52

Chapter 2 Manipulations and

Factorization of Polynomials

Warm-up Exercise (P.44) 12. Substituting x = 3 into 2x + 5, we have

2(3) + 5 = 11
1. 15 = 1 # 15
=3#5
` The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5 and 15. Exercise 2A (P.50)
2
1. (a) The square of 4 = 4 # 4 = 4
2. 20 = 1 # 20
= 2 # 10 (b) The cube of 5 = 5 # 5 # 5 = 5
3

=4#5
H
` The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20. 9
9
2. (a) 7 to the power 9 = 7 # 7 # g # 7 = 7

3. Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 H
13

Factors of 15: 1, 3, 5, 15 (b) The 13th power of 11 = 11 # 11 # g # 11

13
` The common factors are 1 and 3. = 11

The H.C.F. is 3. 3
3. (a) 2#2#2=2
4. Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 5
(b) 6 # 6 # 6 # 6 # 6 = 6
Factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
` The common factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6. 2 3
4. (a) 2 # 2 # 5 # 5 # 5 = 2 #5
The H.C.F. is 6.
3 4
(b) 3 # 3 # 3 # 4 # 4 # 4 # 4 = 3 # 4
5. There are 2 terms (3x and 7 respectively).
4
5. (a) q#q#q#q=q
6. There are 3 terms c2x , -5x and - y respectivelym.
2 7
7
(b) h # h # h # h # h # h # h = h

7. Like terms: x, 2x 6. (a)

2 3
a#a#b#b#b=a b
4
8. Like terms: 3y , -5y
2 2 (b) r # r # r # r # s = r s

4
9. 5x + 2y + 6x - 3y = 11x - y 7. (a) (-7) # (-7) # (-7) # (-7) = (-7)
5
(b) -(8 # 8 # 8 # 8 # 8) = -8
10. 2xy + 3z - 6xy + 4z = -4xy + 7z
2
a#a a
8. (a) b#b#b
= 3
11. Substituting x = -1 into 2x + 5, we have b
2(-1) + 5 = 3 p#p#p#p p
4

(b) q#q = 2
q

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 53

9. (a) 34 = 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 = 81 15. (a) (-3)2 = (-3) # (-3) = 9

3
(-72) = -(7 # 7) = -49
(b) 5 = 5 # 5 # 5 = 125 (-1)3 = (-1) # (-1) # (-1) = -1
(-3)2 # (-72) # (-1)3 = 9 # (-49) # (-1)
10. (a) (-4)3 = (-4) # (-4) # (-4) = -64 = 441
2
(b) (-8) = (-8) # (-8) = 64
(b) 44 = 4 # 4 # 4 # 4 = 256
(-5)3 = (-5) # (-5) # (-5) = -125
11. (a) (-6)3 = (-6) # (-6) # (-6) = -216 (-3)4 = (-3) # (-3) # (-3) # (-3) = 81
3
(b) -6 = -(6 # 6 # 6) = -216
44 + (-5)3 - (-3)4 = 256 + (-125) - 81
= 256 - 125 - 81
= 50
12. (a) 　(-2) # (-2) # (-2) # 5 # 5
3 2
= (-2) # 5 (c) -62 = -(6 # 6) = -36
(b) 　3 # 8 # 8 # 3 # 8 33 = 3 # 3 # 3 = 27
3
=3#3#8#8#8 (-2) = (-2) # (-2) # (-2) = -8
2
= 3 #8
3 -62 + 33 # (-2)3 = -36 + 27 # (-8)
= -36 - 216
3 = -252
13. (a) a # (-b) # (-b) # (-b) = a (-b)
a- 1 k = a- 1 k # a- 1 k = 1
2
(b) 　c # d # c # c # d # d # d (d) 3 3 3 9
=c#c#c#d#d#d#d 33 = 3 # 3 # 3 = 27
3 4
=c d -23 = -(2 # 2 # 2) = -8
a- 1 k # 33 - (-23) = 1 # 27 - (-8)
2

14. (a) 23 = 2 # 2 # 2 = 8 3 9
35 = 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 = 243 =3+8
23 + 35 = 8 + 243 = 11
= 251
2
(b) 5 = 5 # 5 = 25 16. (a) A = (5)3 - 4(1) = 125 - 4 = 121
34 = 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 = 81 3
(b) A = (-3) - 4(2) = -27 - 8 = -35
52 - 34 = 25 - 81
= -56 (c) A = (-2)3 - 4(-4) = -8 + 16 = 8

