Shri Vile Parle Kelvani Mandal’s

Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics

(Autonomous)

Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS) Programme 2021-22

FYBMS Semester I Division B
Course Name: Environment Management

Project Title: Packaged Food Industry

Submitted by-
Student’s Name SAP ID Roll No.

Gaurang Nawal 45401210017 B010

Aastha Negi 45401210011 B011

Devansh Pandya 45401210093 B012

Anjali Patel 45401210079 B013

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 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I, hereby declare that this assignment on ‘Packaged Food Industry’ is entirely our own work
and that any additional sources of information have been duly cited.

I, hereby declare that any offline/online sources, published or unpublished, from which we
have quoted or drawn references have been referenced full in bibliography list. I
understand that failure to do so will lead to plagiarism and severe disciplinary action will be
initiated against us.

I understand that I may be required to present the assignment and /or appear for viva
(Offline/Online). I acknowledge it is my responsibilityto keep updated with the schedule of
the presentation/ viva and I will ensure I am available during the same.

Student Name: Gaurang Nawal

Student Name: Aastha Negi

Student Name: Devansh Pandya

Student Name: Anjali Patel

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 INDEX

SR NO. TOPIC PAGE

1. Declaration of Originality 2
2. Introduction to Packaged Food 4
3. Environmental Impacts of Packaged Food Industry 4

4. Existing measures to minimize negative impacts 6-9

5. The Business Idea- EcoStan 9-12

6. How does EcoStan reduce the externalities 12-14

7. Conclusion 14

8. Bibliography 15-16

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 INTRODUCTION

- By Gaurang Nawal B011

Food packaging is the packaging of the food product to protect it from contamination & damage
besides conserving taste & quality during the shelf life of a food product. The food packaged
material should be made of high quality and it should be free from any chemical contamination.
Food packaging is used to allow easy transport of goods. It also allows food labeling and other
information for consumers such as ingredients allowing you to adhere to any laws and regulations
regarding labeling of for-consumption goods. Packaging protects against damage or contamination
by micro-organisms, air, moisture and toxins. It prevents product spilling or leaking. Nutrition,
ingredients and sell-by dates are important not only to the consumer, but to grocery stores as well.
Bar codes help stores to track inventory and sales. Food Packaging plays such an important role in
the preservation and marketability of a product, many companies seek a contract packaging service
to help them obtain the best quality packaging available. Food packaging is required for all types of
food, whether fresh or processed. It is a vital link between the food producer and the consumer, and
if it is not done correctly, the product's goodwill suffers and customer trust is lost.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PACKAGED FOOD INDUSTRY

• Land pollution
Litter is only a small part of total waste, with only a small percentage of packaging waste
accumulating as litter. However, many people are concerned about litter. Food and beverage
containers, which are thrown away, are the third most common type of litter. Packaging
produces the most litter, followed by cigarettes and food. While many people object to litter
because it is unsightly, it can also pose a health risk to humans. For example, broken glass can
cause injuries, and too much cardboard packaging can cause a fire hazard (the risk is
heightened when you consider the main proportion of litter are cigarette butts).
Litter can also attract vermin, which creates a breeding ground for bacteria, putting public
health at risk as well as the health of pets and wildlife. Wasted packaging as litter can clog
drains and even increase algal blooms in water, lowering water quality and having an impact on
aquatic life and wildlife that use the water. Not only does litter harm the environment, but it
also costs a lot of money to combat the problem. With less packaging, this money could be
better spent on recycling programs that reduce waste while also reducing litter.

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 • Air pollution
Dust and dry particles that hang in the air, as well as fumes such as smoke, gases, and vapors,
can all contribute to air pollution. Excessive and wasteful packaging can pollute the air in a
number of ways. Wasteful packaging, for example, leads to more waste incineration activities.
As a result of this type of processing, harmful gases such as Vinyl chloride, CFCs, and
hexane are released into the atmosphere. The use of electricity and the transportation of
excessive packaging contribute to the growing problem of air pollution. Another source of
packaging-related air pollution is landfills. When materials decompose in landfills, carbon
dioxide and methane gas are released, which contributes to global warming effect.

