`BbiB+BHQ` +HBiiBp2X bi72H /2
K2iQ/2 BKTmM mM KQ/ /2 #Q`/`2 /B72`Bi 7ȧ /2 K2iQ/2H2 T`K2i`B+2-
7+M/ Tì2 /BM ;`mT KQ/2H2HQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` ;2M2`HBxi
U;2M2`HBx2/ HBM2` KQ/2H @ :GJ VX JQ/2H2 HBMB`2 ;2M2`HBxi2 m 7Qbi
7Q`KmHi2 /2 +i`2 CQ?M L2H/2` șB _Q#2ì q2//2`#m`M + Q KQ/HBii2
/2 mMB}+`2 /Bp2`b2HQ` KQ/2H2 biiBbiB+2- BM+HmbBp +2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2
HQ;BbiB+ șB `2;`2bB2 SQBbbQMX
_2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ 2bi2 mM KQ/2H T`Q##BHBbiB+ /2 MHBx biiBbiB+
H2;im`BB /BMi`2 /Qm bm KB KmHi2 72MQK2M2- T2 #x MmKBiQ`
+`+i2`BbiB+B- `2xmHiimH }BM/ Q p`B#BH +i2;Q`BHX ŖM +xmH `2;`2bB2B
HQ;BbiB+2 b2 TmM2 T`Q#H2K T`2/B+ȧB2B T`Q##BHBiȧBB + p`B#BH `2xmHii
b ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM /BMi`2 +i2;Q`BBH2 /2 `bTmMb TQbB#BH2- 2biBK`2
T`K2i`BHQ` 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2 `2bT2+iM/ +`Bi2`BmH p2`QbBKBHBiȧBB
KtBK2R X
1tBbi bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi TQi2 ŗM`2;Bbi` /Qm bm
R _2;`2bB HBMB` KQ/2H2xf2biBK2x pHQ`2 Ȕi2Tii mM2B +MiBiȧB
M2+mMQb+mi2 + Q +QK#BMȥB2 HBMB` mMmB b2i /2 pHQ`B Q#b2`pi2 UT`2/B+iQ`BVX +2bi
KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 b2 TQi`Bp2Ȕi2 imM+B +M/ p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 /Bbi`B#mBi MQ`KHX
Rj9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
KB KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB /2 `bTmMbc /+ 2tBbi /Qm +i2;Q`BB- p`B#BH 2bi2
/2 iBT #BM` bm /B?QiQKB+ U/2 2t2KTHm- p`B#BH b2t TQi2 ŗM`2;Bbi`
/Qm pHQ`B, Kb+mHBM șB 72KBMBMV Ĝ ŗM +2bi +x b2 THB+ `2;`2bB
HQ;BbiB+ #BMQKBHc /+ 2tBbi KB KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB /2 `bTmMb H2
p`B#BH2B `2xmHii- b2 THB+ `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH U/2 2t2KTHm-
p`B#BH MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2 TQi2 ŗM`2;Bbi` KB KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB, b+xmi-
K2/Bm bm ŗMHiVX JB KmHi- /+ +2bi2 +i2;Q`BB bmMi Q`/QMi2- /B+
p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 Q`/BMH- b2 THB+ `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ Q`/BMHX
JQ/2H2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 T2Mi`m +`2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 +HBiiBp TQi
} /2 iBT T`Q#Bi bm HQ;Bi- }BM/ /B72`Bi2 ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2 bT2+B}+`2
/Bbi`B#mȧB2B 2`Q`BHQ`X .+ /Bbi`B#mȧB +mKmHi 2`Q`BHQ` 2bi2 Q 7mM+ȧB2
HQ;BbiB+ `2xmHi mM KQ/2H /2 iBT HQ;BiX .+ /Bbi`B#mȧB +mKmHi 2`Q`BHQ`
m`K2x Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 MQ`KH- `2xmHi mM KQ/2H /2 iBT T`Q#BiX
_2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ TQi2 p2 mM bm KB KmHi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2
( xi )- /2MmKBi2 șB T`2/B+iQ`B- bm p`B#BH2 2tTHB+iBp2c ŗM KQ/2H2H2 /2
`2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+- p`B#BH2H2 2tTHB+iBp2 TQi } +QMiBMm2 șBfbm
+i2;Q`BH2X
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH
o`B#BH2H2 #BM`2 `2T`2xBMi +2 KB +QKmM 7Q`K /2 p`B#BH2

+i2;Q`BH2- K2iQ/2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 T`2x2Mii2 ŗM b2+ȧBmMBH2 m`KiQ`2
pM/ Q BKTQìMȧ 7mM/K2MiH ŗM KQ/2H`2 72MQK2M2HQ` /BM /Bp2`b2
/QK2MBB /BM b72` 2+QMQKB+Q@bQ+BH- T2 #x MHBx2B H2;im`BHQ` /BMi`2
p`B#BH2X
S2Mi`m ŗM+2Tmi- b2 p +QMbB/2` mM KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH-
ŗM +`2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi (y) 2bi2 /B?QiQKB+ U#BM`V- pM/ /Qm
+i2;Q`BB Uy șB RV șB ŗM +`2 2tBbi Q bBM;m` p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi ( x )-
+QMbB/2ì +MiBiiBpX
S2Mi`m 7+BHBi ŗMȧ2H2;2`2 `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2- b2 p +QMbB/2` mM
2tT2`BK2Mi ŗM +`2 `bTmMbmH 2bi2 Kbmì + bm++2b bm 2ș2+- +i2;Q`BB
/2 `bTmMb +2 TQi } +Q/B}+i2 +m R- `2bT2+iBp +m yX bi72H /2 p`B#BH2
/2T2M/2Mi2 TQi } ŗMiHMBi2 ŗM pBȧ `2H- /2 `2;mH- imM+B +M/ b2
/Q`2și2 T`2/B+ȧB Tì2M2Mȧ2B mM2B T2`bQM2 H /Qm +Hb2 U+i2;Q`BBV
/B72`Bi2- /2 2t2KTHm,
Ç miBHBx2xfMm miBHBx2x BMi2`M2imHc
Ç 7+2 Tì2fMm 7+2 Tì2 /BM +i2;Q`B /2 BMi2`2bc
Ç p +mKT`fMm p +mKT` mM MmKBi T`Q/mbc

R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH Rj8
Ç 7+2fMm 7+2 ++B/2Mi ŗM T`BKmH M /mT +2 Q#ȧBMmi T2`KBbmH /2

+QM/m+2`2c
Ç p pQifMm p pQic
Ç `2fMm `2 +QMi T2 6+2#QQF 2i+X
a2 p BK;BM mM KQ/2H T`BM +`2 b2 2biBK2x T`Q##BHBii2 + Q MmKBi

T2`bQM b /2+B/ +QMi`+i`2 mMmB +`2/Bi #M+` ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p2MBimH
HmM` /BbTQMB#BHX lM KQ/2H /2+pi ` Tmi2 T`2xB+2 + Q b+?BK#`2 +m Ry
H2B p2MBimHmB HmM` ` Tmi2 p2 + `2xmHii, b }2 /2 /Qm Q`B KB KmHi
bm KB TmȧBM T`Q##BH + T2`bQM b /2+B/ +QMi`+i`2 +`2/BimHmBX .`
+2 ŗMb2KM Ǵ/2 /Qm Q`B KB KmHiǴ ŗM i2`K2MB /2 T`Q##BHBii2\ Lm TQi2
ŗMb2KM HBi2`HK2Mi2 /m#H pHQ`2 T`Q##BHBiȧBB U/2 2t2KTHm- 8yW b
/2pBM RyyWVX a2 TQi2 bTmM2- ŗMb- + șMb2H2 /2 /2+B/2 +QMi`+i`2
+`2/BimHmB #M+` b2 TQi /m#HX bi72H /2 bBimȧBB- +`2 T2`KBi p`B#BH2B
`2xmHii b B# Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 `#Bi`` UHi /2+i /Bbi`B#mȧB MQ`KHV-
TQi } KQ/2Hi2 T`BM K2iQ/ `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2X
ș/`- `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ 2biBK2x T`Q##BHBii2 + mM +x b }2 BM+Hmb
ŗMi`@mM bm Hi /BM +i2;Q`BBH2 /2}MBi2 /2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi Ubm++2b
bm 2ș2+V ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi ( x )X *m Hi2 +mpBMi2- T2
#x `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 b2 p Tmi2 2biBK /+ 2p2MBK2MimH, p p2 HQ+
bm Mm p p2 HQ+X .+ 2p2MBK2MimH p p2 HQ+- imM+B T`BȧB +2bimB
`2 HQ+ +m T`Q##BHBii2 pX
R9XkXR _2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ H2;im`BB ŗMi`2 /Qm p`B#BH2
a2 +QMbB/2` mM b2i /2 /i2 +`2 +QMȧBM2 pHQ`BH2 /Qm p`B#BH2,
Ç y `2T`2xBMi Tì2M2MȧfMQM@Tì2M2Mȧ mMmB BM/BpB/ H +i2;Q`B

#2M2}+B`B /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2c
Ç x 2bi2 p`B#BH MmK2`B+- `2T`2x2MiM/ p2MBimH K2/Bm HmM`

BM/BpB/mH- 2tT`BKi ŗM mMBiȧB KQM2i`2X
*mMQb+M/ /i2H2 `272`BiQ`2 H p2MBimH K2/BmH HmM` Q#ȧBMmi /2 n = 35

T2`bQM2 șB +mMQb+M/ ȔB /+ +2bi2 T2`bQM2 bmMi #2M2}+B`2 /2 bT`BDBM
}MM+B` /BM Tì2 biimHmB UbT`BDBM +`2 b2 +Q`/ 7KBHBBHQ` +m p2MBim`B
`2/mb2V- b2 TQi2 +QMbi`mB mM KQ/2H +m +`2 b2 TQi2 `bTmM/2 H
ŗMi`2#`2, +`2 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + T2`bQM b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 bT`BDBM
}MM+B` /BM Tì2 biimHmB (y = 1) ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 mMmB p2MBi K2/Bm HmM`
/i ( x )\
Rje _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
= /i2 I@ /iX7`K2UQ#b 4 R,j8- v 4 +UR- y- R- y- R- R- y- y- R- y-

R- y- R- R- R- y- R- R- y- R- R- R- y- y- y- R- R- R- R- R- R- R- y-
R- RV- t4+U8yk- R88y- N3y- RNyR- dee- 3yj- kRkR- k8N9- ky9- k3yR-
33k- R8jj- j88- dN8- 8jj- RNj8- kRd- R8y- R93k- Ryk- 8dj- jRk-
RRN3- kyRR- R89N- d88- RjN- 83N- 93y- RRd- ky3- NNj- RNy- RkR- 9R3VV
lM/2,
Ç Q#b 4 Q#b2`pȧB
Ç v #2M2}+B`fMQM@#2M2}+B`
Ç t 4 p2MBimH K2/Bm HmM`
1p2MBK2Mi2H2 H2iQ`2 /2i2`KBMi2 /2 p`B#BH x Up2MBimH K2/Bm HmM` H

#2M2}+B`BHQ` /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2V +QMȧBMmi2 ŗM +Hb /2 2p2MBK2Mi2 y = 1
U+i2;Q`B #2M2}+B`BHQ` /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2V b2 Q#ȧBM +m 7mM+ȧB bm#b2iUV,
= /i2k I@ bm#b2iU/i2- v 44 RV
P TQbB#BHBii2 /2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 H2;im`BB /BMi`2 /Qm p`B#BH2 2bi2 +22

/2 7+2 mM ;`}+ /2 iBT b+ii2`THQi k - /B+ MQ`mH /2 TmM+i2 +`2 b2
bi#BH2b+ H BMi2`b2+ȧB pHQ`BHQ` +2HQ` /Qm p`B#BH2- T2Mi`m }2+`2
Q#b2`pȧB2X ŖM _- T2Mi`m `2T`2x2Mi ;`}+ H2;im` ŗMi`2 Q p`B#BH
/2T2M/2Mi #BM` șB Q p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi +MiBiiBp- b2 miBHBx2x
7mM+ȧB THQiUVX
= /i2 I@ `2/Xi#H2U7BH2X+?QQb2UV- ?2/ 4 h_l1V

= ?2/U/i2V
v t
R R 8yk
k y R88y
j R N3y
9 y RNyR
8 R dee
e R 3yj
= ii+? U/i2V
= THQiUt-vV
ŖM };m` m`KiQ`2 b2 Q#b2`p + p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi y iBM/2 b B

pHQ`2 y H pHQ`B KB KB+B H2 HmB x șB pHQ`2 R T2 Kbm` +2 pHQ`BH2
HmB x +`2b+X
k :`}+mH +`2 T`2xBMi H2;im` /BMi`2 /Qm p`B#BH2 TQì MmK2H2 /2 +Q`2HQ;`K
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH Rjd
6B;m` R9XR, _2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ H2;im`BB ŗMi`2 Q p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi

y #BM` șB Q p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi x +MiBiiBp
SmM+i2H2 /2 T2 ;`}+ Mm TQi Q72`B BM7Q`KȧBB /2bT`2 7Q`K /2T2M/2Mȧ2B

/BMi`2 p`B#BH2- + ŗM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HBMB`2X JQiBpmH 2bi2 +2H + Mm
2tBbi Q p`BȧB2 HmB y U2tBbi /Q` /Qm pHQ`B TQbB#BH2- `2bT2+iBp y șB RVX
R9XkXk ȘMb2H2 /2 bm++2bX 1+mȧB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH
JQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ 2bi2 H2;i /B`2+i /2 MQȧBmM2 /2 șMb2 /2

bm++2b UQ//b- ŗM HBK# 2M;H2xV- MQii Ω- `2T`2x2MiM/ `TQìmH /BMi`2
T`Q##BHBii2 /2 bm++2b șB T`Q##BHBii2 /2 2ș2+ 2p2MBK2MimHmB,
p
Ω= UR9XRV
1− p
mM/2,
p 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + y b B pHQ`2 R- /B+ 72MQK2MmH b
ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM bm++2b- T`Q##BHBii2 +QM/BȧBQMi /2 pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 xc
(1 − p) 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + y b B pHQ`2 y- /B+ 2p2MBK2MimH b
ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM 2ș2+- /2 b2K2M2 T`Q##BHBii2 /2 BMbm++2b }BM/
+QM/BȧBQMi /2 BM~m2Mȧ HmB xX
.2 2t2KTHm,
Ç +M/ p = 0, 6 `2xmHi 1 − p = 0, 4 ȔB Ω = 0,6

0,4 = 1, 5c ŗMb2KM +
Rj3 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
T`Q##BHBii2 /2 bm++2b 2p2MBK2MimHmB 2bi2 /2 R-8 KB K`2 /2+i

T`Q##BHBii2 /2 2ș2+c
Ç +M/ p = 0, 99 `2xmHi 1 − p = 0, 01 ȔB Ω = 0,99

0,01 = 99c ŗMb2KM +
T`Q##BHBii2 /2 bm++2b 2bi2 /2 NN KB K`2 /2+i T`Q##BHBii2
/2 2ș2+X
SQi 2tBbi i`2B bBimȧBB,
Ç +M/ Ω > 1- 2p2MBK2MimH 2bi2 KB T`Q##BH b ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM bm++2b

U/B+ 2bi2 KB T`Q##BH b B# HQ+Vc
Ç +M/ Ω < 1- 2p2MBK2MimH 2bi2 KB T`Q##BH b Mm B# HQ+c
Ç +M/ Ω = 1- 2tBbi șMb2 2;H2 + 2p2MBK2MimH b b2 ŗMiKTH2 bm

MmX
ŖM iBKT +2 T`Q##BHBii2 B pHQ`B +mT`BMb2 ŗMi`2 y șB R- Ω TQi2 Hm

pHQ`B TQxBiBp2 ŗM BMi2`pHmH (0, +) X S`BM HQ;`BiK`2 șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b
b2 `2+m`;2 H ș@xBb i`Mb7Q`K`2 HQ;BbiB+- /2MmKBi șB logit- +2 TQi2
Hm pHQ`B +mT`BMb2 ŗM BMi2`pHmH (−, +)X h`Mb7Q`K`2 HQ;Bi 2bi2 M2+2b`
T2Mi`m T`QB2+i T`Q##BHBii2 p /BM BMi2`pHmH Uy-RV ŗM BMi2`pHmH (−, +)-
7Ti M2+2b` ŗM T`Q+2bmH /2 2biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2X
ș/`- +M/ p iBM/2 bT`2 pHQ`2 R- șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b iBM/ bT`2 + șB
7mM+ȧB logit iBM/2 iQi bT`2 +X *M/ p iBM/2 bT`2 y- șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b iBM/
bT`2 y- B` 7mM+ȧB HQ;Bi iBM/2 bT`2 −X *M/ T`Q##BHBiȧBH2 /2 bm++2b șB /2
2ș2+ bmMi 2;H2- Ω = 1 - B` logit B pHQ`2 yX
JQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH 2bi2 /i /2 7Q`KmH,
. /
p
ln = β0 + β1 x UR9XkV
1− p
β 0 șB β 1 bmMi T`K2i`BB 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2- /2MmKBȧB șB +Q2}+B2MȧB HQ;Bic

JQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ `2 7Q`K HBMB` /+ b2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB logit
T`Q##BHBiȧBB p,
logit( p) = β 0 + β 1 x UR9XjV
JQ/2HmH b2 KB TQi2 b+`B2j ,
p
= e β0 + β1 x UR9X9V
1− p
j S2 #x mM2B T`QT`B2iȧB Ki2KiB+2 7mM+ȧB2B 2tTQM2MȧBH2 eln( A) = A
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH RjN
/B+-
Ω = e β0 + β1 x UR9X8V
mM/2,
e β0 + β1 x
p= UR9XeV
1 + e β0 + β1 x
ŖM 2t2KTHmH /i- b2 TQi2 +QMbii +- T2Mi`m Q Q#b2`pȧB2 /BM b2imH /2

j8 /2 T2`2+?B /2 pHQ`B ( x, y)- /+ p > 0, 5- imM+B 2bi2 KB T`Q##BH
+ Q#b2`pȧB b T`ȧBM ;`mTmHmB +`+i2`Bxi /2 y = 1- /B+ T2`bQM
b }2 #2M2}+B` /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2X +2bi +QM/BȧB2 2bi2 2+?BpH2Mi +m
Ω > 1- /B+ logit > 0X
1tT`2bB ;`}+ `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 `2 Q 7Q`K bT2+BH- /2MmKBi
bB;KQB/ Ua@b?T2/V- +`2 /2+m`;2 /BM Mim` HQ;`BiKB+ `2HȧB2B /BMi`2
pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B BM/2T2M/2Mi2 șB +2H2 H2 p`B#BH2B `2xmHiiX
6Q`KmH +`2 2biBK2x T`Q##BHBii2 /2 T`Q/m+2`2 +m bm++2b
2p2MBK2MimHmB ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B BM/2T2M/2Mi2 BKTHB+
7TimH + p( x ) +`2și2 bm /2b+`2și2 ŗM 7Q`K /2 SX
aB;KQB/mH B bT2+i2 TìB+mH`2 ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 Mim` `2HȧB2B /BMi`2
p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi șB p`B#BH `2xmHiiX S2Mi`m /i2H2 +QMbB/2ì2 ŗM
2t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ`- ŗM +`2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 #BM`
U#2M2}+B`fMQM@#2M2}+B` /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2V- B` p`B#BH 2tTHB+iBp
2bi2 p2MBimH K2/Bm HmM`- 7Q`K bB;KQB/mHmB 2bi2 + Q `2T`2x2Mi`2 ŗM
Q;HBM/ HBi2`2B SX +2bi `2T`2x2Mi`2 U6B;m` R9XkV b2 /iQ`2x
7TimHmB + H2;im` /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm p`B#BH2 2bi2 BMp2`bX
= T`Q##BHBii2 I@ 2tTU8X9N8N83 @ yXyy933N tV f

UR Y 2tTU8X9N8N83 @ yXyy933N tVV
= THQiUt- T`Q##BHBii2V
R9XkXj 1biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2
ŖM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2- 2biBK`2 T`K2i`BHQ` 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2 b2

#x2x T2 KtBKBx`2 T`Q##BHBiȧBB /2 T`Q/m+2`2 +m bm++2b
2p2MBK2MimHmB- Mm T2 KBMBKBx`2 bmK2B Tiì2HQ`- + ŗM +xmH `2;`2bB2B
HBMB`2X
S2Mi`m 2tTHB+ K2iQ/ /2 +H+mH +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2- b2 p
BMi`Q/m+2 mM +QM+2Ti MQm, p2`QbBKBHBii2 UlikelihoodVX a2 +QMbB/2` +
R9y _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
6B;m` R9Xk, _2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ +m`#2B /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ ŗM +xmH

H2;im`BB ŗMi`2 p`B#BH #BM` #2M2}+B`fMQM@#2M2}+B` șB p2MBi
mM KQ/2H 2bi2 @ KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM Ĝ p2`QbBKBH imM+B +M/- 7QHQbBM/
p`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 /BM KQ/2H- b2 TQi 2biBK +Q`2+i pHQ`BH2
p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 yX *QM+2TimH /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2 TQi2 } miBHBxi ŗM
+H+mH`2 +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 T2 #x mMmB H;Q`BiK Bi2ìBp-
/2MmKBi K2iQ/ p2`QbBKBHBiȧBB KtBK2 UJtBKmK@GBF2HB?QQ/
1biBKiBQM @ JG1VX J2iQ/ 7Qbi BMi`Q/mb /2 _X X 6Bb+?2` ŗM RNRk șB
b2 #x2x T2 i`Mb7Q`K`2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 ŗMi`@Q p`B#BH /2 iBT
logit UHQ;`BiKmH Mim`H H șMb2B + 2p2MBK2MimH b b2 T`Q/m+ bm MmVX
S`Q#H2K 2biBK`BB +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` HQ;Bi 2bi2 /2 /2i2`KBM- T2 #x
b2imHmB /2 pHQ`B Q#b2`pi2- +2H2 pHQ`B H2 T`K2i`BHQ` β 0 ȔB β 1 bi72H
ŗM+i KQ/2HmH Ki2KiB+ logit( p) = β 0 + β 1 x b TQi /2b+`B2 +i KB
+`2/B#BHf+Q`2+i 72MQK2MmH Q#b2`pi- ŗM b2MbmH + 2bi2 +T#BH b /2b+`B2
+QKTQìK2MimH 72MQK2MmHmB șB ŗM Hi2 TmM+i2 +`2 Mm 7+ Tì2 /BM
KmHȧBK2 BMBȧBH /2 Q#b2`pȧBBX Hi72H bTmb- T`Q#H2K +QMbi ŗM ;bB`2
+2HQ` pHQ`B T2Mi`m T`K2i`BB KQ/2HmHmB +`2 pQ` bB;m` p2`QbBKBHBii2
KtBKX +2bi2 pHQ`B b2 pQ` MQi +m β̂ 0 - β̂ 1 ȔB +QMbiBimB2 ș MmKBi2H2
2biBKȧBB H2 T`K2i`BHQ` KQ/2HmHmB ŗM b2MbmH p2`QbBKBHBiȧBB KtBK2X
ŖM 2t2KTHmH ŗM +`2 b2 +mMQb+ /i2H2 `272`BiQ`2 H p2MBimH K2/BmH HmM`
Q#ȧBMmi /2 n = 35 T2`bQM2- KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ 2biBK2x
T`Q##BHBii2 + T2`bQM b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 bT`BDBM }MM+B` /BM Tì2
biimHmB Uy = 1V ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 mMmB p2MBi K2/Bm HmM` /i UxVX
.2i2`KBM`2 +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` HQ;Bi b2 7+2 T2 #x mMmB H;Q`BiK +`2
`2HBx2x i2bi`2 H2iQ`2 p2`QbBKBHBiȧBB KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R9R
HQ;BbiB+ T2Mi`m KB KmHi2 T2`2+?B /2 pHQ`B H2 T`K2i`BHQ` Uβ 0 ȔB β 1 VX

JQ/2HmH +2H KB TQi`BpBi p } +2H T2Mi`m +`2 mM b2i /2 pHQ`B H2
T`K2i`BHQ` Uβ 0 ȔB β 1 V bB;m` p2`QbBKBHBii2 KtBKX
H;Q`BiKmH b2 #x2x T2 mM b2i /2 Bi2`ȧBB T`BM +`2 b2 i2bi2x
p2`QbBKBHBii2 KQ/2HmHmB- +QKT`M/ /Qm +i2 /Qm- T2`2+?B /2 pHQ`B
H2 +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` Uβ 0 - β 1 VX S2Mi`m T`BK Bi2`ȧB2 b2 ;2M2`2x H2iQ`Bm Q
T2`2+?2 /2 pHQ`B H2 T`K2i`BHQ` Uβ 0 - β 1 VX a2 /2i2`KBM TQB /B`2+ȧB șB
K`BK2 +m +`2 T`K2i`BB b2 KQ/B}+- +m b+QTmH /2 K`B
p2`QbBKBHBii2 HQ;`BiKB+ UHQ; HBF2HB?QQ/ @ GGVc T`Q+2bmH b2 `2T2i /2
KB KmHi2 Q`B- TM +2 GG Mm b2 KB KQ/B}+ b2KMB}+iBp- ŗM b2MbmH +
b2 HQ+HBx2x TmM+imH /2 KtBK H 7mM+ȧB2B HQ;`BiKB+2 /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2
ŗM THMmH T`K2i`BHQ` U β̂ 0 - β̂ 1 VX bi72H- b@m ;bBi Ub@m 2biBKiV
+Q2}+B2MȧBB /2 `2;`2bB2 T2Mi`m +`2 KQ/2HmH `2 p2`QbBKBHBii2 KtBK-
T2Mi`m /i2H2 T2 #x +`Q` b@m +H+mHiX
J2iQ/ p2`QbBKBHBiȧBB KtBK2 b@ /2xpQHii ŗM mHiBKBB MB- ŗM bT2+BH
/iQ`Bi +`2și2`BB +T+BiȧBB /2 +H+mH T`BM miBHBx`2 +QKTmi2`2HQ`
T2`7Q`KMi2 șB mMQ` bQ7ir`2@m`B /2 MHBx biiBbiB+X
ŖM _- 7mM+ȧB /2 #x miBHBxi T2Mi`m KQ/2H`2 72MQK2M2HQ` +`2 m +
`bTmMb p`B#BH2 +i2;Q`BH2 2bi2 7mM+ȧB ;HKUV U;2M2`HBx2/ HBM2`
KQ/2HbV- +`2 `2 m`KiQ`2 bi`m+im`,
= ;HKU7Q`KmH- 7KBHv- /i- r2B;?ibbm#b2i- XXXV
lM/2 `;mK2Mi2H2 7mM+ȧB2B bmMi m`KiQ`2H2,
@ 7Q`KmH Ĝ `2T`2xBMi 2+mȧB KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2c
@ 7KBHv Ĝ 2bi2 7Q`K /Bbi`B#mȧB2B /2 T`Q##BHBii2c b2 TQi2 H2;2

mM /BM +2H2 șb2 QTȧBMB, ;mbbBM- #BMQKBH- TQBbbQM- :KK-
BMp2`b2 ;mbbBM- [mbBX ŖM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2- /Bbi`B#mȧB /2
T`Q##BHBii2 2bi2 #BMQKBHc
@ /i Ĝ `2T`2xBMi b2imH /2 /i2 ŗM +`2 b2 ;b2b+ pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B

/2T2M/2Mi2 șB H2 +2H2B 2tTHB+iBp2X
JQ/2H2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` ;2M2`HBxi2 bmMi KQ/2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB`

2tiBMb2 +`2 T2`KBi KQ/2H`2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 +i2;Q`BH2 T2 #x
mM2B 7mM+ȧBB /2 H2;im` UŗM 2M;H2x HBMF 7mM+iBQMVc p`B#BH /2 `bTmMb
2bi2 Q p`B#BH /Bb+`2i- pHQ`BH2 bH2 m`KM/ mM /BMi`2 /Bbi`B#mȧBBH2 /2
T`Q##BHBii2 U/2 2t2KTHm, MQ`KH- #BMQKBH- SQBbbQMVX ŖM ;2M2`H- /+
b2 +mMQși2 + p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 /B?QiQKB+ U7KBHv4#BMQKBHV-
7mM+ȧB ;HKUV p ŗMiQ`+2 ŗM _ `2xmHiimH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2X
R9k _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
liBHBxM/ /i2H2 /BM 2t2KTHmH /i- b2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB ;HKUV +`2 +`22x
mM KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` ;2M2`HBxi U:GJV T2Mi`m Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2
#BMQKBHX
= KvHQ;Bi I@ ;HKUv t- /i 4 /i2nHQ;Bi- 7KBHv 4 ]#BMQKBH]V

= bmKK`vUKvHQ;BiV
6mM+ȧB ;HKUV `2im`M2x m`KiQ`mH `2xmHii,
*HH,
= ;HKU7Q`KmH 4 v t- 7KBHv 4 ]#BMQKBH]- /i 4 /i2nHQ;BiV
.2pBM+2 _2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@jXyk8d @yXR9k9 yXR93d yXj98k yXNRN3
*Q277B+B2Mib,
1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` x pHm2 SÙ=%x%V
UAMi2`+2TiV 8X9N8N83 RXd3k88R jXy3j yXyyky8
t @yXyy933N yXyyRe39 @kXNyj yXyyjdy
@@@
aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
U.BbT2`bBQM T`K2i2` 7Q` #BMQKBH 7KBHv iF2M iQ #2 RV
LmHH /2pBM+2, 98Xyy9 QM j9 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

_2bB/mH /2pBM+2, R8Xd3k QM jj /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
A*, RNXd3k
LmK#2` Q7 6Bb?2` a+Q`BM; Bi2ìBQMb, e
*QM7Q`K `2xmHii2HQ` Q#ȧBMmi2- KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ TQi2 } b+`Bb,

. /
p
ln = 5.495958 − 0.004889 × Venit UR9XdV
1− p
a2KMB}+ȧB T`K2i`BHQ`
* ȔB ŗM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HBMB`2- i2MȧB b2 ŗM/`2Ti- ŗM bT2+BH bmT`

+Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 β 1 @ +`2 2tT`BK KQ/B}+`2 +MiBiȧBB logit
imM+B +M/ x +`2și2 +m Q mMBii2- ŗM +xmH ŗM +`2 x 2bi2 p`B#BH +QMiBMm-
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R9j
bm ŗM +xmH #BM`- +M/ x 2bi2 RX lM2Q`B- 2bi2 KB mșQ` /2 BMi2`T`2ii
e β1 @ +`2 b2KMB}+ 272+imH ;2M2ì /2 +Q2}+B2MimH /2 `2;`2bB2 β 1 bmT`
șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2bX S2Mi`m p2/2 +2 b2 ŗMiKTH +m `TQìmH /2 șMb2
/+ x +`2și2 +m Q mMBii2 Ux /2pBM2 x + 1V- b2 TQ`M2Ȕi2 /2 H 2+mȧB /2
`2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH,
Ω( x) = e β0 + β1 x = e β0 × e β1 x UR9X3V
A` +M/ x /2pBM2 x + 1- `TQìmH /2 șMb2 /2pBM2,
Ω ( x ) = e β 0 + β 1 ( x +1) = e β 0 × e β 1 x × e β 1 UR9XNV
*2H2 /Qm 2+mȧBB H2 `TQìmHmB /2 șMb2 /B72` T`BM ŗMKmHȧB`2 +m e β1 X

ș/`- ŗM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2- p`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 m 272+i2
KmHiBTHB+iBp2 bmT` șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2bX S2Mi`m p2/2 +`2 bmMi
șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b T2Mi`m ;`mTmH T2`bQM2HQ` +`2 m +`+i2`BbiB+
x = x + 1 7ȥ /2 ;`mTmH T2`bQM2HQ` +`+i2`Bxi2 /2 x- b2 TQi2 +H+mH
`TQìmH șMb2HQ` ŗMi`2 +2H2 /Qm ;`mTm`B UŗM 2M;H2x Q//b ìBQV,
Ω ( x +1) e β 0 + β 1 ( x +1) e β0 × e β1 x × e β1
OR = = x
= x
= e β1 UR9XRyV
Ω( x) e β 0 + β 1 e ×e
β 0 β 1
Ȕ/`- e β1 `2T`2xBMi `TQìmH /2 șMb2 +`2 ì +2 b2 ŗMiKTH imM+B

+M/ x b2 KQ/B}+ +m Q mMBii2X 1tBbi i`2B bBimȧBB TQbB#BH2,
Ç e β1 > 1- bBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 HmB x +QM/m+2 H

bTQ`B`2 șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b U/2 2t2KTHm- /+ e β1 = 1, 5 ŗMb2KM
+ șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b +`2b+- ŗM K2/B2- /2 R-8 Q`B- bm +m 8yW- imM+B
+M/ x +`2Ȕi2 +m Q mMBii2Vc
Ç e β1 < 1- bBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 HmB x +QM/m+2 H

`2/m+2`2 șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b U/2 2t2KTHm- /+ e β1 = 0, 5 ŗMb2KM
+ șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b b+/- ŗM K2/B2- H DmKii2- bm +m 8yW- imM+B
+M/ t +`2și2 +m Q mMBii2Vc
Ç e β1 = 1- bBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 Q`B+2 pHQ`2 ` Hm x- +2bi Mm T`Q/m+2

MB+B mM 272+i bmT` șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b Ue β1 = 1- /+ β 1 = 0VX
*xmH RX o`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi x 2bi2 Q p`B#BH +QMiBMm

a2 +QMbB/2` 2t2KTHmH ŗM +`2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi UyV `2T`2xBMi
Tì2M2MȧfMQM@Tì2M2Mȧ mMmB BM/BpB/ H +i2;Q`B #2M2}+B`B /2
T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2- B` x 2bi2 p`B#BH MmK2`B+- `2T`2x2MiM/ p2MBimH
R99 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
K2/Bm HmM` BM/BpB/mH- 2tT`BKi ŗM mMBiȧB KQM2i`2X ȘMb2H2 /2 bm++2b

bmMi /2i2`KBMi2 /2 `TQìmH ŗMi`2 T`Q##BHBii2 /2 } #2M2}+B` șB
T`Q##BHBii2 /2 } MQM@#2M2}+B`X
ŖM +2bi +x- KQ/2HmH +2H KB TQi`BpBi- +`2 bB;m` p2`QbBKBHBii2
KtBK- 2bi2 /i /2 2+mȧB,
e5.495958−0.004889× x
p( x ) = UR9XRRV
1 + e5.495958−0.004889× x
h2`K2MmH HB#2` H 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2 UŗM 2M;H2x BMi2`+2TiV 2bi2

β 0 = 5.495958c T`K2i`mH β 1 = 0.004889 2tT`BK b+/2`2 HQ;`BiKmHmB
Mim`H /BM `TQìmH /2 șMb2 +m yXyy933N- imM+B +M/ p2MBimH K2/BmH
HmM` BM/BpB/mH +`2și2- ŗM K2/B2- +m Q mMBii2X e β1 = 0.995123 < 1
`2T`2xBMi `TQìmH /2 șMb2- b2KMB}+M/ 7TimH +- imM+B +M/ p2MBimH
+`2și2 +m Q mMBii2- șMb2H2 + T2`bQM b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2
b+/- ŗM K2/B2- H NN-8W Ub+/ +m y-8WVX
*xmH kX o`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi x 2bi2 Q p`B#BH #BM`

S2Mi`m +2bi bBimȧB2- b2 +QMbB/2` mM b2i /2 Q#b2`pȧBB T`BpBM/ /2+BxB
n = 30 T2`bQM2 /2 +mKT` mM #mM /2 7QHQbBMȧ ŗM/2HmM;i ŗM
;QbTQ/`B2 Uy Ĝ Mm +mKT`- R @ +mKT`V- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 biimimH
Q+mTȧBQMH T2 TBȧ 7Q`ȧ2B /2 KmM+ Uy @ M2M;Di- R @ M;DiVX
imM+B +M/ x 2bi2 Q p`B#BH /B?QiQKB+ șB B pHQ`2 y UM2M;DiV
bm R UM;DiV- Q#b2`pȧBBH2 b2 ŗKTì ŗM m`KiQ`2H2 +i2;Q`BBf+Hb2,
@ +i2;Q`B T2`bQM2HQ` M;Di2 T2 TBȧ 7Q`ȧ2B /2 KmM+ T2Mi`m +`2

β +β x
T`Q##BHBii2 /2 /2+B/2 bmT` +mKT``BB #mMmHmB 2bi2 1+e e0β0 +1β1 x -
+M/ x = 1 UM;DiV șB y = 1 U/2+B/2 b +mKT2`2Vc
@ +i2;Q`B T2`bQM2HQ` M2M;Di2 T2 TBȧ 7Q`ȧ2B /2 KmM+ T2Mi`m

+`2 T`Q##BHBii2 /2 /2+B/2 bmT` +mKT``BB #mMmHmB 2bi2 1+e e0β0 -
β
+M/ x = 0 UM2M;DiV șB y = 1 U/2+B/2 b +mKT2`2Vc
@ +i2;Q`B T2`bQM2HQ` M;Di2 T2Mi`m +`2 T`Q##BHBii2 /2

/2+B/2 b Mm +mKT2`2 #mMmH 2bi2 1+e β10 +β1 x - +M/ x = 1 UM;DiV șB
y = 0 U/2+B/2 b Mm +mKT2`2Vc
@ +i2;Q`B T2`bQM2HQ` M2M;Di2 T2Mi`m +`2 T`Q##BHBii2 /2

/2+B/2 bmT` +mKT``BB #mMmHmB 2bi2 1+1eβ0 - +M/ x = 0 UM2M;DiV
ȔB y = 0 U/2+B/2 b Mm +mKT2`2VX
a2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB ;HKUV b2imHmB /2 /i2,

R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R98
= /i2 I@ /iX7`K2UQ#b 4 R,j8-

v 4 +UR-y-R-y-R-R-y-y-R-y-R-y-R-R-R-y-R-R-y-R-R-R-y-y-y-R-R-R-
R-R-R-R-y-R-RV-
t4+UR-R-R-R-R-R-y-y-R-R-R-y-R-R-R-y-R-R-y-R-R-R-y-y-y-R-R-R-
R-R-R-R-y-R-RVV
lM/2,
Ç Q#b 4 Q#b2`pȧB
Ç v 4 +mKT`fMm +mKT`
Ç t 4 biimimH Q+mTȧBQMH
6mM+ȧB ;HKUV `2im`M2x m`KiQ`mH `2xmHii,
*HH,
;HKU7Q`KmH 4 v t- 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBHV
.2pBM+2 _2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@kXyd3kR @yXyyyy3 yX9N8R3 yX9N8R3 yX9N8R3
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV @RNX8d j839Xed @yXyy8 yXNNe
t kRXey j839Xed yXyye yXNN8

_2bB/mH /2pBM+2, R3X8Nd QM jj /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
A*, kkX8Nd
LmK#2` Q7 6Bb?2` a+Q`BM; Bi2ìBQMb, R3
*QM7Q`K `2xmHii2HQ` Q#ȧBMmi2- KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ TQi2 } b+`Bb,

. /
p
ln = −19.57 + 21.60 × statutnocupational UR9XRkV
1− p
ŖM +2bi +x- T`K2i`mH β 1 2tT`BK +`2și2`2 HQ;`BiKmHmB Mim`H /BM

`TQìmH /2 șMb2 +m kR-ey- imM+B +M/ x B pHQ`2 R UT2`bQM 2bi2
R9e _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
M;Di T2 TBȧ 7Q`ȧ2B /2 KmM+VX

e β1 = e21.6 = 2.4 × 109 > 1 `2T`2xBMi `TQìmH /2 șMb2- b2KMB}+M/
7TimH +- imM+B +M/ x B pHQ`2 R- șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b +`2b+ /2
2.4 × 109 Q`BX Hi72H bTmb- ȔMb2H2 + Q T2`bQM b +mKT2`2 #mMmH +`2b+
7Qì2 KmHi /+ +2bi 2bi2 M;Di T2 TBȥ 7Q`ȥ2B /2 KmM+X
_QHmH /2 T`2/B+ȧB2 H KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2
_QHmH /2 T`2/B+ȧB2 H KQ/2HmHmB `2xmHi /BM TQbB#BHBii2 /2 2biBK`2

pHQ`BHQ` T2 +`2 H2 TQi2 Hm T`Q##BHBii2 + 2p2MBK2MimH b B# HQ+
Uy = 1V bm# BM~m2Mȧ pHQ`BB T2 +`2 Q `2 T`2/B+iQ`mH UxVX
.2 2t2KTHm- T2Mi`m T`BKmH +x- ŗM +`2 p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi 2bi2
+QMiBMm- T`Q##BHBii2 + Q T2`bQM b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȥBB bQ+BH2-
pM/ mM p2MBi K2/Bm HmM` /2 Ryy H2B 2bi2 /2,
e5.495958−0.004889×100
p( x ) = = 0.993354 UR9XRjV
1 + e5.495958−0.004889×100
Hi72H bTmb- 2tBbi NN-jjW șMb2 + Q T2`bQM +m mM p2MBi /2 Ryy H2B b
#2M2}+B2x2 /2 DmiQ` }MM+B` /BM Tì2 biimHmBX
ŖM _- miBHBxM/ /i2H2 /BM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB bmb- b2 2biBK2x T`Q##BHBii2
+ mM BM/BpB/ b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2 Uy = 1V /+ `2 mM p2MBi
/2 x = 100 H2BX
a2 /2}M2Ȕi2 mM MQm /i 7`K2- /2MmKBi M2r/iX
= M2r/i I@ /iX7`K2 Ut 4 RyyV
S2Mi`m 2biBK T`Q##BHBii2 + mM BM/BpB/ b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB

bQ+BH2- ŗM +xmH ŗM +`2 p2MBimH bm 2bi2 /2 Ryy H2B- b2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB
T`2/B+iUV KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 /2}MBi KvHQ;BiX
= T`Q#n2biBK I@ T`2/B+iUKvHQ;Bi- M2r/i- ivT2 4 ]`2bTQMb2]V
6mM+ȥB T`2/B+iUV `2im`M2x m`KiQ`mH `2xmHii,
yXNNjj89
S2Mi`m 2biBK T`Q##BHBii2 + mM BM/BpB/ b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB

bQ+BH2- ŗM +xmH ŗM +`2 p2MBimH bm 2bi2 /2 Nyy H2B- b2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB
T`2/B+iUV KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 /2}MBi KvHQ;BiX
= M2r/i I@ /iX7`K2 Ut 4 NyyV

= T`Q#n2biBK I@ T`2/B+iUKvHQ;Bi- M2r/i- ivT2 4 ]`2bTQMb2]V
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R9d
yXd9N8R3d
ș/`- T2 #x /i2HQ` /BM b2imH +QMbB/2ì- T2Mi`m mM BM/BpB/ +m mM p2MBi