(c) (-2)2 = (-2) # (-2) = 4

33 = 3 # 3 # 3 = 27 17. (a) B = 2(3)4 + 3(-2)3 = 162 - 24 = 138
(-2)2 # 33 = 4 # 27 4 3
(b) B = 2(-3) + 3(2) = 162 + 24 = 186
= 108
B = 2 a- 21 k + 3(-1)3 = 81 - 3 = - 8
4
23
(c)
a1k = 1 # 1 # 1 = 1
3
(d) 2 2 2 2 8
42 = 4 # 4 = 16 18. (a) Q = 23 + 3(2)2(-2) + 3(2)(-2)2 + (-2)3
a 1 k # 42 = 1 # 16
3
= 8 - 24 + 24 - 8
2 8
=0
=2
3 2 2 3
(b) Q = (-3) + 3(-3) (3) + 3(-3)(3) + (3)
= -27 + 81 - 81 + 27
=0

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 54 Chapter 2

Q = a 21 k + 3 a 21 k a- 21 k + 3 a 21 k a- 21 k +
3 2 2 7 21
(c) 9. (a) (x3) = x3 # 7 = x

a 1 k + 3 a 1 k a- 1 k + 3 a 1 k a- 1 k + a- 1 k
3 2 3 8 4 8#4 32
(b) (y ) = y = y
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
= 81 - 8 + 8 - 81
5 5
10. (a) (pq)5 = p q

a a k = a6
=0 6 6
(b) b b

Exercise 2B (P.60) 11. (a) 32 # 22 = (3 # 2)2 = 6

2

4 3 4+3 7 3 3 3 3
1. (a) 2 #2 =2 =2 (b) (-4) # (-1) = [(-4) # (-1)] = 4

3 5 3+5 8
(b) (-3) # (-3) = (-3)
a 9 k = 35
= (-3) 9
5 5
12. (a) 5 = 3
3
6 6+1 7
2. (a) b #b=b =b 3
(b) (-10) ' (-5) = [(-10) ' (-5)] = 2
3 3 3

9 2 9+2 11
(b) d # d = d =d
13. (a) p2 # 2p3 # 3p4 = 2 # 3 # p2 + 3 + 4
9
5 = 6p
3. (a) 3k2 # 2k3 = 3 # 2 # k2 + 3 = 6k
2 2 2 3 2+2 2+3
6 4 6+4 10 (b) 3a b # 7a b = 3 # 7 # a b
(b) 5m # 4m = 5 # 4 # m = 20m 4 5
= 21a b
3
4. (a) 45 ' 42 = 45 - 2 = 4 8 4 2 8-4-2 2
14. (a) p 'p 'p =p = p
9
(-2) 9-5 4
(b) 5 = (-2) = (-2) 13 2
(b) 24h k ' 8h k = (24 ' 8)h
6 13 - 6 2 - 1
k
(-2) 7
= 3h k
14 9 14 - 9 5
5. (a) p 'p =p = p
4 4 4 4 4
11
15. (a) 2 # 3 # 5 = (2 # 3 # 5) = 30
q 1
(b) = = 110
(b) 2 # 9 # a 3 k = a 2 # 9 # 3 k = 6
21 21 - 11
q q q 3 3
3 3 1 1 3

9
6. (a) 21a16 ' 3a7 = (21 ' 3)a16 - 7 = 7a m
16. 2 # 2 = 2
n 4

m+n
15b
12
5 12 - 5 5b
7 2 = 24
(b) 5 = 6b = 6
18b m+n=4
` The values for positive integers m and n
3
26x 2 2
7. (a) 11 = - 11 - 3 = - 8
such that the equation holds are:
-13x x x
4
m = 1, n = 3; m = 2, n = 2;
4 12 24y 3 3
(b) 24y ' 8y = 12 = 12 - 4 = 8 m = 3, n = 1 (any two pairs).
8y y y

6 18
8. (a) (23) = 23 # 6 = 2
7 4 7#4 28
(b) [(-5) ] = (-5) = (-5)

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 55

m n 2 a 2 a 2a
17. 3 ' 3 = 3 49 (7 ) 7 2a - b
22. b = b = b = 7
3m - n = 32 7 7 7
m-n=2 x x x 4 x
3 # 81 3 # (3 )
` The values for positive integers m and n 23. 9
= 2
3
x 4x
such that the equation holds are: 3 #3
= 2
3
m = 4, n = 2; m = 5, n = 3. x + 4x - 2
=3
(or any other reasonable answers) =3
5x - 2

m n 12
18. (5 ) = 5 3
2b # 3b
4
2#3#b
3+4
mn 12 24. 2 = 2
5 =5 6b 6b
7
mn = 12 b
= 2
` The values for positive integers m and n b
7-2
=b
such that the equation holds are: 5
=b
m = 1, n = 12; m = 2, n = 6;
m = 3, n = 4; m = 4, n = 3; 3 2 5 5 3#5 2#5 15 10
25. (-2d e ) = (-2) d e = -32d e
m = 6, n = 2; m = 12, n = 1
2 2