• Water pollution and Aquatic Life

The production of packaging can consume a lot of water and pollute the environment. Three
bottles of water and a quarter of a bottle of oil are required to make just one plastic water bottle.
Many packaging production methods use a large amount of water, wasting precious water
resources. It's not just water bottles that use a lot of water resources. Plastic granules used in
packaging have the potential to pollute water. Toxic chemicals are released by the granules,
which can leach into the water. When the pellets are submerged in water, the concentration of
toxic chemicals in the pellets increases by a million times.
Plastic can kill sea creatures if they chow down it. Every year, 100,000 marine animals suffer
and die as a result of waste pollution. A puncture wound in the stomach caused by a plastic
DVD case led to the death of a Sei whale. An intestinal blockage caused by 37 pounds of
plastic from 59 pieces of wasteful packaging killed a sperm whale in Spain.
Plastic bags can also be extremely dangerous to turtles because they resemble jellyfish.
Unfortunately, 693 marine species have been discovered to have ingested or become entangled
in plastic waste in the ocean.
Plastic kills over one million marine birds every year, which is alarming. Plastic packaging is
consumed by birds both directly and indirectly through the food chain. Birds can also be killed
or injured by getting caught in or tangled in plastic packaging.
Unfortunately, too much plastic in the environment is having a serious and negative impact on
bird life. Because of the amount of plastic waste in the oceans, plastic waste is now found in
over 90% of seabirds. In addition, plastic is a contributing factor in decline in seabird
populations over the last sixty years.
Another alarming statistic about the impact of plastic on birdlife is that 40% of Laysan
Albatross chicks die before they leave the nest. The fact that their stomachs are filled with
harmful plastic waste is one of the reasons for the 40% mortality rate. Because of the way
albatrosses hunt, they are more likely to be affected by plastic packaging. To catch fish,
albatrosses will scratch their beak across the water's surface, ingesting plastic that is floating in
the process.

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• Landfill space
Many types of packaging, unfortunately, take a long time to degrade. Plastic bags and
Styrofoam cups, for example, will take anywhere between 500 years to forever to degrade.
Glass bottles can take up to 1 million years to break down, while aluminum and tin cans can
take up to 100 years.
With this in mind, the country's landfill space is rapidly running out. Creating landfill areas has
not been a priority for the country, which has prioritized energy-from-waste initiatives.

MEASURES TO MINIMIZE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS

-By Aastha Negi B011

While there are a few strict rules and regulations that the government has levied which
can cater to reduce the adverse environmental impacts caused by materials that are used
in packaging of food, their implementation still remains questionable. But with
widespread awareness about these impacts eco-conscious citizens have come up with
multiple creative ways that could at least minimize the quantum of these impacts.

Here we have curated some of these measures and categorized it under the 3Rs that helps
to cut down the amount of waste that is being generated and at the same time mitigates a
lot of these negative impacts.

REDUCE-

According to research, in 2016 more than 560 billion disposable food service items had
been used alone in the U.S. That means more than 1 billion disposable napkins, spoons,
forks, containers used every single day. With the pandemic the numbers have flourished
even more as the food delivery has jumped more than 67%. With all these new orders,
comes new waste. This waste can be
generated from the packaging of the food
items and also the cutlery and the napkins
that the takeaway food contains.

EPA suggests the best way to minimize

the negative impacts is to simply strive for
source reduction because unlike reusing and
recycling you are not generating the waste in the first place. Also, it is the best method
because it doesn’t require any extra costs rather it saves a whole lot of money for both the
suppliers and the consumers.

A single plastic spoon takes 200-500 years to decompose. And in most of the cases, while
ordering food online we don’t even need these cutleries. To tackle that, a simple yet
effective step has been adopted by the food delivery apps like Seamless which first

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introduced the ‘don’t send cutlery’ option in the U.S has in 2013 saved more than 1
million sets of plastic utensils and napkins just
with a check of the box. Even in India, the
leading delivery partner Zomato had adopted this
in 2019 but they found out that though most of
the people didn’t require the cutlery, they tend to
ignore checkbox. To overcome this Zomato had
introduced the ‘opt-in’ option instead of ‘opt-
out’. This seemingly small modification has
helped Zomato save more than 5000 kilos of
plastic every day!

One small suggestion- A seemingly simple thing

that can be done to reduce the waste generated is
to stop over-packaging. Whether purchasing package food from a grocery store or
ordering ready to eat food online, a lot of unnecessary secondary packaging (i.e., which is
not directly in contact with the food item) is being used. Takeout food is often wrapped in
plastic or aluminum foil, then placed into paper, plastic or styrofoam containers, and
finally into plastic grocery bags. Simply cutting down the excess outer packaging can
cause a lot of positive impacts.