/2 Nyy H2B- T`Q##BHBii2 2biBKi + +2bi b }2 #2M2}+B` /2 T`2biȧBB
bQ+BH2 2bi2 d9-N8WX MHQ;- /+ b2 /Q`2Ȕi2 2biBK`2 T`Q##BHBiȥBB +
Q T2`bQM b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2 ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p2MBimH K2/Bm
HmM` /2 +`2 /BbTmM2- b2 p Q#b2`p + T`Q##BHBii2 b+/2 7Qì2 KmHi +m
+`2și2`2 p2MBimHmB UT2bi2 mM MmKBi T`; /2 p2MBi- +`2 TQi2 } +QMbB/2ì
p2MBimH K2/Bm T2 2+QMQKB2VX .2 2t2KTHm- H mM p2MBi K2/Bm HmM` /2 kXyyy
H2B- T`Q##BHBii2 2biBKi + T2`bQM b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2
2bi2 /2 R-jeWX
S2Mi`m +2H /2 H /QBH2 2t2KTHm- ŗM +`2 p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi 2bi2
#BM`- T`Q##BHBii2 + T2`bQM b /2+B/ b +mKT2`2 mM #mM /2
7QHQbBMȧ ŗM/2HmM;i ŗM ;QbTQ/`B2- }BM/ M;Di T2 TBȧ 7Q`ȧ2B /2
KmM+- 2bi2 /2,
e−19,57+21,60
p( x ) = UR9XR9V
1 + e−19,57+21,60
ŖM _- miBHBxM/ /i2H2 T`BpBM/ /2+BxB /2 +mKT``2- b2 2biBK2x

T`Q##BHBii2 + T2`bQM b +mKT2`2 #mMmH Uy = 1V /+ 2bi2 M;Di
x = 1,
= M2r/i I@ /iX7`K2Ut 4 RV
a2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB T`2/B+iUV KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 /2}MBi KvHQ;Bi,
= T`Q#n2biBKi I@ T`2/B+iUKvHQ;Bi- M2r/i- ivT2 4 ]`2bTQMb2]V
yX339eR89
S2 #x +2HQ` jy /2 Q#b2`pȧBB- b2 2biBK2x Q T`Q##BHBii2 /2 33-9eW +

Q T2`bQM +`2 2bi2 M;Di T2 TBȧ 7Q`ȧ2B /2 KmM+ b +mKT2`2 #mMmH
/2 7QHQbBMȧ ŗM/2HmM;i ŗM ;QbTQ/`B2X
AMi2`T`2i`2 `2xmHii2HQ` `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 i`2#mB2 7+mi +m `2ȧBM2`2 Ĝ
KQ/2HmH /2 T`2/B+ȧB2 2bi2 HBKBii H p`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 miBHBxi2 ŗM
KQ/2H- /` TQi 2tBbi HȧB T`2/B+iQ`B UxV +`2 m 7Qbi pQHmMi` bm Mm-
B;MQ`ȧB ŗM KQ/2HX ŖM 2t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii- T`Q##BHBii2 /2 #2M2}+B
/2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2 TQi2 } BM~m2Mȧi șB /2 Hi2 p`B#BH2 T`2/B+iBp2- +mK

` } MmK`mH /2 K2K#`B B ;QbTQ/`B2B /BM +`2 BM/BpB/mH 7+2 Tì2-
MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2- biimimH Q+mTȧBQMH 2i+X ŖM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2
bBKTH2- bi72H /2 T`2/B+iQ`B m 7Qbi B;MQ`ȧB BMi2MȧBQMi- T2Mi`m bm#HBMB
2tBbi2Mȧ mM2B bBM;m`2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2X 1tBbi- ŗMb- șB bBimȧBB
ŗM +`2 MmKBi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 Mm bmMi BMi`Q/mb2 ŗM KQ/2HmH /2
`2;`2bB2 /BM KQiBp2 H2;i2- ŗM T`BM+BTH- /2 BM/BbTQMB#BHBii2 /i2HQ` bm
/2 7TimH + +2bi2 Mm b2 TQi +mMiB}+fKbm`X
R9XkX9 h2bi`2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+
.mT 2biBK`2 +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 2bi2 BKTQìMi b b2 `bTmM/

H +i2p ŗMi`2#`B `272`BiQ`2 H H2;2`2 KQ/2HmHmB șB H +HBii2
2biBK`BHQ`,
@ 2tBbi Q BM~m2Mȧ b2KMB}+iBp p`B#BH2B BM/2T2M/2Mi2 x bmT`
p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 y\
@ +2 T`Q+2Mi /BM p`BȧB p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 TQi2 } 2tTHB+i /2
KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 +QMbB/2ì\
@ +i /2 TQi`BpBi 2bi2 KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 +QMbB/2ì T2Mi`m 2tTHB+
p`BȧB p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2\
1pHm`2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 +QMȧBM2 /Qm 2iT2,
Ç ŗM T`BK 2iT b2 /2i2`KBM /+ 2tBbi bm Mm p`B#BH2

BM/2T2M/2Mi2 +`2 Mm m Q BM~m2Mȧ b2KMB}+iBp bmT`
/2T2M/2Mi2B- T`BM i2bi`2 b2KMB}+ȧB2B +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2
bQ+BȧB +2biQ`c
Ç ŗM +2 /2 /Qm 2iT b2 2pHm2x Ĝ T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH mMQ` Kbm`B

bi#BHBi2 +QMp2MȧBQMH Ĝ /+ KQ/2HmH 2bi2 /2+pi UŗM 2M;H2x
;QQ/M2bb@Q7@}iVc +2bi 2iT T`2bmTmM2 șB 2pHm`2 +T+BiȧBB
/2 T`2/B+ȧB2 KQ/2HmHmBX
P Kbm` /2b miBHBxi T2Mi`m i2bi`2 b2KMB}+ȥB2B +Q2}+B2MȥBHQ` /2

`2;`2bB2- T`2+mK ȔB T2Mi`m i2bi`2 /2+p`BB KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2
HQ;BbiB+- 2bi2 @kGG U@k GQ; GBF2HB?QQ/VX a2 ȔiB2 + p2`QbBKBHBii2
UlikelihoodV 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 y b
TQi } 2biBKi2 U+Q`2+if+`2/B#BHV T2 #x pHQ`BHQ` Q#b2`pi2 H2
T`2/B+iQ`BHQ` xX
.2 +2 @kGG\ 6BBM/ Q T`Q##BHBii2- p2`QbBKBHBii2 B pHQ`B ŗM BMi2`pHmH
[0, 1]- p`BȧBBH2 +2bi2B }BM/ 7Qì2 KB+BX .BM +2bi KQiBp-
p2`QbBKBHBii2 b2 HQ;`BiK2x- B` pHQ`2 `2xmHii p`Bx ŗMi`@mM
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R9N
BMi2`pH KmHi KB H`; (−∞, 0]X +2bi pHQ`2 TQì /2MmKB`2 /2
p2`QbBKBHBii2 HQ;`BiKB+ UGG @ GQ; GBF2HB?QQ/VX JB KmHi- T2Mi`m +
p2`QbBKBHBii2 b TQi } KB mșQ` BMi2`T`2ii- b@ bi#BHBi T`BM
+QMp2MȧB2 + GG b b2 ŗMKmHȧ2b+ +m @k- +m b+QTmH /2 } Q pHQ`2 KB
K`2 șB TQxBiBpX
ș/`- ŗM i2bi`2 KQ/2H2HQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ b2 miBHBx2x pHQ`2 @
kGG +m Q H`; THB+#BHBii2- }BM/ bBKBH` +m bmK Tiì2HQ` 2`Q`BHQ` /BM
`2;`2bB HBMB`X @kGG b2 +QKT` T2Mi`m KB KmHi2 p`BMi2 /2 KQ/2H2
/2 `2;`2bB2X a2 bTmM2K + KQ/2HmH 2bi2 KB TQi`BpBi- +m +i pHQ`2 @kGG
2bi2 KB KB+ U+QM/BȧB /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2 KtBK BKTHB+ Q +QM/BȧB2 /2
KBMBK T2Mi`m pHQ`2 @kGGVX
JQ/2H2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 TQi } +QMbi`mBi2 ŗM KB KmHi2 p`BMi2- T`BM
BMi`Q/m+2`2 ŗM KQ/2H- `M/ T2 `M/ p`B#BH2HQ` 2tTHB+iBp2X S`Q#H2K
/2 BMi2`2b 2bi2 /2 i2bi /+ BMi`Q/m+2`2 mM2B MQB p`B#BH2
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 ŗM KQ/2H K`2și2 bm Mm p2`QbBKBHBii2 KQ/2HmHmBX
ŖM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 bBKTH2- b2 +QKT` /Qm KQ/2H2, mM KQ/2H
`2bi`Mb +`2 Mm +QMȧBM2 p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi U+QMȧBM2 MmKB i2`K2MmH
HB#2` β 0 - BMi2`+2Ti QMHv Ĝ /2MmKB`2 KQ/2HmHmB ŗM HBK# 2M;H2xV ȔB mM
KQ/2H 2tiBMb +`2 +QMȧBM2 p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi UŗM HBK# 2M;H2x
BMi2`+2Ti M/ +Qp`Bi2bVX .B72`2Mȧ ŗMi`2 pHQ`BH2 @kGG +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2
+2HQ` /Qm KQ/2H2 ì /+ p2`QbBKBHBii2 KQ/2HmHmB- ŗM MbK#Hm-
+`2și2 bm b+/2 H BMi`Q/m+2`2 p`B#BH2B BM/2T2M/2Mi2 ŗM KQ/2HX
h2bi`2 b2 7+2 +m DmiQ`mH i2bimHmB χ2 UŗM HBK# 2M;H2x *?B@a[m`2V-
/2Q`2+2 /B72`2Mȧ ŗMi`2 pHQ`BH2 −2LL 9 - +H+mHi T2Mi`m Q`B+`2 /Qm
+i2 /Qm KQ/2H2 TQbB#BH2- 2bi2 Q p`B#BH H2iQ`2 +`2 m`K2x Q
/Bbi`B#mȧB2 χ2 X h2bimH χ2 TQì șB /2MmKB`2 /2 i2bimH qH/ bm i2bimH
`TQìmHmB /2 p2`QbBKBHBiȧB UGBF2HB?QQ/ _iBQ h2biV,
. /
LL0
2
χ = −2LL0 − (−2LL M ) = −2ln UR9XR8V
LL M
mM/2,
−2LL0 `2T`2xBMi p2`QbBKBHBii2 HQ;`BiKB+ KQ/2HmHmB +`2 Mm +QMȧBM2
p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mic +2bi 2bi2 /2MmKBi șB p2`QbBKBHBii2 BMBȧBH-
B` KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 2bi2 +QMbB/2ì mM KQ/2H `2bi`Mb- miBHBxi + #x
/2 +QKT`ȧB2 T2Mi`m Hi2 KQ/2H2 TQbB#BH2 +`2 +QMȧBM mM bm KB KmHi2
p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2c
−2LL M `2T`2xBMi p2`QbBKBHBii2 HQ;`BiKB+ KQ/2HmHmB +`2 +QMȧBM2
p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi- UKQ/2HmH 2tiBMbVX
9 /B72`2Mȧ ŗMi`2 pHQ`BH2 −2LL TQi2 } T`BpBi + Q #i2`2 +`2- + șB ŗM +xmH bmK2B
Tiì2HQ` 2`Q`BHQ` /BM `2;`2bB HBMB`- i`2#mB2 KBMBKBxi

R8y _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
lM KQ/2H /2+pi UŗM 2M;H2x }ii2/ KQ/2HV 2bi2 +2H +`2

ŗM/2THBM2și2 +`Bi2`BmH p2`QbBKBHBiȧBB KtBK2- /B+ χ2 iBM/2 H
x2`QX Hi72H bTmb- /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm p2`QbBKBHBiȧB 2bi2
KBMBKX lM KQ/2H T2`72+i 2bi2 +2H BM +`2 KQ/2H2H2 m +22șB
p2`QbBKBHBii2 LL0 = LL M X
1bi2 BKTQìMi /2 T`2+Bxi + +2H KB #mM KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 Mm 2bi2 +2H
+`2 2tTHB+ iQimH- +B +2H +`2 `2 +2 KB K`2 Tmi2`2 /2 2tTHB+ȧB2 +m
+2H KB KB+ MmK` /2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2X A/2H ` } b b2 ;b2b+
mM MmK` KB+ /2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 +`2 b }2 Tmi2`MB+ +Q`2Hi2 +m
p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi- B` 2tTHB+ȧB p`BȧB2B b }2 7+mi /Q` T2 #x
+2biQ`- +?B` /+ KB `KM2 Q +MiBii2 UT`272`#BH KB+V /2 2`Q`2X
ŖM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HBMB`2- mM KQ/2H /2+pi 2bi2 +2H ŗM +`2 bmK 2`Q`BHQ`
+mKmHi2 2bi2 +i KB T`QT2 /2 bmK 2`Q`BHQ` 2tTHB+i2 /2 `2;`2bB2- bi72H
ŗM+i bmK pHQ`BHQ` `2xB/mH28 2bi2 +i KB KB+ (SST = SSR + SSE)X
o2`QbBKBHBii2 HQ;`BiKB+ −2LL0 TQi2 } T`BpBi bBKBH` +m p`BȧB
iQiH /BM i2bimH LPo- ŗM +xmH `2;`2bB2B HBMB`2 Uaahe Ĝ amK Q7
a[m`2b hQiHV- B` −2LL M 2bi2 bBKBH` +m p`BȧB 2tTHB+i /2 KQ/2HmH
`2;`2bB2 Uaa_d Ĝ amK Q7 a[m`2b _2;`2bbBQMVX
1t2KTHm, ŖM +QMiBMm`2- b2 2pHm2x KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ T2Mi`m
2t2KTHmH ŗM +`2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi UvV `2T`2xBMi Tì2M2MȧfMQM@
Tì2M2Mȧ mMmB BM/BpB/ H +i2;Q`B #2M2}+B`B /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2- B`
t 2bi2 p`B#BH MmK2`B+- `2T`2x2MiM/ p2MBimH K2/Bm HmM` BM/BpB/mH-
2tT`BKi ŗM mMBiȧB KQM2i`2,
. /
p
ln = 5.495958 − 0.004889 × venitulnmediunlunar UR9XReV
1− p
1+mȥB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ 2biBK2x- T2 #x mMmB MmK` /2 Q#b2`pȥBB

UM4j8V- T`Q##BHBii2 + BM/BpB/mH b }2 #2M2}+B` /2 T`2biȥBB bQ+BH2
UTV T2Mi`m Q`B+2 pHQ`2 T2 +`2 Q TQi2 Hm p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi Up2MBi
K2/BmH HmM`VX
8 bmK Tiì2HQ` pHQ`BHQ` `2xB/mH2 b2 +H+mH2x /mT 7Q`KmH, SEE = ∑ (yi − ŷi )2 -
i
mM/2 yi bmMi pHQ`BH2 Q#b2`pi2 H2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2- B` ŷi bmMi pHQ`BH2 2biBKi2
T2 #x `2;`2bB2B H2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2
e bmK Tiì2HQ` 2`Q`BHQ` +mKmHi2 b2 +H+mH2x /mT 7Q`KmH, SST = 2
∑ ( yi − y ) -
i
mM/2 yi bmMi pHQ`BH2 Q#b2`pi2 H2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2- B` y 2bi2 K2/B +2bi2B
d bmK Tiì2HQ` 2`Q`BHQ` 2tTHB+i2 /2 `2;`2bB2 b2 +H+mH2x /mT 7Q`KmH, SSR =
2
∑ ŷi − y) - mM/2 ŷi bmMi pHQ`BH2 2biBKi2 T2 #x `2;`2bB2B H2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2-
(
i
B` y 2bi2 K2/B +2bi2B
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R8R
S2Mi`m T`BK 2iT /2 2pHm`2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 b2 p2`B}+ /+

p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi Up2MBi K2/Bm HmM`V `2 bm Mm Q BM~m2Mȥ
b2KMB}+iBp bmT` p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 U#2M2}+B`fMQM@#2M2}+B`VX
S2Mi`m +2bi- b2 p2`B}+ /+ +Q2}+B2MimH /2 `2;`2bB2 2biBKi
Uβ 1 = −0.004889V 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp biiBbiB+X
THB+M/ ŗM _ 7mM+ȧB ;HKUV b2imHmB /2 /i2 +QMbB/2ì- +2bi `2im`M2x
m`KiQ`mH `2xmHii,
*HH,
= ;HKU7Q`KmH 4 v t- 7KBHv 4 ]#BMQKBH]- /i 4 /i2nHQ;BiV
.2pBM+2 _2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@jXyk8d @yXR9k9 yXR93d yXj98k yXNRN3
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV 8X9N8N83 RXd3k88R jXy3j yXyyky8
t @yXyy933N yXyyRe39 @kXNyj yXyyjdy
@@@

_2bB/mH /2pBM+2, R8Xd3k QM jj /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
A*, RNXd3k
LmK#2` Q7 6Bb?2` a+Q`BM; Bi2ìBQMb, e
*QM7Q`K `2xmHiimHmB Q#ȧBMmi- +Q2}+B2MimH 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp biiBbiB+

Ub2KMB}+iBp /B72`Bi /2 x2`Q- +QM7Q`K BTQi2x2B /2 MmHV- +m mM MBp2H /2
b2KMB}+ȧB2 /2 RW Uǵ Ƕ yXyRVX Hi72H bTmb- pHQ`2 +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2
`2;`2bB2 2bi2 2biBKi +m Q T`Q##BHBii2 bQ+Bi /2 0.00370 < 0.01
UŗM+`2/2`2 /2 NNWVX ŖM +2bi bBimȧB2- b2 TQi2 }`K + p2MBimH K2/Bm
HmM` BM~m2Mȧ2x T`Q##BHBii2 + BM/BpB/mH b #2M2}+B2x2 /2 T`2biȧBB
bQ+BH2- bi72H ŗM+i T`BM +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 p2MBimHmB bm- șMb2H2
HmB b }2 #2M2}+B` b+/- ŗM K2/B2- H NNX8W Ue β1 = 0.995123VX
ŖM ;2M2`H- MBp2HmH KtBK /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 ++2Tii 2bi2 8W Uǵ Ƕ yXy8VX
a2KMB}+ȧB +Q2}+B2MȧBHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 Q Tmi2K Dm/2+ /mT MmK`mH /2
bi2Hmȧ2- +`Q` BMi2`T`2i`2 Q ;bBK ŗM +Q/m`BH2 /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2 ;2M2ì2
ŗM i#HQmH /2 `2xmHii2 `2im`Mi2 /2 7mM+ȧB ;HKUVX
R8k _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
*H+mHmH HBKBi2HQ` BMi2`pH2HQ` /2 ŗM+`2/2`2 +m +`2 m 7Qbi 2biBKȧB

T`K2i`BB 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2 b2 `2HBx2x +m 7mM+ȧB +QM7BMiUV,
= +QM7BMiUKvHQ;Bi- H2p2H 4 yXN8V

kX8 W NdX8 W
UAMi2`+2TiV kX3yk3jdyRj RyXkydyRRd9
t @yXyyN98ee8k @yXyykj3eR3
ș/`- BMi2`pHmH /2 ŗM+`2/2`2 T2Mi`m β 1 - T2Mi`m mM MBp2H /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2

/2 8W 2bi2 [−0.009456652, −0.0238618]X
S2Mi`m +2 /2 /Qm 2iT /2 2pHm`2- +`2 +QMbi ŗM i2bi`2 KQ/2HmHmB
/2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ @ ŗM MbK#Hm- T`Q+2/m` +`2 ì /+ KQ/2HmH
2bi2 /2+pi @ b2 miBHBx2x i2bimH χ2 +`2 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM _ T`BM 7mM+ȧB
MQpUVX
= MQpUKvHQ;Bi- i2bi 4 ]*?Bb[]V

MHvbBb Q7 .2pBM+2 h#H2
JQ/2H, #BMQKBH- HBMF, HQ;Bi
_2bTQMb2, v
h2`Kb //2/ b2[m2MiBHHv U7B`bi iQ HbiV
.7 .2pBM+2 _2bB/X .7 _2bB/X .2p SÙ=*?BV

LlGG j9 98Xyy9
t R kNXkkk jj R8Xd3k eX98j2@y3
@@@
6mM+ȧB +QKT`- T2 #x i2bimHmB `TQìmHmB /2 p2`QbBKBHBiȧB- +2H2 /Qm

KQ/2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ UKQ/2HmH `2bi`Mb șB KQ/2HmH 2tiBMbV,
;HKU7Q`KmH 4 v R- 7KBHv 4 ]#BMQKBH]V

;HKU7Q`KmH 4 v t- 7KBHv 4 ]#BMQKBH]V
ŖM +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 T`Q##BHBii2 2bi2 KB KB+ /2+i +2 T2Mi`m +`2
KQ/2HmH 2tiBMb b2 ++2Ti +m ŗM+`2/2`2 /2 N8W
UPr (> Chi ) = 6.453e − 08 < 0.05V- b2 TQi2 }`K + i2bimH χ2 +QM}`K
7TimH + p2MBimH K2/Bm HmM` BM~m2Mȧ2x b2KMB}+iBp șMb2H2 + Q
R9Xk _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH R8j
T2`bQM b }2 bm Mm #2M2}+B` /2 T`2biȧBB bQ+BH2X oHQ`2 χ2 -

+H+mHi + /B72`2Mȧ ŗMi`2 pHQ`BH2 −2LL +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 +2HQ` /Qm
KQ/2H2- 2bi2 `2im`Mi ŗM i#HQmH /2 `2xmHii H 7mM+ȧB2B MQpUV bm#
/2MmKB`2 /2pBM+2 șB 2bi2 2;H +m 29.223 X
LmK`mH /2 ;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2 Ud f V Ĝ `2T`2xBMi Q Kbm` MmK`mHmB
/2 mMBiȧB /2 BM7Q`KȧB2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 T2 #x +`mB 2bi2 2biBKi mM
T`K2i`mX S2Mi`m /2i2`KBM`2 pHQ`BB χ2 T2Mi`m mM KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2
+m k p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 Uxk V- MmK`mH ;`/2HQ` /2 HB#2ìi2
Ud f = n − k − 1V 2bi2 2;H +m MmK`mH Q#b2`pȧBBHQ` UnV KBMmb MmK`mH
/2 T`K2i`B /BȧBQMHBN Uk + 1VX ŖM +xmH mM2B 2+mȧBB /2 `2;`2bB2
HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH- χ2 2bi2 +H+mHi +m n − 2 ;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2X S2Mi`m
2t2KTHmH /i- χ2 2bi2 /2i2`KBMi +m jj ;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2X
Hi2 Kbm`B T2Mi`m 2pHm`2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+

ŖM `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ Mm 2tBbi mM BM/B+iQ` #bQHmi bBKBH` `TQìmHmB /2
/2i2`KBM`2 R2 /BM `2;`2bB HBMB`X a@m /2xpQHii ŗMb BM/B+iQ`B bBKBH`BX
bi72H- 2tBbi R2 H HmB *Qt & aM2HH- Q Kbm` +`2 KB 2bi2 /2MmKBi
Tb2m/Q@R2 /2}MBi T`BM `2HȧB,
2 32/n
−2LL0
2
R = 1− UR9XRdV
−2LL M
lM/2 LL0 2bi2 HQ;`BiK /BM KtBKmH 7mM+ȧB2B /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2 T2Mi`m

KQ/2HmH `2bi`Mb U+`2 +QMȧBM2 /Q` i2`K2MmH HB#2`V- B` LL M 2bi2
HQ;`BiK /BM KtBKmH 7mM+ȧB2B /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2 T2Mi`m KQ/2HmH +m
p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 BM+Hmb2- B` n `2T`2xBMi MmK`mH /2 Q#b2`pȧBBX
oHQ`2 R2 H HmB *Qt & aM2HH Mm DmM;2- /2 Q#B+2B- H R UŗM `2;`2bB
HBMB` R2 p`Bx ŗMi`2 y șB RV- bi72H ŗM+i 2bi2 /B}+BH /2 BMi2`T`2iiX .BM
+2bi KQiBp +2bi R2 7Qbi BMi`Q/mb /2 L;2HF2`F2 Q KQ/B}+`2 T`BM
+`2 R2 iBM;2 pHQ`2 RX R2 H HmB L;2HF2`F2 2bi2 +2H KB 7QHQbBi /BMi`2
iQi2 Kbm`BH2 /2 i2bi`2 /2+p`BB KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+- pM/
3P pHQ`2 +H+mHi χ2 KB K`2 /2+i pHQ`2 i#2H` /Bbi`B#mȧB2B χ2 - T2Mi`m

mM MmKBi MmK` /2 ;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2 șB mM MmKBi MBp2H /2 ŗM+`2/2`2- b2 i`/m+2
T`BM }`KȧB + KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ 2tiBMb UKQ/2HmH +`2 +QMȧBM2 p`B#BH
BM/2T2M/2MiV 2bi2 KB /2+pi /2+i KQ/2HmH `2bi`Mb UKQ/2HmH +`2 +QMȧBM2 MmKB
i2`K2MmH HB#2`VX oHQ`BH2 /Bbi`B#mȧB2B b2 ;b2b+ ŗM i#2H2 T`2+H+mHi2- T2Mi`m /B72`Bi2
;`/2 /2 HB#2ìi2 șB /B72`Bi2 MBp2Hm`B /2 ŗM+`2/2`2X
N S`K2i`BB 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2 șB i2`K2MmH HB#2`X
m`KiQ`2 7Q`KmH /2 +H+mH,
4 52/n
−2LL0
1− −2LL M
R2 = UR9XR3V
1 − (2LL0 )2/n
Hi2 +`Bi2`BB /2 bT2+B}+`2 T2Mi`m 2pHm`2 +mì2ȧBB Dmbi`BB KQ/2HmHmB

/2 `2;`2bB2 bmMi A* UFBF2Ƕb AM7Q`KiBQM *`Bi2`BQMV șB "A* U"v2bBM
AM7Q`KiBQM *`Bi2`BQMV- /2}MBȧB T`BM m`KiQ`2H2 7Q`KmH2 /2 +H+mH,
AIC = −2LLk + 2k UR9XRNV
BIC = −2LLk + 2 × log(n) UR9XkyV
mM/2 F 2bi2 MmK`mH /2 T`K2i`B 2biBKȧB- B` M `2T`2xBMi MmK`mH /2

Q#b2`pȧBBX "A* KB 2bi2 +mMQb+mi șB /`2Ti +`Bi2`BmH a+?rìx U+`2 H@
`;mK2MiiVX K#2H2 +`Bi2`BB +QKT` #mM TQi`BpB`2 KQ/2HmHmB +m mM
Hi KQ/2H /2 `272`BMȧ- bi72H ŗM+i b b2 Q#ȧBM mM KQ/2H +m mM MmK`
KBMBK /2 T`K2i`BX oQ` } T`272ì2 KQ/2H2H2 T2Mi`m +`2 +`Bi2`BBH2
UA* bm "A*V m pHQ`B KB KB+BX Hi72H bTmb- +2 KB KB+ pHQ`2
+`Bi2`BmHmB- Q#ȧBMmi H }2+`2 KQ/2H MHBxi- BM/B+ KQ/2HmH +`2 b2
TQi`Bp2și2 +2H KB #BM2 H /i2H2 MHBxi2 UŗM 2M;H2x i?2 #2bi }i KQ/2HVX
K#BB BM/B+iQ`B M2+2bBi +QM/BȧB + 2`Q`BH2 UpHQ`BH2 `2xB/mH2V b }2
MQ`KH /Bbi`B#mBi2X
R9Xj _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBTH
_2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBTH KQ/2H2x `2HȧB /BMi`2 Q KmHȧBK2 /2

p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 xi U+i2;Q`BH2- +QMiBMm2V șB Q p`B#BH
/2T2M/2Mi /B?QiQKB+ UMQKBMH- #BM`V yX JQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2
HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBTH 2bi2 /i /2 7Q`KmH,
. /
p
ln = β 0 + β 1 x1 + ... + β k xk UR9XkRV
1− p
bm
logit( p) = β 0 + β 1 x1 + ... + β k xk UR9XkkV
* șB ŗM +xmH KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ bBKTH- KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2
KmHiBTH b2 KB TQi2 b+`B2,
p
= e β0 + β1 x1 +...+ βk xk UR9XkjV
1− p
R9Xj _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBTH R88
am- 2tT`BKi T`BM șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b,

p
Ω= UR9Xk9V
1− p
JQ/2HmH TQi2 } b+`Bb bm# 7Q`K,

β 0 +∑ β k xk
Ω=e k UR9Xk8V
lM/2 p 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + y b B pHQ`2 R- /B+ 72MQK2MmH b

ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM bm++2b- B` 1 − p 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + y b B pHQ`2 y-
/B+ b b2 ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM 2ș2+X
β 0 -β 1 - XXX- β k bmMi T`K2i`BB 2+mȧB2B /2 `2;`2bB2c k Ĝ MmK`mH /2
Q#b2`pȧBBX
h`Mb7Q`K`2 pHQ`BB HQ;Bi ŗM T`Q##BHBiȧBX
e β0 + β1 x1 +...+ β k xk
p= UR9XkeV
1 + e β0 + β1 x1 +...+ β k xk
_TQìmH /2 șMb2- +`2 +QKT` șMb2H2 /Qm ;`mTm`B /2 TQTmHȧB2

+`+i2`Bxi2 /2 pHQ`B /B72`Bi2 ŗM`2;Bbiì2 /2 p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi
Ux j V- ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 iQi2 +2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 `KM
M2b+?BK#i2 Uxi 4 +QMbiX- i ̸= jV- 2bi2 2tT`BKi T`BM `2HȥB,
Ω ( x j +1) e β 0 + β j ( x j +1) e β0 × e β j x j × e β j
OR = = β0 + β j x j
= β j xj
= eβj UR9XkdV
Ω( x j ) e e ×e
β 0
ș/`- e β j `2T`2xBMi `TQìmH /2 șMb2 +`2 ì +2 b2 ŗMiKTH imM+B

+M/ x j b2 KQ/B}+ +m Q mMBii2- B` +2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2
M2pM/ MB+BQ BM~m2Mȧ bmT` KQ/B}+`BB p`B#BH2B `2xmHiiBp2X * șB ŗM
+xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 bBKTH2- 2tBbi i`2B bBimȧBB TQbB#BH2,
Ç e β j > 1- bBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 HmB x j +QM/m+2 H

bTQ`B`2 șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b H2 ;`mTmHmB /2 TQTmHȧB2 +`+i2`Bxi /2
pHQ`2 x j + 1 U/2 2t2KTHm- /+ e β j = 1, 5 bTmM2K + șMb2H2 /2
bm++2b +`2b+- ŗM K2/B2- /2 R-8 Q`B- bm +m 8yW- imM+B +M/ x j +`2și2
+m Q mMBii2Vc
Ç e β j < 1- bBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 HmB x j +QM/m+2 H

`2/m+2`2 șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b H2 ;`mTmHmB /2 TQTmHȧB2 +`+i2`Bxi
/2 pHQ`2 x j + 1 U/2 2t2KTHm- /+ e β j = 0, 5 bTmM2K + șMb2H2
/2 bm++2b b+/- ŗM K2/B2- H DmKii2- bm +m 8yW- imM+B +M/ x j
+`2și2 +m Q mMBii2Vc
R8e _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
Ç e β j = 1- bBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 Q`B+2 pHQ`2 ` Hm x j - +2bi Mm T`Q/m+2

MB+B mM 272+i bmT` șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b Ue β j = 1- /+ β j = 0 V- /B+
;`mTm`BH2 /2 TQTmHȧB2 +`+i2`Bxi2 /2 +2H2șB pHQ`B H2 p`B#BH2B
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 m șMb2 /2 bm++2b 2;H2X
AM~m2Mȧ p`B#BH2HQ` 2tTHB+iBp2 b2 MHBx2x BM/2T2M/2Mi mM /2

+2HHi- ŗM b2MbmH + p`BȧB mM2B /BMi`2 +2bi2 +QM/m+2 H p`BȧB
p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2- ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 iQi2 +2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 `KM +QMbiMi2X
1t2KTHm,
a2 +QMbB/2` 2t2KTHmH ŗM +`2 Q }`K ŗșB T`QTmM2 b2H2+i`2 mMQ`
T2`bQM2 +`2 b Hm+`2x2 ŗMi`@mM MmKBi /2TìK2MiX a2 +mMQb+ /i2
T`BpBM/ p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+ Ux1 V șB MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2 Ux2 V- T2Mi`m Ryy
/2 T2`bQM2 /BM }`K- mM2H2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 Hm+`M/ /2D ŗM
/2TìK2MimH T2Mi`m +`2 b2 7+ MQB M;D`BX a2 /Q`2și2 +- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2
/2 /i2H2 /BbTQMB#BH2- b }2 b2H2+ii2 T2`bQM2 +m +2H2șB
+`+i2`BbiB+BfT`Q}H + +2H2 +`2 Hm+`2x /2D- /mT ǴKQ/2HmHǴ +`2 2bi2
+QMbB/2ì Ǵ/2 bm++2bǴX o`B#BH `2xmHii UyV 2bi2 #BM` UR @ T2`bQM
Hm+`2x ŗM /2TìK2Mi- y @ Mm Hm+`2x ŗM /2TìK2MiVX o2+?BK2 ŗM
KmM+ Ux1 V b2 TQi2 bBim ŗM /Qm BMi2`pH2 /2 pHQ`B Ux1 = 1- /+
T2`bQM2H2 m Q p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+ /2 j@8 MB șB x1 = 2- /+ T2`bQM2H2
m Q p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+ /2 e@Ry MBVX LBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2 Ux2 V TQi2
p2- /2 b2K2M2- /Qm pHQ`B Ux2 = 1- /+ T2`bQM2H2 m MBp2H K2/Bm
/2 2/m+ȧB2 ȔB x2 = 2- /+ m #bQHpBi ŗMpȧKMi bmT2`BQ`VX
JQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ +QMȧBM2 /Qm p`B#BH2 7+iQ`BH2 2bi2 /i /2
7Q`KmH,
. /
p
ln = β 0 + β 1 x1 + β 2 x2 UR9Xk3V
1− p
lM/2 p Ĝ 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + Q T2`bQM +m Q MmKBi p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+

șB +m mM MmKBi MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2 b Hm+`2x2 ŗM /2TìK2Mi UT`Q##BHBii2
/2 bm++2bVX *`2 bmMi șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b H2 mM2B T2`bQM2- T2Mi`m +
+2bi b }2 M;Di ŗM /2TìK2Mi\
a2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB ;HKUV +`2 `2im`M2x m`KiQ`2H2 `2xmHii2,
*HH,
;HKU7Q`KmH 4 v tR Y tk- 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBHV
.2pBM+2 _2bB/mHb,
JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
@RX39Re @yXRkd3 yXRNeR yXRNeR jXRykk
R9Xj _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBTH R8d
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV @eXkyk kXk8R @kXd88 yXyy83d
tR @kX99N RXRkj @kXR3R yXykNRe
tk eXkNd RXjky 9Xddy RX392@ye
@@@
LmHH /2pBM+2, Rj9Xeyk QM NN /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

_2bB/mH /2pBM+2, jdX8RR QM Nd /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
A*, 9jX8RR
LmK#2` Q7 6Bb?2` a+Q`BM; Bi2ìBQMb, d
ș/`- T`K2i`BB 2biBKȧB T2 #x /i2HQ` Q#b2`pi2 bmMi, β 0 = −6.202-

β 1 = −2.449- β 2 = 6.297X
Ç S2Mi`m p`B#BH p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+- e β1 = e−2.449 = 0.08636 < 1c

bmMi2K ŗM bBimȧB ŗM +`2 +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 HmB x1 U/2 H x1 = 1
@ ;`mT /2 p2+?BK2 j@8 MB- H x1 = 2 @ ;`mT /2 p2+?BK2 e@Ry MBV-
ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 T2`bQM2H2 m +2HșB MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2- +QM/m+2
H `2/m+2`2 șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b T2`bQM2HQ` T2Mi`m } M;Di2 ŗM
/2TìK2Mi UbTmM2K + șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b b+/- ŗM K2/B2- H 3XejW-
imM+B +M/ T2`bQM `2 p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+ KB K`2 /2 8 MBVc
+2bi }`KȧB2 2bi2 bmbȧBMmi /2 7TimH + T`K2i`mH 2biBKi β 1
2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp biiBbiB+- ŗM b2MbmH + MBp2HmH /2 ŗM+`2/2`2 Up =
0.02916V b2 ~ bm# T`;mH /2 yXy8X
Ç S2Mi`m p`B#BH MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2- e β2 = e6.297 = 542.9406 > 1 c
bmMi2K ŗM bBimȧB ŗM +`2 +`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 HmB x2 U/2 H x2 = 1
@ MBp2H K2/Bm /2 2/m+ȧB2- H x2 = 2 @ MBp2H bmT2`BQ` /2 2/m+ȧB2- ŗM
+QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 T2`bQM2H2 m +22șB p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+- +QM/m+2
H +`2și2`2 șMb2HQ` /2 M;D`2 UbTmM2K + șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b +`2b+-
ŗM K2/B2- /2 89j Q`B- imM+B +M/ T2`bQM `2 bim/BB bmT2`BQ`2Vc
T`K2i`mH 2biBKi β 2 2bi2 b2KMB}+iBp biiBbiB+X
.+ iQi2 +2H2 Ryy T2`bQM2 ` p2 +2HșB MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2 șB +22șB
p2+?BK2 ŗM KmM+ Ux1 4 +QMbiXV ȔB Ux2 4 +QMbiXV- +2bi2 ` p2 șMb2
2;H2 /2 } b2H2+ii2 T2Mi`m } M;Di2X +2bi ` } bBimȧB ŗM +`2
Q`B+2 pHQ`2 ` p2 p`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2- +2bi Mm T`Q/m+2 MB+B mM
272+i bmT` șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b Ue β J = 1- /+ β j = 0VX
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH
JQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH 2bi2 Q ;2M2`HBx`2 `2;`2bB2B

HQ;BbiB+2 #BMQKBH2c ŗM +2bi +x- p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi +i2;Q`BH `2 KB
KmHi /2 /Qm +i2;Q`BB /2 `bTmMbX JQ/2HmH 2bi2 +mMQb+mi ŗM 2+QMQK2i`B2
șB + `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ TQHBiQKB+ UTQHviQKQmb HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQMV- KQ/2H
/2 H2;2`2 /Bb+`2i U/Bb+`2i2 +?QB+2 KQ/2HV bm `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ +m `bTmMb
KmHiBTHm UHQ;Bi KQ/2H 7Q` KmHiBMQKBH `2bTQMb2bVX
a2 MQi2x +m Y p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi +m J +i2;Q`BB /2 `bTmMbX
⎧
⎪
⎪ categoria − 1
⎪
⎪
⎨ categoria − 2
Yi = categoria − 3 UR9XkNV
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ...
⎩
categoria − J
S2Mi`m Q#b2`pȧB i- +i2;Q`BBH2 /2 `bTmMb b2 ŗM`2;Bbi`2x +m

T`Q##BHBiȧBH2,
⎧
⎪
⎪ pi1
⎪
⎪ pi2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ pi3
pi = ... UR9XjyV
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ pij
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ...
⎩
piJ
j = 1, 2, ..., J
.+ J > 2- pQ` } J − 1 2+mȧBB /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+- +i2;Q`B J }BM/
+QMbB/2ì +i2;Q`B2 /2 `272`BMȧ,
. /
pi1
ln = β 10 + β 11 × xi1 + β 12 × xi2 + ... + β 1k × xik = β′1 × xi
1 − piJ
UR9XjRV
. /
pi2
1 − piJ
UR9XjkV
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH R8N
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
. /
pij
ln = β j0 + β j1 × xi1 + β j2 × xi2 + ... + β jk × xik = β′j × xi
1 − piJ
UR9XjjV
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
. /
piJ
ln = β J0 + β J1 × xi1 + β J2 × xi2 + ... + β Jk × xik = β′J × xi
1 − piJ
UR9Xj9V
6B2+`2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 2+mȧBB bmMi +`+i2`Bxi2 /2 T`QT`BBH2 pHQ`B H2
T`K2i`BHQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 β j X ŖM ;2M2`H- Tmi2K +QMbB/2` Q bBM;m`
2+mȧB2 /2 `2;`2bB2- +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 Q#b2`pȧB2B i șB +i2;Q`B2B /2 `bTmMb
j,
. /
pij
ln = β j0 + β j1 × xi1 + β j2 × xi2 + ... + β jk × xik = β′j × xi
1 − piJ
UR9Xj8V
JQ/2HmH TQi2 } b+`Bb bm# 7Q`K șMb2B /2 bm++2b,
pij
Ω= = e β j0 + β j1 ×xi1 + β j2 ×xi2 +...+ β jk ×xik UR9XjeV
1 − pij
S2Mi`m b+`B2 i`Mb7Q`K`BH2 pHQ`BHQ` HQ;Bi ŗM T`Q##BHBiȧB- b2 +QMbB/2`

m`KiQ`2H2 +xm`B,
*xmH RX J = 2( j = 1, 2)
_2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ #BMQKBH
. /
pi1
1 − pi1
UR9XjdV
S`Q##BHBii2 + Q#b2`pȧB i b ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 T`BK /BM +2H2 /Qm +i2;Q`BB
/2 `bTmMb- 2p2MBK2MimH }BM/ +QMbB/2ì mM bm++2b- 2bi2,
′
e β10 + β11 × xi1 + β12 × xi2 +...+ β1k × xik e β 1 × xi
pi1 = x x ... x
= ′ UR9Xj3V
1 + e 10 11 i1 12 i2
β + β × + β × + + β 1k × ik 1 + e β 1 × xi
Rey _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
S`Q##BHBii2 + Q#b2`pȧB i b ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 +2 /2 /Qm +i2;Q`B2 /2

`bTmMb- 2p2MBK2MimH }BM/ +QMbB/2ì mM 2ș2+- 2bi2,
e β10 + β11 × xi1 + β12 × xi2 +...+ β1k × xik 1

pi2 = 1 − pi1 = 1 − x x ... x
= ′
1+e β 10 + β 11 × i1 + β 12 × i2 + + β 1k × ik 1 + e β 1 × xi
UR9XjNV
ȘMb2H2 /2 bm++2b b2 `2/m+ H +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 #BMQKBH2 KmHiBTH2,
pi1
UR9X9yV
′
Ω= = e β10 + β11 ×xi1 + β12 ×xi2 +...+ β1k ×xik = e β1 × xi
1 − pi1
.+ b2 +QMbB/2` +xmH `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 #BMQKBH2 bBKTH2- +`+i2`Bxi

/2 Q bBM;m` p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi- șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b /2pBM,
p
Ω= = e β 0 + β 1 × xi UR9X9RV
1− p
*xmH kX J > 2
_2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH
:2M2`HBx`2 T`Q##BHBiȧBB /2 bm++2b- +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 Q#b2`pȧB2B i șB