26. e
4h # 2h o
=e o
2 3 2+3
(any two pairs). 4#2#h
5 5
k k
2

=e 5 o
5
8h
19. m4 : n4 = 84 k
(m : n)4 = 84 5 2
(8 h )
m:n=8 = 5 2
(k )
` The values for positive integers m and n 2
8 h
5#2
= 5#2
such that the equation holds are: k
10
64h
m = 1, n = 8; m = 2, n = 4; = 10
k
m = 4, n = 2; m = 8, n = 1 2 7 7 2#7
(ab ) a b
(any two pairs). 27. 2 7 = 2#7 7
(a b) a b
7 14
a b
20. ` n j = 3
m 5
5 = 14 7
a b
14 - 7
m b
n =3 = 14 - 7
a
i.e. m = 3n 7
b
` The values for positive integers m and n = 7
a
such that the equation holds are:
# c r3 m = r3ns2n # r3n = r3n - 2n = r n
n n 3n + n 4n
3n 2n
m = 6, n = 2; m = 9, n = 3. 28. r s
s s s s
(or any other reasonable answers) 3 4
29. 　a # (-2a ) ' (-8a )
2 3

2 4 3#4
x y 3 x y
= a # (-2) a ' (-8a3)
21. (27 )(3 ) = [(3 ) ](3 )
= a2 # 16a12 ' (-8a3)
= [33x](3y)
3x + y = [16 ' (-8)] # a2 + 12 - 3
=3 11
= -2a

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 56 Chapter 2

2 2
30. 　p q # (-pq ) ' p q
2 3 3 4
Exercise 2C (P.67)
= p2q3 # (-p)2q2 # 2 ' p3q4
= p2q3 # p2q4 ' p3q4
= p2 + 2 - 3q3 + 4 - 4 1. Monomial Coefficient Degree
3
= pq
(a) 5x 5 1
m 3m 2 2 m 3m 2 3
31. (4 # 2 ) = [(2 ) # 2 ] (b) -x -1 3
3m 2
= [22m # 2 ]
= [22m + 3m]
2 (c) 0.3pq3 0.3 4
5m 2
= [2 ] 3 4 2 3
(d) 5
xy 5 6
= 25m # 2
10m
=2

32. x
p+q
= xp # xq 2. Number
Polynomial Degree
of terms
=4#8
= 32 (a) 4r - 3 2 1

33. x
2k
= x2 # k
(b) a2 - b2 + c2 3 2
2
= (xk) (c) -3m3n + 5mn4 - 1 3 5
2
= (9)
rs
= 81 (d) p + 2q - 3r - 4 4 2

34. (a) 2p # 2q ' 2r = 25

2p + q - r = 25 3. (a) 8 is a polynomial.
` p+q-r=5
` p = 4, q = 7, r = 6 (b) -6x is a polynomial.
(or any other reasonable answers)
(c) x + 1x is not a polynomial.
r
d 3 p n = 34
q
(b) (d)
5
x - 2y2 + 3 is a polynomial.
3 2
r
(3q - p) = 34 4
x
3(q - p)r = 34 (e) 2xy2 - 2 + 1 is not a polynomial.
y
` p = 3, q = 5, r = 2
4. (a) The constant term is -2.
(or any other reasonable answers)
(b) The term with the highest degree is 3xy, its
coefficient is 3.

(c) The degree of the polynomial is 2.

5. (a) The constant term is 3.

2
(b) The term with the highest degree is -4x ,
its coefficient is -4.

(c) The degree of the polynomial is 2.

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 57

6. (a) The constant term is 0. 11. (a)

3 2
4x2y - 2x3 + 3xy2 = - 2x + 4x y + 3xy
2

2 2
(b) The term with the highest degree is -9a b , 2 3 2 2
(b) 4x y - 2x + 3xy = 3xy + 4x y - 2x
2 3

its coefficient is -9.

12. (a) 　ab + 2a2b3 - 9a3b2 + 4
(c) The degree of the polynomial is 4. 2 3 3 2
= 4 + ab + 2a b - 9a b