REUSE-

Reusing is both economically and environmentally beneficial. All it takes is some

creativity! Saving the container of food items once it’s emptied and using it to
store other things. In Indian households this is the most commonly adopted
phenomenon amongst the three Rs. But it is not just that, companies have come up
with ways to expand the basic concept and create a larger impact. One of these
companies to adopt such measures is Deliver Zero, a U.S based startup which
provides reusable take out containers instead of
single use ones. Their containers can be used
more than 1000 times!!! How the company
functions is, the customers places the order
through the available restaurants on the
deliverzero.com website and pay the exact
same price for the order as they would have
paid had they ordered directly from the
restaurant. After customers are finished with
their food, they can simply return these
containers to the mentioned restaurant near
them or schedule a pick up for the same and then the restaurant will wash these
containers like any other utensils either by hand or in dishwasher. The average

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cost of a DevliverZero container is less than a dollar but if the customer doesn’t
return the product they will be charged 3.25 dollar per container this way the
company ensures they are getting returned and re-used.

According to a study, it is being estimated that by 2050, their will be more plastic
in the ocean than the fishes. Thus, it becomes important to not only reduce the
amount of plastic involved but also to adopt sustainable approaches that can
resolve this issue. And to cut down the amount of packaging involved in the
grocery items an approach ‘bring your own container’ is widely practiced. In
shops such as U.S based Tare, you bring your container and put it on the weighing

scale and tare it (that is to a feature to remove the weight of the container) and you
get a digital token with this weightt mentioned in it and after that you fill this
container with anything that you want from 400+ organic products and pay for just
the product purchased. Tare purchases all their items in bulk which again ensures
that there is bare minimum packaging that is getting involved!

RECYCLE-

Recycling is series of processes that uses technology to remanufacture the recycled

materials and sell it as a new product. With most of the packaging being made out of
plastic, recycling is the most sought-after way to deal with the remains.

One such initiative is that of ‘Milk bag project’ which is aimed toward recycling the
milk pouches after use. In India, more than 5 crore milk pouches are emptied every single
day, Generally, these milk pouches are made up of ‘Virgin Plastic’ that is the nearly
created plastic which can be easily recycled! Instead of throwing away these packets,
these can be washed and dried and after a month or so given to the local recyclers who
can turn it into plastic granules which can be further utilised to make plastic chairs, pipes,
bins etc. Till now more than 7.5 lakh of pouches have been recycled.

Another initiative is that by Banyan Nation, a start-up from India which takes away the
empty plastic containers and recycles them. On the face of it, it may seem very common
but here the difference that this company makes is that it goes a step further to ensure the

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 labelling, chemical inks is removed and the containers are devoid of this first as if these
are present the recycled products wouldn’t be used in making of high-quality products
like the ones used in FMCG, automobile industries. These washed empty plastic
containers are then put into machines which converts it into plastic pellets, quality of
which is nearly comparable to that of virgin plastic and thus can be used to make any
plastic product!

It is estimated by U.S. EPA that, more than 50% of municipal waste in the U.S is
comprised of something relating to the packaged food industry. Also, only about 35% of
this waste is recycled, others are dumped into the landfills which remains there for as
long as 100 years without getting fully decomposed. Landfill breakdowns are also a
concern as they produce harmful greenhouse gases (C𝑂2 , methane) which leads to global
warming and much more!

Unfortunately, except for reducing, everything else requires technology that may add to
the economical aspect of the overall product and some may even lead to substantial use of
energy to run these machines. So, what can be done?

THE BUSINESS IDEA-‘ECOSTAN’

-By Devansh Pandya B012

Presenting EcoStan!!! Your one stop packaging solution catering to the demands of the
takeaway food delivery services.

Who are we?

EcoStan- a bioplastic company crafted from the word eco suggesting ecologically benefitting
and economically products, suffix Stan stands for high quality standards, we would be using
wheat straw plastic for packaging the food, as it would be health friendly and environment
friendly.

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Using Wheat Straw plastic would give our company a strong hold in the market, also, as the
consumers today are getting more environment conscious, it would give a competitive edge to
our customers who will be using our products! Our company would manufacture products like
cups, straws, bottles, spoons, boxes. The company’s basic purpose would be to provide wheat
straw plastic products to different food delivering restaurants who cater to takeaway orders, so
that they can store food in our environment friendly containers and deliver it safely.

How is it made?
The leftover after the wheat is harvested is called as Wheat Straw and using it in plastic
production is an ideal zero-waste option. The wheat straw contains the cellulose, and the plastic
is made by breaking down the cellulose. This process creates the opportunity to make different
types of polymers. Plastic is made from artificial polymers, but polymers created from wheat
straw are fully natural. Once the wheat has been harvested, the by-product: the straws, contain
lignin. Lignin is important for the plant that ensures that it can continue to stand. In
combination with sugar, lignin can be turned into a bioplastic. When the lignin has been broken
down and combined with sugar, it is a plastic-like substance that is moulded into forms like
cups and plates.
There’s another way to create products using wheat straw, which is by making it into a paper-
like substance. The straw is turned into a pulp with the help of certain chemicals. The pulp is
then pressed into a form like a plate.