+i2;Q`B2B /2 `bTmMb j < J,
′
e β J × xi
pij = J −1
UR9X9kV
β′j × xi
1+ ∑ e
j =1
+M/ j < JX
S`Q##BHBii2 /2 2ș2+- +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 Q#b2`pȧB2B i șB +i2;Q`B2B /2
`bTmMb j = J,
1
piJ = J −1
UR9X9jV
β′j × xi
1+ ∑ e
j =1
+M/ j = JX
ș/`- b2 +QKT` șMb2H2 +i2;Q`B2B j b ŗM`2;Bbi`2x2 mM bm++2b- 7ȧ /2
+i2;Q`B J- T2Mi`m mM b2i /2 pHQ`B H2 p`B#BH2HQ` BM/2T2M/2Mi2
Uxi1 , ..., xik VX S2Mi`m BMi2`T`2i `2xmHii2H2 KQ/2HmHmB /2 `2;`2bB2
HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH- b2 /2i2`KBM `TQìmH /2 șMb2X +2bi +QKT`
șMb2H2 /Qm ;`mTm`B /2 TQTmHȧB2 +`+i2`Bxi2 /2 pHQ`B /B72`Bi2
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH ReR
ŗM`2;Bbiì2 /2 Q p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi Uxik șB xik + 1V- ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM

+`2 iQi2 +2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 bmMi B/2MiB+2,
Ω( xik +1) e β j0 + β j1 × xi1 + β j2 × xi2 +...+ β jk ×( xik +1)

OR = = = e β jk UR9X99V
Ω( xik ) e β j0 + β j1 × xi1 + β j2 × xi2 +...+ β jk × xik
β jk @ `2T`2xBMi HQ;`BiKmH Mim`H /BM `TQìmH /2 șMb2 T2Mi`m

+i2;Q`B /2 `bTmMb j p2`bmb J- ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 mM2B +`2și2`B +m Q mMBii2
p`B#BH2B BM/2T2M/2Mi2 xik X *i2;Q`BBH2 /2 `bTmMb TQi } MQKBMH2 U/2
2t2KTHm, biimimH Q+mTȧBQMH Ĝ M;Di- șQK2`- T2MbBQM`V bm Q`/BMH2
U/2 2t2KTHm, MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2 @ b+xmi- K2/Bm- bmT2`BQ`VX S2Mi`m
7+BHBi ŗMȧ2H2;2`2 `2;`2bB2B HQ;BbiB+2 KmHiBMQKBH2- b2 p +QMbB/2` mM
2tT2`BK2Mi ŗM +`2 `bTmMbmH 2bi2 Kbmì T`BM KB KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB /2
`bTmMbX
1t2KTHm, aiimimH Q+mTȧBQMH H mM2B T2`bQM2 TQi2 } BM~m2Mȧi /2
p`bi- b2t- MȧBQMHBii2- MBp2HmH 2/m+ȧBQMHX
a2 BKTQì b2imH /2 /i2 +`2 +mT`BM/2 jkXNjd /2 T2`bQM2- T2Mi`m +`2
b2 +mMQb+ m`KiQ`2H2 /i2,
Ç ;`mT /2 p`bi
Ç b2tmH
Ç MȧBQMHBii2
Ç MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2
= .i2nKmHiBMQK I@ `2/Xi#H2U7BH2X+?QQb2UV- ?2/2` 4 h_l1V

= ?2/U.i2nKmHiBMQKV
ahP*lS ;`p a1s Lh LAo1

R T2MbBQM` =e9 R _QKM K2/Bm
k T2MbBQM` =e9 k _QKM K2/Bm
j T2MbBQM` =e9 R _QKM K2/Bm
9 T2MbBQM` =e9 R _QKM K2/Bm
8 T2MbBQM` =e9 k _QKM b+xmi
e T2MbBQM` =e9 R _QKM K2/Bm
= iBHU.i2nKmHiBMQKV
ahP*lS ;`p a1s Lh LAo1

jkNjk T2MbBQM` 98@89 R _QKM b+xmi
jkNjj T2MbBQM` =e9 R _QKM b+xmi
Rek _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
jkNj9 T2MbBQM` =e9 R _QKM b+xmi

jkNj8 T2MbBQM` =e9 k _QKM b+xmi
jkNje 1H2p Ik8 R _QKM b+xmi
jkNjd 1H2p Ik8 R _QKM b+xmi
.2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ`,
ahP*lS @ p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi Uyk V @ biimimH Q+mTȧBQMH- +`2 `2
m`KiQ`2H2 +i2;Q`BB /2 `bTmMb, bH`BiRy - +bMB+- T2MbBQM`- 2H2p-
bim/2MiX
= H2p2HbU.i2nKmHiBMQK0ahP*lSV
(R) ]aH`Bi] ]*bMB+] ]1H2p] ]T2MbBQM`] ]aim/2Mi]
;`p Ĝ p`B#BH 7+iQ`BH Ux1k V Ĝ ;`mT /2 p`bi- +m m`KiQ`2H2 +i2;Q`BB,

< k8 MB
k8@j9 MB
j8@99 MB
98@89 MB
88@e9 MB
> e9 MB
= H2p2HbU.i2nKmHiBMQK0;`pV
(R) ]Ik8] ]=e9] ]k8@j9] ]j8@99] ]98@89] ]88@e9]
a1s Ĝ p`B#BH 7+iQ`BH Ux2k V Ĝ b2tmH, R@ Kb+mHBM- k@ 72KBMBMX
= H2p2HbUbX7+iQÙ.i2nKmHiBMQK0a1sVV
(R) ]R] ]k]
Lh Ĝ p`B#BH 7+iQ`BH Ux3k V Ĝ MȧBQMHBii2, `QKM- K;?B`- `QK-

;2`KMX
= H2p2HbU.i2nKmHiBMQK0LhV
(R) ]:2`KM] ]J;?B`] ]_QKM] ]_QK]
LAo1 Ĝ p`B#BH 7+iQ`BH Ux4k V Ĝ MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȥB2, b+xmi UT`BK` ȔB

;BKMxBHV- K2/Bm UHB+2H ȔB TQbiHB+2HV- bmT2`BQ` UmMBp2`bBi` ȔB
TQbimMBp2`bBi`VX
Ry ŖM /i7`K2 b@ BMi`Q/mb /2MmKB`2 +i2;Q`B2B bH`Bi + }BM/ aH`Bi-
/2Q`2+2 7mM+ȧB KmHiBMQKUV +`2 `2im`M2x +Q2}+B2MȧBB /2 `2;`2bB2 Q`/QM2x H7#2iB+

+i2;Q`BBH2 p`B#BH2HQ`- +i2;Q`B /2 `272`BMȧ }BM/ +QMbB/2ì T`BK +i2;Q`B2 bi72H
Q`/QMiX AMi2MȧB 2bi2 /2 +H+mH T`Q##BHBiȧBH2 /2 p2 mM Hi biimi Q+mTȧBQMH
/2+i +2H /2 bH`Bi- 7mM+ȧB2 /2 T`Q}HmH /i /2 p`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2X
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH Rej
= H2p2HbU.i2nKmHiBMQK0LAo1V
(R) ]K2/Bm] ]b+xmi] ]bmT2`BQ`]
*H+mHK +Q2}+B2MȧBB /2 `2;`2bB2 T2 #x 7mM+ȧB2B KmHiBMQKUV- 7m`MBxi

ŗM T+?2imH /2 /i2 MM2iRR X
= _2;`2bBnKmHiBMQK I@ KmHiBMQKU ahP*lS Lh Y LAo1-

/i 4 .i2nKmHiBMQKV
BMBiBH pHm2 8jyRyXy8e8kk

Bi2` Ry pHm2 kyNykX89RjR8
Bi2` ky pHm2 kyRkdX8Rk89y
Bi2` jy pHm2 RN3d3X3jekeR
Bi2` 9y pHm2 RN3dkXee39e9
Bi2` 8y pHm2 RN3dkX89NddR
Bi2` 8y pHm2 RN3dkX89Nddy
7BMH pHm2 RN3dkX89Nddy
S`BK `mH`2 KQ/2HmHmB BM+Hm/2 pHQ`2 }MH- `2xmHii ŗM m`K mMmB

MmK` /2 Bi2`ȧBB- − LL URN3dkX89NddyVX a2 +mMQși2 +- ŗM i2bi`2
KQ/2H2HQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 HQ;BbiB+ b2 miBHBx2x pHQ`2 −2LL +m Q H`;
THB+#BHBii2X −2LL b2 +QKT` T2Mi`m KB KmHi2 p`BMi2 /2 KQ/2H2 /2
`2;`2bB2X a2 bTmM2 + KQ/2HmH 2bi2 KB TQi`BpBi- +m +i pHQ`2 −2LL
2bi2 KB KB+ U+QM/BȧB /2 p2`QbBKBHBii2 KtBK BKTHB+ Q +QM/BȧB2 /2
KBMBK T2Mi`m pHQ`2 −2LLVX
6mM+ȧB bmKK`vUV `2im`M2x ŗM _ m`KiQ`mH `2xmHii,
= bmKK`vU_2;`2bBnKmHiBMQKV
*HH,
KmHiBMQKU7Q`KmH 4 ahP*lS Lh Y LAo1- /i 4 .i2nKmHiBMQKV
*Q277B+B2Mib,
UAMi2`+2TiV LhJ;?B` Lh_QKM Lh_QK
*bMB+ @3Xd9Nyje 3X3ey939 3X98jj9e RyXjdj8Rd
1H2p eXRy3Nkj @dXN9Nj3R @dXd93djd @dXd38edd
T2MbBQM` RRX3jdjj3 @dXNRkye3 @3XyRNk8k @NX8e3NR8
aim/2Mi NXNjyjRd @NXjkdedk @NX889R33 @RNXRNdj98
LAo1b+xmi LAo1bmT2`BQ`
*bMB+ yXeej9dj8 @kXNRdee38
RR *`2i T2Mi`m `2xQHp`2 KQ/2H2HQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 KmHiBMQKBH
Re9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
1H2p 8Xdekkjek @RdXNyjd9jR

T2MbBQM` RXR3R89R9 yXRyy8j93
aim/2Mi @RjXReReejR @RXjdy9yN8
ai/X 1``Q`b,
UAMi2`+2TiV LhJ;?B` Lh_QKM Lh_QK
*bMB+ yXRd3jR38 yXk88ej9e yXR8d3ej9 jXeN9Rd32@yR
1H2p yXjeyjR99 yXjk3jk3R yXk3d8Rdy 9Xejd8yN2@yR
T2MbBQM` yXkeyRjjN yXkN39NN9 yXk8ey9jk 9X9dk9392@yR
aim/2Mi yX8dkjj3y yXej38e8N yX8d83yNy kXydNd3e2@y8
LAo1b+xmi LAo1bmT2`BQ`
*bMB+ RXNjk89d2@yR RXykN93j2Yyy
1H2p kXdk89j92@yR eXRN3je82@yN
T2MbBQM` RXjd9N9k2@yR kXjRk9k82@yR
aim/2Mi RXy9jeR92@y8 9XRjy3yd2@yR
_2bB/mH .2pBM+2, jNd98XR

A*, jNdNjXR
G T`BKmH ;`mT /2 +Q2}+B2MȧB b2 Q#b2`p m`KiQ`2H2,

@ b2 +QKT` }2+`2 +i2;Q`B2 p`B#BH2B `2xmHii +m +i2;Q`B bH`Bi U/2
`272`BMȧV, +bMB+ pbX bH`Bi- 2H2p pbX bH`Bi- T2MbBQM` pbX bH`Bi-
bim/2Mi pbX bH`Bic
1+mȧB KQ/2HmHmB- T2Mi`m j4+bMB+- TQi2 } b+`Bb,
. /
pcasnica
ln = β casnica0 + β casnicaN ATMaghiar × x N ATMaghiar +
1 − psalariat
+ β casnicaN ATRoman × x N ATRoman + β casnicaN ATRom × x N ATRom +
+ β casnicaN IVEscazut × x N IVEscazut + β casnicaN IVEsuperior × x N IVEsuperior
*`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 p`B#BH2B LAo1 Ui`2+2`2 T2`bQM2B /2 H

MBp2HmH K2/Bm /2 2/m+ȧB2 H MBp2HmH bmT2`BQ`V 2bi2 bQ+Bi +m b+/2`2
+m kXNRdee38 HQ;`BiKmHmB /BM șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b /2 } +bMB+ pbX
bH`Bi Uβ casnicaN IVEsuperior VX
MHQ;- b2 b+`Bm șB 2+mȧBBH2 T2Mi`m j42H2p- T2MbBQM`- bim/2MiX
. /
pelev
ln = β elev0 + β elevN ATMaghiar × x N ATMaghiar +
1 − psalariat
+ β elevN ATRoman × x N ATRoman + β elevN ATRom × x N ATTRom +
+ β elevN IVEscazut × x N IVEscazut + β elevN IVEsuperior × x N IVEsuperior
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH Re8
. /
p pensionar
ln = β pensionar0 + β pensionarN ATMaghiar × x N ATMaghiar +
1 − psalariat
+ β pensionarN ATRoman × x N ATRoman + β pensionarN ATRom × x N ATRom +
+ β pensionarN IVEscazut × x N IVEscazut + β pensionarN IVEsuperior × x N IVEsuperior
. /
pstudent
ln = β student0 + β studentN ATMaghiar × x N ATMaghiar +
1 − psalariat
+ β studentN ATRoman × x N ATRoman + β studentN ATRom × x N ATRom +
+ β studentN IVEscazut × x N IVEscazut + β studentN IVEsuperior × x N IVEsuperior
*`2și2`2 +m Q mMBii2 p`B#BH2B LAo1 Ui`2+2`2 T2`bQM2B /2 H MBp2HmH

K2/Bm /2 2/m+ȧB2 H MBp2HmH bmT2`BQ`V 2bi2 bQ+Bi +m b+/2`2 +m
RXjdy9yN8 HQ;`BiKmHmB /BM șMb2H2 /2 bm++2b /2 } bim/2Mi pbX
bH`Bi Uβ studentN IVEsuperior VX Hi72H bTmb- `TQìmH /2 șMb2 bim/2Mi pbX
bH`Bi }BM/ e β studentN IVEsuperior = 0.2540029X S2Mi`m ŗMȧ2H2;2 KB #BM2
KQ/2HmH- b2 2biBK2x T`Q##BHBiȧBH2 bQ+Bi2 }2+`2B +i2;Q`BB /2
`bTmMb- T2Mi`m p`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2- miBHBxM/ 7mM+ȧB 7Bii2/UVX
= TT I@ 7Bii2/U_2;`2bBnKmHiBMQKV
= ?2/UTTV
aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p T2MbBQM` aim/2Mi

R yXyky998yk yXyR8kRR9e3 yXyyjNeeee9 yXNjy8N8N kXNd3yNj2@yk
k yXyky998yk yXyR8kRR9e3 yXyyjNeeee9 yXNjy8N8N kXNd3yNj2@yk
j yXyky998yk yXyR8kRR9e3 yXyyjNeeee9 yXNjy8N8N kXNd3yNj2@yk
9 yXyky998yk yXyR8kRR9e3 yXyyjNeeee9 yXNjy8N8N kXNd3yNj2@yk
8 yXyy9dy8e9 yXyyedNd9j3 yXkNyjd3kye yXeN3RR3d RXjR3y8y2@y3
e yXyky998yk yXyR8kRR9e3 yXyyjNeeee9 yXNjy8N8N kXNd3yNj2@yk
S2Mi`m Tmi2 2biBK KQ/B}+`BH2 p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2- bQ+Bi2

BM~m2Mȧ2B mM2B /BM +2H2 /Qm p`B#BH2- b2 p +`2 mM b2i /2 /i2 ŗM +`2
mM /BMi`2 p`B#BH2 p } K2MȧBMmi H mM MBp2H +QMbiMi Ub2 +QMbB/2` +
iQi2 T2`bQM2H2 /BM 2șMiBQM m +2HșB MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2Rk VX bi72H- b2
+QMbB/2` + Q T2`bQM TQi2 p2 mM MmKBi biimi Q+mTȧBQMH bm#
BM~m2Mȧ mMmB bBM;m` 7+iQ`, MȧBQMHBii2X
Rk LBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2 K2/Bm Ĝ T2Mi`m } +H+mHi- p`B#BH +i2;Q`BH LAo1 i`2#mB2
i`Mb7Q`Ki ŗM p`B#BH MmK2`B+

Ree _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+
= +HbbU.i2nKmHiBMQK0LAo1V I@ ]MmK2`B+]
= /iLh I@ /iX7`K2ULh 4 +U]_QKM]- ]J;?B`]- ]_QK]-
]:2`KM]V- LAo1 4 K2MU.i2nKmHiBMQK0LAo1VV
= ?2/U/iLhV
Lh LAo1
R _QKM RX3Ne3e9
k J;?B` RX3Ne3e9
j _QK RX3Ne3e9
9 :2`KM RX3Ne3e9
a2 2biBK2x T`Q##BHBiȧBH2 bQ+Bi2 }2+`2B +i2;Q`BB H2 biimimHmB

Q+mTȧBQMH UbH`Bi- +bMB+- 2H2p- T2MbBQM`- bim/2MiV- +m DmiQ`mH
7mM+ȧB2B T`2/B+iUVX
= _2;`2bBnKmHiBMQK I@ KmHiBMQKU ahP*lS Lh Y LAo1-

/i 4 .i2nKmHiBMQKV
= T`2/B+iU_2;`2bBnKmHiBMQK- M2r/i 4 /iLh- ]T`Q#b]V
aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p T2MbBQM` aim/2Mi

R dXykkNR82@yj dXjkd83y2@yj yXkjjk9kd yXd8R9ke9 NX3y9j3e2@y9
k eXj3ek3y2@yj RXy9kekR2@yk yXR33yydy yXdN9ye3R RXRRk9R32@yj
j RXRd9eee2@yk RXRyykk32@yR yX88jky3y yXjk8ykke RXjyd9932@R9
9 kXeN83kR2@yd RXNRNedj2@RR yXkyR3eyk yXdNjdyj8 9X9jeyd82@yj
P Hi +H2 /2 ŗMȧ2H2;2 KB #BM2 `2xmHii2H2 KQ/2HmHmB 2bi2 /2 p2/2

+`2 bmMi T`Q##BHBiȧBH2 2biBKi2 bQ+Bi2 }2+`2B +i2;Q`BB H2 p`B#BH2B
LAo1 /BM +/`mH }2+`mB MBp2H /2 2/m+ȧB2 LhX a2 +QMbi`mB2și2 mM MQm
/i7`K2- TQB b2 iș2x T`Q##BHBiȧBH2 2biBKi2 T2Mi`m }2+`2
+i2;Q`B2 +2HQ` /Qm p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2- T2Mi`m iQi2 Q#b2`pȧBBH2
/BM b2imH /2 /i2,
= /LAo1 I@ /iX7`K2ULh 4 `2TU+U]_QKM]- ]J;?B`]- ]_QK]-

]:2`KM]V- 2+? 4 jV- LAo1 4 `2TU+UR,jV-9VV
= TTXLAo1 I@ +#BM/U/LAo1- T`2/B+iU_2;`2bBnKmHiBMQK-
M2r/i 4 /LAo1- ivT2 4 ]T`Q#b]- b2 4 h_l1VV
= ?2/UTTXLAo1V
Lh LAo1 aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p
R _QKM R yXyR8dey9R3 yXyR8djkR3j yXRkR9jy3N
k _QKM k yXyyej9RRyj yXyyee9NN8y yXk9NRk3NR
j _QKM j yXyykRekyNk yXyykj3kRyy yX9jjR9jyy
9 J;?B` R yXyRj333j38 yXykReNk9kd yXyN938k9e
R9X9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH Red
8 J;?B` k yXyy8dNyjj9 yXyyN8yR8y8 yXkyRe8yye

e J;?B` j yXyykydkjdk yXyyj8dkejd yXje3yRyee
T2MbBQM` aim/2Mi
R yX3RNRyRe kXdNd9Nk2@yk
k yXdjdkRNk eXey3RRy2@y9
j yX8ekkNNe RXjkk3RR2@y8
9 yX3j33ydN jXyd83392@yk
8 yXd3kjy8k dX8k3NkN2@y9
e yXekejk38 RX83kyy32@y8
a2 +H+mH2x T`Q##BHBiȥBH2 + T2`bQM b B# mM MmKBi biimi

Q+mTȥBQMH- T2Mi`m }2+`2 MBp2H /2 2/m+ȥB2 ULAo1V ȔB }2+`2 +i2;Q`B2
/2 MȥBQMHBii2 ULhVX
= #vUTTXLAo1(- j,8)- TTXLAo10Lh- +QHJ2MbV
TTXLAo10Lh, :2`KM
aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p
kXNjdejd2@yd kXy9N8RN2@RR kXjkNdkN2@yR
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
TTXLAo10Lh, J;?B`
aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p
yXyydk8yje9 yXyRR83338e yXkkR8y9jNk
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
TTXLAo10Lh, _QKM
aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p
yXyy3y3d3dR yXyy3k89d98 yXkedNyyNjj
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
TTXLAo10Lh, _QK
aH`Bi *bMB+ 1H2p
yXyR9yNekN yXRk3d9yRy yX8ey8d8Re
*TBiQHmH R8
"x2 /2 /i2
ŖM+ /2 H ŗM+2Tmi b2 7+2 T`2+Bx`2 + K2/BmH _ 2bi2 2tT2ì ŗM MHBx

/2 /i2- B` /i2H2 b2 TQi `2;bB Q`BmM/2- /2 H +H+mHiQ`mH miBHBxiQ`mHmB-
T2 mM b2`p2` /BM `2ȧ2m HQ+H bm Q`BmM/2 ŗM HmK2- ŗMi`@Q `2ȧ2 /2
+H+mHiQ`2- H +`2 b2 TQi2 p2 ++2b T`BM AMi2`M2iX
J2/BmH _ Mm 2bi2 mM bBbi2K /2 ;2biBmM2 #x2HQ` /2 /i2 Ua:".V- /2+B
Mm b2 Q+mT /2 biQ+`2 /i2HQ` T2 /Bp2`b2 bmTQìm`B- +B /Q` /2 +BiB`2
ŗM K2KQ`B +H+mHiQ`mHmB șB MHBx +2biQ`X ŖM +xmH mMQ` #x2 /2 /i2
/2 /BK2MbBmMB 7Qì2 K`B- /2 Q`/BMmH ;B;Q+i2ȧBHQ`- pQ` } miBHBxi2
i2?MQHQ;BB bT2+BH2 T2Mi`m KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ`- +2bi2 M2TmiM/ }
ŗM+`+i2 ŗM K2KQ`B HQ+HX
1tBbi KB KmHi2 KQ/HBiȧB /2 +BiB`2 /i2HQ`- B` +2H2 KB miBHBxi2 bmMi,
Ç 1tTQìmH /i2HQ` /BM bBbi2KmH /2 ;2biBmM2 H #x2HQ` /2 /i2 ŗMi`@mM

}șB2` /2 iBT *ao bm hsh șB +BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM +2bi }șB2` ŗMi`@Q
p`B#BH /BM _c
Ç AKTQìmH /B`2+i /BM bBbi2KmH /2 ;2biBmM2 H #x2HQ` /2 /i2 ŗMi`@Q

p`B#BH /2 iBT /i7`K2X
R8XR h2`KBMQHQ;B2 bT2+B}+ _
ŖM HBK#DmH bT2+B}+ /QK2MBmHmB biiBbiB+BB 2tBbi /2MmKB`BH2 /2 b2im`B /2

/i2- Q#b2`pȧBB șB p`B#BH2X lM i#2H +m i2`KBMQHQ;B /QTii T2 b+`
H`; /2 +i`2 T`Q;`KiQ`BB șB MHBșiBB +`2 miBHBx2x _ TQi2 +`2 Q
BK;BM2 KB +Q`2+i i2`K2MBHQ` bT2+B}+BX
Rdy "x2 /2 /i2
_ aZGf_."Jaf1t+2H
/i 7`K2 i#H2
Q#b2`pȧB2 UŗM 2M;H2x Q#b2`piBQMV `M/ UŗM 2M;H2x `QrV
p`B#BH UŗM 2M;H2x p`B#H2V +QHQM UŗM 2M;H2x +QHmKMV
R8Xk AMi2`72ȧ2 T2Mi`m ++2b`2 #x2HQ` /2 /i2
++2bmH /B`2+i H /i2H2 /BMi`@mM a:". b2 `2HBx2x T`BMi`@Q BMi2`7ȧ

UŗM 2M;H2x ."A BMi2`7+2V ŗMi`2 _ șB a:".X *2H2 KB +mMQb+mi2 T+?2i2
T2Mi`m +BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BM /Bp2`b2H2 a:".@m`B bmMi,
Ç _C."* ++2b H #x2H2 /2 /i2 T`BM BMi2`7ȧ C."*c
Ç _JvaZG BMi2`7ȧ T2Mi`m JvaZGc
Ç _P."* ++2b H #x2H2 /2 /i2 /2 iBT P."*c
Ç _P`+H2 /`Bp2` T2Mi`m #x /2 /i2 P`+H2c
Ç _T;aZG BMi2`7ȧ T2Mi`m #x /2 /i2 SQbi;`2aZGc
Ç _aZGBi2 BMi2`7ȧ T2Mi`m aZGBi2X
6mM+ȧBBH2 /2 +BiB`2 /BM /Bp2`b2 iBTm`B /2 #x2 /2 /i2 șB ŗM +2HșB iBKT

7Qì2 mșQ` /2 miBHBxi bmMi BM+Hmb2 ŗM T+?2imH 7Q`2B;M,
6mM+ȧB 6Q`Ki
`2/X/#7UV ."6
`2/XbTbbUV aSaa
`2/X/iUV aii
`2/Xbb/UV aa
`2/XQ+ip2UV P+ip2
`2/XKiTUV JBMBi#
`2/XbvbiiUV avbii
P Tì2 /BM +2bi2 7mM+ȧBB m 7Qbi bim/Bi2 ŗM *TBiQHmH dX
R8XkXR C."*
S+?2imH _C."* miBHBx2x bBbi2KmH C."* T2Mi`m T2`KBi2 +QM2+i`2 H

Q #x /2 /i2X bi72H- Q`B+2 #x /2 /i2 +`2 `2+mMQși2 /`Bp2`@mH C."*
R8Xk AMi2`72ȧ2 T2Mi`m ++2b`2 #x2HQ` /2 /i2 RdR
TQi2 } ++2bi T`BM 7mM+ȧBBH2 /BbTQMB#BH2 ŗM +2bi T+?2iX lM 2t2KTHm

2bi2 /i ŗM `M/m`BH2 +`2 m`K2x- /` i`2#mB2 /Tii T2 #x /2 /i2
bT2+B}+ b2`p2`mHmB miBHBxiX
= HB#``vU_C."*V
= /`p I@ C."*U]+QKXKvb[HXD/#+X.`Bp2`]-
]fTi?fKvb[H@+QMM2+iQ`@Dp@8XRXj9XD`]- B/2MiB7B2`X[mQi24]<]V
= +QMR I@ /#*QMM2+iU/`p- ]D/#+,Kvb[H,ffHQ+H?Qbifi2bi]-
]mb2`]- ]Tr/]V
= /#q`Bi2h#H2U+QMR- ]h1ahnh"G1]- i2bini#H2V
= /#:2iZm2`vU+QMR- ]b2H2+i +QmMiU V 7`QK h1ahnh"G1]V
= Kvh#H2 I@ /#_2/h#H2U+QMR- ]h1ahnh"G1]V
= /#.Bb+QMM2+iU+QMRV
R8XkXk JvaZG
aT2+B}+ K2/BmHmB _ 2bi2 + T2Mi`m Q MmKBi T`Q#H2KiB+ b 2tBbi2 KB

KmHi2 bQHmȧBBX bi72H- ++2b`2 mM2B #x2 /2 /i2 /2 iBT JvaZG b2 TQi2
`2HBx T`BMi`@Q +QM2tBmM2 /2 iBT P."* bm ŗM KQ/ /B`2+i- T`BM ++2b`2
b2`p2`mHmB `2bT2+iBpX S2Mi`m 2t2KTH2H2 /2 KB DQb 7Qbi miBHBxi bBbi2KmH
/2 QT2``2 qBM/Qrb d Ue9@"BiV- T2 +`2 7Qbi BMbiHi b2`p2`mH JvaZG
U b2 p2/2 ?iiTb,ff/2pXKvb[HX+QKf/QrMHQ/bfKvb[HfVX
ŖM T`;`72H2 m`KiQ`2 bmMi T`2x2Mii2 T2 b+mì K#2H2 K2iQ/2 /2
++2b`2 B` T`BK 2bi2 +m /`Bp2`mH /2 iBT P."*- +`2 TQi2 } /2b+`+i
șB BMbiHi /2 T2 HBMF@mH qBM/Qrb Ut3e- e9@#BiV- JaA AMbiHH2`- /2 T2
T;BM, ?iiTb,ff/2pXKvb[HX+QKf/QrMHQ/bf+QMM2+iQ`fQ/#+fX .mT
BMbiH`2 b2 +`2x +QM2tBmM2 /BM *QMi`QH SM2H = /KBMBbiìBp2 hQQHb
= .i aQm`+2b- bi72H,
ș +mK b2 Q#b2`p /BM BK;BM2 /2 KB bmb b@ +`2i +QM2tBmM2
i2binJvaZG- T2Mi`m Q ++2b /BM K2/BmH _X
= HB#``vU_P."*V
= Kvb[H I@ Q/#+*QMM2+iU]i2binJvaZG]V
= Ui#H2b I@ b[Hh#H2bUKvb[HVV
h"G1n*h h"G1na*>1J h"G1nLJ1 h"G1nhuS1 _1J_Ea
R rQ`H/ +Biv h"G1
k rQ`H/ +QmMi`v h"G1
j rQ`H/ +QmMi`vHM;m;2 h"G1
a2 Q#b2`p + i#2H2H2 /BbTQMB#BH2 bmMi, +Biv- +QmMi`v șB

+QmMi`vHM;m;2- B` T2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 }ș2x T`BK2H2
ŗM`2;Bbi``B /BM T`BK i#2HX
Rdk "x2 /2 /i2
6B;m` R8XR, *QM2tBmM2 P."*@JvaZG
= +QmMi`v I@ b[HZm2`vUKvb[H- ]a1G1*h 6_PJ +QmMi`v]V

= ?2/U+QmMi`v- jV
*Q/2 LK2 *QMiBM2Mi _2;BQM
R "q `m# LQì? K2`B+ *`B##2M
k 6: 7;?MBbiM bB aQmi?2`M M/ *2Mi`H bB
j :P M;QH 7`B+ *2Mi`H 7`B+
am`7+2`2 AM/2Tu2` SQTmHiBQM GB721tT2+iM+v :LS
R RNj L Ryjyyy d3X9 3k3
k e8kyNy RNRN kkdkyyyy 98XN 8Nde
j Rk9edyy RNd8 Rk3d3yyy j3Xj ee93
:LSPH/ GQ+HLK2 *TBiH *Q/2k
R dNj `m# RkN q
k L 7;MBbiMf7[M2biM R 6
j dN39 M;QH 8e P
:Qp2`MK2Mi6Q`K
R LQMK2i`QTQHBiM h2``BiQ`v Q7 h?2 L2i?2`HM/b
k AbHKB+ 1KBì2
j _2Tm#HB+
>2/P7aii2
R "2i`Bt
k JQ?KK/ PK`
j CQb·× 1/m`/Q /Qb aMiQb
S2Mi`m ++2b +m bm++2b /i2H2- i`2#mB2 pmi2 ŗM p2/2`2 i#2H2H2

R8Xk AMi2`72ȧ2 T2Mi`m ++2b`2 #x2HQ` /2 /i2 Rdj
/BbTQMB#BH2 T2 bBbi2KmH /2 Hm+`mX
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]_JvaZG]V
= HB#``vU_JvaZGV
= Kv/# I@ /#*QMM2+iUJvaZGUV- mb2` 4 ^`QQi^- TbbrQ`/ 4 ^/KBM^-
/#MK2 4 ^+Biv^- ?Qbi 4 ^HQ+H?Qbi^V
= Ui#H2b I@ /#GBbih#H2bUKv/#VV
= UKv7B2H/b I@ /#GBbi6B2H/bUKv/#- ^+Biv^VV
= Kv+Biv I@ /#a2M/Zm2`vUKv/#- ^b2H2+i 7`QK +Biv^V
= ?2/UKv+BivV
/m;`2 mM2B Q#b2`pȧBB ŗM #x /2 /i2 /BM b2`p2`mH JvaZG- T`BM

+`2`2 mMmB /i7`K2 i2KTQ``,
= Kv/i I@ /iX7`K2ULmK2 4 +U]AQM2b+m]- ]SQT2b+m]V-

S`2MmK2 4 +U]JB?B]- ]J`B]V- o2MBi 4 +U]k8yy]- ]k3yy]VV
= /#a2M/Zm2`vUKv/#- ^/`QT p2MBim`B B7 2tBbib p2MBim`B^V
= /#q`Bi2h#H2UKv/#- MK24^p2MBim`B^- pHm24Kv/iV
R8XkXj P."*
S`BM BMi2`7ȧ P."* b2 TQi ++2b /Bp2`b2 iBTm`B /2 }șB2`2- T2

T`BM+BTH2H2 bBbi2K2 /2 QT2``2- GBMmtflMBt- qBM/Qrb- Pa sX S+?2imH
_P."* TmM2 H /BbTQxBȧB2 Q b2`B2 /2 7mM+ȧBB T`BM +`2 K2/BmH _ TQi2
BMi2`+ȧBQM +m bBbi2KmH +HB2Mi@b2`p2` /2 T2 +H+mHiQ`X P TQbB#BHBii2
2bi2 miBHBx`2 T+?2imHmB _P."*X
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]_P."*]V
= HB#``vU_P."*V
S`BM bBbi2KmH P."* b2 TQi `2HBx H2;im`B H #x2 /2 /i2 /2 iBT JB+`QbQ7i
++2bb U XK/#V- /"b2 6BH2b U X/#7V șB JB+`QbQ7i 1t+2H U XtHbVX
ŖM 2t2KTH2H2 /2 KB DQb bmMi /2b+`Bb2 +i2p 7mM+ȧBB /2 #x T2Mi`m
KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ`,
Ç Q/#+*QMM2+iUV @ /2b+?B/2 Q H2;im`f+QM2tBmM2 +i`2 Q #x /2 /i2

P."*- T`BM `;mK2Mi2H2, /bM U/i bQm`+2 MK2V- mB/ Umb2`MK2
A.V- Tr/ UT`QH /2 mi2MiB}+`2Vc
= /bMXMK2 I@ ]/bMnMK2]
= mb2`XMK2 I@ ];m2bi]
Rd9 "x2 /2 /i2
6B;m` R8Xk, aBbi2KmH /2 /KBMBbi``2 P."*
= Tr/y I@ ]Rkj9]
= +QMR I@ Q/#+*QMM2+iU/bM4/bMXMK2- mB/4mb2`XMK2- Tr/ 4 Tr/yV
Ç Q/#+*HQb2UV @ ŗM+?B/2 Q H2;im`f+QM2tBmM2 /2b+?Bb ŗM T`2H#BH-

B` + i`B#mi T`BK2și2 MmK2H2 +QM2tBmMBBc
= Q/#+*HQb2U+QMRV
Ç Q/#+*HQb2HHUV @ ŗM+?B/2 iQi2 +QM2tBmMBH2 2tBbi2Mi2c
= Q/#+*HQb2HHUV
Ç b[Hh#H2bUV @ }ș2x /2MmKB`2 imim`Q` i#2H2HQ` 2tBbi2Mi2 ŗM

#x /2 /i2 P."*c
S2Mi`m JB+`QbQ7i ++2bb b2 TQi2 bT2+B}+ iBTmH i#2H2HQ` /+ b2 p`2 +

+2H2 /2 iBT bvbi2K b Mm }2 +mT`BMb2 ŗM HBbi `2im`MiX
= i#H2bXHBbi I@ b[Hh#H2bU+QMR- i#H2hvT2 4 ]h"G1]V

R8Xk AMi2`72ȧ2 T2Mi`m ++2b`2 #x2HQ` /2 /i2 Rd8
Ç b[H*QHmKMbUV @ }ș2x /2MmKB`2 +QHQM2HQ` /BM i#2H

bT2+B}+i- /BM #x /2 /i2 P."*- /2b+?Bb ŗM T`2H#BHc
= i#H2XMK2 I@ ]AM+QK2b]
= +QHXHBbi I@ b[H*QHmKMbU+QMR- i#H2XMK2V
Ç b[H62i+?UV @ +Bi2și2 iQiH bm T`ȧBH Q i#2H /BM #x /2 /i2

P."*c
_2im`M`2 ŗMi`2;mHmB +QMȧBMmi H i#2H2B,
= HHi#H2 I@ b[H62i+?U+QMR- i#H2XMK2V
_2im`M`2 T`BK2HQ` ky /2 Q#b2`pȧBBf`M/m`B,
= b2Hi#H2 I@ b[H62i+?U+?MM2H- ]la``2bib]- Kt 4 kyV
Ç b[HZm2`vUV @ i`MbKBi2 Q BMi2`Q;`2 /2 iBT aZG +i`2 Q #x /2

/i2 P."* șB ŗMiQ`+2 `2xmHiimH BMi2`Q;`BBc
a2H2+ȧB T2`bQM2HQ` +m p2MBim`BH2 KB K`B /2 3yy H2B- Q`/QMi2 /mT

MmK2,
= b2H2+iB2 I@ b[HZm2`vU+QMR- ]b2H2+i LK2- AM+QK2 7`QK AM+QK2b

r?2`2 AM+QK2 = 3yy Q`/2` #v LK2]VV
R8XkX9 P`+H2
*QM2+i`2 H Q #x /2 /i2 /2 iBT P`+H2 b2 7+2 T`BM T+?2imH

_P`+H2- B` T2 +H+mHiQ` i`2#mB2 b 2tBbi2 P`+H2 AMbiMi *HB2Mi bm
P`+H2 .i#b2 *HB2MiX *Q/mH T`BM +`2 b2 7+2 +QM2tBmM2 2bi2 /2b+`Bb
KB DQb,
= HB#``vU_P`+H2V
= /`p I@ /#.`Bp2Ù]P`+H2]V
= +QMR I@ /#*QMM2+iU/`p- ]mb2`]- ]Tr/]V
*`2`2 mM2B i#2H2 MQB,
= /#q`Bi2h#H2U+QMR- Ǭh1ahnh"G1Ǭ- i2bini#H2V

Rde "x2 /2 /i2
h`MbKBi2`2 mM2B BMi2`Q;`B T2Mi`m i#2H +`2i,
= /#:2iZm2`vU+QMR- ]b2H2+i +QmMiU V 7`QK h1ahnh"G1]V

= Kvh#H2 I@ /#_2/h#H2U+QMR- ]h1ahnh"G1]V
= /#.Bb+QMM2+iU+QMRV
R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ`
*BiB`2 /i2HQ` /BMi`@Q #x /2 /i2 bm /Q` /BMi`@mM }șB2` `2T`2xBMi
/Q` T`BKmH Tb ŗM T`2;iB`2 /i2HQ` T2Mi`m MHBxX lM Hi 2iT
7Qì2 BKTQìMi 2bi2 T`2Hm+``2 /i2HQ` ŗM p2/2`2 `2HBx`BB
MHBx2HQ`X S`+iB+- ŗM +2bi 7x- b2 `2HBx2x 2tTHQ``2- b2H2+ȧB șB
+Q`2+i`2 p`B#BH2HQ`X ŖM Kbm` ŗM +`2 2bi2 M2pQB2 b2 pQ` +`2
p`B#BH2 MQB +`2 pQ` p2 + #x /2 TH2+`2 mM bm KB KmHi2
p`B#BH2 2tBbi2Mi2 ŗM #x /2 /i2X
R8XjXR a2H2+ȧBB
.2 +i2 Q`B b2 Hm+`2x +m #x2 /2 /i2 b2 `B/B+ T`Q#H2K /+ b2

miBHBx2x iQi2 Q#b2`pȧBBH2fp`B#BH2H2 bm /Q` Q Tì2 /BMi`2 2H2- B`
mM2Q`B bmMi M2+2b`2 iQi2 p`B#BH2H2 bm /Q` mM b2i KB `2bi`MbX
hQi2 +2bi2 bT2+i2 /2pBM șB KB BKTQìMi2 ŗM +xmH #x2HQ` /2 /i2 /2
/BK2MbBmMB 7Qì2 K`B- /2 Q`/BMmH x2+BHQ` /2 ;B;Q+i2ȧBX
_M/m`BfQ#b2`pȧBB
S`BKmH bT2+i T`2x2Mii 2bi2 b2H2+i`2 Q#b2`pȧBBHQ`f`M/m`BHQ` +`2
ŗM/2THBM2b+ Q MmKBi +QM/BȧB2- B` + 2t2KTHm b2 ŗM+`+ b2imH /2 /i2
B`[mHBiv /BM T+?2imH /ib2ibX
= /iU]B`[mHBiv]- T+F;2 4 ]/ib2ib]V

= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
PxQM2 aQH`X_ qBM/ h2KT JQMi? .v
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k
j Rk R9N RkXe d9 8 j
9 R3 jRj RRX8 ek 8 9
8 L L R9Xj 8e 8 8
e k3 L R9XN ee 8 e
P T`BK p2`B}+`2 /i2HQ` b2 `272` H +i2 Q#b2`pȧBB șB +i2 p`B#BH2

bmMi ŗM /i7`K2X
R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` Rdd
= /BKUB`[mHBivV
(R) R8j e
.2+B- ŗM 2t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii bmMi R8j /2 Q#b2`pȧBB șB e p`B#BH2X LmK`mH

/2 MBp2H2 T2 +`2 H2 `2 p`B#BH JQMi? b2 TQi2 ~ bi72H,
= H2p2HbUbX7+iQÙB`[mHBiv0JQMi?VV
(R) ]8] ]e] ]d] ]3] ]N]
AMbi`m+ȧBmMBH2 /2 KB bmb bmMi bT2+B}+2 Q`B+`2B 2tTHQ``B T`2HBKBM`2

b2imHmB /2 /i2X a2 pQ` b2H2+i /Q` Q#b2`pȧBBH2 +`2 +QMȧBM ŗM p`B#BH
JQMi? pHQ`2 e- T`BM BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 bm#b2iU/ib2inMK2-
MmK2np`B#BH 44 ^pHQ`2^VX
= b2H2+iB2 I@ bm#b2iUB`[mHBiv- JQMi? 44 eV

= /BKUb2H2+iB2V
(R) jy e
= ?2/Ub2H2+iB2- jV
jk L k3e 3Xe d3 e R
jj L k3d NXd d9 e k
j9 L k9k ReXR ed e j
*QHQM2fo`B#BH2
a2H2+i`2 /Q` p`B#BH2HQ`f+QHQM2HQ` /2 BMi2`2b b2 TQi2 `2HBx iQi
T`BM BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 bm#b2iUV- /` +m `;mK2MimH b2H2+i- bi72H,
= b2H2+iB2 I@ bm#b2iUB`[mHBiv- b2H2+i 4 +UqBM/- h2KTVV