(b) 　ab + 2a b - 9a b + 4
3 2 2 3 3 2
7. (a) x3 + 6 - 7x2 = x - 7x + 6
3 2 2 3
= 4 + ab - 9a b + 2a b
2 5
(b) -8 + 7x - 5x + 4x
5 2
= 4x + 7x - 5x - 8 13. (a) When x = 1 and y = 2,
the value of the polynomial
2
8. (a) 5 - 2y2 + 8y = 5 + 8y - 2y = -(1)2 + 2(1)(2) + 3(2)2 - 5
3 2 2 3
= 10
(b) 8y + 5 - 8y - 2y = 5 + 8y - 2y - 8y
(b) When x = -2 and y = -3,
9. (a) When x = 0, the value of the polynomial
the value of the polynomial = -(-2)2 + 2(-2)(-3) + 3(-3)2 - 5
= 2(0)2 + 11(0) - 19 = 30
= -19
(c) When x = 3 and y = -1,
(b) When x = 3, the value of the polynomial
the value of the polynomial = -(3)2 + 2(3)(-1) + 3(-1)2 - 5
= 2(3)2 + 11(3) - 19 = -17
= 32
14. (a) When x = 0 and y = 0,
(c) When x = -1,
the value of the polynomial
the value of the polynomial
= (0)3 - 3(0)2(0) + 6(0)(0)2
= 2(-1)2 + 11(-1) - 19
=0
= -28
(b) When x = 1 and y = 2,
10. (a) When x = 0, the value of the polynomial
the value of the polynomial = (1)3 - 3(1)2(2) + 6(1)(2)2
= 3(0)4 - 2(0)2 = 19
=0
(c) When x = -2 and y = 1,
(b) When x = 1, the value of the polynomial
the value of the polynomial = (-2)3 - 3(-2)2(1) + 6(-2)(1)2
= 3(1)4 - 2(1)2 = -32
=1
2 1
(c) When x = -2, 15. (a) When x = - 5 and y = 5 ,
the value of the polynomial
the value of the polynomial = - 25 - 51
= 3(-2)4 - 2(-2)2
= 40 3
= -5

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 58 Chapter 2

2
(b) When x = - 5 and y = 5 ,
1 4. (a) 9x2 - 3
-) 3x2 + 7
the value of the polynomial
6x2 - 10
= a- 25 k - 3 a- 25 k a 51 k + 3 a- 25 k a 51 k - a 51 k
3 2 2 3

a- 2 k - 3 a- 2 k a 1 k + 3 a- 2 k a 1 k - a 1 k
3 2 2 3 (b) 5x2 - x
5 5 5 5 5 5 -) 2x2 -6
27 3x2 - x + 6
= - 125

16. (a) x2 + x + 1 5. (a) -3x + 2y - x = -3x - x + 2y

(or any other reasonable answers) = -4x + 2y

4 2
(b) x y + x y + x - 13 (b) 3rt - 7 + rt = 3rt + rt - 7
= 4rt - 7
(or any other reasonable answers)

6. (a) x2 - 4x + 3x2 - 5x = x2 + 3x2 - 4x - 5x

2
Exercise 2D (P.73) = 4x - 9x

(b) 　14y + 3y - 2y - 5y
3 2 3
1. (a) 6x - 3
= 14y - 2y + 3y2 - 5y
3 3
+) 2x + 5 3 2
= 12y + 3y - 5y
8x + 2

7. (a) 　2p2 + 8p - 2 - 5p + 2 - 6p2

(b) 5a - 7b = 2p2 - 6p2 + 8p - 5p - 2 + 2
+) -4a - 8b 2
= -4p + 3p
a - 15b
(b) 　2x - 5x - 4 - x + 10 - 6x + 3x
3 2 3

= 2x3 + 3x3 - x2 - 5x - 6x - 4 + 10
2. (a) 18r - 2s 3 2
= 5x - x - 11x + 6
-) 5r + 9s
13r - 11s
8. (a) 　ab - 4ac - 3bc - 2ab + ac - ab
= ab - 2ab - ab - 4ac + ac - 3bc
(b) 4u + 9v = -2ab - 3ac - 3bc
-) -5u + 3v
9u + 6v (b) 　3xyz + 2xy - 5xyz - 6xz
= 3xyz - 5xyz + 2xy - 6xz
= -2xyz + 2xy - 6xz
3. (a) 2x2 + 1
+) 3x2 - 5 9. (a) 　(2a - 3b) + (4a + b)
5x2 - 4 = 2a - 3b + 4a + b
= 2a + 4a - 3b + b
(b) -6x2 -4 = 6a - 2b
2
+) 5x + x
2 (b) 　(5x - 2y) + (7x - 3y)
-x + x - 4
= 5x - 2y + 7x - 3y
= 5x + 7x - 2y - 3y
= 12x - 5y