Why choose Wheat Straw Plastic?

Food can be stored in wheat straw plastic for a long time as compared to normal plastic. Our
containers are also microwave friendly and freezer safe! The container is also gluten free, non-
allergenic and vegan for all the health freaks out there, it wouldn’t affect the food inside at all!
Our containers can dispose within a short span of 2 months. Since these bioplastic products are
completely natural, they can be decomposed and used as fertilizer. They can also be melted
back into pulp to create different products again and again. The production of Wheat Straw
Plastic requires less energy as compared to production of regular plastic which requires a lot of
energy and also releases a lot of CO2 gases. Adding to this, they require fewer toxins, such as
oil, because their natural fibres make the material sturdy enough already. It also helps in saving
our forests because wheat straws can also be used to create paper. This material can replace
paper typically used for disposable cups, plates, etc. All these are the benefits of using wheat
straw plastic and how it is eco-friendly and how it very less harmful for the environment as
compared to normal plastic.

Our Product Range

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 Food like human body comes in all different shapes and sizes and we respect that! Thus, we
provide a wide range of containers from clamshell boxes to even cutlery and straws to choose
from that can fulfil all your hunger needs!

Who are our target customers?

Initially our customers will be the restaurants which makes home delivery. Though, the price
of the containers will surely be a bit more expensive as compared to the traditional
containers but we will be able to make sales through sensitizing the masses about the

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impacts of plastic containers and why the switch to eco friendly means is important. Also,
according to a study conducted by Deloitte, 1 in 5 person is already switching to
environment friendly options so the restaurants can also highlight the fact that they use our
containers which can them give a competitive edge in the market. Ones the sales takes place,
we wish to expand it further and manufacture wheat straw paper carry bags for packaging
too.

HOW OUR IDEA IS DIFFERENT THAN OTHERS?

-By Anjali Patel B013
In modern times, almost all the food items that we buy are encased artificially, especially in the
case of packaged food or processed food. The packaging material ranges from use of
manufactured and synthetic materials like glass, metal, plastics to food packaging made of paper,
cardboard and so on. However, use of such materials poses severe environmental threats and also
leads to depletion of resources. Our business idea revolves around the key challenges faced due
to packaging of food and provides a clear view of how it will facilitate in minimising the carbon
footprint level. Also, it helps in reducing the environmental impact by thinking in terms of
sustainability which includes environmentally as well as economically.

Plastic is widely used for packaging by most of the companies in the packaged food industry
since it is comparatively convenient and also helps in cutting down the costs. However, it poses
the most harmful threats to the environment such as it takes 400-1000 years for plastic to
degrade on its own, plastic packages are taken to landfills and are burned which contributes to air
pollution also the polymers in the plastic package migrate into the food which may cause chronic
diseases. Paper is also used for packaging of food items which is comparatively safer than
plastic, however paper is obtained by cutting down trees which ultimately contributes to
deforestation and impacts the rainfall cycle. Certain food items are encased in wooden containers
which are health friendly but are not environment friendly since a large portion of trees are cut
down to obtain timber which negatively affects the environment.

The business idea proposed revolves around the use of wheat straw for packaged food which is a
by-product of wheat production. It is a perfect alternative for a sustainable packaging of food
materials and will also help in tackling environmental issues. Wheat straw is a new and
innovative bio-plastic that can replace petroleum-based plastics used for packaging. It is a
commonly unused renewable resource. It is Bisphenol A(BPA) free and also has FDA approval
which makes it a premium food-grade material. It contains lignin which is combined with sugar
which forms a plastic like material, further certain chemicals are added which forms a pulp and
then it is converted into wheat straw plastic. It is strong, non-allergic, gluten free and contains
natural polymers. Like traditional plastic, it is durable and extremely light weight which makes it
perfectly suitable for packaged food and in addition it is not manufactured from fossil fuels. The
proposed business idea is sustainable in comparison to others since wheat straw plastic requires
less energy and does not need excess processing for conversion into pulp. It emits less CO2 than
other materials used for packaged food which is beneficial for the environment and the warming
of the earth.