= /BKUb2H2+iB2V
(R) R8j k
= ?2/Ub2H2+iB2- jV
qBM/ h2KT
R dX9 ed
k 3Xy dk
j RkXe d9
ŖM +xmH b2 /Q`2și2 b2H2+ȧB KB KmHiQ` +QHQM2 +QMb2+miBp2 b2 TQi2 miBHBx

QT2ìQ`mH ǳ,ǴX a2H2+ȧB p`B#BH2HQ` qBM/- h2KT- JQMi? șB .v- /B+
p`B#BH2HQ` j- 9- 8 șB eX
= b2H2+iB2R I@ bm#b2iUB`[mHBiv- b2H2+i 4 +Uj,eVV

Rd3 "x2 /2 /i2
+2HșB `2xmHii 2bi2 Q#ȧBMmi șB T`BM miBHBx`2 MmK2HQ` p`B#BH2HQ`,
= b2H2+iB2k I@ bm#b2iUB`[mHBiv- b2H2+i 4 +UqBM/,.vVV
a2 TQi2 p2`}+ /+ +2H2 /Qm b2H2+ȧBB bmMi B/2MiB+2,
= HHX2[mHUb2H2+iB2R- b2H2+iB2kV
(R) h_l1
hQiQ/i- b2 TQi b2H2+i p`B#BH2H2 /2 BMi2`2b UqBM/- h2KT șB JQMi?V șB

Q#b2`pȧBBH2 +`2 ŗM/2THBM2b+ Q MmKBi +QM/BȧB2 UpHQ`BH2 8 șB e /BM
p`B#BH JQMi?V,
= b2H2+iB2 I@ bm#b2iUB`[mHBiv- JQMi? 44 8 % JQMi? 44 e-

b2H2+i 4 +UqBM/,JQMi?VV
= /BKUb2H2+iB2V
(R) eR j
= ?2/Ub2H2+iB2- jV
qBM/ h2KT JQMi?
R dX9 ed 8
k 3Xy dk 8
j RkXe d9 8
S2Mi`m b2H2+ȧBB b2 KB TQi miBHBx șB +`+i2`BbiB+BH2 /i7`K2@mHmBX
Ç a2H2+i`2 imim`Q` Q#b2`pȧBBHQ`f`M/m`BHQ` +`2 m Q MmKBi

pHQ`2 ŗMi`@Q p`B#BH,
LmK2.i6`K2(LmK2.i6`K20LmK2o`B#BH 44 oHQ`2- )
Ç a2H2+i`2 MmKBiQ` p`B#BH2f+QHQM2,
LmK2.i6`K2(- LmK2o`B#BH)
a2 2t2KTHB}+ K#2H2 +xm`BX S`BKmH- b2H2+ȧB Q#b2`pȧBBHQ`f

ŗM`2;Bbi``BHQ`f `M/m`BHQ` +`2 m pHQ`2 e ŗM p`B#BH JQMi?,
= b2H2+iB2 I@ B`[mHBiv(B`[mHBiv0JQMi? 44 e- )
= /BKUb2H2+iB2V
(R) jy e
= ?2/Ub2H2+iB2- jV
jk L k3e 3Xe d3 e R
jj L k3d NXd d9 e k
j9 L k9k ReXR ed e j
R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` RdN
H /QBH2 +x- }ș`2 T`BK2HQ` j Q#b2`pȧBB b2H2+ii2- /Q` +QHQM2H2 qBM/

șB h2KTX
= b2H2+iB2 I@ B`[mHBiv(- +U]qBM/]- ]h2KT]V)

= /BKUb2H2+iB2V
(R) R8j k
= ?2/Ub2H2+iB2- jV
qBM/ h2KT
R dX9 ed
k 3Xy dk
j RkXe d9
1tBbi mM /2xpMiD- /2Q`2+2 B+B Mm KB TQi2 } miBHBxi QT2ìQ`mH Ƕ,Ƕ-

BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 b2H2+iB2 I@ B`[mHBiv(- +UqBM/,h2KTV) p ;2M2` Q
2`Q`2 ŗM +2bi +x,
= b2H2+iB2 I@ B`[mHBiv(- +UqBM/,h2KTV)

1``Q` BM <(X/iX7`K2<UB`[mHBiv- - +UqBM/,h2KTVV ,
Q#D2+i ^qBM/^ MQi 7QmM/
R8XjXk aQì`B
aQì`2 bm Q`/QM`2 2H2K2Mi2HQ` mMmB p2+iQ` bm mMmB /i7`K2 b2

TQi2 7+2 +`2b+iQ` bm /2b+`2b+iQ` T`BM miBHBx`2 7mM+ȧBBHQ` bQìUV
bm Q`/2ÙVX hQimșB- i`2#mB2 +Q`/i i2MȧB2 H /B72`2Mȧ2H2 /BMi`2 +2H2
/Qm 7mM+ȧBBX 6mM+ȧB bQìUV `2im`M2x mM p2+iQ` +m 2H2K2Mi2H2
Q`/QMi2 +Q`2bTmMxiQ` QTȧBmMBHQ` /i2 T`BM `;mK2Mi2- +`2b+iQ`-
`2bT2+iBp /2b+`2b+iQ`X ŖM b+?BK#- 7mM+ȧB Q`/2ÙV `2im`M2x mM p2+iQ`
/2 +22șB HmM;BK2 +m +2H i`MbKBb 7mM+ȧB2B + `;mK2Mi- /` pM/ +
pHQ`B TQxBȧBBH2 T2 +`2 ` i`2#mB b H2 Q+mT2 2H2K2Mi2H2 /BM p2+iQ`mH
bm`b- ŗM Q`/BM2 +`2b+iQ`2 bm /2b+`2b+iQ`2X
= /iU]B`[mHBiv]- T+F;24]/ib2ib]V
= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k
8 L L R9Xj 8e 8 8
e k3 L R9XN ee 8 e
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv0h2KTV
(R) ed dk d9 ek 8e ee
R3y "x2 /2 /i2
a2 bQì2x T`BK2H2 e 2H2K2Mi2 șB b2 }ș2x `2xmHiimH,
= bQìU?2/UB`[mHBiv0h2KTVV
(R) 8e ek ee ed dk d9
a2 Q`/QM2x T`BK2H2 e 2H2K2Mi2- /` b2 Q#b2`p Q /B72`2Mȧ,
= Q`/2Ù?2/UB`[mHBiv0h2KTVV
(R) 8 9 e R k j
6mM+ȧB Q`/2ÙV `2im`Mi TQxBȧBBH2 T2 +`2 H2 m +2H2 e 2H2K2Mi2- /`

Q`/QMi2 +`2b+iQ`- /B+ T2 T`BK TQxBȧB2 b2 p THb 2H2K2MimH /2 T2
TQxBȧB Q`B;BMH 8 U8eV- T2 /Qm TQxBȧB2 b2 p bBim 2H2K2MimH /2 TQxBȧB
9 /BM p2+iQ`mH /i UekV- T2 TQxBȧB i`2B p } 2H2K2MimH e /BM p2+iQ`mH
/i- șB iQi ș TM H șb2 TQxBȧB2 +`2 p } Q+mTi /2 2H2K2MimH j
/BM p2+iQ` Ud9VX *m Hi2 +mpBMi2- T`BM 7mM+ȧB Q`/2ÙV b2 TQi2 Q`/QM
/i7`K2@mH /mT Q`B+2 p`B#BH- bi72H,
= B`[mHBiv I@ B`[mHBiv(Q`/2ÙB`[mHBiv0h2KTV- )
= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
8 L L R9Xj 8e 8 8
R3 e d3 R3X9 8d 8 R3
k8 L ee ReXe 8d 8 k8
kd L L 3Xy 8d 8 kd
R8 R3 e8 RjXk 83 8 R8
ke L kee R9XN 83 8 ke
.+ b2 /Q`2și2 Q bQì`2 2H2K2Mi2HQ` ŗM Q`/BM2 /2b+`2b+iQ`2- b2

miBHBx2x `;mK2MimH /2+`2bBM; 4 h_l1X
= B`[mHBiv I@ B`[mHBiv(Q`/2ÙB`[mHBiv0h2KT-
/2+`2bBM; 4 h_l1V- )
= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
Rky de kyj NXd Nd 3 k3
Rkk 39 kjd eXj Ne 3 jy
Rkj 38 R33 eXj N9 3 jR
RkR RR3 kk8 kXj N9 3 kN
Rke dj R3j kX3 Nj N j
Rkd NR R3N 9Xe Nj N 9
R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` R3R
ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 p`B#BH /mT +`2 b2 Q`/QM2x Q#b2`pȧBBH2 `2 pHQ`B

L- /B+ bmMi M2+QKTH2ii2- +2bi2 Q#b2`pȧBB TQi } Tmb2 H b7`șBimH
/i7`K2@mHmB- T`BM `;mK2MimH MXHbi 4 h_l1- + ŗM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB
DQb,
= B`[mHBiv I@ B`[mHBiv(Q`/2ÙB`[mHBiv0PxQM2-
MXHbi 4 h_l1V- )
= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
kR R 3 NXd 8N 8 kR
kj 9 k8 NXd eR 8 kj
R3 e d3 R3X9 8d 8 R3
R9d d 9N RyXj eN N k9
RR d L eXN d9 8 RR
de d 93 R9Xj 3y d R8
A` /+ i`2#mB2 + +2bi2 Q#b2`pȧBB b }2 QKBb2 b2 i`B#mB2 `;mK2MimHmB

MXHbi pHQ`2 LX i2MȧB2- /2Q`2+2 +2bi +QKM/ p 7+2 b b2
TB`/ Q#b2`pȧBB /BM /i7`K2X
= /BKUB`[mHBivV
(R) R8j e
= B`[mHBiv I@ B`[mHBiv(Q`/2ÙB`[mHBiv0PxQM2-
MXHbi 4 LV- )
= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
kR R 3 NXd 8N 8 kR
kj 9 k8 NXd eR 8 kj
R3 e d3 R3X9 8d 8 R3
de d 93 R9Xj 3y d R8
RR d L eXN d9 8 RR
R9d d 9N RyXj eN N k9
= /BKUB`[mHBivV
(R) RRe e
a2 Q#b2`p + ŗM /i7`K2 m `Kb /Q` RRe Q#b2`pȧBB 7ȧ /2 R8j

+i2 m 7Qbi ŗM+`+i2 BMBȧBH- /` mM2Q`B 2bi2 miBH b b2 `2MmMȧ2 H +2bi2
Q#b2`pȧBB +`2 TQi +QM/m+2 H `2xmHii2 ;`2șBi2 /BM +mx 2H2K2Mi2HQ`
M2+QKTH2ii2 U pHQ`BHQ` L /BM p`B#BH2VX
R3k "x2 /2 /i2
R8XjXj *QM+i2M`B
ŖK#BM`2 bm +QM+i2M`2 /Qm b2im`B /2 /i2 b2 TQi2 `2HBx /Q`

/+ 2tBbi Q p`B#BH ŗM +QKmM- MmKBi /2 Q#B+2B +?2B2- /2Q`2+2
pHQ`BH2 i`2#mB2 b ŗM/2THBM2b+ MmKBi2 +`+i2`BbiB+B T2Mi`m `2HBx Q
+QM+i2M`2 +Q`2+iX 6mM+ȧB K2`;2UV 2bi2 miBHBxi T2Mi`m `2HBx
+QM+i2M`2 /Qm b2im`B /2 /i2X a2 +`2x mM /i7`K2 +m MmK2H2
M;DȧBHQ`,
= U/7R I@ /iX7`K2UA. 4 R,j- LmK2 4 +U]AQM]- ]S2i`2]-

]obBH2]VVV
A. LmK2
R R AQM
k k S2i`2
j j obBH2
a2 +`2x mM Hi /i7`K2 +m bH`BBH2- /` +m +2HșB A.- bi72H ŗM+i mM

MmKBi bH`Bm b +Q`2bTmM/ mMmB MmKBi bH`Bi- B/2MiB}+i T`BM A.,
= U/7k I@ /iX7`K2UA. 4 R,j- aH`Bm 4 +UR9yy- R3yy- R8yyVVV

A. aH`Bm
R R R9yy
k k R3yy
j j R8yy
a2 +QM+i2M2x +2H2 /Qm b2im`B /2 /i2 /mT p`B#BH A.,
= U/7j I@ K2`;2U/7R- /7k- #v 4 ]A.]VV

A. LmK2 aH`Bm
R R AQM R9yy
k k S2i`2 R3yy
j j obBH2 R8yy
1t2KTHmH /2 KB bmb pmi + `2xmHii +QM+i2M`2 +2HQ` /Qm b2im`B /2

/i2 șB `2HBx`2 mMmB /i7`K2 +m +2HșB MmK` /2 Q#b2`pȧBB- /` +m
iQi2 +QHQM2H2 `2mMBi2- Hi72H bTmb Q +QM+i2M`2 mMm@H@mMmX .+ +2H2
/Qm b2im`B /2 /i2 m MmK2`2 /B72`Bi2 /2 Q#b2`pȧBB- i`2#mB2 i2MȧB2 H
`2xmHii- T2Mi`m + b2 pQ` KmHiBTHB+ pHQ`BH2 /BMi`@mM b2i /2 /i2 T2Mi`m
b2 +QKTH2i +2HHHi b2i /2 /i2- 2pB/2Mi- pM/ +`Bi2`Bm T`BM+BTH p`B#BH
+?2B2X
= U/7R I@ /iX7`K2UA. 4 +UR,j-kV- LmK2 4 +U]AQM]- ]S2i`2]-

R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` R3j
]obBH2]- ]J`B]VVV
A. LmK2
R R AQM
k k S2i`2
j j obBH2
9 k J`B
= U/7k I@ /iX7`K2UA. 4 +UR,j-jV- aH`Bm 4 +UR9yy- R3yy-
R8yy- kyyyVVV
A. aH`Bm
R R R9yy
k k R3yy
j j R8yy
9 j kyyy
= U/7j I@ K2`;2U/7R- /7k- #v 4 ]A.]VV
A. LmK2 aH`Bm
R R AQM R9yy
k k S2i`2 R3yy
j k J`B R3yy
9 j obBH2 R8yy
8 j obBH2 kyyy
a2 Q#b2`p + b@ `2HBxi +QM+i2M`2- /` `2xmHiimH 2bi2 KB KmHi +

bB;m` ;`2șBi /BM TmM+imH /2 p2/2`2 H /i2HQ`- /2Q`2+2 MB+B bm`b2H2 T2 #x
+`Q` b@ 272+imi 7mM+ȧB K2`;2 Mm m 7Qbi #mM2 Uii ŗM /7R- +i șB ŗM
/7k 2tBbi KB KmHi2 A.@m`B B/2MiB+2VX
*mi`2 șB 2HBKBM`2 Q#b2`pȧBBHQ` /mTHB+i
1tBbi /Qm 7mM+ȧBB +`2 TQi } miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m +mi`2 șBfbm
2HBKBM`2 Q#b2`pȧBBHQ` /mTHB+i- /mTHB+i2/UV șB mMB[m2UVX 6mM+ȧB
/mTHB+i2/UV B/2MiB}+ iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2 /mTHB+i /BMi`@mM p2+iQ` șB
`2im`M2x mM p2+iQ` /2 iBT HQ;B+- /2 HmM;BK2 +2HmB p2`B}+i- +m pHQ`2
h_l1 T2Mi`m iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2 +`2 bmMi /mTHB+i șB 6Ga1 ŗM +x +QMi``X
a2 +`2x mM p2+iQ` /2 Ryy /2 pHQ`B Hmi2 H2iQ`- ŗM +`2 b2 TQi `2;bB
/mTHB+i2- T`BM K2MȧBQM`2 `;mK2MimHmB `2TH+2 4 h_l1,
= b2iXb22/U8yV
= tR I@ bKTH2UR,Ryy- `2TH+2 4 h_l1V
ŖM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB DQb b2 b2T` ŗM /QB p2+iQ`B /BbiBM+ȧB pHQ`BH2 /mTHB+i

/2 +2H2HHi2,
= /mTHB+i2y I@ tR(/mTHB+i2/UtRV)
R39 "x2 /2 /i2
= H2M;i?U/mTHB+i2yV
(R) jN
= 7`/mTHB+i2y I@ tR(5/mTHB+i2/UtRV)
= H2M;i?U7`/mTHB+i2yV
(R) eR
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 7mM+ȧB /mTHB+i2/UV- 7mM+ȧB mMB[m2UV ŗMiQ`+2 mM

p2+iQ`f/i7`K2 +`2 +QMȧBM2 /Q` pHQ`BH2 mMB+2- 2HBKBMM/m@H2 T2 +2H2
/mTHB+i,
= mMB+2y I@ mMB[m2UtRV
= H2M;i?UmMB+2yV
(R) eR
a2 TQi2 p2`B}+ + `2xmHii2H2- Q#ȧBMmi2 T`BM +2H2 /Qm K2iQ/2- T2Mi`m

p2+iQ`BB +`2 +QMȧBM /Q` pHQ`BH2 mMB+2- bmMi B/2MiB+2,
= HHX2[mHU7`/mTHB+i2- mMB+2yV
(R) h_l1
R8XjX9 hì`2 7+iQ`BHQ`
ai#BHB`2 MBp2H2HQ`
LBp2H2H2 bmMi bT2+B}+2 p`B#BH2HQ` /2 iBT 7+iQ`- B` T2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2
b2 p miBHBx iQi b2imH /2 /i2 +m +`2 b@ Hm+ìX

= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k
8 L L R9Xj 8e 8 8
e k3 L R9XN ee 8 e
a2 TQi2 `2+QMbB/2` p`B#BH JQMi? + }BM/ /2 iBT 7+iQ`- bi72H,
= +HbbUB`[mHBiv0JQMi?V
(R) ]BMi2;2`]
= B`[mHBiv0JQMi? I@ bX7+iQÙB`[mHBiv0JQMi?V
R8Xj 6mM+ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 /i2HQ` R38
= H2p2HbUB`[mHBiv0JQMi?V
(R) ]8] ]e] ]d] ]3] ]N]
a2 Q#b2`p + 2tBbi +BM+B MBp2H2 +`2 `2T`2xBMi HmMBH2 JB TM H

a2Ti2K#`B2X
_2/2MmKB`2 MBp2H2HQ`
a+?BK#`2 /2MmKB`BB MBp2H2HQ` T2Mi`m p`B#BH /2 iBT 7+iQ` JQMi? b2
`2HBx2x 7Qì2 bBKTHm- T`BM i`B#mB`2 mMmB p2+iQ` /2 +`+i2`2 +m MQBH2
/2MmKB`B- ŗM +xmH T`2x2Mii- b+?BK#`2 /BM +B7`2 ŗM /2MmKB`2 HmMBHQ`
`2bT2+iBp2,
= H2p2HbUB`[mHBiv0JQMi?V I@ +U]JB]- ]AmM]- ]AmH]- ]m;]- ]a2T]V
a+?BK#`2 /2MmKB`BHQ` b2 p `2~2+i ŗM iQi b2imH /2 /i2,
(R) ]JB] ]AmM] ]AmH] ]m;] ]a2T]
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv- jV
R 9R RNy dX9 ed JB R
k je RR3 3Xy dk JB k
j Rk R9N RkXe d9 JB j
= iBHUB`[mHBivV
R8R R9 RNR R9Xj d8 a2T k3
R8k R3 RjR 3Xy de a2T kN
R8j ky kkj RRX8 e3 a2T jy
S`BM i`Mb7Q`K`2 iBTmHmB p`B#BH2B ŗM 7+iQ` b2 TQi Q#ȧBM2 BM7Q`KȧBB

bT2+B}+2 p`B#BH2HQ` +i2;Q`BH2- bi72H,
= i#H2UB`[mHBiv0JQMi?V
JB AmM AmH m; a2T
jR jy jR jR jy
*22 +2 ŗMb2KM + ŗM /i27`K2 bmMi jR /2 Q#b2`pȧBB +`2 m pHQ`2

8UJBV ŗM p`B#BH JQMi?- jy /2 Q#b2`pȧBB T2Mi`m AmMB2- 2i+X- pHQ`B +`2
+QBM+B/ +?B` +m xBH2H2 +H2M/`BbiB+2 /BM HmMBH2 `2bT2+iBp2X
a+?BK#`2 Q`/BMBB MBp2H2HQ` mMmB 7+iQ`
P`/BM2 MBp2H2HQ` mM2B p`B#BH2 /2 iBT 7+iQ` 2bi2 7Qì2 BKTQìMi ŗM
miBHBx`2 p`B#BH2B + `;mK2Mi H 7mM+ȧBBHQ`- bT`2 2t2KTHm KmHiBMQKUVX
R3e "x2 /2 /i2
JQiBpmH 2bi2 mMmH bBKTHm șB MmK2- b2 bi#BH2și2 MBp2HmH /2 `272`BMȧ /BMi`@Q

MHBx bT2+B}+X
ŖM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`- T`BM 7mM+ȧB `2H2p2H- b2 bi#BH2și2 + pHQ`2 /2
`272`BMȧ HmM AmMB2X
= B`[mHBiv0JQMi? I@ `2H2p2HUB`[mHBiv0JQMi?- `27 4 ]AmM]V
a2 Q#b2`p + /mT 2t2+mȧB +2bi2B 7mM+ȧBB T`BKmH MBp2H }și 2bi2 AmM,
(R) ]AmM] ]JB] ]AmH] ]m;] ]a2T]
hQimșB- ŗM #x /2 /i2- p`B#BH `KM2 +m +2H2șB pHQ`B- /` p }

iìi +QKTH2i /B72`Bi /2 7mM+ȧBBH2 /2 MHBxX
= ?2/UB`[mHBivV
R 9R RNy dX9 ed JB R
k je RR3 3Xy dk JB k
j Rk R9N RkXe d9 JB j
9 R3 jRj RRX8 ek JB 9
8 L L R9Xj 8e JB 8
e k3 L R9XN ee JB e
R8X9 S`2Hm+``2 i#2H2HQ`
/m;`2 mM2B p`B#BH2

P p`B#BH TQi2 } /m;i T`BM KB KmHi2 K2iQ/2- B` +2 KB bBKTH
2bi2 i`B#mB`2 /B`2+i mM2B pHQ`B- +H+mHi bm +QMbiMi- MQBB p`B#BH2X
S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 p miBHBx b2imH /2 /i2 B`[mHBiv- ŗM +`2 b2 p
/m; Q p`B#BH h2KT* T`BM +`2 b i`Mb7Q`K ;`/2H2 6`2M?2Bi ŗM
;`/2 *2HbBmbX S2Mi`m +2bi b2 p miBHBx 7Q`KmH * 4 U6 @ jkV f RX3-
+m `QimMDB`2 `2xmHiimHmB H k x2+BKH2X
= /iU]B`[mHBiv]- T+F;24]/ib2ib]V
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv- jV
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k
R8X9 S`2Hm+``2 i#2H2HQ` R3d
= +HbbUB`[mHBiv0h2KTV
(R) ]BMi2;2`]
= B`[mHBiv0h2KT* I@ `QmM/UUB`[mHBiv0h2KT @ jkV f RX3- kV
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv- jV
PxQM2 aQH`X_ qBM/ h2KT JQMi? .v h2KT*
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R RNX99
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k kkXkk
j Rk R9N RkXe d9 8 j kjXjj
P Hi K2iQ/ 2bi2 miBHBx`2 7mM+ȧB2B i`Mb7Q`KUVX
= B`[mHBiv I@ i`Mb7Q`KUB`[mHBiv-
h2KT* 4 `QmM/UUh2KT @ jkV f RX3- kVV
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv- jV
PxQM2 aQH`X_ qBM/ h2KT JQMi? .v h2KT*
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R RNX99
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k kkXkk
j Rk R9N RkXe d9 8 j kjXjj
Și2`;2`2 mM2B p`B#BH2

ŖM/2Tì`2 mM2B p`B#BH2 /BMi`@mM b2i /2 /i2 b2 7+2 bBKTHm- T`BM
i`B#mB`2 pHQ`BB LlGG +2H2B p`B#BH2X .BM 2t2KTHmH /2 KB bmb șB b2 /
mM 2t2KTHm- T`BM și2`;2`2 p`B#BH2B MQm BMi`Q/mb2X
= B`[mHBiv0h2KT* I@ LlGG
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv- jV
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k
_2/2MmKB`2 p`B#BH2HQ`
1tBbi KB KmHi2 K2iQ/2 T2Mi`m `2/2MmKB`2 p`B#BH2HQ` mMmB b2i /2
/i2X ŖM T`BKmH `M/- T2Mi`m b+?BK#`2 imim`Q` /2MmKB`BHQ` b2 TQi2
7QHQbB 7mM+ȧB MK2bUVX
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
(R) ]PxQM2] ]aQH`X_] ]qBM/] ]h2KT] ]JQMi?] ].v]
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV I@ +U]PxQM]- ]aQH`]- ]oMi]- ]h2KT2ìm`]-
]GmM]- ]wBm]V
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
(R) ]PxQM] ]aQH`] ]oMi] ]h2KT2ìm`] ]GmM] ]wBm]
R33 "x2 /2 /i2
hQimșB- ``2Q`B b2 b+?BK# iQi2 /2MmKB`BH2 șB 2 #BM2 b b2 +mMQb+

+i2p K2iQ/2 T2Mi`m b+?BK# /Q` mM bm /Q` +i2p /2MmKB`B /2
p`B#BH2X .2Q`2+2 7mM+ȧB MK2bUV ŗMiQ`+2 mM p2+iQ` +m /2MmKB`BH2-
iQi +m DmiQ`mH 2B b2 TQi2 2t2+mi șB i`B#mB`2 mM2B pHQ`B /Q`
2H2K2MimHmB t /BM `2bT2+iBpmH p2+iQ`X aT`2 2t2KTHm- b2 b+?BK#
/2MmKB`2 p`B#BH2B oMi- +`2 2bi2 i`2B ŗM p2+iQ`mH /2MmKB`BHQ`,
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV(j) I@ ]qBM/]
a2 p2`B}+ T`BM }Ȕ`2 /i2HQ`,
= ?2/UB`[mHBiv- jV
PxQM aQH` qBM/ h2KT2ìm` GmM wBm
R 9R RNy dX9 ed 8 R
k je RR3 3Xy dk 8 k
P Hi K2iQ/ 2bi2 T`BM 7mM+ȧB +QHMK2bUVX
= +QHMK2bUB`[mHBivV(j) I@ ]oMi]
oBxmHBx`2 /2MmKB`BHQ` +QM}`K b+?BK#`2 `2HBxiX
= +QHMK2bUB`[mHBivV
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
.2TBM/2 +i /2 KmHi2 BM7Q`KȥBB bmMi +mMQb+mi2 /2bT`2 b2imH /2 /i2- B`
/+ Mm b2 +mMQși2 +i p`B#BH 2bi2 +2 +`2B /2MmKB`2 i`2#mB2
b+?BK#i imM+B b2 7QHQb2Ȕi2 Q Hi K2iQ/X JB ŗMiB b2 ŗM+`+ /i2H2,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]/iXi#H2]V
= HB#``vU/iXi#H2V
a2 b+?BK# /2MmKB`2 p`B#BH2B h2KT2ìm` +m h2KTX
= b2iMK2bUB`[mHBiv- ]h2KT2ìm`]- ]h2KT]V

= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
(R) ]PxQM] ]aQH`] ]oMi] ]h2KT] ]GmM] ]wBm]
R8X9 S`2Hm+``2 i#2H2HQ` R3N
P Hi 7mM+ȧB2 BMi2`2bMi 2bi2 `2MK2UV- /BM T+?2imH THv`X
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]THv`]V
= HB#``vUTHv`V
= B`[mHBiv I@ `2MK2UB`[mHBiv- +U^GmM^ 4 ^JQMi?^- ^wBm^ 4 ^.v^VV
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
(R) ]PxQM] ]aQH`] ]oMi] ]h2KT] ]JQMi?] ].v]
_2`MD`2 p`B#BH2HQ`
o`B#BH2H2 /BMi`@mM /i7`K2 TQi } `2`MDi2 /mT MmK`mH p`B#BH2B
bm /mT /2MmKB`2 +2bi2BX
.mT MmK`mH pmi /2 }2+`2 p`B#BH,

= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
= B`[mHBiv I@ B`[mHBiv(+Uk- j- 9- e- R- 8V)
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
(R) ]aQH`X_] ]qBM/] ]h2KT] ].v] ]PxQM2] ]JQMi?]
.mT /2MmKB`2 p`B#BH2HQ`,

= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
= B`[mHBiv I@ B`[mHBiv(+U]aQH`X_]- ]qBM/]- ]h2KT]- ].v]-
]JQMi?]- ]PxQM2]V)
= MK2bUB`[mHBivV
(R) ]aQH`X_] ]qBM/] ]h2KT] ].v] ]JQMi?] ]PxQM2]
*TBiQHmH Re
"B; .i șB _
ReXR *2 `2T`2xBMi "B; .i
.+ ŗM m`K +m ky@jy /2 MB pQHmK2H2 /2 /i2 /2 Q`/BMmH x2+BHQ` bm

bmi2HQ` /2 J" T`2m 7Qì2 K`B- bixB bBimȧB b@ b+?BK#i `/B+HX
lMmH /BMi`2 KQiBp2H2 +`2 m +QMi`B#mBi H +2bi b+?BK#`2 2bi2
T`BȧB șB /2xpQHi`2 `2ȧ2H2B AMi2`M2i șB bBbi2KmHmB qQ`H/ qB/2 q2#X
P`B+2 +iBpBii2 2bi2 T`+iB+ ŗM`2;Bbiì ŗMi`@Q #x /2 /i2, }2 +
2t2+miK Q +mi`2 miBHBxM/ mM KQiQ` /2 +mi`2 T2 AMi2`M2i- }2 +
pBxBiK bBi2@mH mMmB K;xBM 2H2+i`QMB+ bm +QMbmHiK T`2b QMHBM2- iQi2
+2bi2 +iBpBiȧB b2 ŗM`2;Bbi`2x mM/2pX *QKTMBBH2 /2 i2H27QMB2 KQ#BH-
K`BH2 HMȧm`B /2 bmT2`K`F2im`B ŗM`2;Bbi`2x /i2 /2bT`2 +HB2MȧBB HQ`-
/2bT`2 pMx`BX oQHmK2H2 /2 /i2 bi`Mb2 bi72H bmMi /2 Q`/BMmH 2t#vi2b
UkØey #vi2b /B+ T`QtBKiBp RyØR3 #vi2bVX S`Q+2b`2 +2biQ`
BM7Q`KȧBB /m+2 pMiD2 KDQ`2 +QKTMBBHQ` +`2 /2ȧBM +2bi2 /i2X a
HmK mM bBKTHm 2t2KTHmX .+ H ŗM+2TmimH MBHQ` ǶNy +QK2`+BMȧBB
bi`M;2m /i2 xBHMB+2 /2bT`2 pMx`B șB b2 KmHȧmK2m /+ `2mș2m b
Q#ȧBM BM7Q`KȧBB /2bT`2 pMx`BH2 T2 +i2;Q`BB /2 T`Q/mb2- bixB
T`Q+2b`2 BM7Q`KȧBBHQ` Q#ȧBMmi2 T`BM b+M`2 +Q/m`BHQ` /2 #`2
+QM/m+2 H +mMQși2`2 +QKTQìK2MimHmB +QMbmKiQ`BHQ` H MBp2H
BM/BpB/mH UŗM +xmH +QK2`ȧmHmB 2H2+i`QMB+V +22 +2 +QMbiBimB2 mM K`2
pMiDX a2 TQi +mMQși2 BM7Q`KȧBB /2iHBi2 /2bT`2 T`Q/mb2H2 pM/mi2-
Q`2H2 H +`2 m 7Qbi pM/mi2- b2 TQi /2i2`KBM biQ+m`BH2 T`Q/mb2
2tBbi2Mi2 ŗMi`@mM K;xBM T2 HQ+ȧBB U`7im`BVX
ŖM /QK2MBmH }xB+BB- 2tT2`BK2Mi2H2 272+imi2 +m DmiQ`mH G`;2 >/`QM
*QHHB/2` TQi T`Q/m+2 ŗM Dm` /2 8yy 1t#vi2b T2 xB +22 +2 ŗMb2KM
T`QT2 R8y KBHBQM2 S2i#vi2b MmH U"`mK}2H/- kyRRVX P b2K2M2
+MiBii2 /2 BM7Q`KȧB2 2bi2 ;`2m /2 biQ+i șB T`2Hm+ì +?B` șB +m
i2?MB+ /2 xBX .2Q+K/i /Q` mM T`Q+2Mi /2 yXyyRW /BM iQi2 /i2H2
RNk "B; .i șB _
T`Q/mb2 bmMi biQ+i2 șB T`2Hm+ì2X

Hi2 /QK2MBB Hi2 șiBBMȧ2B +mMQb+ /2 b2K2M2 Q 2tTHQxB2 +MiBiȧBB /2
BM7Q`KȧBB +`2 b2 T`Q/m+, *2Mi`mH La T2Mi`m aBKmH`B ŗM .QK2MBmH
*HBK2B Hm+`2x +m pQHmK2 /2 /i2 /2 Q`/BMmH x2+BHQ` /2 S2i#vi2b
Uq2#bi2`- kyRkV- ŗM bi`QMQKB2- i2H2b+QT2H2 KQ/2`M2 bi`M; BM7Q`KȧB2
/2 Q`/BMmH S2i#vi2b xBHMB+X
_2ȧ2H2H2 /2 bQ+BHBx`2 șB bBi2@m`BH2 /2 +QK2`ȧ 2H2+i`QMB+ +QH2+i2x +MiBiȧB
m`Bș2 /2 /i2X aT`2 2t2KTHm 6+2#QQF `2 mM /2TQxBi /2 /i2 /2 T2bi2
jyy S" Uo;i ȔB qBH7QM;- kyR9V +m Q ì /2 +`2și2`2 /2 +B`+ jyyh"
xBHMB+X a2 2biBK2x + T2 `2ȧ2m 6+2#QQF bmMi ŗM`2;Bbi`ȧB T2bi2 8yy
/2 KBHBQM2 /2 miBHBxiQ`B șB b2 biQ+?2x ŗM Dm` /2 8y /2 KBHB`/2 /2 TQx2
ŗM+`+i2 /2 +2șiBX 2"vX+QK /2ȧBM2 #x2 /2 /i2 /2 Q`/BMmH Ny S"
Uhv- kyRjV `272`BiQ`2 H i`Mx+ȧBBH2 272+imi2 /2 +HB2MȧBB bB ŗM iBKT +2
KxQMX+QK biQ+?2x KBHBQM2 /2 i`Mx+ȧBB T2 xBX
+2bi pQHmK m`Bș /2 /i2 +`2 b2 T`Q/m+ șB b2 biQ+?2x xBHMB+ /i
Mși2`2 H +QM+2TimH /2 ǳ#B; /iǴX S`BK `272`B`2 H +2bi MQm +QM+2Ti
b2 `2;b2și2 ŗMi`@mM `TQì H +QKTMB2B /2 +QMbmHiMȧ J1h :`QmT
U/2p2MBi ŗMi`2 iBKT :ìM2`V UGM2v- kyyRV /BM MmH kyyR mM/2 b2 }`K
+ bBbiK H Q +`2și2`2 T`Q/m+ȧB2B /2 /i2 H MBp2H KQM/BH +`2 b2
+`+i2`Bx2x T`BM i`2B /BK2MbBmMB U+2B j oV,
Ç pQHmKmH /i2HQ` +`2 2bi2 ŗMi`@Q +QMiBMm +`2și2`2X a2 2biBK2x +

ì /2 +`2și2`2 pQHmKmHmB /i2HQ` 2bi2 2tTQM2MȧBHc
Ç pBi2x +m +`2 b2 T`Q/m+ /i2H2 +`2 2bi2 /2 b2K2M2 ŗM +`2și2`2X

*QKTMBBH2 i`2+ /2 H THB+ȧBB /2 iBT #i+? H THB+ȧBB ŗM iBKT `2H
T`Q/m+M/ /i2 +m Q pBi2x 7Qì2 K`2c
Ç p`B2ii2 /i2HQ` +`2 b2 i`/m+2 T`BM +`2și2`2 iBTm`BHQ` /2 /i2

T`Q/mb2 șB biQ+i2 /2 +QKTMBB T`2+mK șB T`BM /Bp2`bB}+`2 bm`b2HQ`
/2 /i2X J`2 KDQ`Bii2 /i2HQ` +`2 b2 T`Q/m+ xB bmMi /i2
M2bi`m+imì2X
S2 HM; +2bi2 i`2B +`+i2`BbiB+B /2 #x m KB 7Qbi B/2MiB}+i2 bB Hi2

+`+i2`BbiB+B H2 ǳ#B; /iǴ,
Ç p`B#BHBii2 /i2HQ` b2 `272` H BM+QMbBbi2Mȧ2 +`2 TQi T`2 ŗM /i2

H /B72`Bi2 KQK2Mi2 /2 iBKT +22 +2 +mx2x /B}+mHiȧB ŗM T`2Hm+`2
HQ`c
Ç p2`B/B+Bii2 /i2HQ` +`2 `2T`2xBMi Q T`Q#H2K 7Qì2 BKTQìMi

T2Mi`m +2H +`2 7QHQb2și2 /i2H2c
ReXR *2 `2T`2xBMi "B; .i RNj
Ç +QKTH2tBii2 /i2HQ` +`2 b2 KMB72bi imM+B +M/ /i2H2 T`QpBM

/BM bm`b2 /B72`Bi2 șB i`2#mB2 +QM2+ii2 șB +Q`2Hi2 T2Mi`m Tmi2
2ti`;2 BM7Q`KȧBBH2 M2+2b`2X
ŖM kyRk +22șB +QKTMB2 :ìM2` / Q MQm /2}MBȧB2 +QM+2TimHmB /2 #B;

/i- +`2 `2T`2xBMi +iBp2 BM7Q`KȧBQMH2 /2 pQHmK K`2- +`2 b2
T`Q/m+ +m pBi2x K`2 șBfbm /2 K`2 p`B2ii2- +`2 M2+2bBi MQB 7Q`K2
/2 T`Q+2b`2 T2Mi`m 7+BHBi Hm`2 /2 /2+BxBB KB #mM2- /2b+QT2`B`2 /2
MQB +mMQșiBMȧ2 șB QTiBKBx`2 T`Q+2b2HQ`Ǵ UJ`F ȔB GM2v- kyRkVX P Hi
/2}MBȧB2 /i +QM+2TimHmB /2 ǳ#B; /iǴ }`K + +2bi ŗMb2KM
ǳ/i2H2 Tbiì2 șB T`2Hm+ì2 ŗM +MiBiȧB BK2Mb2- /iQ`Bi mMQ` K2/BB /2
biQ+`2 KB B27iBM2- mMQ` K2iQ/2 /2 T`Q+2b`2 KB `TB/2 șB mMQ`
H;Q`BiKB KB T2`7Q`KMȧBǴ UJv2`@a+?ƺM#2`;2` ȔB *mFB2`- kyRjVX
LQȧBmM2 /2 ǳ#B; /iǴ 2bi2 7Qì2 /BMKB+, +22 +2 b2 +QMbB/2` +mK
+ ŗM+/`M/m@b2 ŗM +2bi +QM+2Ti TQi2 /2p2MB +2p mxmH T2bi2 +ȧBp
MBX a2 TQi2 p2`B}+ /+ ŗMi`@/2p` ș bim Hm+`m`BH2 T`BM MHBx`2
+T+BiȧBB /2 b+?BK#fi`Mb72` BM7Q`KȧB2 H MBp2H KQM/BH T`BM
BMi2`K2/BmH `2ȧ2H2HQ` /2 +QKmMB+ȧBB, /+ ŗM RN3e pQHmKmH /2 /i2
b+?BK#i T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH +2biQ` `2ȧ2H2 7Qbi /2 T`QtBKiBp k3y
S2i#vi2b- ŗM kyyy +2bi +`2b+mi H kXk 1t#vi2b B` ŗM kyR9 b2
2biBK2x + b2 p DmM;2 H edy 1t#vi2b U1+QMQKBbi- kyRyVX
S2Mi`m Tmi2 T`Q}i /2 +2bi +MiBii2 m`Bș /2 /i2 +`2 b2 T`Q/m+
xB Q`;MBxȧBBH2 i`2#mB2 b /BbTmM /2 i2?MQHQ;BB bT2+BH2X AMbi`mK2Mi2H2
bQ7ir`2 +HbB+2 Mm TQi T`2Hm+` 2}+B2Mi pQHmK2 ș /2 K`B /2 /i2X m
T`mi bi72H MQB BMbi`mK2Mi2 bT2+BHBxi2 T2Mi`m biQ+`2 șB T`Q+2b`2
pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2, >/QQT- T+?2 aT`F- S2Mi?Q "mbBM2bb
MHviB+b- #x2 /2 /i2 /2 iBT LQaZG 2i+X
.BM +2bi TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 b2 p BMp2biB; KQ/mH ŗM +`2 _ TQi2 } 7QHQbBi
H T`Q+2b`2 șB MHBx pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2X a2 pQ` T`2x2Mi Q b2`B2
/2 T+?2i2 _ bT2+BHBxi2 ŗM T`2Hm+``2 /i2HQ` +`2 Mm TQi } iìi2 ŗM
KQ/ Q#BșMmBi /iQ`Bi pQHmKmHmB, T+?2imH #B;K2KQ`v șB T+?2i2 ŗM`m/Bi2
#B;MHviB+b- #B;i#mHii2- #B;HK- #B;H;2#` T`2+mK șB T+?2imH
77 X ŖM Tì2 /Qm +2bimB +TBiQH b2 p T`2x2Mi bBbi2KmH bQ7ir`2
>/QQT +`2 b@ BKTmb + Q i2?MQHQ;B2 /2 #x ŗM biQ+`2 șB T`Q+2b`2
pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 șB KQ/mH +mK +2bi TQi2 } BMi2`7ȧi +m _ T2Mi`m
T2`KBi2 MHBx /i2HQ`X ŖM +2bi b2Mb pQ` } T`2x2Mii2 i`2B KQ/HBiȧB
T`BM +`2 /i2 biQ+i2 +m DmiQ`mH >/QQT TQi } ++2bi2 T2Mi`m T`2Hm+``2
ŗM _, ai`2KBM; - _?BT2 șB _>/QQTX
RN9 "B; .i șB _
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2

/i2
aBbi2KmH _ T`2xBMi Q b2`B2 /2 HBKBi`B ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2 T`Q+2b`2