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 59

10. (a) 　(8a + b) - (7a - 2b) 15. (a) 2a + 6b - 1

= 8a + b - 7a + 2b +) 5a + 3b - 2
= 8a - 7a + b + 2b 7a + 9b - 3
= a + 3b
(b) -2xy + 5x + y
(b) 　(x - 3y) - (6x - y)
-) -xy + 3x - y
= x - 3y - 6x + y
-xy + 2x + 2y
= x - 6x - 3y + y
= -5x - 2y
16. (a) 8x5 - 6x3 + 3x
11. (a) 　(x + 5) + (2x - 8) +) 4 3 2
- x + 2x - 7x + x
= x + 5 + 2x - 8 8x5 - x4 - 4x3 - 7x2 + 4x
= x + 2x + 5 - 8
= 3x - 3
(b) 4x5 + 5x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 9
4
(b) 　(4 - 2y) + (11 + 7y) -) - 6x + 3x2 -4
= 4 - 2y + 11 + 7y 4x5 + 6x4 + 5x3 - 5x2 + 2x - 5
= 4 + 11 - 2y + 7y
= 15 + 5y
17. (a) 　-2a2b - 3ab2 + 6a2b - b2a
= -2a2b + 6a2b - 3ab2 - ab2
12. (a) (3x + 4) - (6x - 3) = 3x + 4 - 6x + 3 2 2
= 4a b - 4ab
= 3x - 6x + 4 + 3
= -3x + 7 (b) 　3xy z - 2xyz + 7xyz - 3x yz
2 2 2 2

2 2 2
= 3xy z + 5xyz - 3x yz
(b) (6y - 6) - (2y + 4) = 6y - 6 - 2y - 4
= 6y - 2y - 6 - 4
= 4y - 10 18. (a) 　(2a + 5b - 4) + (5a - b - 3)
= 2a + 5b - 4 + 5a - b - 3
13. (a) 　(x2 + 1) + (3 - 2x2) = 2a + 5a + 5b - b - 4 - 3
= x2 + 1 + 3 - 2x2 = 7a + 4b - 7
= x2 - 2x2 + 1 + 3
2 (b) 　(7c - 8d - 14) - (-c + 8d + 12)
= -x + 4
= 7c - 8d - 14 + c - 8d - 12
(b) 　(3x - x) + (2x + 5x)
2 2
= 7c + c - 8d - 8d - 14 - 12
= 3x2 - x + 2x2 + 5x = 8c - 16d - 26
= 3x2 + 2x2 - x + 5x
2
　(6x - 3x + 5) + (x - 5x - 9)
2 2
= 5x + 4x 19. (a)
2 2
= 6x - 3x + 5 + x - 5x - 9
2 2
14. (a) 　(4x2 - 3) - (7 + 3x2) = 6x + x - 3x - 5x + 5 - 9
2
= 4x2 - 3 - 7 - 3x2 = 7x - 8x - 4
= 4x2 - 3x2 - 3 - 7 2 3 3 2
2 (b) (4x - 12 + x + 3x) + (5x - 9 + x - 4x )
= x - 10
= 4x2 - 12 + x3 + 3x + 5x - 9 + x3 - 4x2
3 3 2 2
(b) 　(-5x - 3x ) - (8x - 6x )
2 2
= x + x + 4x - 4x + 3x + 5x - 12 - 9
2 2 3
= -5x - 3x - 8x + 6x = 2x + 8x - 21
= -5x - 8x - 3x2 + 6x2
2
= -13x + 3x

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 60 Chapter 2

20. (a) 　(1 + c - c2) - (2c2 - 3c) (b) Number of envelopes left
= 1 + c - c2 - 2c2 + 3c = x - (x + 10) + (4x + 1)
= -c2 - 2c2 + c + 3c + 1 = x - x - 10 + 4x + 1
2
= -3c + 4c + 1 = x - x + 4x - 10 + 1
= 4x - 9
(b) (2x2 - 5x4 - 12) - (9 + 4x4 - x3 + 2x2)
= 2x2 - 5x4 - 12 - 9 - 4x4 + x3 - 2x2
= -5x4 - 4x4 + x3 + 2x2 - 2x2 - 12 - 9
4 3
Exercise 2E (P.79)
= -9x + x - 21
2
1. x(x + 4) = x(x) + x(4) = x + 4x
21. (a) (8a - b + 2c) + (-b - 3c + 6a) -
(8c + 7a - 6b) 2. -5(x - 8) = -5(x) - (-5)(8) = -5x + 40
= 8a - b + 2c - b - 3c + 6a -
2 2 2
8c - 7a + 6b 3. -c (2x + 3y) = -c (2x) + (-c )(3y)
2 2
= 8a + 6a - 7a - b - b + 6b + = -2c x - 3c y
2c - 3c - 8c
= 7a + 4b - 9c 4. 5y(a + 2b) = 5y(a) + 5y(2b) = 5ay + 10by