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 HOW OUR IDEA WILL HELP IN MINIMISING EXTERNALITIES?
What is an 'externality'? In simple words it refers, costs of some activity are externalised when
they are imposed on someone without compensation. Externalities are the root of all problems
typically called 'environmental'. However, it helps in clarifying what environmental problems are
and how they occur which facilitates in taking corrective measures.

Our proposed business idea of using wheat straw plastic in place of other non-environment
friendly food packaging materials helps in minimising various externalities. Wheat straw plastic
comes with a plethora of benefits for ourselves and most importantly for the environment.

• Stubble Burning:
In parts of India for instance Punjab and Haryana where wheat is cultivated on a large scale, the
wheat straw which is the by-product that remains after harvesting wheat is generally burned in
order to eliminate paddy stubble. However, this burning leads to the problem of air pollution and
forms clouds of smoke that rise up and blow into parts of Delhi and causes wintertime air
pollution as well as simultaneously contributing to hazardous public health problems. Also apart
from pollution, stubble-burning deteriorates the soil's organic components, causes infertility,
essential nutrients and microbial activity which has long term effects on soil productivity. Hence,
in order to avoid these ill effects wheat straw can be used as a bioplastic for packaged food since
it is easy to clean, sturdy and strong which is suitable for packaging. Also, instead of burning the
residue and supplying it for packaging at reasonable prices, the farmers can make it as their
additional source of income and lessens carbon emissions. At the same time, it will help the
businesses to march towards a sustainable perspective towards environment.

• Environmental impact of production:

Wheat straw is an additional product hence it is not farmed additionally or exclusively. In fact,
after harvesting, it is burned which emits carbon dioxide. Thus, utilising this waste for packaged
food will provide a great zero-waste option. Wheat plant has a phenomenon that it extracts more
CO2 from air than it produces, thus making this bioplastic carbon neutral product. It does not
require chemical fertilizers to grow. It requires less energy for production in comparison to
artificial plastic. This makes use of bioplastic beneficial for our planet, reducing global warming
and thereby reducing carbon footprints. Since it is produced from leftover waste, detrimental
effects of deforestation are reduced as well as negative effects of plastic packaging are also
reduced. Most importantly, it takes a fraction of wheat straw to make the same amount of paper
that can be produced by using trees.

Easily Compostable:
Wheat straw plastic is entirely biodegradable. It takes approximately 3 to 6 months to fully
compost in contrast to plastic which takes 1000 years. It is a renewable as well as sustainable
plastic. Since it is completely natural, it can be decomposed and further can be used as fertilizers.
In addition to this, wheat straw plastic can be melted back into pulp and can be reused again. It

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can also be decomposed at home. This makes it a great bio plastic material which can be used for
packaged food. Plastic on composting pollutes soil in contrary wheat straw plastic when dumped
into soil improves soil fertility. It is harmless and consists of safe compounds. Hence, this makes
it a perfect material to be used for packaging of food. Also, it helps in reduction of waste
disposal level.

Derived from waste:

For packaged food, forests are endangered and threatened all over the world to extract paper and
use wood for packaging. Similarly, fossil fuels are used for rapid production of plastic which
adversely is resulting in depletion of limited resources. Hence, using wheat straw plastic instead
of virgin resources proves beneficial for the environment. It is a renewable resource. In addition,
by using wheat straw plastic for packaged food we are diverting material from waste stream to
making it a reclaimed resource to produce durable, lightweight and compostable packaging. Also
it has a perk that most of the wheat straw production facilities are located near wheat fields from
where it is extracted which minimises transportation and hence contributes less to pollution.

CONCLUSION
To summarize, the packaging of food plays a vital role since it facilitates in preserving
quality, shelf-life and hygiene of food items. Thus, it is of utmost importance to use
materials which are environment friendly as well as health friendly. Use of various
synthetic materials in the packaged food industry impacts the environment on a large scale
in the form of land, water and air pollution, threat to aquatic life and contamination of
landfill spaces. Hence, in order to mitigate these ill effects, we have put forth the 3Rs
mantra namely: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle which will facilitate in improving long term
viability, quality of human life and longevity of the natural ecosystem.

Sustainable food packaging has created a buzz in recent times. So we have proposed a
business idea which revolves around the use of wheat straw plastic in place of other non-
environmental friendly materials and comes along with a plethora of perks which
facilitates on minimizing externalities. Use of sustainable packaging will help in saving
scarce resources, energy and will also create a sense of appeal amongst the audience. In
conclusion, there is a need for paradigm shift and march towards a more sustainable
business environment as well as contribute in each and every way to eliminate the negative
effects of food packaging as well as take corrective measures.

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