KbBp2HQ` /2 /i2 /2 /BK2MBbmMB 7Qì2 K`BX *2 KB BKTQìMi
HBKBi`2 T`QpBM2 /BM KQ/mH /2 Hm+`m +m /i2H2, _ ŗM+`+ ŗM K2KQ`B
_J iQi2 /i2H2 T2 +`2 H2 T`Q+2b2xX .BK2MbBmM2 HBKBii
K2KQ`B2B _J BKTmM2 șB Q HBKBi pQHmKmHmB /2 /i2 +2 TQi } T`Q+2bi2
ŗM _X Gm+`mH +m KbBp2 K`B /2 /i2 TQi2 +QM/m+2 7Qì2 `TB/ H
2TmBx`2 bTȧBmHmB /BbTQMB#BH /2 K2KQ`B2X *?B` /+ i2Q`2iB+ mM bBbi2K
/2 QT2``2 T2 jk /2 #BȧB TQi2 ++2b 9 :" /2 K2KQ`B2 _J- T`+iB+
bBbi2KmH _ p `mM+ Q 2t+2TȧB2 imM+B +M/ b2 /2Tș2și2 HBKBi /2 k :"X
S2 bBbi2K2H2 /2 e9 /2 #BȧB +imH2 HBKBi /2 K2KQ`B2 2bi2 KmHi KB K`2-
/2 3 h"X *m iQi2 +2bi2- miBHBxiQ`mH Mm p Tmi2 Hm+` +m Ki`B+B bm
/i7`K2 /2 /BK2MBbmMB 7Qì2 K`B T2Mi`m + ŗM _ Mm 2tBbi
/2Q+K/i mM iBT /2 ŗMi`2; T2 e9 /2 #BȧBX S2Mi`m BM/2t 2H2K2Mi2H2
mM2B Ki`B+B b2 7QHQb2b+ BM/B+B `2T`2x2MiȧB + ŗMi`2;B T2 jk /2 #BȧB +22 +2
+QM/m+2 H Q HBKBi`2 /BK2MbBmMBB Ki`B+2BX *m iQi2 + bBbi2K2H2 /2
QT2``2 +imH2 7QHQb2b+ K2+MBbKmH K2KQ`B2B pBìmH2 șB i2Q`2iB+ TQi
HQ+ Q#B2+i2 KB K`B /2+i /BK2MbBmM2 K2KQ`B2B _J- Mm 2bi2
`2+QKM/i b HQ+K Q#B2+i2 /2 /BK2MbBmMB 7Qì2 K`B /2Q`2+2
bBbi2KmH /2 QT2``2 p 7QHQbB TìBȧB /2 brT 7Qì2 7`2+p2Mi +22 +2
+QM/m+2 /2 `2;mH H T`BȧB 72MQK2MmHmB /2 i`b?BM;X
lM 2t2KTHm 7Qì2 bBKTHm +`2 ì HBKBi2H2 _ ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2 HQ+`2
Q#B2+i2HQ` /2 /BK2MbBmMB K`B 2bi2 m`KiQ`mH,
= t I@ `2TUy- kjyV
1``Q`, +MMQi HHQ+i2 p2+iQ` Q7 bBx2 3Xy :#
1t2KTHmH T`2+2/2Mi 7Qbi `mHi T2 _ p2`bBmM2 kXR8Xk bm# bBbi2KmH /2

QT2``2 GBMmt 62/Q` *Q`2 Rd T2 e9 /2 #BȧB- T2 mM +H+mHiQ` +m 9 :" /2
K2KQ`B2 _J șB +m Q TìBȧB2 /2 brT /2 e :"X +2HșB 2t2KTHm TmȧBM
KQ/B}+i- /` `mHi T2 Q p2`bBmM2 /2 _ T2 jk /2 #BȧB bm# bBbi2KmH /2
QT2``2 qBM/Qrb d +QM/m+2 H Q HBKBi`2 șB KB K`2 H2;i /BK2MbBmM2
Q#B2+i2HQ` +`2 TQi } +`2i2,
= t I@ `2TUy- kk3V
1``Q`, +MMQi HHQ+i2 p2+iQ` Q7 bBx2 kXy :#
P bQHmȧB2 TQbB#BH H +2bi2 T`Q#H2K2 ` } miBHBx`2 mM2B K2KQ`BB _J

KB K`B U/` +2bi 2bi2 /2bimH /2 b+mKTV șB 7QHQbB`2 _ T2 e9 /2
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 RN8
#BȧB T2 +H+mHiQ`2 +m bBbi2K2 /2 QT2``2 iQi T2 e9 /2 #BȧBX a@ ìi

iQimșB + p2 H /BbTQxBȧB2 KB KmHi K2KQ`B2 _J Mm `2xQHp ŗM
ŗMi`2;BK2 T`Q#H2K Q#B2+i2HQ` 7Qì2 K`B ŗMi`m+i ŗM _ miBHBxiQ`mH Mm
`2 H /BbTQxBȧB2 mM iBT /2 /i2 ŗMi`2; T2 e9 /2 #BȧB +m +`2 b TQi
BM/2t 2H2K2Mi2H2 +2biQ` Q#B2+i2X
.BM 72`B+B`2 _ TmM2 H /BbTQxBȧB miBHBxiQ`BHQ` Q b2`B2 /2 T+?2i2 +m +`2 b2
TQi T`Q+2b pQHmK2H2 7Qì2 K`B /2 /i2X .BMi`2 +2bi2 pQ` } T`2x2Mii2
/Qm T+?2i2 +`2 bmMi 7QHQbBi2 +m bm++2b ŗM T`2x2Mi,
Ç #B;K2KQ`vc
Ç 77X
P Hi HBKBi`2 bBbi2KmHmB _ +QMbi ŗM 7TimH + miBHBx2x /Q` mM

bBM;m` Mm+H2m U+Q`2V H T`Q+2bQ`mHmB +m iQi2 + bixB iQi2 T`Q+2bQ`2H2
mxmH2 bmMi KmHiB@Mm+H2m UKmHiB+Q`2VX imM+B +M/ i`2#mB2 T`Q+2bi2
pQHmK2 7Qì2 K`B /2 /i2 2bi2 miBH + QT2`ȧBBH2 /2 T`2Hm+``2 /i2HQ`
b b2 2t2+mi2 ŗM T`H2H T2Mi`m b+mì iBKTmH /2 2t2+mȧB2X șB ŗM +2bi
+x _ /BbTmM2 /2 T+?2i2 bT2+BHBxi2 +`2 T2`KBi 272+im`2 mMQ`
QT2`ȧBB /2 T`2Hm+``2 ŗM T`H2H- miBHBxM/ bi72H ŗM KQ/ 2}+B2Mi iQi2
Mm+H22H2 T`Q+2bQ`mHmBX .BMi`2 +2bi2 p } T`2x2Mii /Q` T+?2imH
JT_2/m+2 +`2 BKTH2K2Mi2x mM KQ/2H /2 +H+mH /Bbi`B#mBi +m +2HșB
MmK2X
ReXkXR 6KBHB /2 T+?2i2 Ǵ#B;K2KQ`vǴ
P T`BK bQHmȧB2 /2 T`2Hm+``2 KbBp2HQ` /2 /i2 /2 /BK2MBbmMB 7Qì2

K`B ŗM _ +QMbi ŗM miBHBx`2 T+?2imHmB #B;K2KQ`v UEM2 2i HX- kyRjV
+`2 T2`KBi2 /2+H``2 mMQ` Q#B2+i2 /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt șB T`Q+2b`2 HQ`
+m DmiQ`mH `miBM2HQ` Tmb2 H /BbTQxBȧB2 /2 T+?2i2 ŗM`m/Bi2,
#B;MHviB+b- #B;i#mHi2- #B;H;2#`X .2Q`2+2 T+?2imH
#B;K2KQ`v 2bi2 b+`Bb BM HBK#DmH *YY- iBTmH /2 /i H 2H2K2Mi2HQ`
Ki`B+BHQ` p } /B+ii /2 iBTm`BH2 /2 /i2 /BbTQMB#BH2 ŗM *YY, BMi-
/Qm#H2- b?Qì- +?`X S+?2imH #B;K2KQ`v T2`KBi2 miBHBx`2 K2KQ`B2B
TìDi2 T2Mi`m Ki`B+B +m BKTH2K2Mi`2 mMQ` K2+MBbK2 /2
2t+HmxBmM2 KmimH i`MbT`2Mi2 miBHBxiQ`mHmBX .2 b2K2M2-
#B;K2KQ`v T2`KBi2 +`2`2 mMQ` Q#B2+i2 +`2 /2Tș2b+ /BK2MbBmM2
K2KQ`B2B _J- 7QHQbBM/ }șB2`2H2 + bmTQì /2 K2KQ`B2 T2Mi`m +2bi2
Q#B2+i2 +22 +2 7+2 TQbB#BH + /i2H2 /BMi`@mM Q#B2+i +2 `2 ŗM bTi2H2 bm
mM }șB2` b TQi } TìDi2 Mm MmKB /2 +i`2 T`Q+2b2H2 /2 T2 +2H
+H+mHiQ` /` șB ŗM BMi2`BQ`mH mMmB +Hmbi2` /2 +H+mHiQ`2X
RNe "B; .i șB _
a2 pQ` T`2x2Mi T2 b+mì T`BM+BTH2H2 7mM+ȧBB BM+Hmb2 ŗM T+?2imH

#B;K2KQ`vX *`2`2 mM2B Ki`B+B b2 `2HBx2x bi72H ,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]#B;K2KQ`v]V
= HB#``vU]#B;K2KQ`v]V
= U I@ #B;XKi`BtURy- Ry- ivT2 4 ]BMi2;2`]- BMBi 4 yVV
M Q#D2+i Q7 +Hbb ]#B;XKi`Bt]
aHQi ]//`2bb],
ITQBMi2`, yt878#y=
7Qbi BMbiHi T+?2imH #B;K2KQ`v U/2Q`2+2 +2bi Mm 2bi2 BMbiHi

BKTHB+BiV TQB b@ +`2i Q Ki`B+2 +m Ry /2 HBMBB șB Ry /2 +QHQM2- +m
2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBT ŗMi`2; BMBȧBHBxi2 +m x2`QX hbi`2 MmK2HmB Ki`B+2B ŗM
+QMbQH _ Mm +QM/m+2 H }ș`2 pHQ`BHQ` 2H2K2Mi2HQ` Ki`B+2B +B ì
7TimH + 2bi2 /2 mM TQBMi2` +i`2 Q bi`m+im` /2 /i2X
a2 pQ` BMBȧBHBx 2H2K2Mi2H2 /2 T2 +QHQM 1 Ki`B+2B +m pHQ`2 10 șB
b2 pQ` }ș T`BK2H2 e HBMBB H2 Ki`B+2B,
= 7Q` UF BM R,RyV &

(F-R) 4 Ry
'
= ?2/UV
(-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8) (-e) (-d) (-3) (-N) (-Ry)
(R-) Ry y y y y y y y y y
(k-) Ry y y y y y y y y y
(j-) Ry y y y y y y y y y
(9-) Ry y y y y y y y y y
(8-) Ry y y y y y y y y y
(e-) Ry y y y y y y y y y
.BM +2bi 2t2KTHm bBKTHm b2 Q#b2`p mșQ` + 2H2K2Mi2H2 mM2B Ki`B+2 /2

iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt b2 ++2b2x ŗMi`@mM KQ/ b2KMiQ` +m 2H2K2Mi2H2 mM2B
Ki`B+2 Q#BșMmBi2X *QMȧBMmimH mM2B Ki`B+2 /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt TQi2 }
bHpi T2 /Bb+ bm# 7Q`K mMmB }șB2` i2ti + ŗM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`,
r`Bi2X#B;XKi`BtU- ]X+bp]- b2T 4 ^-^V
Ji`B+2 2bi2 bHpi ŗM }șB2`mH X+bp- T`K2i`mH b2T 4 ^-^ BM/B+M/

7TimH + 2H2K2Mi2H2 Ki`B+2B pQ` } b2Tì2 T`BM +`+i2`mH ^-^X
P Ki`B+2 /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt TQi2 } +`2i șB BMBȧBHBxi T2 #x
/i2HQ` /BMi`@mM }șB2` /2 iBT +bpX a2 p T`2x2Mi ŗM +QMiBMm`2 mM
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 RNd
2t2KTHm ŗM +`2 b2 p +`2 Q Ki`B+2 TH2+M/ /2 H }șB2`mH /2 /i2

Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibpX;xR X .mT /2x`?Bp`2- b2 Q#ȧBM2 }șB2`mH
Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp +`2 2bi2 mM }șB2` /2 iBT ibp i# b2Tì2/ pHm2bX
6BșB2`mH +QMȧBM2 BM7Q`KȧBB /2bT`2 i`Mx+ȧBBH2 H #m`b /BM L2r uQ`F ŗM
MBB kyyy șB kyyRX S2 T`BK +QHQM p2K bBK#QHmH #m`b2B ULua1V TQB
mM bBK#QH H +QKTMBBHQ` +`2 m i`Mx+ȧBQMi +ȧBmMB UbiQ+FnbvK#QHV-
/i i`Mx+ȧB2B U/i2V- T`2ȧmH /2 /2b+?B/2`2 H +ȧBmMBHQ`
UbiQ+FnT`B+2nQT2MV- pHQ`2 KtBK T2 +`2 Q iBM;2 Q +ȧBmM2 ŗM
+m`bmH mM2B xBH2 UbiQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?V- pHQ`2 KBMBK +ȧBmMBB
UbiQ+FnT`B+2nHQrV- pHQ`2 +ȧBmMBB H ŗM+?B/2`2 xBH2B
UbiQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2V- pHQ`2 pQHmKmHmB i`Mx+ȧBBHQ` UbiQ+FnpQHmK2V șB
pHQ`2 Dmbii T`2ȧmHmB /2 ŗM+?B/2`2 H +ȧBmMBB
UbiQ+FnT`B+2n/Dn+HQb2VX *QMȧBMmimH }șB2`mHmB TQi2 } +BiBi ŗM KQ/
MQ`KH șB }și + ŗM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`,
= b2n/i I@ `2/Xi#H2U7BH2 4 ]Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp]-

?2/2` 4 h_l1- b2T 4 ]$i]V
= ?2/Ub2n/iV
ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm 7Qbi +`2i mM Q#B2+i /2 iBTmH /iX7`K2 /2MmKBi

b2n/iX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 b2 p +BiB +QMȧBMmimH +2bimB }șB2` șB b2 p
+QMbi`mB Q Ki`B+2 /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt +m /i2H2 /BM +2biX Ji`B+2
+QMbi`mBi p BMi`Q/m+2 /Qm 2H2K2Mi2 MQBX o } Q Ki`B+2 /2 iBTmH
#B;XKi`Bt /` +`2 p p2 + bmTQì 2ti2`M /2 K2KQ``2 /i2HQ` mM
}șB2` #BM`X +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 `2+QK/M/i T2Mi`m Ki`B+B 7Qì2 K`B
+`2 /2Tș2b+ /BK2MbBmM2 K2KQ`B2B _JX .2b+`B2`2 Ki`B+2B p } /2
b2K2M2 bHpi ŗMi`@mM }șB2` T2 /Bb+X
= t I@ `2/X#B;XKi`BtU]Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp]- b2T 4 ]$i]-

ivT2 4 ]/Qm#H2]- ?2/2` 4 h_l1- #+FBM;7BH2 4 ]biQ+FbX#BM]-
/2b+`BTiQ`7BH2 4 ]biQ+FbX/2b+]V
= ?2/UtV
2t+?M;2 biQ+FnbvK#QH /i2 biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?
(R-) L L kyyR RkX88 RkX3y
(k-) L L kyyR RkX8y RkX88
(j-) L L kyyR RkX8N RkX8N
(9-) L L kyyR RkX98 RkXey
(8-) L L kyyR RkXeR RkXeR
(e-) L L kyyR RkX9y RkXd3
R +2bi TQi2 } /2b+`+i /2 H m`KiQ`2 /`2b, ?iiTb,ffbjXKxQMrbX+QKf?r@
bM/#QtfimiQ`BHRfLua1@kyyy@kyyRXibpX;x
RN3 "B; .i șB _
biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2 biQ+FnpQHmK2

(R-) RkX9k RkX3y RRjyy
(k-) RkX9k RkX88 93yy
(j-) RkX8y RkX8d 89yy
(9-) RkX98 RkX88 89yy
(8-) RkXeR RkXeR R9yy
(e-) RkX9y RkXey R3kyy
biQ+FnT`B+2n/Dn+HQb2
(R-) eXNR
(k-) eXd3
(j-) eXdN
(9-) eXd3
(8-) eXde
(e-) eXd8
*m DmiQ`mH +Q/mHmB T`2x2Mii B+B b@ +BiBi +QMȧBMmimH }șB2`mHmB

Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp șB 7Qbi +QMbi`mBi Q Ki`B+2 t +m 2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBT
/Qm#H2X S`K2i`mH ?2/2` 4 h_l1 BM/B+ 7TimH + T`BKmH `M/ +QMȧBM2
/2MmKB`BH2 +QHQM2HQ` /BM }șB2` șB Mm /i2 272+iBp2X S`K2i`mH
#+FBM;7BH2 4 ]biQ+FbX#BM] BM/B+ MmK2H2 }șB2`mHmB #BM` mM/2 pQ` }
+QTBi2 /i2H2 Ki`B+2BX S`K2i`mH /2b+`BTiQ`7BH2 4 ]biQ+FbX/2b+]
bT2+B}+ MmK2H2 }șB2`mHmB mM/2 p } bHpi /2b+`B2`2 bi`m+im`BB
Ki`B+2B MQm +`2i2X
.BM }ș`2 T`BK2HQ` e `M/m`B H2 +QMȧBMmimHmB Ki`B+2B b2 +QMbii +
+2H2 +QHQM2 /BM }șB2` +`2 +QMȧBM pHQ`B +`2 Mm bmMi /2 iBTmH /2+Hì
H 2H2K2Mi2HQ` Ki`B+2B U/Qm#H2V m 7Qbi +QKTH2ii2 +m pHQ`2 bT2+BH
L B` pHQ`2 /2 T2 +2 /2@ i`2B +QHQM 7Qbi i`mM+?BiX .+
iQimșB b2 /Q`2bi2 p2 pHQ`B pHB/2 șB T2 T`BK2H2 i`2B +QHQM2 U2t+?M;2-
biQ+FnbvK#QH `2bT2+iBp /i2V b2 p T`Q+2/ ŗM 72HmH m`KiQ`, b2 p +BiB
+QMȧBMmimH }șB2`mHmB șB b2 p +`2 mM Q#B2+i /2 iBT /iX7`K2 U+ ŗM T`BKmH
2t2KTHmV +`2 p } i`Mb7Q`Ki TQB ŗMi`@mM Q#B2+i /2 iBT #B;XKi`BtX G
i`Mb7Q`K`2- pHQ`BH2 /2 iBT șB` /2 +`+i2`2 pQ` } i`Mb7Q`Ki2 ŗM pHQ`B
/2 iBT 7+iQ` TQB pQ` } +QMp2ìBi2 ŗM pHQ`B MmK2`B+2X ŖM }MH MQm Ki`B+2
p } bHpi bm# 7Q`K mMmB }șB2` X+bp
= b2n/i I@ `2/Xi#H2U7BH2 4 ]Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp]-

?2/2` 4 h_l1- b2T 4 ]$i]V
= tR I@ bX#B;XKi`BtUb2n/i- ivT2 4 ]/Qm#H2]V
= tR(R,j- R,8)
2t+?M;2 biQ+FnbvK#QH /i2 biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?
R R Ryd 8RN RkX88 RkX3y
k R Ryd 8R3 RkX8y RkX88
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 RNN
j R Ryd 8Rd RkX8N RkX8N
= r`Bi2X#B;XKi`BtUtR- ]biQ+FbX+bp]- b2T 4 ]-]- +QHXMK2b 4 h_l1V
a2 Q#b2`p +mK pHQ`BH2 /2 T2 T`BK2H2 i`2B +QHQM2 T2 +`2 2`m /2 iBT

șB` /2 +`+i2` `2bT2+iBp /i +H2M/`BbiB+ m 7Qbi i`Mb7Q`Ki2 ŗM pHQ`B
MmK2`B+2X
a2 T`QTmM2 ŗM +QMiBMm`2 `2xQHp`2 m`KiQ`mHmB 2t2`+BȧBm, b2 p TH2+
/2 H }șBb2`mH ǴbiQ+FbX+bpǴ T2 +`2 ŗH pQK +BiB șB b2 p +QMbi`mB mM Q#B2+i
tk /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt - TQB b2 p /m; Q MQm +QHQM Ki`B+2B tk șB
b2 pQ` biQ+ B+B pHQ`2 K2/B2 }2+`2B i`Mx+ȧBB- +H+mHi + K2/B2
`BiK2iB+ ŗMi`2 pHQ`2 KBMBK șB +2 KtBK +ȧBmMBB i`Mx+ȧBQMi2X
a2 p +H+mH TQB pHQ`2 K2/B2 i`MxM+ȧBBHQ` T2Mi`m }2+`2 +QKTMB2
ŗM Tì2- T2 iQi T2`BQ/ /2 ŗM`2;Bbi``2 /i2HQ`X
= HB#``vU#B;K2KQ`vV
= tk I@ `2/X#B;XKi`BtU]biQ+FbX+bp]- ivT2 4 ]/Qm#H2]-
?2/2` 4 h_l1- #+FBM;7BH2 4 ]biQ+FbRX#BMǬ-
/2b+`BTiQ`7BH2 4 ]biQ+FbRX/2b+]- 2ti`*QHb 4 ]p;]V
= K2/B I@ 7mM+iBQMUtV &
`2im`M UUt(-^biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr^) Y t(-^biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?^)VfkV
'
= ?2/Utk(-Ǯp;Ǯ)V
(R) L L L L L L
= tk(-]p;]) 4 K2/BUtkV
= ?2/Utk(-]p;])V
(R) RkXeRy RkX938 RkX898 RkX8k8 RkXeRy RkX8Ny
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]#B;i#mHi2]V
= HB#``vU#B;i#mHi2V
= K2/Bk I@ 7mM+iBQM UtV &
`2im`M UK2MUt(-+U]biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?]-]biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr]V)VV
'
= BM/B+2b I@ #B;bTHBiUtk- ]biQ+FnbvK#QH]V
= b I@ bTTHvUBM/B+2b- 7mM+iBQMUBV K2/BkUtk(B-)VV
= b
= R k j 9 8 e
= 9kXykNdR eXRRk3e R8X8RjNy 9jX89Rd8 kkXeN39N 9dXyeNjy
6BșB2`mH biQ+FbX+bp 2bi2 +BiBi +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B `2/X#B;XKi`BtUV

+`2 +`2x Q Ki`B+2 tk +m 2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBT /Qm#H2X hQiQ/i b2 +`2x
șB mM }șB2` /2MmKBi biQ+FbRX#BM +`2 p K2KQ` T2 bmTQì 2ti2`M
U?`/@/Bb+V /i2H2 Ki`B+2B- pM/ ŗM +2bi 72H TQbB#BHBii2 /2 Hm+` +m
kyy "B; .i șB _
Ki`B+B KB K`B /2+i /BK2MbBmM2 K2KQ`B2B _JX .2b+`B2`2

Q#B2+imHmB tk p } bHpi ŗM }șB2`mH biQ+FbRX/2b+X +2bi /2b+`B2`2 2bi2
miBH imM+B +M/ /Q`BK b `2miBHBxK Ki`B+2 tk- QT2`ȧB /2 ŗM+`+`2
ŗM K2KQ`B2 }BM/ KmHi KB `TB/ +BiBM/ /B`2+i /2b+`B2`2 Ki`B+2B /BM
biQ+FbRX/2b+ bB /i2H2 /BM }șB2`mH biQ+FbRX#BMX lHiBKmH T`K2i`m
2ti`*QHb 4 ]p;] p p2 + 272+i /m;`2 mM2B MQB +QHQM2
Ki`B+2B tk- ŗM THmb 7ȧ /2 +2H2 +BiBi2 /BM }șB2`X +2bi +QHQM p p2
MmK2H2 Ǵp;Ǵ șB p } 7QHQbBi T2Mi`m +H+mH pHQ`2 K2/B2 mM2B
+ȧBmMBX a2 /2+H` TQB Q 7mM+ȧB2 K2/BUV +`2 +H+mH2x pHQ`2
K2/B2 mM2B +ȧBmMB + K2/B2 `BiK2iB+ ŗMi`2 pHQ`2 KtBK șB
pHQ`2 KBMBK /BM +m`bmH mM2B xBH2 /2 i`Mx+ȧBQM`2X T2H`2 T2Mi`m
T`BK /i 7mM+ȧB2B ?2/Utk(-Ǯp;Ǯ)V ì + /2Q+K/i T2
+QHQM Ǵp;Ǵ Mm 2tBbi MB+BQ pHQ`2X .mT BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 tk(-^p;^) 4
K2/BUtkV b2 +QMbii + T2 }2+`2 `M/ H Ki`B+2B 7Qbi +H+mHi
pHQ`2 K2/B2X
a2 BMbiH2x TQB T+?2imH #B;i#mHi2 șB b2 /2+H` Q Hi 7mM+ȧB2
K2/BkUV +`2 p } T2Hi T2Mi`m +H+mH pHQ`2 K2/B2 +ȧBmMBHQ`
T2Mi`m }2+`2 +QKTMB2 ŗM Tì2X 6mM+ȧB #B;bTHBiUtk-
^biQ+FnbvK#QH^V TìBȧBQM2x `M/m`BH2 Ki`B+2B ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2
pHQ`2 +QHQM2B ǶbiQ+FnbvK#QHǶ UbBK#QHmH +QKTMB2BV +`2M/ +i2 mM
;`mT /2 BM/B+B /2 `M/m`B T2Mi`m }2+`2 pHQ`2 /BbiBM+i ;bBi T2
+QHQM ǶbiQ+FnbvK#QHǶX ŖM }MH- +m DmiQ`mH bTTHv b2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB
K2/BkUV T2 }2+`2 ;`mT /2 BM/B+B ŗM Tì2 șB b2 p +H+mH pHQ`2
K2/B2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 ;`mT /2 `M/m`BX
ŖM +QMiBMm`2 b2 2t2KTHB}+ +i2p 7mM+ȧBB mxmH2 +`2 TQi } THB+i2 mM2B
Ki`B+B /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`BtX
= /BKMK2bUtkV
((R))
LlGG
((k))
(R) ]2t+?M;2] ]biQ+FnbvK#QH] ]/i2]
(9) ]biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M] ]biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?] ]biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr]
(d) ]biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2] ]biQ+FnpQHmK2]
(N) ]biQ+FnT`B+2n/Dn+HQb2]
(Ry) ]p;]
= /BKUtkV
(R) 3RkN3N Ry
= ivT2Q7UtkV
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 kyR
(R) ]/Qm#H2]
= `QrMK2bUtkV
LlGG
= +QHMK2bUtkV
(R) ]2t+?M;2] ]biQ+FnbvK#QH] ]/i2]
(9) ]biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M] ]biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?]
(e) ]biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr]
(d) ]biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2] ]biQ+FnpQHmK2]
(N) ]biQ+FnT`B+2n/Dn+HQb2]
(Ry) ]p;]
= M`QrUtkV
(R) 3RkN3N
= M+QHUtkV
(R) Ry
= bmKK`vUtkV
G2M;i? *Hbb JQ/2
3RkN3Ny #B;XKi`Bt a9
ŖM T`+iB+ T`2 /2b2Q`B bBimȧB ŗM +`2 2bi2 M2pQB2 b b2 272+im2x2 Q

+QTB2 mM2B Ki`B+BX a2 p 2t2KTHB}+ +2bi QT2`ȧB2 TQ`MBM/ /2 H
Ki`B+2 tk șB b2 pQ` +QTB +QHQM2H2 ǴbiQ+FnbvK#QHǴ-
ǴbiQ+FnT`B+2nQT2MǴ- ǴbiQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?Ǵ- ǴbiQ+FnT`B+2nHQrǴ șB
ǴbiQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2Ǵ ŗMi`@Q MQm Ki`B+2X a2 pQ` b2H2+i T2Mi`m +QTB2`2
T`BK2H2 Ryyy /2 `M/m`B /BM Ki`B+2 tk șB b2 pQ` +QTB ŗMi`@Q MQm
Ki`B+2 tj- /2b+`B2`2 Q#B2+imHmB tj }BM/ bHpi ŗM }șB2`mH tjX/2b+ B`
/i2H2 ŗM }șB2`mH #BM` tjX#BMX
= tj I@ /22T+QTvUtk- +QHb 4 +U]biQ+FnbvK#QH]- ]biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M]-

]biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?]- ]biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr]- ]biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2]V-
`Qrb 4 R,Ryyy- #+FBM;7BH2 4 ]tjX#BM]-
/2b+`BTiQ`7BH2 4 ]tjX/2b+]V
= QTiBQMbU#B;K2KQ`vXHHQrX/BKMK2b4h_l1V
= +QHMK2bUtjV I@ +U]biQ+FnbvK#QH]- ]biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M]-
]biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?]- ]biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr]- ]biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2]V
= M`QrUtjV
(R) Ryyy
kyk "B; .i șB _
S2Mi`m +QTB2`2 mM2B Ubm#VKi`B+B 2bi2 M2+2b` 7mM+ȧB /22T+QTvUV

ŗMi`m+i ŗM KQ/ MQ`KH _ T2`KBi2 +QTB2`2 mMmB Q#B2+i B` ŗM +2bi +x
b@` } +QTBi Q#B2+imH tk +`2 2bi2 /2 7Ti mM TQBMi2` H Q bi`m+im` /2
/i2 +`2 K2KQ`2x Ki`B+2 T`QT`Bm@xBb șB Mm b@` } +QTBi /i2H2
+`2 +QKTmM Ki`B+2X S`K2i`mH +QHb T2`KBi2 bT2+B}+`2 mMmB
bm#b2i /2 +QHQM2 +`2 pQ` } +QTBi2- T`K2i`mH `Qrb T2`KBi2
bT2+B}+`2 mMmB bm#b2i /2 `M/m`B +`2 b2 pQ` +QTB B` T`K2i`BB
#+FBM;7BH2 șB /2b+`BTiQ`7BH2 bT2+B}+ }șB2`mH #BM` /2 /i2
`2bT2+iBp /2b+`BTiQ`mH Ki`B+2BX a2 Q#b2`p + ŗM m`K 2t2+mȧB2B 7mM+ȧB2B
/22T+QTvUV m 7Qbi +QTBi2 /Q` /i2H2 Ki`B+2B- Mm șB /2MmKB`BH2
+QHQM2HQ`X .2MmKB`BH2 +QHQM2HQ` m 7Qbi `2bi#BHBi2 mHi2`BQ` +m DmiQ`mH
7mM+ȧB2B +QHMK2bUtjVX
6BHi``2 /i2HQ` /BMi`@Q Ki`B+2 /2 iBT #B;XKi`Bt b2 `2HBx2x 7Qì2
2}+B2Mi +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B Kr?B+?UV +`2 2pBi +`2`2 mMQ` KbBp2 /2
/i2 i2KTQ``2 + ŗM +xmH 7mM+ȧB2B r?B+?UVX P#B2+i2H2 /2 iBTmH
#B;XKi`Bt TQi p2 /BK2MbBmMB 7Qì2 K`B B` +`2`2 mMQ` KbBp2
i2KTQ``2 M2+2b`2 QT2`ȧBBHQ` /2 }Hi``2 TQi2 +QM/m+2 H 2TmBx`2
`TB/ K2KQ`B2B _JX aBMit 7mM+ȧB2B Kr?B+?UV 2bi2 T`2x2Mii ŗM
+QMiBMm`2X
Kr?B+?Ut- +QHb- pHb- +QKTb- QT 4 ^L.^V
a2KMB}+ȧB `;mK2Mi2HQ` 2bi2 m`KiQ`2,
Ç t Ki`B+2 bmT` +`2B b2 THB+ QT2`ȧB /2 }Hi``2c
Ç +QHb mM p2+iQ` +`2 +QMȧBM2 BM/B+B bm MmK2 /2 +QHQM2c
Ç pHb Q HBbi /2 p2+iQ`B /2 HmM;BK2 R bm k- }2+`2 2H2K2Mi /BM HBbi

+Q`2bTmMxM/ mMmB 2H2K2Mi /BM +QHbc 2H2K2Mi2H2 p2+iQ`BB /2 HmM;BK2
R pQ` } 7QHQbBi2 T2Mi`m i2bi 2;HBiȧB ŗM iBKT +2 2H2K2Mi2H2 /BM
p2+iQ`BB /2 HmM;BK2 k pQ` } 7QHQbBi2 T2Mi`m i2bi`2 BM2;HBiȧBHQ`c
Ç +QKTb Q HBbi /2 QT2ìQ`B /2 +QKT``2- +i2 mMmH T2Mi`m }2+`2

2H2K2Mi /BM +QHb,
Ĝ Ƕ2[Ƕ QT2ìQ`mH 2;HBii2c

Ĝ ǶM2[Ƕ QT2ìQ`mH BM2;HBii2c
Ĝ ǶH2Ƕ QT2ìQ`mH ≤c
Ĝ ǶHiǶ QT2ìQ`mH <c
Ĝ Ƕ;2Ƕ QT2ìQ`mH ≥c
Ĝ Ƕ;iǶ QT2ìQ`mH >c
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 kyj
Ç QT TQi2 } L. bm P_- }BM/ 7QHQbBi T2Mi`m +QK#BM`2 `2xmHii2HQ`

QT2`ȧBBHQ` /2 +QKT``2X
6mM+ȧB Kr?B+?UV ŗMiQ`+2 + `2xmHii mM p2+iQ` +m BM/B+BB `M/m`BHQ` +`2

biBb7+ +`Bi2`BBH2 /2 }Hi``2X ŖM +QMiBMm`2 bmMi T`2x2Mii2 +i2p 2t2KTH2
/2 miBHBx`2 +2bi2B 7mM+ȧBBX
= BM/2tR I@ Kr?B+?Utj- +Uj- j- 9V- HBbiURy- Rk- RkV-

HBbiU];i]- ]Hi]- ]Hi]V- ]L.]V
.BM Ki`B+2 tj b2 b2H2+i2x `M/m`BH2 T2Mi`m +`2 pHQ`BH2 /2 T2 +QHQM

j bmMi KB K`B /2+i Ry șB KB KB+B /2+i Rk B` pHQ`BH2 /2 T2 +QHQM
9 bmMi KB KB+B /2+i RkX
= BM/2tk 4 Kr?B+?Utj- j,9- HBbiURk- RkV- HBbiU]2[]- ]2[]V- ]L.]V

= BM/2tk
(R) Ree
= ?2/Utj(BM/2tk-)V
biQ+FnbvK#QH biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;?
Ryd Rk Rk
biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2
Rk Rk
.BM Ki`B+2 tj bmMi b2H2+ii2 `M/m`BH2 T2Mi`m +`2 m pHQ`2 Rk T2

+QHQM j șB iQi pHQ`2 Rk T2 +QHQM 9X
= BM/2tj I@ Kr?B+?Utj- 9- R8- ];i]V

= ?2/Utj(BM/2tj- )V
biQ+FnbvK#QH biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M biQ+FnT`B+2nHQr
(R-) 8j R3Xy R3Xe8
(k-) 8j R3X9 R3Xee
(j-) 8j RdXN R3X9N
(9-) 8j RdX9 R3Xey
(8-) 8j RdX8 RdX3e
(e-) 8j RdXe R3Xyy
biQ+FnT`B+2n?B;? biQ+FnT`B+2n+HQb2
(R-) R3Xyy R3Xe8
(k-) RdXNy RdXNy
(j-) RdX3N R3X9N
(9-) RdX9y RdXNy
ky9 "B; .i șB _
(8-) RdX8y RdX8y

(e-) RdXey RdXdy
.BM Ki`B+2 tj bmMi b2H2+ii2 `M/m`BH2 T2Mi`m +`2 pHQ`BH2 /2 T2 +QHQM

9 bmMi KB K`B /2+i R8X
S`2Hm+``2 /i2HQ` K2KQì2 ŗM Q#B2+i2 /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt b2 TQi2
`2HBx +m 7mM+ȧBB BM+Hmb2 ŗM T+?2i2 bT2+BHBxi2X a2 p 2t2KTHB}+
2biBK`2 mMmB KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` T2Mi`m +xmH ŗM +`2 /i2H2 bmMi
K2KQì2 ŗM Q#B2+i2 #B;XKi`BtX 1biBK`2 KQ/2H2HQ` /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB`2
ŗM +xmH ŗM +`2 /i2H2 m /BK2MbBmMB `2xQM#BH2 b2 `2HBx2x +m DmiQ`mH
7mM+ȧB2B HKUVX ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 b2 Hm+`2x +m /i2 /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt
+`2 TQi p2 /BK2MbBmMB 7Qì2 K`B miBHBx`2 7mM+ȧB2B HKUV Mm KB 2bi2
TQbB#BHX S2Mi`m +2bi bBimȧB2 b2 p 7QHQbB Q 7mM+ȧB2 2+?BpH2Mi
/2MmKBi #B;HKX#B;XKi`BtUV +`2 b2 ;b2și2 ŗM T+?2imH
#B;MHviB+bX ŖM 2t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii KB DQb K miBHBxi b2imH /2 /i2
i`22b șB b2 2biBK2x KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 m`KiQ`,
Volumei = a · Girthi + b · Heighti + ϵi
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]#B;MHviB+b]V
= HB#``vU#B;MHviB+bV
= /iUi`22bV
= ?2/Ui`22bV
:Bì? >2B;?i oQHmK2
R 3Xj dy RyXj
k 3Xe e8 RyXj
j 3X3 ej RyXk
9 RyX8 dk ReX9
8 RyXd 3R R3X3
e RyX3 3j RNXd
= Ki I@ bX#B;XKi`BtUi`22bV
= HBMnJQ/2H I@ #B;HKX#B;XKi`BtUoQHmK2 :Bì? Y >2B;?i- /i 4 KiV
= bmKK`vUHBMnJQ/2HV
G`;2 /i `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H, #B;HKU7Q`KmH 4 7Q`KmH-
/i 4 /i- XXXV
aKTH2 bBx2 4 jR
*Q27 UN8W *AV a1 T
UAMi2`+2TiV @8dXN3dd @d8Xke9R @9yXdRRk 3Xej3k yXyyyy
:Bì? 9Xdy3k 9XRdNe 8Xkjed yXke9j yXyyyy
>2B;?i yXjjNj yXyd3N yX8NNe yXRjyk yXyyNR
Ji`B+BH2 #B;XKi`Bt TQi } TìDi2 ŗMi`2 KB KmHi2 b2bBmMB _ șB TQi }

ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 ky8
T`2Hm+ì2 ŗM T`H2HX ŖM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ` b2 pQ` biì /Qm b2bBmMB _ șB

b2 p Hm+` +m +22șB Ki`B+2 +`2 p } TìDi ŗMi`2 +2H2 /Qm T`Q+2b2X
ŖM T`BK b2bBmM2 _ b2 `mH2x m`KiQ`2 b2+p2Mȧ /2 +Q/,
= HB#``vU#B;K2KQ`vV
= t I@ `2/X#B;XKi`BtU]biQ+FbX+bp]- b2T 4 ]-]- b?`2/ 4 h_l1-
?2/2` 4 h_l1V
= /2b+`BTiQ` I@ /2b+`B#2UtV
= /TmiU/2b+`BTiQ`- ]/2b+nTìD`2Xiti]V
= K2/B I@ +QHK2MUt- 9V
= K2/B
biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M
kdXjNje8
m 7Qbi +BiBi2 /i2H2 /BM }șB2`mH biQ+FbX+bp +`2i Mi2`BQ` șB b@ +QMbi`mBi
Ki`B+2 tX ŖM p`B#BH /2b+`BTiQ` b@ Q#ȧBMmi /2b+`BTiQ`mH Ki`B+2B t
+`2 7Qbi bHpi ŗM }șB2`mH /2b+nTìD`2Xiti B` TQB b@ THB+i 7mM+ȧB
+QHK2MUV T2Mi`m +H+mHmH K2/B2B pHQ`BHQ` /2 T2 +QHQM 9X Ji`B+2 t
7Qbi +`2i +m T`K2i`mH b?`2/ 4 h_l1 +22 +2 T2`KBi2 + /i2H2
Ki`B+2B b TQi } TìDi2 ŗMi`2 KB KmHi2 T`Q+2b2X
a2 p biì Q /Qm b2bBmM2 _ șB b2 p 2t2+mi m`KiQ`2 b2+p2Mȧ /2
+Q/,
= HB#``vU#B;K2KQ`vV
= / I@ /;2iU]/2b+nTìD`2Xiti]V
= v I@ ii+?X#B;XKi`BtU/V
= K2/Bk I@ +QHK2MUv- 9V
= K2/Bk
biQ+FnT`B+2nQT2M
kdXjNje8
ŖM p`B#BH / b2 +Bi2și2 /2b+`B2`2 Ki`B+2B bHpi ŗM }șB2`mH

/2b+nTìD`2Xiti /2 +i`2 T`BK BMbiMȧ _ TQB +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B
ii+?X#B;XKi`BtUV b2 +`2x Q MQm Ki`B+2 v #xi T2 BM7Q`KȧBBH2
bHpi2 ŗM /2b+`BTiQ`mH /- +m +2H2șB /i2 + șB Ki`B+2 t /BM T`BK
BMbiMȧ _X +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 TQbB#BH /2Q`2+2 /i2H2 Ki`B+2B t bmMi
K2KQì2 ŗMi`@Q xQM /2 K2KQ`B2 TìDi +`2 TQi2 } ++2bi /2
KB KmHi2 T`Q+2b2X ŖM }MH- b2 THB+ 7mM+ȧB +QHK2MUV T2Mi`m +H+mHmH
K2/BBHQ` pHQ`BHQ` /2 T2 +QHQM 9 șB b2 Q#b2`p + b2 Q#ȧBM2 +2HșB
`2xmHii + șB ŗM T`BK BMbiMȧ- +22 +2 +QM}`K 7TimH + +2H2 /Qm
BMbiMȧ2 _ 7QHQb2b+ +2H2șB /i2 TìDi2X
kye "B; .i șB _
6QHQbB`2 Ki`B+BHQ` /2 iBTmH #B;XKi`Bt + `;mK2Mi2 H2 7mM+ȧBBHQ` i`2#mB2

7+mi +m T`2+mȧB2 /2Q`2+2 Q bi72H /2 p`B#BH 2bi2 /2 7Ti mM TQBMi2` H
Q bi`m+im` /2 /i2X .+ Q 7mM+ȧB2 KQ/B}+ pHQ`BH2 2H2K2Mi2HQ` Ki`B+2B-
+2bi2 KQ/B}+`B pQ` p2 272+i șB H B2șB`2 /BM 7mM+ȧB `2bT2+iBp +22 +2
2bi2 2+?BpH2Mi +m 7TimH + 7mM+ȧB miBHBx2x T2HmH T`BM `272`BMȧ ŗM +xmH
+2bimB iBT /2 /i2X
ReXkXk S+?2imH ǴzǴ
S+?2imH 77 U.X /H2`- kyydV 7Qbi T`QB2+ii T2Mi`m 7+BHBi