(b) (2x2 - x + 1) - (3x3 + 6x - 7x2) + 2

5. (9a + 3)2a = (9a)2a + (3)2a = 18a + 6a
(4 - 5x - x3)
= 2x2 - x + 1 - 3x3 - 6x + 7x2 + 2
6. (2x - 5)4x = (2x)4x - (5)4x = 8x - 20x
4 - 5x - x3
= -3x3 - x3 + 2x2 + 7x2 - x - 6x -
5x + 1 + 4 7. (3y + 2)(-2y) = (3y)(-2y) + 2(-2y)
2
3 2
= -4x + 9x - 12x + 5 = -6y - 4y

22. (a) Perimeter of parallelogram ABCD 8. (2x - 6y)(-a) = (2x)(-a) - 6y(-a)

= 2(AB + BC) = -2ax + 6ay
= 2[(5y - 4) + (3y - 1)] cm
= 2[5y - 4 + 3y - 1] cm 9. (x + 2)(x + 4) = (x + 2)x + (x + 2)(4)
= 2[5y + 3y - 4 - 1] cm = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8
2
= 2[8y - 5] cm = x + 6x + 8
= (16y - 10) cm
10. (x + 3)(x - 7) = (x + 3)x - (x + 3)(7)
(b) If y = 4,
= x2 + 3x - 7x - 21
perimeter of parallelogram ABCD 2
= x - 4x - 21
= [16(4) - 10] cm
= 54 cm 2
11. (y - 4) = (y - 4)(y - 4)
= (y - 4)y - (y - 4)(4)
23. (a) Number of envelopes that Carol has used = y2 - 4y - 4y + 16
= (2x - 4) + (14 - x) 2
= y - 8y + 16
= 2x - 4 + 14 - x
= 2x - x - 4 + 14 12. (6 + x)(6 - x) = (6 + x)(6) - (6 + x)x
= x + 10 = 36 + 6x - 6x - x2
2
= 36 - x

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 61

13. (4p + 3)(5p + 2) = (4p + 3)(5p) + (4p + 3)(2) 22. x+2

2
= 20p + 15p + 8p + 6 #) 6x - 1
2
= 20p + 23p + 6 6x2 + 12x
+) - x-2
14. (6a + 5)(5a - 6) = (6a + 5)(5a) - (6a + 5)(6)
6x2 + 11x - 2
= 30a2 + 25a - 36a - 30
2
= 30a - 11a - 30
23. 5x + 3
15. (3 + b)(4 - 2b) = (3 + b)(4) - (3 + b)(2b) #) x-2
= 12 + 4b - 6b - 2b2
2 5x2 + 3x
= 12 - 2b - 2b
+) - 10x - 6
5x2 - 7x - 6
16. (3 - 2n)(7 - n) = (3 - 2n)(7) - (3 - 2n)n
= 21 - 14n - 3n + 2n2
2
= 21 - 17n + 2n 24. 3p - 4
#) 2p - 1
17. 　(-5 - 2s)(3s + 4) 6p2 - 8p
= (-5 - 2s)(3s) + (-5 - 2s)(4) +) - 3p + 4
= -15s - 6s2 - 20 - 8s 6p2 - 11p + 4
2
= -6s - 23s - 20

18. (9 - 2r)(2r + 9) = (9 - 2r)(2r) + (9 - 2r)(9) 25. 2ab(3a - 4b) = 2ab(3a) - 2ab(4b)

= 18r - 4r2 + 81 - 18r 2
= 6a b - 8ab
2
2
= -4r + 81
26. 4a(a + 2b + 7c) = 4a(a) + 4a(2b) + 4a(7c)
2
19. x+1 = 4a + 8ab + 28ac
#) x-5
x2 + x 2
27. -5(3 - 6a + a ) = -5(3) - (-5)(6a) + (-5)(a )
2

2
+) - 5x - 5 = -15 + 30a - 5a
x2 - 4x - 5
28. (2a + x)(9a + x) = (2a + x)(9a) + (2a + x)x
= 18a2 + 9ax + 2ax + x2
20. x - 2 2 2
= 18a + 11ax + x
#) x - 8
x2 - 2x
29. 　(6m - k)(4m - 7k)
+) - 8x + 16
= (6m - k)(4m) - (6m - k)(7k)
x2 - 10x + 16 = 24m2 - 4mk - 42mk + 7k2
2 2
= 24m - 46mk + 7k

21. x + 5
#) x - 5 30. 　(5p + h)(2h - 4p)
2 = (5p + h)(2h) - (5p + h)(4p)
x + 5x
= 10hp + 2h2 - 20p2 - 4hp
+) - 5x - 25 2 2
= 2h + 6hp - 20p
x2 - 25

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 62 Chapter 2

31. 　(q + 1)(q + q + 1) 　(4x + 3)(3x - 2)