T`2Hm+``2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2- bi72H ŗM+i HBKBi`BH2 bBbi2KmHmB _
KBMiBi2 ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 ReXk b TQi } /2TșBi2X J2KQ``2 /i2HQ` b2
`2HBx2x ŗM }șB2`2 #BM`2 UǴzǴ @ Ǵ~i }H2bǴV ŗMi`@mM 7Q`Ki MiBp- T2
?`/ /Bb+- T2`KBȧM/ bi72H Hm+`mH +m p2+iQ`B șB KbBp2 /2 /i2 +`2 Mm
TQi } ŗM+`+i2 ŗM K2KQ`B _JX o2+iQ`BB șB KbBp2H2 /2 /i2 bmMi +BiBi2
/2 T2 /Bb+ B` ŗM K2KQ`B2 bmMi ŗM+`+i2 /Q` TQ`ȧBmMB +`2 bmMi M2+2b`2
T`2Hm+``BHQ`X P#B2+i2H2 +`2i2 +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧBBHQ` /BM T+?2imH 77
bmMi pxmi2 /2 miBHBxiQ`B + p2+iQ`B bm KbBp2 /2 /i2 _ Q#BșMmBi2 +`2
TQi } ++2bi2 ŗM KQ/ mxmH +m DmiQ`mH MQiȧB2B ( ) +m iQi2 + /i2H2
Mm bmMi ŗM+`+i2 ŗM ŗMi`2;BK2 ŗM K2KQ`B _JX S+?2imH 77 7m`MBx2x
miBHBxiQ`BHQ` iBTm`BH2 /2 /i2 z- z/7 +`2 bmMi MHQ;mH p2+iQ`BHQ`-
Ki`B+BHQ` KmHiB/BK2MbBQMH2 șB iBTmHmB /iX7`K2- pM/ TQbB#BHBii2
/2 BKTQì bm 2tTQì /i2H2 /BM bm ŗM }șB2`2 2ti2`M2X MHQ;
T+?2imHmB #B;K2KQ`v }șB2`2H2 z TQi } miBHBxi2 TìDi /2 KB KmHi2
b2bBmMB _X o } T`2x2Mii miBHBx`2 T+?2imHmB 77 T`BM +i2p 2t2KTH2
bBKTH2X
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]77]V
= HB#``vU]77]V
= p I@ 77UpKQ/2 4 ]/Qm#H2]- H2M;i? 4 RyyV
= p
77 UQT2MV /Qm#H2 H2M;i?4Ryy URyyV
(R) (k) (j) (9) (8) (e) (d) (3) (Nj) (N9)
y y y y y y y y , y y
(N8) (Ne) (Nd) (N3) (NN) (Ryy)
y y y y y y
= p(R,Ryy) I@ 8
= p
77 UQT2MV /Qm#H2 H2M;i?4Ryy URyyV
(R) (k) (j) (9) (8) (e) (d) (3) (Nj) (N9)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 , 8 8
(N8) (Ne) (Nd) (N3) (NN) (Ryy)
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 kyd
8 8 8 8 8 8
= H2M;i?UpV
(R) Ryy
ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm 7Qbi +`2i mM p2+iQ` p /2 iBTmH z +m Ryy /2 2H2K2Mi2 /2

iBTmH /Qm#H2 TQB b@m BMBȧBHBxi iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2 p2+iQ`mHmB +m pHQ`2
8X a2 Q#b2`p + 2H2K2Mi2H2 p2+iQ`mHmB b2 ++2b2x H 72H + șB ŗM +xmH
mMmB p2+iQ` Q#BșMmBiX
= Ki I@ 77UpKQ/2 4 ]/Qm#H2]- /BK 4 +Uj-RyVV

= Ki
77 UQT2MV /Qm#H2 H2M;i?4jy UjyV /BK4+Uj-RyV /BKQ`/2`4+UR-kV
(-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8) (-e) (-d) (-3) (-N) (-Ry)
(R-) y y y y y y y y y y
(k-) y y y y y y y y y y
(j-) y y y y y y y y y y
= Ki(-j) I@ e
= Ki
77 UQT2MV /Qm#H2 H2M;i?4jy UjyV /BK4+Uj-RyV /BKQ`/2`4+UR-kV
(-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8) (-e) (-d) (-3) (-N) (-Ry)
(R-) y y e y y y y y y y
(k-) y y e y y y y y y y
(j-) y y e y y y y y y y
= Kik I@ 77U7BH2MK24]KikX#BM]- pKQ/24]/Qm#H2]- /BK4+Uj-RyVV
P#B2+imH Ki 2bi2 Q Ki`B+2 +m j HBMBB șB Ry +QHQM2 +m 2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBT

/Qm#H2 B` +QHQM j 7Qbi BMBȧBHBxi +m pHQ`2 e șB TQB 7Qbi }și
+QMȧBMmimH Ki`B+2BX P#B2+imH Kik 2bi2 iQi Q Ki`B+2 +m j HBMBB șB Ry
+QHQM2 /` /i2H2 bmMi K2KQì2 ŗM }șB2`mH KikX#BM bT2+B}+i +m
DmiQ`mH T`K2i`mHmB 7BH2MK2X ŖM +2bi 72H b2 TQi2 Hm+` +m KbBp2 /2
/i2 +`2 /2Tș2b+ +T+Bii2 K2KQ`B2B _JX
l`KiQ`mH 2t2KTHm +`2x mM Q#B2+i /2 iBTmH z/7 +`2 2bi2 2+?BpH2MimH
mMmB Q#B2+i /2 iBT /iX7`K2X a2 p 7QHQbB b2imH /2 /i2 `Q+F BM+Hmb ŗM _X
= /iU`Q+FV
= I@ 77U`Q+F0`2V
= T I@ 77U`Q+F0T2`BV
= b I@ 77U`Q+F0b?T2V
ky3 "B; .i șB _
= T` I@ 77U`Q+F0T2`KV
= 77`Q+Fb I@ 77/7U`2 4 - T2`B 4 T- b?T2 4 b- T2`K 4 T`V
+Q/2 z`Q+Fb 2bi2 mM KbBp /2 /i2 /2 iBTmH z/7 BMBȧBHBxi +m pHQ`BH2

Q#ȧBMmi2 /BM b2imH /2 /i2 `Q+F ŗM+`+i ŗM K2KQ`B _JX .+ /Q`BK
b +QMbi`mBK mM Q#B2+i z7/ +m /i2 /BMi`@mM }șB2` /2 T2 /Bb+ b2 7QHQb2și2
7mM+ȧB `2/X+bpX77/7UV + ŗM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ` ŗM +`2 b2 +Bi2b+ /i2
/BM }șB2`mH Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp miBHBxi șB ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 T`2+2/2MiX
= b I@ `2/X+bpX77/7U7BH2 4 ]Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp]- ?2/2` 4 h_l1-

b2T 4 ]$i]V
`;mK2MimH 7BH2 bT2+B}+ MmK2H2 }șB2`mHmB /2 mM/2 pQ` } +BiBi2 /i2H2-

?2/2` 4 h_l1 BM/B+ 7TimH + T`BKmH `M/ +QMȧBM2 /2MmKB`BH2 +QHQM2HQ`
B` b2T 4 ]]BM/B+ 7TimH + pHQ`BH2 /BM }șB2` bmMi b2Tì2 +m +`+i2`mH
Ǵi#ǴX PT2`ȧB BMp2`b- +2 /2 bHp`2 mMmB KbBp z/7 ŗMi`@mM }șB2` b2
`2HBx2x +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B r`Bi2X+bpX77/7UV + ŗM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ`
ŗM +`2 /i2H2 /BM 77`Q+Fb bmMi bHpi2 ŗMi`@mM }șB2` /2 iBT X+bp /2MmKBi
`Q+FbX+bpX
= r`Bi2X+bpX77/7U77`Q+Fb- 7BH2 4 ]`Q+FbX+bp]V
.i2H2 /BM KbBp2H2 /2 /i2 77 bm 77/7 TQi } T`2Hm+ì2 +m DmiQ`mH

7mM+ȧBBHQ` /BM T+?2imH #B;HKX S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 p 2biBK
m`KiQ`mH KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` TH2+M/ /2 H /i2H2 ŗM+`+i2 ŗM
KbBpmH 77`Q+Fb,
Permi = a · Areai + b · Perii + c cot Shapei + ϵi
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]#B;HK]V
= HB#``vU#B;HKV
= HK I@ #B;HKUT2`K `2 Y T2`B Y b?T2- /i 4 77`Q+FbV
= bmKK`vUHKV
G`;2 /i `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H, #B;HKUT2`K `2 Y T2`B Y
b?T2- /i 4 77`Q+FbV
aKTH2 bBx2 4 93
*Q27 UN8W *AV a1 T
UAMi2`+2TiV 938XeR3y Re3X3yR8 3ykX9j98 R83X9y3j yXyykk
`2 yXyNRj yXy9Rj yXR9Rj yXyk8y yXyyyj
T2`B @yXj99y @yX99ej @yXk9R3 yXy8RR yXyyyy
b?T2 3NNXyeNj @RR9X3jkd RNRkXNdRk 8yeXN8Ry yXydeR
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 kyN
liBHBx`2 7mM+ȧB2B #B;HKUV B+B `2 MmKB b+QT /2KQbiìBp ŗMi`m+i

77`Q+Fb `2 /Q` 93 /2 HBMBBX ŖM +xm`B T`+iB+2 ŗM +`2 pQHmKmH /i2HQ`
2bi2 7Qì2 K`2 b2 pQ` THB+ i2?MB+B bT2+BH2X ŖM 2t2KTHmH m`KiQ` b2
p ;2M2` Q Ki`B+2 z +m Ryyyyyyyy HBMBB șB i`2B +QHQM2 /2MmKBi2 ǴuǴ-
ǴsRǴ șB `2bT2+iBp ǴskǴX a2 p BMBȧBHBx TQB Ki`B+2 +m MmK2`2
H2iQ`2 șB ŗM }MH b2 p 2biBK KQ/2HmH /2 `2;`2bB2 m`KiQ`,
Yi = a · X1i + b · X2i + ϵi , i = 1...100000000 UReXRV
= M` I@ Ryyyyyyyy
= M+ I@ j
= #HQ+F 4 Ryyyyy
= I@ 77UpKQ/24]/Qm#H2]- /BK4+UM`-M+V-
/BKMK2b 4 HBbiULlGG- +U]u]- ]sR]- ]sk]VVV
= 77`QrTTHvU
&
M I@ Bk @ BR Y R
2TbBHQM I@ `MQ`KUMV
(BR,Bk-) I@ 2TbBHQM Y Ki`BtU`MQ`KUM M+V- M- M+V
'-
s 4 - "h*>aAw1 4 #HQ+FV
= KQ/2H I@ u sR Y sk
= 7B`bi I@ h_l1
= 77`QrTTHvU&
B7 U7B`biV&
7B`bi I@ 6Ga1
K I@ #B;HKUKQ/2H- bX/iX7`K2U(BR,Bk--/`QT 4 6Ga1)VV
' 2Hb2 &
K I@ mT/i2UK- bX/iX7`K2U(BR,Bk--/`QT 4 6Ga1)VV
'
'-
s 4 - "h*>aAw1 4 #HQ+FV
= bmKK`vUKV
G`;2 /i `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H, #B;HKUKQ/2H-
bX/iX7`K2U(BR,Bk- -
/`QT 4 6Ga1)VV
aKTH2 bBx2 4 Ryyyyyyyy
*Q27 UN8W *AV a1 T
UAMi2`+2TiV yXyyyk @yXyyyR yXyyy9 R2@y9 yXRk93
sR yXjjj9 yXjjjk yXjjje R2@y9 yXyyyy
kRy "B; .i șB _
sk yXjjjj yXjjjR yXjjj8 R2@y9 yXyyyy
o`B#BH M` +QMȧBM2 MmK`mH /2 `M/m`B B` p`B#BH M+ MmK`mH /2

+QHQM2 H2 Ki`B+2B /2 iBTmH z +`2 p } /2+Hì ŗM +QMiBMm`2X
o`B#BH #HQ+F +`2 `2 pHQ`2 Ryyyyy 2bi2 7QHQbBi T2Mi`m /2+H`
/BK2MbBmM2 U2tT`BKi ŗM MmK` /2 `M/m`BV mMmB #HQ+ /BM Ki`B+2
+`2 p } T`2Hm+ì H mM KQK2Mi /iX .BpBx`2 Ki`B+2B șB
T`2Hm+``2 2B T2 #HQ+m`B /2 /BK2MbBmMB KB `2/mb2 T2`KBi2 T`2Hm+``2
mMQ` Ki`B+B 7Qì2 K`B șB 2pBi`2 2TmBx`BB K2KQ`B2B _JX ŖM
+QMiBMm`2 b2 +QMbi`mB2și2 Ki`B+2 +m 2H2K2Mi2 /2 iBT /Qm#H2 +m M`
HBMBB șB M+ +QHQM2X ŖM THmb- +QHQM2H2 Ki`B+2B pQ` p2 șB /2MmKB`B,
T`BK +QHQM b2 p MmKB ǴuǴ- m`KiQ`2H2 ǴsRǴ `2bT2+iBp ǴskǴX
Ji`B+2 p } BMBȧBHBxi T`BM THB+`2 7mM+ȧ2B 77`QrTTHvUVX +2bi
7mM+ȧB2 T2`KBi2 T`2Hm+``2 Ki`B+2B T2 #HQ+m`B T2Mi`m 2pBi 2TmBx`2
K2KQ`B2B _JX S`BKmH `;mK2Mi H 7mM+ȧB2B 77`QrTTHvUV 2bi2 Q
2tT`2bB2 UŗM +xmH MQbi`m +2 BM+Hmb ŗMi`2 & 'V +`2 b2 p THB+ T2
#HQ+m`B 7Q`Ki2 /BM `M/m`BH2 +m BM/B+BB BR,BkX `;mK2MimH X T`BK2și2
+ pHQ`2 Q#B2+imH z +`2 p } T`2Hm+ì- ŗM +xmH MQbi`m Ki`B+2 X
1tT`2bB +`2 b2 2t2+mi `2T2ii T2Mi`m }2+`2 #HQ+ H Ki`B+2B `2 +
b+QT ;2M2``2 mMQ` pHQ`B 7QHQbBM/ /Bbi`B#mȧB MQ`KH /2 K2/B2 y șB
#i2`2 biM/`/ R U`MQ`KVX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 b2 /2+H` Q p`B#BH
#QQH2M 7B`bi BMBȧBHBxi +m pHQ`2 h_l1 șB p`B#BH KQ/2H +`2
+QMȧBM2 KQ/2HmH HBMB` +2 m`K2x } 2biBKiX S2Mi`m 2biBK`2
KQ/2HmHmB b2 p miBHBx iQi 7mM+ȧB 77`QrTTHvUV +`2 2biBK2x KQ/2HmH
T2Mi`m T`BKmH #HQ+ /2 /i2 +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B #B;HKUV TQB 2biBK`BH2
bmMi +imHBxi2 T`BM THB+`2 bm++2bBp 7mM+ȧB2B mT/i2UV T2Mi`m
m`KiQ`2H2 #HQ+m`B /2 /i2X
liBHBx`2 T+?2imHmB 77 bm #B;K2KQ`v imM+B +M/ i`2#mB2 T`2Hm+ì2
pQHmK2 /2 /i2 7Qì2 K`B `KM2 H H2;2`2 miBHBxiQ`mHmB- K#2H2
T+?2i2 T`2x2MiM/ T2`7Q`KMȧ2 bBKBH`2X 6QHQbBM/ 7mM+ȧB
bvbi2KXiBK2UV +`2 BM/B+ iBKTmH M2+2b` 2t2+mȧB2B mM2B b2+p2Mȧ2 /2
+Q/ b2 pQ` i2bi T2`7Q`KMȧ2H2 +2HQ` /Qm T+?2i2 T2Mi`m +i2p QT2`ȧBB,
+H+mHmH pHQ`BB KtBK2 șB pHQ`BB K2/BB /2 T2 Q +QHQM mM2B Ki`B+BX
.BM `2xmHiimH }și ŗM b2+p2Mȧ /2 +Q/ m`KiQ`2 b2 TQi2 +QMbii +
iBKTmH /2 2t2+mȧB2 2bi2 bBKBH` ŗM +xmH miBHBx`BB +2HQ` /Qm T+?2i2X
= HB#``vU#B;K2KQ`vV
= HB#``vU77V
= O +m T+?2imH 77
= M` I@ Ryyyyyyy
= M+ I@ j
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 kRR
= #HQ+F I@ Ryyyy
= tR I@ 77UpKQ/2 4 ]/Qm#H2]- /BK 4 +UM`-M+VV
= 77`QrTTHvU
&
M I@ Bk @ BR Y R
2TbBHQM I@ `MQ`KUMV
tR(BR,Bk-) I@ 2TbBHQM Y Ki`BtU`MQ`KUM M+V- M- M+V
'-
s 4 tR- "h*>aAw1 4 #HQ+FV
= bvbi2KXiBK2UKtUtR(-j)VV
mb2` bvbi2K 2HTb2/
yXky yXy8 yXk8
= bvbi2KXiBK2UK2MUtR(-k)VV
mb2` bvbi2K 2HTb2/
yXRN yXy9 yXk9
= O +m T+?2imH #B;K2KQ`v
= tk I@ #B;XKi`BtUM`- M+- ivT2 4 ]/Qm#H2]- #+FBM;7BH2 4 ]tkX#BM]-
/2b+`BTiQ`7BH2 4 ]tkX/2b+]V
= 7QÙB BM R,jV &
tk(-B) I@ tR(-B)
'
= bvbi2KXiBK2UKtUtk(-j)VV
mb2` bvbi2K 2HTb2/
yXkj yXy8 yXkN
= bvbi2KXiBK2UK2MUtk(-k)VV
mb2` bvbi2K 2HTb2/
yXRe yXye yXkk
ReXkXj Hi2 T+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m +H+mHmH T`H2H
ŖM +/`mH +2bi2B b2+ȧBmMB p } T`2x2Mii T+?2imH KT_2/m+2 +`2

BKTH2K2Mi2x ŗM _ mM KQ/2H /2 T`Q;`K`2 /Bbi`B#mBi /2MmKBi
JT@_2/m+2X +2bi KQ/2H T`2x2Mii T2Mi`m T`BK /i ŗM U.2M ȔB
:?2Kri- kyy9V `2 H #x /BpBx`2 mMmB DQ# /2 /BK2MbBmMB K`B ŗM
KB KmHi2 DQ#m`B /2 /BK2MbBmMB KB KB+B +`2 T`Q/m+ /i2 /2 B2șB`2- TQB
/i2H2 /2 B2șB`2 T`Q/mb2 /2 }2+`2 DQ# bmMi +QK#BMi2 ŗMi`@mM bBM;m`
`2xmHiiX +2bi #Q`/`2 +Q`2bTmM/2 KQ/2HmHmB +HbB+ /2 T`Q;`K`2
/BpB/2 M/ +QM[m2`X CQ#m`BH2 `2xmHii2 ŗM m`K 7x2B /2 /BpBx`2 TQi }
/Bbi`B#mBi2 T2Mi`m 2t2+mȧB2 KB KmHiQ` +H+mHiQ`2- KB KmHiQ`
T`Q+2bQ`2 /2 T2 +2HșB +H+mHiQ` bm KB KmHiQ` Mm+H22 U+Q`2V H2
kRk "B; .i șB _
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
acest: 12 acest: 10 acest: 12

si: 35 si: 40 si: 78
de: 45 de: 15 de: 12
acest: 34
si: 153
de: 72
6B;m` ReXR, JQ/2HmH JT _2/m+2
+2HmBșB T`Q+2bQ`X JQ/2HmH JT@_2/m+2 T`2bmTmM2 `2xQHp`2 mM2B

T`Q#H2K2 ŗM /QB TșB,
Ç T`BKmH Tb /2MmKBi KT, b2 2t2+mi +22șB QT2`ȧB2 ŗM T`H2H T2

b2imH /2 /i2 BMBȧBH B` + `2xmHii b2 p ;2M2` +i2 Q T2`2+?2 /2
iBTmH +?2B2@pHQ`2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 ŗM`2;Bbi``2 U`M/V /BM /i2H2 /2
BMi``2c
Ç H /QBH2 Tb 2bi2 /2MmKBi `2/m+2 șB +QMbi ŗM ;`mT`2 2H2K2Mi2HQ`

+m +22șB +?2B2 șB +H+mH`2 mM2B pHQ`B T2Mi`m }2+`2 ;`mTX
lM 2t2KTHm +HbB+ /2 THB+`2 +2bi2B T`/B;K2 /2 T`Q;`K`2 +QMbi

ŗM MmK``2 T`BȧBBHQ` }2+`mB +mpMi ŗMi`@mM i2tiX S`2bmTmMM/ +
2tBbi KB KmHi2 +`ȧB Ui2ti2V șB b2 /Q`2și2 Q HBbi +m iQi2 +mpBMi2H2 /BM
+2bi2 +`ȧB șB MmK`mH /2 T`BȧBB H }2+`mB +mpMi- T`Q+2bmH /2 +H+mH
b2 TQi2 /2b7șm` + ŗM };m` ReXRX ŖM T`BK 2iT /i2H2 bmMi
ŗKT`ȧBi2 ŗM KB KmHi2 b2im`B șB T2Mi`m }2+`2 b2i Ui2tiV b2 ;2M2`2x Q
b2`B2 /2 T2`2+?B U+mpMi- M`nT`BȧBBVX ŖM /Qm 2iT- +2bi2 T2`2+?B
bmMi ;`mTi2 /mT +?2B2 U+mpMiV B` T2Mi`m iQi2 T2`2+?BH2 +m +22șB
+?2B2 MmK`mH /2 T`BȧBB 2bi2 ŗMbmKiX
ŖMi`m+i T+?2imH KT_2/m+2 Mm 2bi2 /BbTQMB#BH ŗM `?Bp biM/`/ *_L-
+2bi T+?2i p } BMbiHi TH2+M/ /2 H +Q/mH bm`b k X S`2bmTmMM/ +
}șB2`mH +m +Q/mH bm`b H T+?2imHmB- KT_2/m+2nRXkXeXi`X;x- 7Qbi bHpi
ŗM /B`2+iQ`mH +m`2Mi /2 Hm+`m- +2bi b2 TQi2 BMbiH bi72H,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]KT_2/m+2nRXkXeXi`X;x]- `2TQb 4 LlGG-

k +Q/mH bm`b b2 TQi2 /2b+`+ /2 H m`KiQ`2 /`2b, ?iiT,ff+`MX`@
T`QD2+iXQ`;fb`+f+QMi`B#f`+?Bp2fKT_2/m+2fKT_2/m+2nRXkXeXi`X;x
ReXk S+?2i2 _ T2Mi`m iì`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2 kRj
ivT2 4 ]bQm`+2]V
BMbiHHBM; bQm`+2 T+F;2 ^KT_2/m+2^ XXX
T+F;2 ^KT_2/m+2^ bm++2bb7mHHv mMT+F2/ M/ J.8 bmKb
+?2+F2/
_
T`2T`BM; T+F;2 7Q` Hxv HQ/BM;
?2HT
BMbiHHBM; ?2HT BM/B+2b
#mBH/BM; T+F;2 BM/B+2b
i2biBM; B7 BMbiHH2/ T+F;2 +M #2 HQ/2/
.PL1 UKT_2/m+2V
+2bi T+?2i BKTH2K2Mi2x T`+iB+ Q bBM;m` 7mM+ȧB2 șB MmK2,
KT_2/m+2U KT- XXX- /i- TTHv 4 bTTHvV
mM/2 `;mK2MimH T 2bi2 Q 2tT`2bB2 +`2 ŗM m`K 2pHm`BB `2 +

`2xmHii mM p2+iQ` +2 p } 7QHQbBi TQB H /BpBx`2 /i2HQ` /2 BMi``2 ŗM
T`ȧB +`2 pQ` } T`2Hm+ì2 ŗM T`H2HX l`KiQ`mH `;mK2Mi `2T`2x2Mii
B+B +m XXX `2T`2xBMi mM bm KB KmHi2 2tT`2bBB +`2 pQ` } 2pHmi2 ŗM
2iT `2/m+2 T2 }2+`2 TìBȧB2 /i2HQ` b2TìX /i `2T`2xBMi /i2H2
/2 BMi``2 +`2 TQi } mM p2+iQ`- Q Ki`B+2 bm mM Q#B2+i /2 iBTmH
/iX7`K2X lHiBKmH `;mK2Mi TTHv `2T`2xBMi Q 7mM+ȧB2 +`2 p }
miBHBxi T2Mi`m T`H2HBx`2 DQ#m`BHQ` `2/m+2X AKTHB+Bi +2bi `;mK2Mi
`2 pHQ`2 bTTHv- /` b2 TQi2 7QHQbB Q`B+2 Hi 7mM+ȧB2 +`2 TQi2
2t2+mi DQ#m`BH2 ŗM T`H2H T2 KB KmHi2 Mm+H22 H2 +2HmBșB T`Q+2bQ` bm
T2 T`Q+2bQ`2 /B72`Bi2 +QM2+ii2 ŗMi`2 2H2 +`2 bmMi /BbTQMB#BH2 ŗM T+?2i2
bT2+BHBxi2 T`2+mK KmHiB+Q`2 bm bMQrX a2 p 2t2KTHB}+ miBHBx`2
KQ/2HmHmB /2 T`Q;`K`2 JT@_2/m+2 T2 b2imH /2 /i2 B`Bb +`2 7+2
Tì2 /BM /Bbi`B#mȧB _X
= HB#``vUKT_2/m+2V
= /iUB`BbV
= ?2/UB`BbV
a2THXG2M;i? a2THXqB/i? S2iHXG2M;i? S2iHXqB/i? aT2+B2b
R 8XR jX8 RX9 yXk b2iQb
k 9XN jXy RX9 yXk b2iQb
j 9Xd jXk RXj yXk b2iQb
9 9Xe jXR RX8 yXk b2iQb
8 8Xy jXe RX9 yXk b2iQb
e 8X9 jXN RXd yX9 b2iQb
kR9 "B; .i șB _
= KT_2/m+2UKT 4 aT2+B2b- KBMnT2iHnH2M;i? 4 KBMUS2iHXG2M;i?V-

p2`;2nT2iHnH2M;i? 4 K2MUS2iHXG2M;i?V-
KtnT2iHnH2M;i? 4 KtUS2iHXG2M;i?V- /i 4 B`BbV
KBMnT2iHnH2M;i? p2`;2nT2iHnH2M;i? KtnT2iHnH2M;i?
b2iQb RXy RX9ek RXN
p2`bB+QHQ` jXy 9Xkey 8XR
pB`;BMB+ 9X8 8X88k eXN
B`Bb 2bi2 mM Q#B2+i /2 iBTmH /i7`K2 +`2 +QMȧBM2 BM7Q`KȧBB /2bT`2 KB
KmHi2 bT2+BB /2 B`BșB H +`Q` MmK2 2bi2 K2KQì T2 +QHQM ǴaT2+B2bǴX ŖM
2t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii B+B- b2imH /2 /i2 2bi2 /BpBxi ŗM KB KmHi2 TìBȧBB
/mT MmK2H2 bT2+B2B /2 B`Bb ŗM T`BK 7x KTX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 m 7Qbi
bT2+B}+i2 i`2B 7mM+ȧBB +`2 b2 pQ` THB+ ŗM 7x `2/m+2 șB +`2 +H+mH2x
pHQ`2 KBMBK- KtBK șB K2/B2 T2iH2HQ` T2Mi`m }2+`2 bT2+B2 /2
B`BbX
ReXj AMi`Q/m+2`2 ŗM >/QQT
>/QQT 2bi2 mM bBbi2K bQ7ir`2 /2 iBT QT2M bQm`+2 +`2 `2 + T`BM+BTH
b+QT T`2Hm+``2 /Bbi`B#mBi b2im`BHQ` K`B /2 /i2 miBHBxM/ +Hmbi2`2 /2
+H+mHiQ`2 Uq?Bi2- kyRkVX >/QQT 2bi2 /2xpQHii ŗM HBK#DmH /2
T`Q;`K`2 Cp șB 2bi2 Q THi7Q`K /2 iBT KB//H2r`2 +`2 b2 `mH2x T2
mM +Hmbi2` /2 biȧBB /2 Hm+`mX THB+ȧBBH2 +`2 7QHQb2b+ THi7Q`K >/QQT
TQi } /2xpQHii2 ŗM HBK#DmH Cp /` șB ŗM Hi2 HBK#D2 T`2+mK _- _m#v
bm S?viQMX >/QQT TQi2 } /2b+`+i ;ìmBi /2 H /`2b
?iiT,ff?/QQTXT+?2XQ`;X S`BMi`2 miBHBxiQ`BB THi7Q`K2B >/QQT b2
MmK` +QKTMBB T`2+mK u?QQ5j bm 6+2#QQF Uo;i ȔB qBH7QM;-
kyR9VX aBbi2KmH >/QQT 2bi2 H+imBi ŗM T`BM+BTH /BM,
Ç >/QQT .Bbi`B#mi2/ 6BH2 avbi2K U>.6aV @ mM bBbi2K /2 }șB2`2

/Bbi`B#mBi- /2 K`2 T2`7Q`KMȧc
Ç >/QQT u_L @ mM bm#bBbi2K +`2 `2 + `QH THMB}+`2 DQ#m`BHQ`
șB KM;2K2MimH `2bm`b2HQ` +Hmbi2`mHmB /2 +H+mHiQ`2c
Ç >/QQT JT@_2/m+2 @ mM bBbi2K /2 T`Q+2b`2 T`H2H b2im`BHQ`
7Qì2 K`B /2 /i2 +`2 BKTH2K2Mi2x KQ/2HmH /2 T`Q;`K`2
/Bbi`B#mBi JT_2/m+2X
.2b+`Bb T2 b+mì- >/QQT 2bi2 mM bBbi2K bQ7ir`2 +`2 7m`MBx2x

miBHBxiQ`BHQ` bB mM bBbi2K /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi 7Qì2 }#BH șB mM bBbi2K
j >/QQT i u?QQ5- u?QQ5 .2p2HQT2` L2irQ`F- kyR9-
?iiT,ff/2p2HQT2`Xv?QQX+QKf?/QQTf
ReXj AMi`Q/m+2`2 ŗM >/QQT kR8
R R R
Software de analiza statistica
Pig Hive Rhipe RHadoop

Streaming Interfata
Sistemul Hadoop
MapReduce
Nivelul Middleware
Sistemul de fisiere distribuit - HDFS
Calculator 1 Calculator 2 Calculator n Hardware-ul
6B;m` ReXk, aBbi2KmH bQ7ir`2 >/QQT
/2 MHBx șB T`2Hm+``2 /i2HQ`X >/QQT TQi2 } BMbiHi șB `mHi ii

T2 +Hmbi2`2 +m +i2p +H+mHiQ`2 +i șB T2 +Hmbi2`2 +m KBB /2
+H+mHiQ`2- +m mM ;`/ /2 iQH2`Mȧ H /272+i2 7Qì2 `B/B+iX ŖM
KQK2MimH +imH- >/QQT 2bi2 mM biM/`/ /2@7+iQ ŗM T`Q+2b`2 șB
biQ+`2 pQHmK2HQ` 7Qì2 K`B /2 /i2 șB 2bi2 7QHQbBi /2 iQȧB K`BB +iQ`B
/BM BM/mbi`B bQ7ir`2X ai`m+im` bBbi2KmHmB >/QQT TQi2 } m`K`Bi ŗM
};m` ReXkX
ReXjXR aBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi >.6a
aBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 >.6a 2bi2 #xi T2 Q `?Bi2+im` /2 iBT +HB2Mi@b2`p2`X

1bi2 mM bBbi2K /2 }șB2`2 +m iQH2`Mȧ `B/B+i H 2`Q`B șB 2bi2 T`QB2+ii b
TQi } `mHi T2 +H+mHiQ`2 +m `2bm`b2 HBKBii2X >.6a 7m`MBx2x ++2b
H /i2 +m pBi2x `B/B+i- }BM/ B/2H T2Mi`m THB+ȧBB +`2 Hm+`2x +m
pQHmK2 K`B /2 /i2- /2 Q`/BMmH bmi2HQ` /2 :" bm h"X aBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2
>.6a 2bi2 mM bBbi2K /2 iBT ǴTT2M/ QMHvǴ- /B+ mM }șB2` +`2 7Qbi +`2i-
TQTmHi +m /i2 șB TQB ŗM+?Bb Mm KB TQi2 } KQ/B}+i mHi2`BQ`X +2bi
+`+i2`BbiB+ bBKTHB}+ KQ/mH /2 bB;m``2 +Q2`2Mȧ2B /i2HQ` /BM }șB2`2X
>.6a 7m`MBx2x THB+ȧBBHQ` 7+BHBiȧB /2 /m+2`2 T`2Hm+``BHQ` +QHQ
mM/2 bmMi biQ+i2 /i2H2 /2Q`2+2 2bi2 KmHi KB 2}+B2Mi b }2 KB;ì2
BMbi`m+ȧBmMBH2 /2 T`2Hm+``2 /i2HQ` /2+i /i2H2X +2bi Hm+`m `2/m+2 /BM
i`}+mH /2 /i2 T`BM `2ȧ2m /2 BMi2`+QM2+i`2 +H+mHiQ`2HQ` +`2b+M/
bi72H 2}+B2Mȧ THB+ȧBBHQ`X >.6a +QMbi ŗMi`@mM MQ/ Ub2`p2`V /2MmKBi
LK2LQ/2 +`2 2bi2 `mHi T2 mM b2`p2` Kbi2` șB mMmH bm KB KmHi2 MQ/m`B
U+HB2MȧBV /2 iBT .iLQ/2 +`2 ;2biBQM2x mMBiȧBH2 /2 biQ+`2 H2 /i2HQ`
iși2 `2bT2+iBp2HQ` MQ/m`B U+H+mHiQ`2V /BM `2ȧ2X LK2LQ/2 `2 b+QTmH
kRe "B; .i șB _
/2 ;2biBQM bTȧBmH /2 MmK2 H bBbi2KmHmB /2 }șB2`2 >.6a șB `2HBx

QT2`ȧBB /2 /2b+?B/2`2- ŗM+?B/2`2 bm `2/2MmKB`2 }șB2`2HQ`X 6BșB2`2H2 +`2
pQ` } K2KQì2 /2 >.6a bmMi /BpBxi2 ŗM KB KmHi2 #HQ+m`B /2 /i2 +`2
bmMi biQ+i2 /2 KB KmHi2 .iLQ/2- `2bTQMb#BH2 +m `2HBx`2 QT2`ȧBBHQ`
272+iBp2 /2 b+`B2`2f+BiB`2 /i2HQ`X JT`2 #HQ+m`BHQ` /2 /i2 T2 MQ/m`B
b2 `2HBx2x /2 +i`2 LK2LQ/2X ii THB+ȧB LK2LQ/2 +i șB .iLQ/2
bmMi b+`Bb2 ŗM Cp șB TQi } `mHi2 T`+iB+ T2 Q`B+2 +H+mHiQ` +`2 bmTQì
CpX
hQH2`Mȧ H 2`Q`B ?`/r`2 2bi2 Q#ȧBMmi T`BM `2THB+`2 #HQ+m`BHQ` /2
/i2 T2 KB KmHi2 +H+mHiQ`2X hQi2 }șB2`2H2 bmMi /BpBxi2 ŗM #HQ+m`B
/2 /i2 /2 /BK2MbBmM2 2;H +`2 bmMi TQB /Bbi`B#mBi2 T2 .iLQ/2X lM
#HQ+ /2 /i2 2bi2 +QTBi T2 KB KmHi2 MQ/m`B- bi72H ŗM+i /+ mM MQ/ Mm
KB TQi2 7mM+ȧBQM /BM +mx mM2B 2`Q`B ?`/r`2- +QTBB H2 /i2HQ` bmMi
/BbTQMB#BH2 /2 Hi2 MQ/m`B /BM `2ȧ2X
ReXjXk am#bBbi2KmH JT@_2/m+2
S2bi2 bBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi >.6a `mH2x Mm+H2mH +`2

BKTH2K2Mi2x KQ/2HmH /2 T`Q;`K`2 JT_2/m+2X +2bi +QMbi
ŗMi`@mM T`Q+2b /2MmKBi CQ#h`+F2` +`2 T`BK2și2 /2 H +HB2MȧB DQ#m`B /2
iBT JT_2/m+2 ŗM p2/2`2 THMB}+`BB +2biQ` T2Mi`m 2t2+mȧB2X S`Q+2bmH
CQ#h`+F2` i`BKBi2 T`2Hm+``BH2 UDQ#@m`BV +i`2 T`Q+2b2H2 /2 iBT
hbFh`+F2` +`2 `mH2x T2 MQ/m`BH2 /BM +Hmbi2`mH /2 +H+mHiQ`2-
ŗM+2`+M/ b K2MȧBM T`2Hm+``BH2 +i KB T`QT2 /2 /i2H2 +`2
i`2#mB2b+ T`2Hm+ì2X .+ mM T`Q+2b hbFh`+F2` Mm `bTmM/2 ŗMi`@mM
MmKBi BMi2`pH /2 iBKT T`2bi#BHBi bm b2 i2`KBM +m 2`Q`2- T`Q+2bmH
CQ#h`+F2` p `2THMB}+ `2bT2+iBp2H2 T`2Hm+``BX 6B2+`2 T`Q+2b /2 iBT
hbFh`+F2` TQ`M2și2 +i2 Q KșBM pBìmH Cp T2Mi`m }2+`2 DQ# ŗM
Tì2 T2Mi`m 2pBi + hbFh`+F2`@mH ŗMbmșB b ŗșB ŗM+?2B2 2t2+mȧB /+
DQ#@mH +`2 i`2#mB2 2t2+mii p +QM/m+2 H i2`KBM`2 2t2+mȧB2B KșBMBB
pBìmH2 Cp ŗM +x /2 2`Q`2X hbFh`+F2`@mH șB CQ#h`+F2`@mH +QKmMB+
T2`BQ/B+ T2Mi`m +imHBx`2 bi`BB bBbi2KmHmBX ai`m+im` bBbi2KmHmB
>/QQT TQi2 } m`K`Bi ŗM };m` ReXjX
ReX9 AMi2;``2 ŗMi`2 _ șB >/QQT T2Mi`m T`Q+2b`2

pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2 /i2
ŖM T`2x2Mi 2tBbi mM MmK` 7Qì2 K`2 /2 T+?2i2 _ bm b+`BTi@m`B /2

T`2Hm+``2 șB MHBx /i2HQ`X liBHBx`2 +2biQ` ŗKT`2mM +m >/QQT
` T`2bmTmM2 ŗM KQ/ MQ`KH `2b+`B2`2 HQ` ŗM Cp- HBK#DmH Mim`H
T2Mi`m >/QQT- ŗMb +iBpBii2 /2 `2b+`B2`2 TQi2 +QM/m+2 H KmHi2
ReX9 AMi2;``2 ŗMi`2 _ șB >/QQT T2Mi`m T`Q+2b`2 pQHmK2HQ` K`B /2
/i2 kRd
6B;m` ReXj, ai`m+im` bBbi2KmHmB bQ7ir`2 >/QQT
2`Q`BX .2 +22 2bi2 KmHi KB 2}+B2Mi b b2 BMi2`7ȧ2x2 bBbi2KmH >/QQT

+m _ bi72H ŗM+i b b2 TQi T`2Hm+` +m b+`BTi@m`B _ /i2 K2KQì2 +m
>/QQT U>QHK2b- kyRkVX lM Hi KQiBp T2Mi`m +QMbi`mB Q BMi2`7ȧ ŗMi`2
_ șB >/QQT +QMbi ŗM 7TimH + _ ŗM+`+ /i2H2 ŗM K2KQ`B2 ŗM p2/2`2
T`2Hm+``BHQ` +22 +2 TQi2 } Q HBKBi`2 b2`BQb ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2
pQHmKmH /i2HQ` T`2Hm+ì2X S2Mi`m 2t2KTH2H2 /BM b2+ȧBmMBH2 m`KiQ`2
b@ 7QHQbBi Q KșBM pBìmH P`+H2 oJ oBìmH"Qt ŗM +`2 b@ BKTQìi
Q BK;BM2 UbM/#QtV +2 +QMȧBM2 T`2BMbiHi Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 >/QQTX
JșBM pBìmH oBìmH"Qt TQi2 } /2b+`+i ;ìmBi9 B` T`Q+2bmH /2
BMbiH`2 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTHmX .Bbi`B#mȧB /2 >/QQT miBHBxi ŗM
2t2KTH2H2 /BM +2bi +TBiQH 2bi2 +2 7m`MBxi /2 >QìQMrQ`FbX .2 H
/`2b ?QìQMrQ`FbX+QKf?/Tf/QrMHQ/b b2 /2b+`+ }șB2`mH BK;BM2
T2Mi`m oBìmH"Qt, >QìQMrQ`FbYaM/#QtYkXyYoBìmH"QtXQpX ŖM
+QMiBMm`2 b2 TQ`M2și2 KșBM pBìmH P`+H2 oJ oBìmH"Qt șB b2
BKTQì }șB2`mH BK;BM2 bi72H, 6BH2 @ AKTQì TTHBM+2 TQB b2
b2H2+i2x }șB2`mH >QìQMrQ`FbYaM/#QtYkXyYoBìmH"QtXQpX +2bi
}șB2` +QMȧBM2 Q BK;BM2 bBbi2KmHmB /2 QT2``2 *2MiPa U+`2 2bi2 Q
p2`bBmM2 /2 GBMmtV +m Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 /2 >/QQT T`2BMbiHiX lM imiQ`BH
bBKTHm `272`BiQ` H +2bi /Bbi`B#mȧB2 b2 TQi2 ;bB H /`2b,
?iiT,ff?QìQMrQ`FbX+QKf?/Tf/Q+bX JșBM pBìmH b2 TQ`M2și2
9 P`+H2 oBìmH"Qt b2 TQi2 /2b+`+ /2 H /`2b

?iiTb,ffrrrXpBìmH#QtXQ`;frBFBf.QrMHQ/b
kR3 "B; .i șB _
6B;m` ReX9, JșBM pBìmH +`2 `mH2x >/QQT
b2H2+iM/ J+?BM2 @ aiì /BM K2MBmH T`BM+BTH H P`+H2 oJ

oBìmH"QtX
ReX9XR _ șB ai`2KBM;
ai`2KBM; `2T`2xBMi Q i2?MQHQ;B2 BMi2;ì ŗM >/QQT +`2 T2`KBi2

`mH`2 DQ#@m`BHQ` JT_2/m+2 +m DmiQ`mH Q`B+`mB b+`BTi bm T`Q;`K
2t2+mi#BH +`2 2bi2 +T#BH b +Bi2b+ șB b b+`B2 /i2 /2 H +QMbQH
biM/`/ Ubi/BM `2bT2+iBp bi/Qmi 7QHQbBM/ /2MmKB`BH2 +QMb+ì2 /2D BM
K2/BmH lMBtfGBMmtVX +2bi ŗMb2KM + b2 TQi2 7QHQbB i2?MQHQ;B
ai`2KBM; ŗKT`2mM +m b+`BTi@m`B _ ii ŗM 7x JT +i șB ŗM 7x
_2/m+2 ŗMi`m+i b+`BTi@m`BH2 _ TQi +BiBfb+`B2 /i2 /2 H bi/BMfbi/QmiX a2
pQ` 7QHQbB +QK2MxBH2 >/QQT T2Mi`m HMb ŗM 2t2+mȧB2 DQ#@m`B +`2
7QHQb2b+ ai`2KBM;- `;mK2Mi2H2 THbi2 ŗM HBMB /2 +QKM/ BM/B+M/
b+`BTi@m`BH2 +`2 `mH2x 7mM+ȧB JT `2bT2+iBp 7mM+ȧB _2/m+2X S2Mi`m
2t2KTHB}+`2 b2 p TQ`MB KșBM pBìmH P`+H2 oBìmH "Qt șB b2 p
`2HBx Q +QM2tBmM2 H +QMbQH GBMmt U*2MiPaV 7QHQbBM/ /`2Ti mb2`MK2
`QQi B` + T`QH ?/QQTX
P HBMB2 /2 +QKM/ +`2 `mH2x mM DQ# JT_2/m+2 +m +2H2 /Qm 7mM+ȧBB
BKTH2K2Mii2 ŗM b+`BTi@m`B _ ì bi72H,
0 0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT D` 0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f+QMi`B#

fbi`2KBM;f XD` $
@BMTmi7Q`Ki Q`;XT+?2X?/QQTXKT`2/Xh2tiAMTmi6Q`Ki $
@BMTmi BMTmin/iXiti $
@QmiTmi QmiTmi $
@KTT2` f?QK2fibifb`+fKTX_ $
/i2 kRN
@`2/m+2` f?QK2fibifb`+f`2/m+2X_ $
@7BH2 f?QK2fibifb`+fKTX_ $
@7BH2 f?QK2fibifb`+f`2/m+2X_
o`B#BH >.PPSn>PJ1 i`2#mB2 b +QMȧBM +H2 +i`2 /B`2+iQ`mH

mM/2 2bi2 BMbiHi >/QQTX ŖM +2bi 2t2KTHm b2 T`2bmTmM2 + }șB2`mH +m
/i2H2 /2 BMi``2 /2MmKBi BMTmin/iXiti 7Qbi /2D +QTBi /BM bBbi2KmH
/2 }șB2`2 HQ+H ŗM bBbi2KmH >.6aX a2KMB}+ȧB T`K2i`BHQ` /BM HBMB /2
+QKM/ 2bi2 m`KiQ`2,
Ç BMTmi7Q`Ki Q`;XT+?2X?/QQTXKT`2/Xh2tiAMTmi6Q`Ki
bT2+B}+ 7Q`KimH /i2HQ` /2 BMi``2 UŗM +xmH /2 7ȧ mM }bB2`
i2tiVc
Ç BMTmi BMTmin/iXiti bT2+B}+ }șB2`mH +`2 +QMȧBM2 /i2H2 /2

BMi``2c
Ç QmiTmi bT2+B}+ /B`2+iQ`mH /2 B2șB`2c ŗM +2bi /B`2+iQ` pQ` } b+`Bb2

`2xmHii2H2 DQ#@mHmBc
Ç KTT2` f?QK2fibifb`+fKTX_ bT2+B}+ b+`BTi@mH +`2

BKTH2K2Mi2x 7mM+ȧB JTc ŗM 2t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii +2bi b+`BTi
2bi2 /2MmKBi KTX_ șB 2bi2 HQ+HBxi ŗM /B`2+iQ`mH f?QK2fibifb`+fc
Ç `2/m+2` f?QK2fibifb`+f`2/m+2X_ bT2+B}+ b+`BTi@mH +`2

BKTH2K2Mi2x 7mM+ȧB _2/m+2c ŗM 2t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii +2bi b+`BTi
2bi2 /2MmKBi `2/m+2X_ șB 2bi2 HQ+HBxi ŗM /B`2+iQ`mH
f?QK2fibifb`+fc
Ç 7BH2 f?QK2fibifb`+fKTX_ BM/B+ 7TimH + b+`BTi@mH JTX_

i`2#mB2 +QTBi ŗM bBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi T2Mi`m } /BbTQMB#BH
KșBMBHQ`fMQ/m`BHQ` +`2 pQ` `mH DQ#@mH KT@`2/m+2c
Ç 7BH2 f?QK2fibifb`+f`2/m+2X_ BM/B+ 7TimH + b+`BTi@mH JTX_

i`2#mB2 +QTBi ŗM bBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi T2Mi`m } /BbTQMB#BH
KșBMBHQ`fMQ/m`BHQ` +`2 pQ` `mH DQ#@mH KT@`2/m+2X
a2 p 2t2KTHB}+ miBHBx`2 i2?MQHQ;B2B >/QQTai`2KBM; ŗKT`2mM +m _

T2 /Qm 2t2KTH2 +QM+`2i2X S`BKmH 2t2KTHm 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTHm șB +QMbi ŗM
+H+mH`2 a2 pQ` b+`B2 /Qm b+`BTim`B _- mMmH +`2 BKTH2K2Mi2x 7mM+ȧB
KTUV- +2HHHi 7mM+ȧB `2/m+2UVX S`BKmH b+`BTi /2MmKBi bm;2biBp KTX_
2bi2 `2/i ŗM +QMiBMm`2,
O5 fmb`f#BMf_b+`BTi
kky "B; .i șB _
HB#``vU>/QQTai`2KBM;V
`;b I@ +UV
`; I@ ?b*K/GBM2`;bU`;b- QT2M*QMM2+iBQMb 4 h_l1V
KTT2` I@ 7mM+iBQMUtV &
O RX b2 /2bTì HBMBBH2 /2 i2ti ŒM +mpBMi2 +`2 bmMi
O K2KQì2 ŒMi`@mM p2+iQ`
rQ`/b I@ mMHBbiUbi`bTHBiUt- ] ]VV
O kX /+} 2tBbi} +mpBMi2 +`2 Mm +QMȞBM MBKB+ 2H2
O bmMi 2HBKBMi2
rQ`/b I@ rQ`/b(5UrQ`/b 44 ^^V)
O jX b2 +`2x} mM Q#B2+i /2 iBT /i7`K2 +m Q bBM;m`}
O +QHQM} ^qQ`/^
/7 I@ /iX7`K2U^qQ`/^ 44 rQ`/bV
O 9X b2 /m;} Q +QHQM} /2MmKBi} ^*QmMi^ BMBȞBHBxi}
O +m pHQ`2 R
/7(-^*QmMi^) 4 R
O b2 b+`B2 Q#B2+imH /i7`K2 H +QMbQH} T2Mi`m 7B
O +BiBi /2 +}i`2 `2/m+2`
?bq`Bi2h#H2U/7(-+U^qQ`/^-^*QmMi^V)- 7BH2 4 `;0Qmi+QM-
b2T4^-^V
'
O b2 +Bi2ȑi2 Q HBMB2 /2 i2ti /2 H +QMbQH}

?bGBM2_2/2Ù`;0BM+QM- +?mMFaBx2 4 `;0+?mMFbBx2- 6lL 4 KTT2`V
B7 U5BbXMU`;0BM7BH2VV &
+HQb2U`;0BM+QMV
'
B7 U5BbXMU`;0Qmi7BH2VV &
+HQb2U`;0Qmi+QMV
'
S2Mi`m Tmi2 2t2+mi +2bi b+`BTi i`2#mB2 ŗM T`2H#BH BMbiHi T+?2imH

>/QQTai`2KBM;X a+`BTimH ŗM+2T2 +m ŗM+`+`2 T+?2imHmB
>/QQTai`2KBM; /mT +`2 b2 +`22x mM p2+iQ` `;b +`2 2bi2
i`MbKBb + `;mK2Mi 7mM+ȧB2B ?b*K/GBM2`;bX +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 T`2B
`;mK2Mi2H2 /BM HBMB /2 +QKM/ +m +`2 2bi2 `mHi b+`BTimH KTX_
T2`KBȧM/ bT2+B}+`2 }șB2`2HQ` /2 BMi``2- B2șB`2- b2TìQ`mH ŗMi`2
pHQ`B șB QTȧBQMH TQi2 /2b+?B/2 +QM2tBmMBH2 /2 BMi``2fB2șB`2X ŖM
+QMiBMm`2 b2 /2+H` Q 7mM+ȧB2 /2MmKBi KTT2ÙV +`2 T`2B Q HBMB2 /2
i2ti /BM }șB2`mH /2 BMi``2- b2T` +mpBMi2H2- +`22x mM Q#B2+i /2 iBT
/i7`K2 +m /Qm +QHQM2- T2 T`BK K2KQ`M/ +mpBMi2H2 i2timHmB B`
/i2 kkR
T2 /Qm pHQ`2 RX +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 +`22x /2+B T2`2+?B U+?2B2-

pHQ`2V mM/2 +?2B 2bi2 `2T`2x2Mii /2 }2+`2 +mpMi B` /`2Ti pHQ`2
p2K /2Q+K/i RX +2bi2 T2`2+?B bmMi TQB b+`Bb2 ŗM }șB2`mH /2 B2șB`2-
/B+ H +QMbQH +m DmiQ`mH 7mM+ȧB2B ?bq`Bi2h#H2UVX a+`BTimH KTX_
+QMȧBM2 TQB mM T2H H 7mM+ȧB2B ?bGBM2_2/2ÙV +`2 +Bi2și2 Q HBMB2 /BM
}șB2`mH /2 BMi``2 UbT2+B}+i /2 `;mK2MimH `;0BM+QMV șB THB+ 7mM+ȧB
KTT2ÙV T2 +2bi HBMB2 U6lL 4 KTT2`VX
H /QBH2 b+`BTi /2MmKBi `2/m+2X_ /2}M2și2 7mM+ȧB `2/m+2ÙV +`2
ŗMbmK2x MmK`mH T`BȧBBHQ` T2Mi`m }2+`2 +mpMi șB }ș2x T2 2+`M
+mpMimH m`Ki /2 MmK`mH /2 T`BȧBBX ŖM +/`mH +2bimB b+`BTi b2
T2H2x 7mM+ȧB ?bh#H2_2/2ÙV +`2 +Bi2și2 /BM }șB2`mH /2 BMi``2
UbT2+B}+i T`BM `;mK2MimH `;0BM+QMV T+?2i2 /2 /i2 +m +`2 +`2x
Q#B2+i2 /2 iBT /iX7`K2 bB;m`M/m@b2 + iQi2 `M/m`BH2 +`2 +QMȧBM
+22șB pHQ`2 +?2BB bmMi ŗKT+?2ii2 ŗM +2HșB Q#B2+i /iX7`K2
UT`BM `;mK2MimH bBM;H2E2v 4 h_l1V șB i`BKBi2 +2bi Q#B2+i mM2B 7mM+ȧBB
bT2+B}+i2 T`BM `;mK2MimH 6lLX
O5fmb`f#BMf_b+`BTi
HB#``vU>/QQTai`2KBM;V
`;b I@ +UV
`; I@ ?b*K/GBM2`;bU`;b- QT2M*QMM2+iBQMb 4 h_l1V
`2/m+2` I@ 7mM+iBQMU/V &

+iU/(R-^qQ`/^)- bmKU/0*QmMiV- ^$M^- b2T 4 ^-^V
'
O /27BMBK MmK2H2 +QHQM2HQ` ȑB iBTm`BH2 HQ`
+QHb 4 HBbiUqQ`/ 4 ^^- *QmMi 4 yV
?bh#H2_2/2Ù`;0BM+QM- +QHb- +?mMFaBx2 4 `;0+?mMFaBx2-
bFBT 4 y-
b2T 4 ^-^- F2v*QH 4 ^qQ`/^- bBM;H2E2v 4 h- B;MQ`2E2v 4 6-
6lL 4 `2/m+2`V
O BM+?B/ 7BbB2`2 /2b+?Bb2 Ubi/BM- bi/QmiV

B7 U5BbXMU`;0BM7BH2VV &
+HQb2U`;0BM+QMV
'
B7 U5BbXMU`;0Qmi7BH2VV &
+HQb2U`;0Qmi+QMV
'
S2Mi`m `mH +2H2 /Qm b+`BTim`B + mM DQ# JT_2/m+2 b2 p TQ`MB KșBM

pBìmH +`2 +QMȧBM2 BK;BM2 >/QQT- șB b2 p 7+2 +QM2+i`2 H +QMbQH
kkk "B; .i șB _
7QHQbBM/ /`2Ti mb2`MK2 `QQi șB T`QH ?/QQTX S2Mi`m b+QTmH /2 i2bi

b+`BTim`BH2- +2bi2 b2 TQi `mH 7` BKTHB+ >/QQT ibiM/ m`KiQ`2
+QKM/ ŗM +QMbQH GBMmt,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O+i +mpBMi2Xiti % XfKTX_ @K % bQì %

Xf`2/m+2X_ @`
`;mK2MimH @K i`MbKBb b+`BTi@mHmB KTX_ BM/B+ 7TimH + +2bi `mH2x

7mM+ȧB KTUV ŗM iBKT +2 `;mK2MimH @` i`MbKBb b+`BTi@mHmB `2/m+2X_
BM/B+ 7TimH + +2bi `mH2x 7mM+ȧB `2/m+2UVX +2bi KQ/ /2 2t2+mȧB2
2bi2 miBH ŗM bT2+BH T2Mi`m /2TM`2 T`Q;`K2HQ`X a2 Q#b2`p 7TimH +
ŗMi`2 7mM+ȧB KTUV șB `2/m+2UV 7Qbi BMi`Q/mb +QKM/ bQì /2Q`2+2
7mM+ȧB `2/m+2UV și2Ti + T2`2+?BH2 /2 BMi``2 b }2 bQìi2X
S2Mi`m `mH +2bi DQ# ŗM K2/BmH >/QQT b2 pQ` BMi`Q/m+2 ŗM HBMB /2
+QKM/ m`KiQ`2H2,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @Tmi +mpBMi2Xiti

(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @`K` QmiTmi
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT D`
fmb`fHB#f?/QQT@KT`2/m+2f?/QQT@bi`2KBM;@kXkXyXkXyXeXy@deXD` $
@BMTmi f+mpBMi2Xiti $
@QmiTmi QmiTmi $
@KTT2` ǫKTX_ @KǬ $
@`2/m+2` ǫ`2/m+2X_ @`Ǭ $
@7BH2 XfKTX_ @7BH2 Xf`2/m+2X_
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @+i QmiTmifTì
S`BK +QKM/ `2HBx2x +QTB2`2 }șB2`mHmB +mpBMi2Xiti /BM bBbi2KmH /2

}șB2`2 HQ+H ŗM >.6aX /Qm +QKM/ și2`;2 /B`2+iQ`mH QmiTmi /BM
>.6a +`2 2bi2 /B`2+iQ`mH biM/`/ ŗM +`2 bmMi b+`Bb2 `2xmHii2H2 mMmB
DQ# JT_2/m+2 T2Mi`m M2 bB;m` + +2bi Mm 2tBbi /2D /2 H mM DQ#
T`2+2/2MiX l`K2x TQB HBMB +`2 HMb2x 272+iBp DQ#mH JT_2/m+2-
b2KM}+ȧB T`K2i`BHQ` }BM/ T`2x2Mii Mi2`BQ`X lHiBK +QKM/
}ș2x `2xmHiimH DQ#mHmBX ŖM KQ/ BKTHB+Bi- `2xmHiimH mMmB DQ#
JT_2/m+2 2bi2 biQ+i bm# 7Q`K mMQ` }șB2`2 +m MmK2H2 Tìyyy-
TìyyR- 2i+X
H /QBH2 2t2KTHm miBHBx2x }șB2`mH Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp +`2 7Qbi /2D
/2b+`+i șB +m +`2 b@ Hm+ì Mi2`BQ`X S2Mi`m ŗM+2Tmi b2 p +H+mH
pHQ`2 K2/B2 }2+`2B +ȧBmMB + K2/B2 `BiK2iB+ ŗMi`2 pHQ`2 KBMBK
șB +2 KtBK /BM +m`bmH mM2B xBH2X S2Mi`m +2bi p2K M2pQB2 /Q` /2
7mM+ȧB JT +`2 2bi2 BKTH2K2Mii ŗM b+`BTi@mH m`KiQ` bHpi ŗMi`@mM
}șB2` +m MmK2H2 K2/BnxBHMB+X_,
/i2 kkj
O5 fmb`f#BMf_b+`BTi
O b2 /2x+iBp2x} K2bD2H2 /2 p2ìBx`2
QTiBQMbUr`M 4 @RV
O b2 `2/B`2+ȞBQM2x Q`B+2 QmiTmi +}i`2 /BbTQxBiBpmH MmHH
bBMFU]f/2pfMmHH]V
Ob2 /2b+?B/2 7BȑB2`mH /2 BMi``2 @ +QMbQH

BMTmi I@ 7BH2U]bi/BM]- ]`]V
Ob2 +Bi2b+ /i2H2 /2 BMi``2- HBMB2 +m HBMB2

r?BH2 UH2M;i?U+m``2MiGBM2 I@ `2/GBM2bUBMTmi-M 4 R-r`M 4 6Ga1VV = yV
&
O pHQ`BH2 /2 T2 Q HBMB2 +BiBi} bmMi K2KQì2 ŒMi`@mM p2+iQ`
7B2H/b I@ mMHBbiUbi`bTHBiU+m``2MiGBM2- ]-]VV
O b2 7+2 K2/B `BiK2iB+} pHQ`BHQ` /2 T2 TQxBȞBBH2
O 8 ȑB e /BM p2+iQ`- +QHQ mM/2 bmMi K2KQì2
O pHQ`BH2 KBMBK2 `2bT2+iBp KtBK2 H2 mM2B +ȞBmMB
HQr>B;? I@ +UbX/Qm#H2U7B2H/b(8)V- bX/Qm#H2U7B2H/b(e)VV
K2M I@ K2MUHQr>B;?V
O b2 MmH2x} `2/B`2+ȞBQM`2 K2bD2HQ` +}i`2 /BbTQxBiBpmH MmHH
bBMFUV
O b2 7Bȑ2x bBK#QHmH #m`b2B- H +ȞBmMBB ȑB pHQ`2 K2/B2
+iU7B2H/b(R)- 7B2H/b(k)- K2M- ]$M]- b2T 4 ]-]V
bBMFU]f/2pfMmHH]V
'
Ob2 ŒM+?B/2 7BȑB2`mH /2 BMi``2

+HQb2UBMTmiV
a+`BTi@mH +QMȧBM2 +QK2Mi`BB bm;2biBp2X 1t2+mȧB +2bimB b+`BTi 7` 7+2

mx /2 >/QQT b2 TQi2 `2HBx bi72H,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O+i Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp % K2/BnxBHMB+X_
.+ b2 /Q`2și2 b b2 2t2+mi2 b+`BTimH 7QHQbBM/ K2/BmH >/QQT imM+B b2

T`Q+2/2x bi72H,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @Tmi

Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp f
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT D`
fmb`fHB#f?/QQT@KT`2/m+2f?/QQT@bi`2KBM;@kXkXyXkXyXeXy@deXD` $
kk9 "B; .i șB _
@. KT`2/m+2XDQ#X`2/m+2b4y $
@BMTmi fLua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp $
@QmiTmi QmiTmi $
@KTT2` XfK2/BnxBHMB+X_ $
@7BH2 XfK2/BnxBHMB+X_ $
?/QQT 7b ė+i QmiTmifTì
a2 +QMbii + b@ 7QHQbBi mM `;mK2Mi T`BM +`2 b2 bT2+B}+ 7TimH +

2tBbi /2+i Tì2 JT, ė. KT`2/m+2XDQ#X`2/m+2b4yX ŖM +QMiBMm`2
b2 /Q`2și2 +H+mH`2 K2/B2B T2 }2+`2 iBT /2 +ȧBmM2 ŗM Tì2X ŖM +2bi
+x 7mM+ȧB JT 2bi2 +2 BKTH2K2Mii Mi2`BQ` șB bHpi ŗM }șB2`mH
K2/BnxBHMB+X_X 6mM+ȧB _2/m+2 p } BKTH2K2Mii +m DmiQ`mH
b+`BTi@mHmB K2/BX_ T`2x2Mii ŗM +QMiBMm`2X a+`BTi@mH ŗM+2T2 T`BM
/2x+iBp`2 }ș`BB K2bD2HQ` /2 2`Q`2 TQB b2 `2/B`2+ȧBQM2x Q`B+2
QmiTmi +i`2 /BbTQxBiBpmH MmHHX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 b2 /2+H` Q 7mM+ȧB2
QmiTmio: +`2 T`BK2și2 + `;mK2Mi2 /2MmKB`2 mM2B +ȧBmMB șB pHQ`BH2
K2/BB xBHMB+2- +H+mH2x K2/B +2biQ` pHQ`B șB }ș2x TQB H +QMbQH
/2MmKB`2 +ȧBmMBB șB pHQ`2 2B K2/B2X a2 /2+H` TQB }șB2`mH /2
BMi``2 +`2 p } +QMbQH UbiM/`/ BMTmiV șB b2 +Bi2și2 HBMB2 +m HBMB2
QmiTmi@mH T`Q/mb /2 7mM+ȧB JT T2Mi`m +22șB +ȧBmM2 U+22șB pHQ`2
+?2BBV- b2 +`2x mM p2+iQ` /2MmKBi K2Mb +`2 p +QMȧBM2 pHQ`BH2
K2/BB 2KBb2 /2 7mM+ȧB JTX ŖM }MH b2 ŗM+?B/2 }șB2`mH /2 BMi``2X
QTiBQMbUr`M 4 @RV
bBMFU]f/2pfMmHH]V
QmiTmio: I@ 7mM+iBQMUbiQ+F- K2MbV &

biQ+FnK2M I@ K2MUK2MbV
bBMFUV
+iUbiQ+F- biQ+FnK2M- ]$M]- b2T 4 ]-]V
bBMFU]f/2pfMmHH]V
'
BMTmi I@ 7BH2U]bi/BM]- ]`]V

T`2pE2v I@ ^^
K2Mb I@ MmK2`B+UyV
r?BH2UH2M;i?U+m``2MiGBM2 I@ `2/GBM2bUBMTmi-
M 4 R-r`M 4 6Ga1VV = yV &
7B2H/b I@ mMHBbiUbi`bTHBiU+m``2MiGBM2- ]-]V
F2v I@ 7B2H/b(k)
K2M I@ bX/Qm#H2U7B2H/b(j)V
/i2 kk8
B7UB/2MiB+HUT`2pE2v- ^^V %% B/2MiB+HUT`2pE2v- F2vVV &

T`2pE2v I@ F2v
K2Mb I@ +UK2Mb- K2MV
' 2Hb2 &
QmiTmio:UT`2pE2v- K2MbV
T`2pE2v I@ F2v
K2Mb I@ MmK2`B+UyV
'
'
B7U5B/2MiB+HUT`2pE2v- ^^VV &
QmiTmio:UT`2pE2v- K2MbV
'
+HQb2UBMTmiV
1t2+mȧB +2bimB DQ# 7` T2H H >/QQT b2 TQi2 `2HBx bi72H,
+i Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp % XfK2/BnxBHMB+X_ % bQì ė@F2v4R-k %

XfK2/BX_
*QKM/ +i }ș2x +QMȧBMmimH }șB2`mHmB /2 /i2 H +QMbQH /2 mM/2

2bi2 +BiBi /2 +i`2 b+`BTi@mH K2/BnxBHMB+X_X PmiTmi@mH 2bi2 TQB bQìi
/mT +QHQM2H2 R șB k U+QKM/ bQì ĜF2v4R-kV ŗMi`m+i 7mM+ȧB _2/m+2
și2Ti + T2`2+?BH2 U+?2B2- pHQ`2V b }2 bQìi2 /mT +?2BX ŖM }MH
/i2H2 bmMi T`2Hm+ì2 /2 7mM+ȧB _2/m+2 BKTH2K2Mii +m DmiQ`mH b+`BTi@
mHmB K2/BX_X
1t2+mȧB +2bimB DQ# +m DmiQ`mH >/QQT b2 `2HBx2x bi72H,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O 0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @Tmi $

Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O 0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @`K` QmiTmi
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O 0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT D`
fmb`fHB#f?/QQT@KT`2/m+2f?/QQT@bi`2KBM;kXkXyXkXyXeXy@deXD` $
@BMTmi fLua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp @QmiTmi QmiTmi $
@KTT2` XfK2/BnxBHMB+X_ @`2/m+2` XfK2/BX_ $
@7BH2 XfK2/BnxBHMB+X_ @7BH2 XfK2/BX_
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O ?/QQT 7b @+i QmiTmifTì
kke "B; .i șB _
ReX9Xk _>/QQT
_>/QQT 2bi2 mM T`QB2+i /2 iBT QT2M bQm`+2 /2xpQHii /2 _2pQHmiBQM

MHviB+b8 +`2 7m`MBx2x Q BMi2;``2 T2 Tì2 +HB2Mi ŗMi`2 _ șB
>/QQTX +2bi T2`KBi2 `mH`2 DQ#@m`BHQ` /2 iBT JT_2/m+2 /BM _ șB
+QMbi ŗMi`@Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 KB KmHi2 T+?2i2,
Ç THv`K` @ 7m`MBx2x 7mM+ȧBB /2 T`Q+2b`2 /i2HQ` bi`m+imì2 /2 iBT

THv`- /BbTmMM/ /2 QT2`ȧBB /2 KMBTmH`2 b2im`BHQ` K`B /2 /i2
K2KQì2 /2 >/QQTc
Ç `K` @ +QMȧBM2 Q +QH2+ȧB2 /2 7mM+ȧBB +`2 7m`MBx2x BKTH2K2Mi`2
KQ/2HmHmB JT_2/m+2 ŗM _c
Ç `/7b @ `2T`2xBMi Q BMi2`7ȧ ŗMi`2 _ șB >.6a- 7m`MBxM/ QT2`ȧBB /2
KM;2K2Mi H }șB2`2HQ` biQ+i2 ŗM >.6a /BM _c
Ç `?#b2 @ 2bi2 Q BMi2`7ȧ ŗMi`2 _ șB >"b2 șB 7m`MBx2x 7mM+ȧBB /2
KM;2K2Mi H #x2HQ` /2 /i2 >"b2 ŗM _X
AMbiH`2 _>/QQT 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTH- +m iQi2 + _>/QQT /2TBM/2

/2 Hi2 T+?2i2 _X S2Mi`m Hm+` +m _>/QQT b2 p BMbiH _ șB iQi2
T+?2i2H2 +2 T`ȧBM _>/QQT T2 }2+`2 .iLQ/2 /BM +Hmbi2`mH >/QQT,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]_CaPLAP]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]Bi2ìQQHb]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]/B;2biǬV
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]`Cp]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]_+TT]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]7mM+iBQMH]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]`2b?T2k]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]THv`]V
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]+hQQHb]V
S+?2imH `K` b2 p BMbiH /BM `?Bp +2 +QMȧBM2 +Q/mH bm`b,
= BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]`K`knjXRXRXi`X;x]- `2TQ 4 LlGG-

ivT2 4 ]bQm`+2]V
b2KMiQ` b2 BMbiH2x șB +2H2HHi2 T+?2i2 +`2 +QKTmM _>/QQT,

`/7b- THv`K`- `?#b2X ai`m+im` mMmB T`Q;`K _ +`2 miBHBx2x
_>/QQT T2Mi`m `mH`2 mMmB DQ# JT_2/m+2 2bi2 m`KiQ`2,
8 ?iiT,ffrrrX`2pQHmiBQMMHviB+bX+QKf
/i2 kkd
= HB#``vU`K`kV
= KT I@ 7mM+iBQMUF-pV & ē'
= `2/m+2 I@ 7mM+iBQMUF-ppV & ē'
= KT`2/m+2U
BMTmi 4 ]/iXiti]-
QmiTmi 4 ]QmiTmi]-
i2tiBMTmi7Q`Ki 4 `ri2tiBMTmi7Q`Ki-
KT 4 KT-
`2/m+2 4 `2/m+2
V
ŖM T`BKmH `M/ b2 ŗM+`+ ŗM K2KQ`B2 T+?2imH `K`- TQB m`K2x /2}MB`2

7mM+ȧB2B KTUV +`2 T`BK2și2 + `;mK2Mi2 Q T2`2+?2 U+?2B2- pHQ`2VX a2
/2}M2și2 TQB 7mM+ȧB `2/m+2UV +`2 T`BK2și2 + `;mK2Mi2 Q +?2B2 șB Q
HBbi /2 pHQ`B +2 +Q`2bTmM/ +2H2B +?2BX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 2bi2 /2}MBi șB HMbi
ŗM 2t2+mȧB2 DQ#mH JT_2/m+2 T`BM T2HmH 7mM+ȧB2B KT`2/m+2UVX +2bi
`2 KB KmHi2 `;mK2Mi2 +`2 /2}M2b+ }șB2`mH +m /i2H2 /2 BMi``2- }șB2`mH
mM/2 pQ` } b+`Bb2 `2xmHii2H2- 7Q`KimH /i2HQ` /2 BMi``2- MmK2H2 7mM+ȧB2B
KTUV șB `2bT2+iBp H 7mM+ȧB2B `2/m+2UVX
a2 ì KQ/mH /2 miBHBx`2 _>/QQT T`BM /Qm 2t2KTH2 +QM+`2i2
US`DTiB- kyRjVX ŖM T`BKmH 2t2KTHm b2 p 7QHQbB + }șB2` /2 /i2 }șB2`mH
Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp miBHBxi șB ŗM 2t2KTH2H2 Mi2`BQ`2 șB b2 /Q`2și2
+H+mH`2 pHQ`BB K2/BB }2+`2B +ȧBmMB T2 iQi T2`BQ/ /2
i`Mx+ȧBQM`2 UK2/B2 ìBK2iB+ ŗMi`2 pHQ`2 KtBK șB +2 KBMBK
/BM +m`bmH mM2B xBH2VX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 2bi2 `2/i b+`BTi@mH _ UbHpi +m
MmK2H2 K2/B@`?/QQTX_V +`2 `2HBx2x +2bi Hm+`mX
O5fmb`f#BMf_b+`BTi
HB#``vU`K`kV
`K`XQTiBQMbU#+F2M/ 4 ]HQ+H]V
KT I@ 7mM+iBQMUF-pV &

F2vpHUF- pV
'
`2/m+2 I@ 7mM+iBQMUF-ppV &

F2vpHUF- K2MUbXMmK2`B+UmMHBbiUppVVVV
'
+bpX`2/2` 4
7mM+iBQMU+QM- M`2+bV&
HBM2b 4 `2/GBM2bU+QM- RV
kk3 "B; .i șB _
B7UH2M;i?UHBM2bV 44 yV
LlGG
2Hb2 &
/2HBK 4 bi`bTHBiUHBM2b- bTHBi 4 ]-]V
F2vpHU
bTTHvU/2HBK- 7mM+iBQMUtV t(k)V-
HBbiU
bTTHvU/2HBK- 7mM+iBQMUtV t(8)V-
bTTHvU/2HBK- 7mM+iBQMUtV t(e)VVV
'
'
KT`2/m+2U
BMTmi 4 ]fLua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp]-
QmiTmi 4 ]QmiTmi]-
BMTmiX7Q`Ki 4 KF2XBMTmiX7Q`KiUKQ/2 4 ]i2ti]- 7Q`Ki 4
+bpX`2/2`V-
QmiTmiX7Q`Ki 4 ]i2ti]-
KT 4 KT-
`2/m+2 4 `2/m+2
V
a+`BTi@mH ŗM+2T2 T`BM ŗM+`+`2 T+?2imHmB `K`k TQB m`K2x

BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 `K`XQTiBQMbU#+F2M/4]HQ+H]V +`2 BM/B+ 7TimH +
}șB2`mH /2 /i2 b2 ~ T2 bBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 HQ+H șB Mm i`2#mB2 BKTHB+i
bBbi2KmH >/QQT ŗM ++2b`2 HmBX +2bi KQ/ /2 2t2+mȧB2 2bi2 miBH T2Mi`m
i2bi șB /2TM b+`BTi@mHX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 2bi2 /2+Hì 7mM+ȧB KTUV
+`2 Mm 7+2 /2+i b 2KBi T2`2+?B /2 iBTmH U+?2B2- pHQ`2VX 6mM+ȧB
`2/m+2UV T`BK2și2 + `;mK2Mi2 Q +?2B2 șB Q HBbi /2 pHQ`B
+Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 +?2BB- +H+mHM/ K2/B +2biQ` pHQ`BX S2Mi`m +BiB`2
/i2HQ` /BM }șB2`mH /2 BMi``2 /2+H`K 7mM+ȧB +bpX`2/2ÙV +`2
+Bi2și2 HBMB2 +m HBMB2 }șB2`mH /2 BMi``2- }2+`2 HBMB2 2bi2 TQB b2Tì ŗM
+mpBMi2 UT`BM T2HmH 7mM+ȧB2B bi`bTHBiUVV bB b2 7Q`K2x T2`2+?B U+?2B2-
pHQ`2V mM/2 +?2B `2T`2xBMi /2MmKB`2 mM2B +ȧBmMB Ub2 ;b2și2 T2
TQxBȧB /Qm }2+`2B HBMBB }șB2`mHmB /2 BMi``2V B` pHQ`2 2bi2 Q
HBbi +m pHQ`BH2 /2 T2 TQxBȧBBH2 8 șB e /BM HBMB /2 BMi``2 UB+B b2 ;b2b+
pHQ`BH2 KBMBK2 șB KtBK2 H2 }2+`2B +ȧBmMB ŗMi`@Q xB #m`bB2`VX ŖM
}MHmH b+`BTi@mHmB b2 T2H2x 7mM+ȧB KT`2/m+2UV +`2 T`BK2și2 +
`;mK2Mi2 /2MmKB`2 }șB2`mHmB +m /i2H2 /2 BMi``2- /2MmKB`2 }șB2`mHmB
mM/2 pQ` } b+`Bb2 `2xmHii2H2 UQmiTmiV- 7mM+ȧB +`2 +Bi2și2 /i2H2 /2
BMi``2 U`;mK2MimH BMTmiX7Q`KiV- 7Q`KimH /i2HQ` /2 B2șB`2 Ui2tiV-
/2MmKB`BH2 7mM+ȧBBHQ` KTUV șB `2/m+2UVX
/i2 kkN
.mT +2 b2 și2`;2 HBMB `K`XQTiBQMbU#+F2M/4]HQ+H]V- 2t2+mȧB +2bimB

DQ# +m DmiQ`mH >/QQT b2 `2HBx2x /BM +QMbQH KșBMBB pBìmH2 bi72H,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O2tTQì >.PPSn*J.4fmb`f#BMf?/QQT

(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O2tTQì >.PPSnah_1JAL:4fmb`fHB#f?/QQT
@KT`2/m+2f?/QQT@bi`2KBM;@kXkXyXkXyXeXy@deXD`
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @Tmi
Lua1@kyyy@kyyRXibp
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )OXfK2/B@`?/QQTX_
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O?/QQT 7b ė+i QmiTmifTì
H /QBH2 2t2KTHm /2 miBHBx`2 _>/QQT b2 `272` H 2biBK`2 mMmB

KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` 7QHQbBM/ K2iQ/ +2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2X 1tBbi
șB Hi2 KQ/HBiȧB /2 2biBK KQ/2H2 /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB`2 +m _ bB >/QQT
ŗM 7` /2 +2H T`2x2Mii B+B- iQimH /2TBM/2 /2 T`Q#H2K +`2 i`2#mB2
`2xQHpi șB BK;BMȧB MHBbimHmB ŗM i`MbTmM2 T`Q#H2K ŗM i2`K2MB
JT_2/m+2X lM KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 HBMB` `2 7Q`K m`KiQ`2,
yi = β 1 × xi1 + · · · + β p × xip + ϵi = xiT × β + ϵi , i = 1, . . . , n UReXkV
mM/2 yi 2bi2 p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi B` p2+iQ`mH xi U/2 /BK2MbBmM2 pV

`2T`2xBMi `2;`2bQ`BB HmȧB ŗM +H+mH Up`B#BH2H2 2tTHB+iBp2-
BM/2T2M/2Mi2V- i B pHQ`B /2 H 1 H nX
*2H2 n 2+mȧBB TQi } Tmb2 bm# Q 7Q`K Ki`B+BH,
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ T⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ T⎞ ⎛ T⎞
y1 x1 x1,1 · · · x1,p β1 ϵ1
⎜ y2 ⎟ ⎜ x T ⎟ ⎜ x2,1 · · · x2,p ⎟ ⎜ βT ⎟ ⎜ϵT ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
y = ⎜ X ⎟,X = ⎜ X ⎟ = ⎜ X
X X X X X XX ⎟ , β = ⎜ XX ⎟ , ϵ = ⎜ XX ⎟
⎝X⎠ ⎝ X ⎠ ⎝ X X X ⎠ ⎝ X ⎠ ⎝X⎠
T T
yn xn xn,1 · · · xn,p βp ϵnT
UReXjV
bm,
y = X×β+ϵ UReX9V
o2+iQ`mH β 2bi2 p2+iQ`mH T`K2i`BHQ` +`2 i`2#mB2 2biBKȧBX J2iQ/

+2HQ` KB KB+B Tiì2 +`2 p } 7QHQbBi KBMBKBx2x bmK Tiì2HQ`
`2xB/mm`BHQ`X 6Q`KmH /2 +H+mH T2Mi`m 2biBK`2 p2+iQ`mHmB β 2bi2
U:mDìB- RNN8V ,
β̂ = ( X T X )−1 X T y UReX8V
kjy "B; .i șB _
a2 +H+mH2x mM T`Q/mb /2 Ki`B+B- X T X- TQB `2xmHiimH b2 BMp2`b2x-

( X T X )−1 X a2 +H+mH2x TQB T`Q/mbmH Ki`B+2@p2+iQ` X T y șB b2 ŗMKmHi2bi2
+m `2xmHiimH BMi2`K2/B` ( X T X )−1 X +2bi2 +H+mH2 bmMi 2+?BpH2Mi2 +m
`2xQHp`2 mMmB bBbi2K HBMB`,
X T Xβ = X T y UReXeV
mM/2 X T X 2bi2 Ki`B+2 bBbi2KmHmB HBMB`- X T y 2bi2 i2`K2MmH HB#2` B` β

2bi2 M2+mMQb+miX _2xQHp`2 +2bimB bBbi2K 2bi2 2+?BpH2Mi +m
m`KiQ`2 QT2`ȧB2 Ki`B+BH,
β = ( X T X ) −1 X T y UReXdV
ŖM _ 2tBbi Q 7mM+ȧB2 T`2/2}MBi T2Mi`m bi72H /2 T`Q#H2K2 U`2xQHp`2

bBbi2K2HQ` HBMB`2V , bQHp2U- #- XXXVX +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 `2 /QB
T`K2i`B, Ki`B+2 bBbi2KmHmB șB i2`K2MmH HB#2`X ŖM +xmH /2 7ȧ
+2bi 7mM+ȧB2 p } T2Hi bi72H,
solve( X T X, X T y) UReX3V
hQi +2 i`2#mB2 7+mi 2bi2 +H+mHmH i`MbTmb2B Ki`B+2B X șB TQB ŗMKmHȧB`2

+m X- TQB +m yX a bTmM2K + `2xQHpK Q T`Q#H2K ŗM +`2 p2K kyyyy
/2 Q#b2`pȧBB Un = 20000V șB R8 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 Uxi VX ŖM +2bi
bBimȧB2 Ki`B+2 X p p2 /BK2MbBmMBH2 (20000, 15) B` p2+iQ`mH y p } /2
/BK2MbBmM2 20000X a2 p TH2+ /2 H BTQi2x + Q Ki`B+2 A(20000, 15) Mm
TQi2 } biQ+i ŗM K2KQ`B mMmB bBM;m` +H+mHiQ` B` +H+mHmH i`MbTmb2B
șB ŗMKmHȧB`2 /2 b2K2M2 Mm TQi2 } 272+imi /2 mM bBM;m` +H+mHiQ`X
ŖM b+?BK#- T2HmH,
solve( X T X, X T y) UReXNV
TQi2 } 2t2+mii 7Qì2 mșQ` /2 mM bBM;m` +H+mHiQ`X .2 +2\ .+

ŗM+2`+K b +H+mHK /BK2MbBMmM2 Ki`B+2B X T X +QMbiiK + p2K /2
272+imi mM T`Q/mb ŗMi`2 /Qm Ki`B+B /2 m`KiQ`2H2 /BK2MbBmMB ,
(15, 20000) × (20000, 15) = (15, 15)X /B+ `2xmHiimH 2bi2 Q Ki`B+2 /2
/BK2MbBmM2 (15, 15) șB 2bi2 T2`72+i 72x#BH + +2bi `2xmHii b }2 biQ+i șB
T`2Hm+ì T2 mM bBM;m` +H+mHiQ`X .2 b2K2M2- /BK2MbBmM2 T`Q/mbmHmB
X T y 2bi2 (15, 20000) × (20000, 1) = (15, 1)X .2+B șB +2bi TQi2 } biQ+i
bB T`2Hm+ì mbQ` T2 mM bBM;m` +H+mHiQ`X
P#B2+iBpmH 2bi2 miBHBx`2 >/QQT T2Mi`m K2KQ``2 /i2HQ` BMBȧBH2 șB
T2Mi`m 272+im`2 +2HQ` /Qm T`Q/mb2X T2HmH }MH solve( X T X, X T y) p
} 272+imi ŗM KQ/ +HbB+- T2 mM bBM;m` +H+mHiQ`X a2 p /2}MB Ki`B+2
/i2 kjR
X +m pHQ`B H2iQ`2 Um`KM/ `2TìBȧB MQ`KHVX LmK`mH /2 2H2K2Mi2

H2 Ki`B+2B 2bi2 20000 × 15 = 300000,
= s I@ Ki`BtU`MQ`KUjyyyyyV- M+QH 4 R8V
a2 p /m; TQB Q +QHQM MQm H Ki`B+2 X +`2 p +QMȧBM2 pHQ`BH2

1, 2, 3 . . . 20000 UMmK`mH /2 `M/m`B H2 Ki`B+2B XVX oQK p2/2 ŗM
+QMiBMm`2 /2 +2 2bi2 M2pQB2 /2 +2bi +QHQM MQm BMi`Q/mbX
= sR I@ +#BM/UR,M`QrUsV- sV
6mM+ȧB +#BM/UV 272+im2x Q +QM+i2M`2 T2 +QHQM2 +2HQ` /Qm

`;mK2Mi2X _2xmHiimH p } Q Ki`B+2 /2 /BK2MbBmM2 Ukyyyy- ReV ŗM
+`2 T`BK +QHQM +QMȧBM2 pHQ`BH2 R-k-j-XXX-M`QrUsVX _2xmHiimH p }
b+`Bb ŗM bBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 /Bbi`B#mBi >.6a,
= sR I@ iQX/7bUsRV
a2 /2}M2și2 p2+iQ`mH y UH2 +`mB 2H2K2Mi2 bmMi iQi MmK2`2 H2iQ`2