2
38. (a)
2 2
= q(q + q + 1) + (q + q + 1) = (4x + 3)(3x) - (4x + 3)(2)
= q3 + q2 + q + q2 + q + 1 = 12x2 + 9x - 8x - 6
3 2 2
= q + 2q + 2q + 1 = 12x + x - 6

(b) 　(2x + 5)(4x + 3)(3x - 2)

32. 　(x - 4x + 2)(x - 1)
2
= (2x + 5)(12x2 + x - 6)
= (x2 - 4x + 2)x - (x2 - 4x + 2)
= (2x)(12x2 + x - 6) + 5(12x2 + x - 6)
= x3 - 4x2 + 2x - x2 + 4x - 2
3 2 = 24x3 + 2x2 - 12x + 60x2 + 5x - 30
= x - 5x + 6x - 2 3 2
= 24x + 62x - 7x - 30

33. 　(2k + 1)(2k + 3k - 2)

2
39. (a) -2x2(x - 3) = -2x2(x) - (-2x2)(3)
= (2k)(2k2 + 3k - 2) + (2k2 + 3k - 2) 3 2
= -2x + 6x
= 4k3 + 6k2 - 4k + 2k2 + 3k - 2
3 2
= 4k + 8k - k - 2 (b) 　-2x (x - 3) + (6x + 3x - 5)
2 2

= (-2x3 + 6x2) + (6x2 + 3x - 5)

2
34. x + 2x - 4 = -2x3 + 6x2 + 6x2 + 3x - 5
3 2
#) x- 3 = -2x + 12x + 3x - 5
x3 + 2x2 - 4x
+) - 3x2 - 6x + 12 40. (a) 　(y - 2)(3y - 7)
x3 - x2 - 10x + 12 = (y - 2)(3y) - (y - 2)(7)
= 3y2 - 6y - 7y + 14
2
= 3y - 13y + 14
35. x2 - 3x + 5
(b) 　(y - 2)(3y - 7) - (y - 4y + 1)
2
#) x+ 8
= (3y - 13y + 14) - (y - 4y2 + 1)
2
x3 - 3x2 + 5x
+) 8x2 - 24x + 40 = 3y2 - 13y + 14 - y + 4y2 - 1
2
x3 + 5x2 - 19x + 40 = 7y - 14y + 13

36. x2 - 2x + 1 Exercise 2F (P.86)

#) 2x + 1
1. ab - 3b = b (a - 3)
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x
+) x2 - 2x + 1
2. n - an = n (1 - a)
2x3 - 3x2 +1
2
3. -ax - a = (-a)x + (-a)a = -a (x + a)
37. (a) 　(x - 5)(x + 2)
2
= (x - 5)x + (x - 5)(2) 4. 5g + 10g = (5g)(g) + (5g)(2) = 5g (g + 2)
= x2 - 5x + 2x - 10
2 2
= x - 3x - 10 5. 6m - 15mn = 3m(2m) - 3m(5n)
= 3m (2m - 5n)
(b) 　(x - 5)(x + 2)(4x - 3)
= (x2 - 3x - 10)(4x - 3) 2 3 2 2 2
6. 9x - x = x (9) - x (x) = x (9 - x)
= (x2 - 3x - 10)(4x) - (x2 - 3x - 10)(3)
= 4x3 - 12x2 - 40x - 3x2 + 9x + 30
3 2 7. 6a - 4b + 8c = 2 (3a - 2b + 4c)
= 4x - 15x - 31x + 30

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 63

8. 2a + ab - ac = a (2 + b - c) 23. tu - tv + 6v - 6u = t(u - v) - 6(u - v)

= (u - v) (t - 6)
2
9. 2x + xy - x = x(2x) + x(y) + x(-1)
= x (2x + y - 1) 24. 4ab - 3b + 3c - 4ac = b(4a - 3) - c(4a - 3)
= (4a - 3) (b - c)
10. r(x - y) + s(x - y) = (x - y) (r + s)
25. 　3ab + 6bc - 12bd
11. (4x - 1)y + x(4x - 1) = (4x - 1) (y + x) = 3b(a) + 3b(2c) + 3b(-4d)
= 3b (a + 2c - 4d)

12. c(p + q) - 3d(p + q) = (p + q) (c - 3d)

26. 　-15y - 5xy - 25y
2

= -5y(3y) - 5y(x) - 5y(5)

13. xy + x + y + 1 = (xy + x) + (y + 1)
= -5y (3y + x + 5)
= x(y + 1) + (y + 1)
= (y + 1) (x + 1)
27. 　12x - 12x + 18x
5 4 2

= 6x (2x ) + 6x (-2x2) + 6x2(3)

2 3 2

14. aw - bw + a - b = w(a - b) + (a - b) 2 3 2
= 6x (2x - 2x + 3)
= (a - b) (w + 1)