/Bbi`B#mBi2 MQ`KHV,
= v I@ bXKi`BtU`MQ`KUkyyyyVV
SM +mK m 7Qbi /2}MBi2 /i2H2 /2 BMi``2X ŖMi`@Q THB+ȧB2 `2H +2bi2
pQ` T`Qp2MB /BM }șB2`2 /2D biQ+i2 ŗM >.6aX S`BKmH DQ# KT@`2/m+2 p }
/2}MBi +m b+QTmH /2 +H+mH T`Q/mbmH X T XX a2 p b+`B2 KB ŗMiB 7mM+ȧB
KTUV,
= KTT2` 4 7mM+iBQM UX- s`V &

s` 4 s`(-@R)
OT`BMiU/BKUs`VV
F2vpHUR- HBbiUiUs`V W W s`VV
'
B+B s`(-@R) ŗMb2KM iQi2 `M/m`BH2 șB +QHQM2H2 Ki`B+2B Xr KB

TmȧBM +QHQM RX .mT +mK 7Qbi ìi Mi2`BQ`- +QHQM R +QMȧBM2
pHQ`BH2 R-k-j-XXX-M`QrUsVX 6mM+ȧB KTUV p T`BKB H BMi``2 #HQ+m`B
/2 /i2 7Q`Ki2 /BM `M/m`B ŗMi`2;B H2 Ki`B+2B XX a@ MQii mM bi72H
/2 #HQ+ +m XrX .+ ŗM iBKTmH 2t2+mȧB2B b2 /Q`2și2 pBxmHBx`2
/BK2MbBmMBHQ` Ki`B+2B Xr b2 /2+QK2Mi2x HBMB OT`BMiU/BKUs`VVX S2
+H+mHiQ`mH T2 +`2 b@ i2bii b+`BTimH- KTT2ÙV 2bi2 T2Hi /2 j Q`B +m
kjk "B; .i șB _
T`BK2H2 d3Ry `M/m`B H2 Ki`B+2B X- TQB +m m`KiQ`2H2 d3RR `M/m`B

B` ŗM }MH +m mHiBK2H2 9jdN `M/m`BX ŖM +2bi +x Mm 2bi2 /2 BMi2`2b +?2B
T2 +`2 Q T`BK2și2 KTT2`@mHX PT2ìQ`mH W W `2HBx2x ŗMKmHȧB`2
/Qm Ki`B+BX +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 p `2HBx T`Q/mb2 /2 bm#Ki`B+B /2
/BK2MbBmMB KB KB+B /2+i /BK2MbBmM2 Ki`B+2B T`Q#H2K2B BMBȧBH2 șB p
i`BKBi2 `2xmHii2H2 +i`2 7mM+ȧB `2/m+2UV +`2 H2 p ŗMbmKX 6mM+ȧB
iUsV +H+mH2x i`MbTmb Ki`B+2B XX .+ b2 MHBx2x H;Q`BiKmH
+HbB+ /2 ŗMKmHȧB`2 /Qm Ki`B+B T2Mi`m +H+mHmH X T X b2 p +QMbii +
b2 TQi 7Q`K Ki`B+B /2 /BK2MbBmMB KB KB+B Ub2 `2ȧBM /Q` m `M/m`B
/BM Ki`B+2 BMBȧBH- +m m < n- n }BM/ MmK`mH iQiH /2 `M/m`BV +`2
b2 ŗMKmHȧ2b+ șB TQB b2 /mM `2xmHii2H2 T`ȧBH2X .2 +22 7mM+ȧB
`2/m+2ÙV p p2 b`+BM b /mM2 `2xmHii2H2 T`ȧBH2 2KBb2 /2
KTT2ÙV,
= `2/m+2` 4 7mM+iBQMUX- uV &

F2vpHUR- HBbiU_2/m+2UǮYǮ- uVV
'
S2Mi`m /2iHBB T`BpBM/ 7mM+ȧB _2/m+2UV b2 miBHBx2x ?2HTU_2/m+2V ŗMi`@

Q +QMbQH _X +2bi 7mM+ȧB2 2bi2 bBKBH` 7mM+ȧB2B bBKBH`2 /BM HBK#DmH
/2 T`Q;`K`2 7mM+ȧBQMH GAaSX S2Mi`m +H+mHmH T`Q/mbmHmB X T X b2 p
miBHBx,
= sis I@ pHm2bU
7`QKX/7bU
KT`2/m+2U
BMTmi 4 sR-
KT 4 KTT2`-
`2/m+2 4 `2/m+2`-
+QK#BM2 4 h
V
V
V((R))
6mM+ȧB KT`2/m+2UV p b+`B2 `2xmHiimH bm# 7Q`K mMQ` T2`2+?B U+?2B2-

pHQ`2V ŗM bBbi2KmH /2 }șB2`2 >.6a /2 mM/2 2bi2 ++2bi +m DmiQ`mH
7mM+ȧB2B 7`QKX/7bUXXXVX 6mM+ȧB pHm2bUV 2ti`;2 /Q` pHQ`BH2 /BM
T2`2+?BH2 U+?2B2- pHQ`2VX b2KMiQ` b2 p +H+mH X T y,
= KTT2`k 4 7mM+iBQM UX- s`V &

v` 4 v(s`(-R)-)
s` 4 s`(-@R)
/i2 kjj
F2vpHUR- HBbiUiUs`V W W v`VV

'
v` 4 v(s`(-R)-) `2ȧBM2 /BM p2+iQ`mH y /Q` 2H2K2Mi2H2 +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2

HBMBBHQ` Ki`B+2B XrX >/QQT p T2H KTT2`@mH +m #HQ+m`B /2 `M/m`B
H2 Ki`B+2B Q`B;BMH2 sR șB 2bi2 M2pQB2 b }2 b2H2+ii2 +2H2șB `M/m`B șB
/BM yX S2Mi`m +2bi Hm+`m b@ BMi`Q/mb +QHQM MQm ŗM sR U b2 p2/2
BMbi`m+ȧBmM2 sR I@ +#BM/UR,M`QrUsV- sVVX
siv I@ pHm2bU
7`QKX/7bU
KT`2/m+2U
BMTmi 4 sR-
KT 4 KTT2`k-
`2/m+2 4 `2/m+2`-
+QK#BM2 4 h
V
V
V((R))
7Qbi 7QHQbBi T`K2i`mH +QK#BM2 4 h T2Mi`m +QK#BM iQi2 T2`2+?BH2

U+?2B2- pHQ`2V ŗMi`m+i KTT2`@mH 2KBi2 Q bBM;m` +?2B2 URVX ŖM }MH b2
T2H2x,
bQHp2Usis- sivV
hQi2 +2bi2 BMbi`m+ȧBmMB pQ` } bHpi2 ŗMi`@mM b+`BTi /2MmKBi

HBM2`@`2;`2bbBQM@`?/QQTX_ +`2 2bi2 HBbii KB DQb,
O5fmb`f#BMf_b+`BTi
HB#``vU`K`kV
s I@ Ki`BtU`MQ`KUjyyyyyV- M+QH 4 R8V
sR I@ +#BM/UR,M`QrUsV- sV
sR I@ iQX/7bUsRV
v I@ bXKi`BtU`MQ`KUkyyyyVV
KTT2` 4 7mM+iBQM UX- s`V &

s` I@ s`(-@R)
OT`BMiU/BKUs`VV
F2vpHUR- HBbiUiUs`V W W s`VV
'
kj9 "B; .i șB _
`2/m+2` 4 7mM+iBQMUX- V &

F2vpHUR- HBbiU_2/m+2U^Y^- VVV
'
KTT2`k 4 7mM+iBQM UX- s`V &

v` I@ v(s`(-R)-)
s` I@ s`(-@R)
F2vpHUR- HBbiUiUs`V W W v`VV
'
sis I@ pHm2bU
7`QKX/7bU
KT`2/m+2U
BMTmi 4 sR-
KT 4 KTT2`-
`2/m+2 4 `2/m+2`-
+QK#BM2 4 h
V
V
V((R))
siv I@ pHm2bU
7`QKX/7bU
KT`2/m+2U
BMTmi 4 sR-
KT 4 KTT2`k-
`2/m+2 4 `2/m+2`-
+QK#BM2 4 h
V
V
V((R))
#2i I@ bQHp2Usis- sivV

#2i
1t2+mȧB +2bimB b+`BTi ŗM K2/BmH _>/QQT b2 `2HBx2x bi72H,
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O 2tTQì >.PPSn*J.4fmb`f#BMf?/QQT

(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O 2tTQì >.PPSnah_1JAL:4fmb`fHB#f?/QQT@
KT`2/m+2f?/QQT@bi`2KBM;@kXkXyXkXyXeXy@deXD`
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O 0&>.PPSn>PJ1'f#BMf?/QQT 7b @`K` QmiTmi
(`QQi!bM/#Qt )O XfHBM2`@`2;`2bbBQM@`?/QQTX_
/i2 kj8
ReX9Xj _?BT2
.2MmKB`2 _?BT2 T`QpBM2 /2 H Ǵ_ M/ >/QQT AMi2;ì2/ S`Q;`KKBM;

1MpB`QMK2MiǴ șB 2bi2 mM T`B2+i QT2M bQm`+2 +`2 7m`MBx2x Q BMi2;``2
bi`Mb ŗMi`2 _ șB >/QQTX MHBx șB T`2Hm+`2 /i2HQ` b2 7+2 /B`2+i ŗM
_- _?BT2 7m`MBxM/ miBHBxiQ`BHQ` _ +2H2șB 7+BHBiȧB H2 >/QQT +`2 b2
;b2b+ șB ŗM HBK#DmH CpX S+?2imH TQi2 } /2b+`+i /2 H /`2b ?iiT,
ffrrrX/i/`XQ`;X AMbiH`2 _?BT2 2bi2 mM T`Q+2b mM TB+ KB /B}+BH,
T2 }2+`2 .iLQ/2 i`2#mB2 BMbiHi _- S`QiQ+QH "mz2`b UQ #B#HBQi2+ /2
7mM+ȧBB /2biBMi2 b2`BHBx`BB Q#B2+i2HQ`V șB _?BT2X +2bi T`2bmTmM2 + _
b }2 +QKTBHi + Q #B#HBQi2+ TìDi T2 }2+`2 MQ/- :QQ;H2 S`QiQ+QH
"mz2`b b }2 /2 b2K2M2 +QKTBHi șB BMbiHi T2 }2+`2 MQ/ șB ŗM }MH b
}2 BMbiHi _>BT2X
_?BT2 2bi2 mM T+?2i _ +`2 T2`KBi2 `mH`2 DQ#@m`BHQ` JT_2/m+2 /BM _X
liBHBxiQ`mH _ p b+`B2 7mM+ȧBBH2 KTUV șB `2/m+2UV + 7mM+ȧBB Q#BșMmBi2 _
șB _?BT2 p p2 TQB ;`BD /2 `mH`2 +2biQ` ŗM K2/BmH >/QQTX
AMi``BH2 7mM+ȧBBHQ` KTUV șB `2/m+2UV bmMi i`Mb72ì2 7QHQbBM/ Q b+?2K
/2 +Q/B}+`2 BKTH2K2Mii /2 S`QiQ+QH "mz2`b +i`2 Q #B#HBQi2+ *
U_?BT2VX ai`m+im` ;2M2`H mMmB b+`BTi _ +`2 miBHBx2x _?BT2 2bi2
T`2x2Mii ŗM +QMiBMm`2,
R HB#``vU_?BT2V
k `?BMBiUh_l1- h_l1Vc
j KT I@ 2tT`2bbBQM U &HTTHv UKTXpHm2b- 7mM+iBQMUKTT2`VēV'V
9 `2/m+2 I@ 2tT`2bbBQMU
8 T`2 4 &ē'-
e `2/m+2 4 &ē'-
d TQbi 4 &ē'-
3 V
N t I@ `?KÙ
Ry KT 4 KT- `2/m+2 4 `2/m+2-
RR B7QH/2` 4 BMTmiSi?-
Rk Q7QH/2` 4 QmiTmiSi?-
Rj BMQmi 4 +Uî2ti^- î2ti^V-
R9 DQ#MK2 4 ^Kv DQ# MK2^VV
R8 `?2tUtV
a+`BTi@mH ŗM+2T2 +m ŗM+`+`2 ŗM K2KQ`B2 T+?2imHmB _?BT2 UHBMB RV șB

BMBȧBHBx`2 b UHBMB kVX GBMB j /2}M2și2 2tT`2bB KT +`2 p }
2t2+mii /2 ibF@mH JTX GBMBBH2 9@3 +QMȧBM /2}MBȧB 2tT`2bB2B `2/m+2
+`2 +QMbi ŗM j T2Hm`BX "HQ+mH /2}MBi T`BM T`24XXX UHBMB 8V 2bi2 T2Hi
T2Mi`m }2+`2 +?2B2 mMB+ 2KBb /2 7mM+ȧB KTUV ŗMBMi2 + +2bi2 pHQ`B
kje "B; .i șB _
b }2 i`BKBb2 +i`2 #HQ+mH `2/m+2X "HQ+mH `2/m+2 UHBMB eV 2bi2 T2Hi +m

mM p2+iQ` /2 pHQ`B /`2Ti `;mK2Mi B` ŗM }MH #HQ+mH TQbi4XX UHBMB dV
2bi2 T2Hi T2Mi`m 2KBi2 T2`2+?BH2 U+?2B2- pHQ`2V /2 B2șB`2X S2 HBMB N
2bi2 T2Hi 7mM+ȧB `?KÙV +`2 +QMbi`mB2și2 T`+iB+ DQ#@mH JT_2/m+2
B` T2HmH `?2tUtV /2 T2 HBMB R8 HMb2x DQ#@mH JT_2/m+2 ŗM K2/BmH
>/QQTX _?BT2 7m`MBx2x /2 b2K2M2 7mM+ȧBB /2 +QKmMB+`2 +m
>/QQT ŗM iBKTmH T`Q+2bmHmB JT_2/m+2 T`2+mK `?+QHH2+iUV +`2
T2`KBi2 b+`B2`2 /i2HQ` bm `?biimbUV +`2 `2im`M2x bi`2 mMmB
DQ#X
Di_`s
JT_2/m+2- RN8 7mM+ȧB #QtTHQiUV- 9e

_*QHQ`"`2r2`- 9j 7mM+ȧB +#BM/UV- ey
_ "HQ;;2`b- kR 7mM+ȧB +HbbUV- ke
_@?2HT KBHBM; HBbi- kk 7mM+ȧB +QHQ`bUV- 9k
7mM+ȧB +QKTH2tUV- kd
>/QQT ai`2KBM;- RNj 7mM+ȧB +QM7BMiUV- R8k
7mM+ȧB /iUV- Rk
+/2Kv_ *2ìB}+iBQM- RN
7mM+ȧB /2i+?UV- Rk
"B; .i- RN 7mM+ȧB 77UV- kye
#B; /i- RNk- RNj 7mM+ȧB 7BH2X+?QQb2UV- j9
"BQ+QM/m+iQ`- RR 7mM+ȧB 7Bii2/UV- Re8
7mM+ȧB ;2ir/UV- jj
+`+i2`- kN 7mM+ȧB ;HKUV- R9R
+QKTH2t- kd 7mM+ȧB ?2HTUV- Rk
*QMbQH _- e- R8 7mM+ȧB ?BbiUV- 9e
*_L- 8- RR- Rj- kR 7mM+ȧB B/2MiB+HUV- ke
*_L KB``Q`- RR 7mM+ȧB BMbiHHXpB2rbUV- R9
*_L hbF oB2rb- Rj- R9 7mM+ȧB BbXMmK2`B+UV- k8
*`QbboHB/i2/- kk 7mM+ȧB HB#``vUV- Rk
7mM+ȧB HQ/UV- je
/i 7`K2- e8 7mM+ȧB HbUV- N
/i KBMBM;- R3
7mM+ȧB KmHiBMQKUV- Rej
/i7`K2- e8
7mM+ȧB TB2UV- 9d
/B`2+iQ` /2 Hm+`m- jj
7mM+ȧB THQiUV- 99- 98- Rje
/Qm#H2- k8
7mM+ȧB T`2/B+iUV- Ree
2/BiQ`- R8 7mM+ȧB T`BMiUV- d
7mM+ȧB ìiH2UV- R3
7+iQ`- 8d 7mM+ȧB `#BM/UV- eR
7mM+ȧB HHX2[mHUV- ke 7mM+ȧB `2/X#B;XKi`BtUV- RN3-
7mM+ȧB MQpUV- R8k RNN
7mM+ȧB ``vUV- eR 7mM+ȧB `2/X+bpUV- j9
7mM+ȧB bX+QKTH2tUV- kd 7mM+ȧB `2/X/#7UV- j8
7mM+ȧB #`THQiUV- 9e 7mM+ȧB `2/Xbbd#/iUV- j8
kj3 DI?@S
7mM+ȧB `2/XbTbbUV- j8 Ki`B+2 b+ii2`THQi- 99

7mM+ȧB `2/Xi#H2UV- j9 KQ/2HmH KT `2/m+2- kRR
7mM+ȧB `2/XtTQìUV- j8 J_L- kk
7mM+ȧB `2/nbTbbUV- j8
7mM+ȧB bp2UV- je MmK2`B+- k8
7mM+ȧB b2[nHQM;UV- de
7mM+ȧB b2ir/UV- jj Q#B2+i2- d
7mM+ȧB bTbbX;2iUV- j8 Q#B2+imH #B;XKi`Bt- RN8- RNe
7mM+ȧB bm#b2iUV- Rje QT2M@bQm`+2- k- j
7mM+ȧB i2tiUV- 98 QT2ìQ` /2 i`B#mB`2- d
7mM+ȧB ivT2Q7UV- k8- kd QT2ìQ`B `BiK2iB+B- kN
7mM+ȧB mT/i2XT+F;2bUVUV- Rj QT2ìQ`B /2 +QKT`ȧB2- kN- jR
7mM+ȧB mT/i2XpB2rbUV- R9 QT2ìQ`B HQ;B+B- k3- kN- jR
7mM+ȧB r`Bi2X#B;XKi`BtUV- RNe
T+?2i2- RR- Rj
7mM+ȧB r`Bi2X/#7UV- je
T+?2i2 +QMi`B#mBi2- RR
7mM+ȧB r`Bi2X7Q`2B;MUV- je
T+?2i2 /2 #x- RR
7mM+ȧB r`Bi2Xi#H2UV- je
T+?2imH +ip- R9
7mM+ȧB #B;XKi`BtUV- RNe
T+?2imH 7Q`2B;M- j8- je
7mM+ȧB #B;HKX#B;XKi`BtUV- ky9
T+?2imH ?p2M- j8
7mM+ȧB /22T+QTvUV- kyk
T+?2imH >KBb+- j8
7mM+ȧB z/7UV- kyd
T+?2imH KBMB*_L- Rj
7mM+ȧB Kr?B+?UV- kyk
T+?2imH MHK2- Rk
7mM+ȧB r`Bi2X+bpXz/7UV- ky3
T+?2imH ìiH2- R3
:TKBM/2`- kj T+?2imH _+K/`- R3
;2M2`HBx2/ HBM2` KQ/2H- Rjj T+?2imH bbd#/i- j8
:Bi>m#- RR T+?2imH #B;K2KQ`v- RNj- RN8
:GJ- Rjj T+?2imH z- RNj- RN8- kye
T+?2imH KT_2/m+2- kRk
>/QQT- RNj- kR9
>/QQT JT _2/m+2- kRe ZmM/H- kj
>/QQT ai`2KBM;- kR3
_ CQm`MH- kk
>.6a- kR9- kR8
_@6Z- kR
A.1- R8 _TTQì2`- kj
B7@2Hb2- dj _iiH2- R3
BMbiH`2 T+?2i2- Rk- Rd _*QKKM/2`- R3
BMi2;2`- ke `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+- Rjj
`2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ #BMQKBH- Rj9
HBK#DmH a- R `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ KmHiBMQKBH- Rj9
HBbi- eR `2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ Q`/BMH- Rj9
HQ;B+- k3 _2pQHmiBQM _- RN
_>/QQT- RNj- kke
Ki`B+2- 8N _?BT2- RNj- kj8
DI?@S kjN
_a22F- kR
_aim/BQ- R8- Re- jj
_aim/BQ a2`p2`- R8
ai+FQp2`~Qr- kk
hHF aiib- kk
p`B#BH2- d
p`B#BH +i2;Q`BH- Rjj
p2+iQ`- 88
p2`QbBKBHBii2 HQ;`BiKB+- R9N
pB;M2ii2- kR
rQ`FbT+2- je
"B#HBQ;`}2
"`mK}2H/- :X UkyRRVX >B;?@2M2`;v T?vbB+b, .QrM i?2 T2i#vi2 ?B;?rvX

Lim`2 9eN TTX k3k@k3jX
.X /H2`- PX L2M/B+- qX wX *X :X UkyydVX h?2 z T+F;2, >M/HBM; H`;2
/i b2ib BM _ rBi? K2KQ`v KTT2/ T;2b Q7 #BM`v ~i }H2bX mb25_
kyyd *QM72`2M+2- AQr aii2 lMBp2`bBivX ?iiT,ffrbQTmTT2MFBbi2X
rBbQXmMB@;Q2iiBM;2MX/2f77f77nRXyfBMbif/Q+f77XT/7X
.2M- CX ȔB aX :?2Kri Ukyy9VX JT`2/m+2, aBKTHB}2/ /i T`Q+2bbBM;
QM H`;2 +Hmbi2`bX ŖM Pa.AǶy9- ei? avKTQbBmK QM PT2ìBM; avbi2Kb
.2bB;M M/ AKTH2K2MiiBQM- TTX RjdĜR8yX la1LAs- BM +QQT2ìBQM rBi?
*J aA:PSaX
.m`#BM- CX ȔB :X qibQM URN8yVX h2biBM; 7Q` b2`BH +Q``2HiBQM BM H2bi
b[m`2b `2;`2bbBQM- BX "BQK2i`BF jd Uj@9V- 9yNĜ9k3X
.m`#BM- CX ȔB :X qibQM URN8RVX h2biBM; 7Q` b2`BH +Q``2HiBQM BM H2bi
b[m`2b `2;`2bbBQM- BBX "BQK2i`BF j3UR@kV- R8NĜRdNX
1+QMQKBbi- hX UkyRy- CmM2VX .i- /i 2p2`vr?2`2X h2+?MB+H
`2TQìX pBH#H2 b ?iiT,ffrrrX2+QMQKBbiX+QKfMQ/2fR888d99jO
bi?b?XD;Mi6RN9X/T#bX
6`Bb?- _X URNjjVX 1/BiQ`Ƕb MQi2X 1+QMQK2i`B+ RURV- kX
:mDìB- .X LX URNN8VX "bB+ 1+QMQK2i`B+b Uh?B`/ 2/XVX J+:`r >BHHX
>QHK2b- X UkyRkVX >/QQT BM T`+iB+2X JMMBM; Sm#HB+iBQMb- L2r
C2`b2vX
C`[m2- *X JX ȔB X "2` URN3yVX 1{+B2Mi i2bib 7Q` MQ`KHBiv-
?QKQb+2/biB+Biv M/ b2`BH BM/2T2M/2M+2 Q7 `2;`2bbBQM `2bB/mHbX
1+QMQKB+b G2ii2`b eUjV- k88Ĝk8NX
C`[m2- *X JX ȔB X "2` URN3y#VX 1{+B2Mi i2bib 7Q` MQ`KHBiv-
?QKQb+2/biB+Biv M/ b2`BH BM/2T2M/2M+2 Q7 `2;`2bbBQM `2bB/mHb,
JQMi2 +`HQ 2pB/2M+2X 1+QMQKB+b G2ii2`b d U9V- jRjĜjR3X
k9k "A"GAP:_6A1
CmH- .Q`BMc CmH- LX@JX 1+QMQK2i`B2X JmbiM;- "m+m`2șiBX
EM2- JX CXc CX 1K2`bQM ȔB aX q2biQM UkyRjVX a+H#H2 biì2;B2b 7Q`

+QKTmiBM; rBi? KbbBp2 /iX CQm`MH Q7 aiiBbiB+H aQ7ir`2 88UR9V-
RĜRNX ?iiT,ffrrrXDbiibQ7iXQ`;fp88fBR9fX
GM2v- .X UkyyR- 62#`m`vVX j. /i KM;2K2Mi,

*QMi`QHHBM; /i pQHmK2- p2HQ+Biv- M/ p`B2ivX
h2+?MB+H `2TQì- J1h :`QmTX pBH#H2 b ?iiT,
ff#HQ;bX;ìM2`X+QKf/Qm;@HM2vf7BH2bfkyRkfyRf
/N9N@j.@.i@JM;2K2Mi@*QMi`QHHBM;@.i@oQHmK2@o2HQ+Biv@M/@o`B2ivX
T/7X
J`F- "X ȔB .X GM2v UkyRk- CmM2VX h?2 BKTQìM+2 Q7 #B; /i,

/2}MBiBQMX h2+?MB+H `2TQì- :ìM2`X pBH#H2 b ?iiTb,ffrrrX
;ìM2`X+QKf/Q+fky8d9R8fBKTQìM+2@#B;@/i@/27BMBiBQMX
Jv2`@a+?ƺM#2`;2`- oX ȔB EX *mFB2` UkyRjVX "B; .i, _2pQHmiBQM h?i

qBHH h`Mb7Q`K >Qr q2 GBp2- qQ`F- M/ h?BMFX >Qm;?iQM JB|BM
>`+QmìX
S`DTiB- oX UkyRjVX "B; .i MHviB+b rBi? _ M/ >/QQTX S+Fi

Sm#HBb?BM;X
hv- GX UkyRjVX AMbB/2 2"vǶb Ny T# /i r`2?Qmb2X

pBH#H2 b ?iiT,ffrrrXBiM2rbX+QKXmfL2rbfj9keR8-
BMbB/2@2#v3kRdb@NyT#@/i@r`2?Qmb2XbTtX
o;i- SX ȔB EX qBH7QM; UkyR9VX a+HBM; i?2

7+2#QQF /i r`2?Qmb2 iQ jyy S"X pBH#H2 b
?iiTb,ff+Q/2X7+2#QQFX+QKfTQbibfkkN3eR3kdky3ekNf
b+HBM;@i?2@7+2#QQF@/i@r`2?Qmb2@iQ@jyy@T#X
q2#bi2`- SX UkyRkVX *HBKi2 +?M;2 bBKmHiBQM, LbǶb r2i?2`

bmT2`+QKTmi2`X *a* qQ`H/X
q?Bi2- hX UkyRkVX >/QQT, h?2 .2}MBiBp2 :mB/2- j`/ 1/BiBQMX PǶ_2BHHv

J2/BX
View publication stats

Programare in R

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Programare in R

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

"ESJBO%6ɰ"

© Editura Universității din București

Șos. Panduri nr. 90-92, 050663 București – ROMÂNIA

Tehnoredactare: ADRIAN DUȘA

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naționale a României

8 _2bm`b2 șB +QKmMBii2 QMHBM2 kR

8Xk /`2b`2 ŗMi`2#`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kk

e hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x k8

d *BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ` jj

RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X N8

Rj MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2 RyN

R9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ Rjj

R8 "x2 /2 /i2 ReN

Re "B; .i șB _ RNR

L2pQB /2 BM7Q`KȧBB- /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB /Bp2`b2 șB KB +QKTH2t2- /` șB

J2/BmH _ 2bi2 mM BMbi`mK2Mi /2 MHBx /i2 +QM+2Tmi /2 biiBbiB+B2MB-

RXk pMiD2H2 K2/BmHmB _

ŖM T`BKmH `M/- _ 2bi2 QT2M@bQm`+2- }BM/ /Bbi`B#mBi ŗM KQ/ ;`imBi bm#

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2  miBHBx T`Q;`KmH- ŗM Q`B+2 b+QT UHB#2`ii2 yVc

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2  bim/B KQ/mH /2 7mM+ȧBQM`2  T`Q;`KmHmB- șB /2

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2  `2/Bbi`B#mB +QTBB- ŗM b+QTmH DmiQ``BB T`QT2HmB im

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2  ŗK#mMiȧB T`Q;`KmH- șB /2  TmM2 ŗK#mMiȧB`BH2

6TimH + 2bi2 ;`imBi i`;2 miQKi pMiDmH +QKT2iBiBp ŗM 7ȧ HiQ`

RXj *mK 7mM+ȧBQM2x _

G T`BK p2/2`2- K2/BmH _ TQi2 T`2 T`2 +QKTH2t T2Mi`m mM

_ 2bi2 mM HBK#D Q#B2+imH UŗM 2M;H2x Q#D2+i@Q`B2Mi2/VX hQi2 +QK2MxBH2

`2xmHii2H2 bmMi Q#B2+i2- TQi } +QMbB/2`i2 /i2 șB MHBxi2 + i`2X

.2 +2 2bi2 _ /B72`Bi /2 Hi2 HBK#D2 /2 T`Q;`K`2\

ŖM T`BKmH `M/- _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D BMi2`T`2ii- Mm mMmH +QKTBHi- +22 +2

ŖM +2bi +`i2 b2 bim/Bx TȔBB /2 BMbiH`2  K2/BmHmB _ T2Mi`m

S2Mi`m  BMbiH _- b2 T`+m`; m`KiQ`2H2 2iT2,

RX a2 ++2b2x r2#bBi2@mH _ S`QD2+i, ?iiT,ffrrrX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;

kX a2 b2H2+i2x mM *_L JB``Q` /BM HBbi /BbTQMB#BH- `2+QKM/#BH

jX a2 /2b+`+ p2`bBmM2 #b2  K2/BmHmB _- T2Mi`m bBbi2KmH /2 QT2``2

9X a2 2t2+mi }șB2`mH _@jXkXk@rBMX2t2 + H Q BMbiH`2 Q#BșMmBi /2

G BMbiH`2- b2 p b2H2+i miQKi p2`bBmM2 /2 jkJ"fe9J"- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2

kXk S`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _

SQ`MBM/ K2/BmH _- b2 p /2b+?B/2 72`2bi` T`BM+BTH _:mB +m

_ p2`bBQM jXkXk UkyR8@y3@R9V @@ ]6B`2 a72iv]

P Hi BM7Q`KȧB2 miBH 2bi2 șB KQ/mH ŗM +`2 b2 +Bi2x HBK#DmH _ ŗM

AM7Q`KȧBBH2 M2+2b`2 T2Mi`m +Bi`2 T+?2i2HQ` b2 pQ` Q#ȧBM2- bBKBH`- T`BM

a2 `2+QKM/ +Bi`2 HBK#DmHmB șB  T+?2i2HQ` ŗM Q`B+2 Tm#HB+ȧB2 ŗM

P`/BM2 272+im`BB QT2`ȧBBHQ` `2bT2+i `2;mHBH2 Ki2KiB+2X

.2 b2K2M2- i`B#mB`2 TQi2 p2 HQ+ șB ŗM b2Mb BMp2`b- +M/ 2H2K2MimH

*m iQi2 +2bi2- 2bi2 `2+QKM/#BH b b2 miBHBx2x2 QT2`iQ`mH I@- HbM/

S2Mi`m  }ș mM Q#B2+i- b2 BMi`Q/m+2 MmK2H2 HmB- T`2+mK ŗM 2t2KTHmH /2

P Hi2`MiBp T2Mi`m }ș`2 2bi2 miBHBx`2 7mM+ȧB2B T`BMiUV,

bm +?B` miBHBx`2 T`Mi2x2HQ`- +m DmiQ`mH +`Q` b2 `2HBx2x

ŖM KQ/ +QMp2MȧBQMH- b2 p miBHBx p`BMi +m T`Mi2x2 T2 iQi T`+m`bmH

Ç LmK2H2 Q#B2+i2HQ` Mm TQi +QMȧBM2 bBK#QHm`B U5- Y- @- \- OVc

Ç a2 `2+QKM/ miBHBx`2 bBK#QHm`BHQ` X bm n ŗM b2T``2  /Qm

Ç LmK2H2 Q#B2+i2HQ` TQi +QMȧBM2 MmK2`2- ŗMb Mm H ŗM+2TmimH HQ`c

Ç _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D b2MbB#BH H KDmb+mH2 UŗM 2M;H2x +b2@b2MbBiBp2V-

+2bi2 `2+QKM/`B bmMi BHmbi`i2 ŗM 2t2KTH2H2 m`KiQ`2X JB DQb bmMi

ŖM +QMiBMm`2- +i2p 2t2KTH2 /2 miBHBx`B 2`QMi2,

a2 Q#b2`p + b2 p }ș 2`Q`2 imM+B +M/ MmK2H2 mMmB Q#B2+i ŗM+2T2

S2Mi`m  ŗMȧ2H2;2 }HQbQ} /BM bTi2H2 HBK#DmHmB _ ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2

lHi2`BQ`- pHQ`2 HmB t  7Qbi KQ/B}+ic +m iQi2 +2bi2- pHQ`2 HmB 

ŖM +QM+HmxB2- imM+B +M/ mMmB Q#B2+i /2D 2tBbi2Mi B b2 i`B#mB2 Q pHQ`2-

6mM+ȧB HbUV p HBbi iQi2 Q#B2+i2H2 /BM K2KQ`B2,

lM 2H2K2Mi /2 miBHBii2 2bi2 mșm`BMȧ +m +`2 b2 TQi2 MpB; ŗM BbiQ`B+mH

ibi`2 ↑- p T`2 mHiBK +QKM/ BMi`Q/mbX

S2Mi`m  ŗM+?2B T`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _- b2 pQ` +`2 /Qm Q#B2+i2 șB

ŖM m`K +2biQ` +QK2MxB- p `2xmHi 6B;m` kXRX

8 _2bm`b2 șB +QKmMBii2 QMHBM2 kR

8Xk /`2b`2 ŗMi`2#`BHQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kk

e hBTm`B /2 /i2 șB QT2`ȧBB /2 #x k8

d *BiB`2 șB b+`B2`2 /i2HQ` jj

RkXj .2b+`B2`2 p`B#BH2HQ` MmK2`B+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X N8

Rj MHBx 2+QMQK2i`B+ ŗM _X JQ/2HmH HBM2` /2 `2;`2bB2 RyN

R9 _2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+ Rjj

R8 "x2 /2 /i2 ReN

Re "B; .i șB _ RNR

L2pQB /2 BM7Q`KȧBB- /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB /Bp2`b2 șB KB +QKTH2t2- /` șB

J2/BmH _ 2bi2 mM BMbi`mK2Mi /2 MHBx /i2 +QM+2Tmi /2 biiBbiB+B2MB-

RXk pMiD2H2 K2/BmHmB _

ŖM T`BKmH `M/- _ 2bi2 QT2M@bQm`+2- }BM/ /Bbi`B#mBi ŗM KQ/ ;`imBi bm#

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2 miBHBx T`Q;`KmH- ŗM Q`B+2 b+QT UHB#2`ii2 yVc

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2 bim/B KQ/mH /2 7mM+ȧBQM`2 T`Q;`KmHmB- șB /2

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2 `2/Bbi`B#mB +QTBB- ŗM b+QTmH DmiQ``BB T`QT2HmB im

Ç GB#2`ii2 /2 ŗK#mMiȧB T`Q;`KmH- șB /2 TmM2 ŗK#mMiȧB`BH2

6TimH + 2bi2 ;`imBi i`;2 miQKi pMiDmH +QKT2iBiBp ŗM 7ȧ HiQ`

RXj *mK 7mM+ȧBQM2x _

G T`BK p2/2`2- K2/BmH _ TQi2 T`2 T`2 +QKTH2t T2Mi`m mM

_ 2bi2 mM HBK#D Q#B2+imH UŗM 2M;H2x Q#D2+i@Q`B2Mi2/VX hQi2 +QK2MxBH2

`2xmHii2H2 bmMi Q#B2+i2- TQi } +QMbB/2`i2 /i2 șB MHBxi2 + i`2X

.2 +2 2bi2 _ /B72`Bi /2 Hi2 HBK#D2 /2 T`Q;`K`2\

ŖM T`BKmH `M/- _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D BMi2`T`2ii- Mm mMmH +QKTBHi- +22 +2

ŖM +2bi +`i2 b2 bim/Bx TȔBB /2 BMbiH`2 K2/BmHmB _ T2Mi`m

S2Mi`m BMbiH _- b2 T`+m`; m`KiQ`2H2 2iT2,

RX a2 ++2b2x r2#bBi2@mH _ S`QD2+i, ?iiT,ffrrrX`@T`QD2+iXQ`;

kX a2 b2H2+i2x mM *_L JB``Q` /BM HBbi /BbTQMB#BH- `2+QKM/#BH

jX a2 /2b+`+ p2`bBmM2 #b2 K2/BmHmB _- T2Mi`m bBbi2KmH /2 QT2``2

9X a2 2t2+mi }șB2`mH _@jXkXk@rBMX2t2 + H Q BMbiH`2 Q#BșMmBi /2

G BMbiH`2- b2 p b2H2+i miQKi p2`bBmM2 /2 jkJ"fe9J"- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2

kXk S`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _

SQ`MBM/ K2/BmH _- b2 p /2b+?B/2 72`2bi` T`BM+BTH _:mB +m

_ p2`bBQM jXkXk UkyR8@y3@R9V @@ ]6B`2 a72iv]

P Hi BM7Q`KȧB2 miBH 2bi2 șB KQ/mH ŗM +`2 b2 +Bi2x HBK#DmH _ ŗM

AM7Q`KȧBBH2 M2+2b`2 T2Mi`m +Bi`2 T+?2i2HQ` b2 pQ` Q#ȧBM2- bBKBH`- T`BM

a2 `2+QKM/ +Bi`2 HBK#DmHmB șB T+?2i2HQ` ŗM Q`B+2 Tm#HB+ȧB2 ŗM

P`/BM2 272+im`BB QT2`ȧBBHQ` `2bT2+i `2;mHBH2 Ki2KiB+2X

.2 b2K2M2- i`B#mB`2 TQi2 p2 HQ+ șB ŗM b2Mb BMp2`b- +M/ 2H2K2MimH

*m iQi2 +2bi2- 2bi2 `2+QKM/#BH b b2 miBHBx2x2 QT2`iQ`mH I@- HbM/

S2Mi`m }ș mM Q#B2+i- b2 BMi`Q/m+2 MmK2H2 HmB- T`2+mK ŗM 2t2KTHmH /2

P Hi2`MiBp T2Mi`m }ș`2 2bi2 miBHBx`2 7mM+ȧB2B T`BMiUV,

bm +?B` miBHBx`2 T`Mi2x2HQ`- +m DmiQ`mH +`Q` b2 `2HBx2x

ŖM KQ/ +QMp2MȧBQMH- b2 p miBHBx p`BMi +m T`Mi2x2 T2 iQi T`+m`bmH

Ç a2 `2+QKM/ miBHBx`2 bBK#QHm`BHQ` X bm n ŗM b2T``2 /Qm

Ç LmK2H2 Q#B2+i2HQ` TQi +QMȧBM2 MmK2`2- ŗMb Mm H ŗM+2TmimH HQ`c

Ç _ 2bi2 mM HBK#D b2MbB#BH H KDmb+mH2 UŗM 2M;H2x +b2@b2MbBiBp2V-

+2bi2 `2+QKM/`B bmMi BHmbi`i2 ŗM 2t2KTH2H2 m`KiQ`2X JB DQb bmMi

ŖM +QMiBMm`2- +i2p 2t2KTH2 /2 miBHBx`B 2`QMi2,

a2 Q#b2`p + b2 p }ș 2`Q`2 imM+B +M/ MmK2H2 mMmB Q#B2+i ŗM+2T2

S2Mi`m ŗMȧ2H2;2 }HQbQ} /BM bTi2H2 HBK#DmHmB _ ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2

lHi2`BQ`- pHQ`2 HmB t 7Qbi KQ/B}+ic +m iQi2 +2bi2- pHQ`2 HmB

ŖM +QM+HmxB2- imM+B +M/ mMmB Q#B2+i /2D 2tBbi2Mi B b2 i`B#mB2 Q pHQ`2-

6mM+ȧB HbUV p HBbi iQi2 Q#B2+i2H2 /BM K2KQ`B2,

lM 2H2K2Mi /2 miBHBii2 2bi2 mșm`BMȧ +m +`2 b2 TQi2 MpB; ŗM BbiQ`B+mH

ibi`2 ↑- p T`2 mHiBK +QKM/ BMi`Q/mbX

S2Mi`m ŗM+?2B T`BK b2bBmM2 /2 Hm+`m ŗM _- b2 pQ` +`2 /Qm Q#B2+i2 șB

ŖM m`K +2biQ` +QK2MxB- p `2xmHi 6B;m` kXRX

6B;m` kXR, lM T`BK ;`}+

P b2bBmM2 /2 _ b2 p ŗM+?2B T`BM +QKM/ [UV bm /BM K2MBmH 6BH2 @

_ /2p2MBi mM biM/`/ T2Mi`m MQm i2Q`B2 biiBbiB+- ŗM bT2+BH ŗM

jXR hBTm`B /2 T+?2i2

ŖM _ 2tBbi /Qm iBTm`B /2 T+?2i2, T+?2i2H2 /2 #x șB T+?2i2H2

ŗM MHBx /2 /i2, E2`MaKQQi?- Jaa- Ji`Bt- #QQi- +Hbb- +Hmbi2`-

șB ŗM+`+`2 ŗM K2KQ`B2 mMmB T+?2i U/2 2t2KTHm T+?2imH bTiBHV

6mM+ȧB HB#``vUV TQi2 } miBHBxi șB T2Mi`m pBxmHBx iQi2 T+?2i2H2

ŖM *QMbQH _- BMbiH`2 T+?2i2HQ` b2 TQi2 7+2 șB /BM K2MBmH S+F;2b-

++2b`2 /Q+mK2MiȧB2B mMmB T+?2i b2 `2HBx2x T`BM 7mM+ȧB ?2HTUV,

S2Mi`m 2HBKBM /BM K2KQ`B2 mM T+?2i ŗM+`+i- b2 7QHQb2și2 7mM+ȧB

a2 Q#b2`p + MmK2H2 T+?2imHmB b2 b+`B2 ŗM +2bi +x bm# 7Q`K

lM2H2 T+?2i2 bmMi /2T2M/2Mi2 /2 Hi2 T+?2i2X ŖM +2bi +x- T+?2i2H2

jXk *_L hbF oB2rb

lM KQ/ T`iB+mH` /2 ;`mT T+?2i2H2 /mT /QK2MBBH2 /2 MHBx 2bi2

Ç 1+QMQK2i`B+b @ *QKTmiiBQMH 1+QMQK2i`B+b

Ç :`T?B+b @ :`T?B+ .BbTHvb .vMKB+ :`T?B+b :`T?B+

Ç P{+BHaiiBbiB+b @ P{+BH aiiBbiB+b am`p2v J2i?Q/QHQ;v8

Ç aQ+BHa+B2M+2b @ aiiBbiB+b 7Q` i?2 aQ+BH a+B2M+2b

Ç hBK2 a2`B2b @ hBK2 a2`B2b MHvbBb

S2Mi`m BMbiH +2bi2 hbF oB2rb- i`2#mB2 BMbiHi T+?2imH +ip,

lHi2`BQ`- *_L hbF oB2rb TQi } BMbiHi2- `2bT2+iBp +imHBxi2- T`BM