28. 　(3x - 2)(a - b) + 3(a - b)

15. a + 2 - ab - 2b = (a + 2) - b(a + 2) = (a - b)(3x - 2 + 3)
= (a + 2) (1 - b) = (a - b) (3x + 1)

16. m - n - lm + ln = (m - n) - l(m - n) 29. 　(2a + 1)(x + y) - a(x + y)

= (m - n) (1 - l )
17. ap + aq + 4p + 4q = a(p + q) + 4(p + q)
= (p + q) (a + 4)
18. 6x - 6a + xy - ay = 6(x - a) + y(x - a)
= (x - a) (6 + y)
= (x + y)(2a + 1 - a)
= (x + y) (a + 1)
30. 　(m + 2n)(a - b) - n(b - a)
= (m + 2n)(a - b) + n(a - b)
= (a - b)(m + 2n + n)
= (a - b) (m + 3n)

19. ps - 2p - 6s + 12 = p(s - 2) - 6(s - 2) 31. 　(x + y)(a - b) + (x + y)(2a + b)

= (s - 2) (p - 6)
20. 9x - mx - 9y + my = x(9 - m) - y(9 - m)
= (9 - m) (x - y)
21. cr + cs - dr - ds = c(r + s) - d(r + s)
= (r + s) (c - d)
= (x + y)(a - b + 2a + b)
= 3a (x + y)
32. 　(a + 2b)(x - 1) - (1 - x)(2a - c)
= (a + 2b)(x - 1) + (x - 1)(2a - c)
= (x - 1)(a + 2b + 2a - c)
= (x - 1) (3a + 2b - c)

22. 5ap + 2p - 10a - 4 = p(5a + 2) - 2(5a + 2) 33. 3a - bx + 3b - ax = 3a + 3b - (ax + bx)

= (5a + 2) (p - 2) = 3(a + b) - x(a + b)
= (a + b) (3 - x)

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 64 Chapter 2

2 2 8
34. 3p + 2q - q - 6pq = 3p - q + 2q + 6pq ✗ 8 19 3 1 1
2. 3 '3 = 19 = 19 - 8 = 11
= (3p - q) + 2q(q - 3p) 3 3 3
= (3p - q) - 2q(3p - q) = 3 ! 111
19 - 8 11
3
= (3p - q) (1 - 2q) 3

7 8 7 2 8
3. ✗ 2 # 4 = 2 # (2 )
35. 　-m - 3mr - 3pr - mp
2
7 2#8
=2 #2
= -(m2 + 3mr + 3pr + mp) =2 7 + 16

= -[m(m + 3r) + p(3r + m)] =2

23

= - (m + 3r) (m + p) (2 # 4)
7+8
=8
15

3 15
= (2 )
36. 　x + cx - 2x - 2cx
4 3 3 2
3 # 15
=2
= x3(x + c) - 2x2(x + c) 45
=2
= (x + c)(x3 - 2x2) 23
2
!2
= x (x + c) (x - 2)
4. ✗ (-3a)8 = (-3a) # (-3a) # (-3a) #
37. 　2ax + 2bx + 2cx - ay - by - cy (-3a) # (-3a) # (-3a) #
= 2x(a + b + c) - y(a + b + c) (-3a) # (-3a)
= (a + b + c) (2x - y) = 6 561a8
! -3a8
38. 　pa + qa - ra + rb - qb - pb Flora:
= a(p + q - r) - b(p + q - r)
1. ✓
= (p + q - r) (a - b)
2. ✓
39. 　(x - 5) + 2x - 10
2

= (x - 5)(x - 5) + 2(x - 5) 3. ✗ In the polynomial 7a3b - 8a2b2 + 9ab3 - 5b4,

= (x - 5)(x - 5 + 2) the coefficient of the term a2b2 is -8.
= (x - 5) (x - 3)
4. ✗ The polynomial 2x3 + x2 - 4 is arranged
40. 　(4 + a)(4 - a) - 12 - 3a in descending power of x.
= (4 + a)(4 - a) - 3(4 + a) Cleo:
= (4 + a)(4 - a - 3) 1. ✓
= (4 + a) (1 - a)
2. ✓

Checkpoint (P.88) 3. ✗ y(x - 3) - x - 3 = xy - 3y - x - 3

(x - 3)(y - 1) = (x - 3)y - (x - 3)
Oscar: = xy - 3y - x + 3
1. ✗ (-5)4 = (-5) # (-5) # (-5) # (-5) ! xy - 3y - x - 3
= 625
4
-5 = -(5 # 5 # 5 # 5)
= -625
! 625

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 65

Supplementary Exercise 2 (P.89) 8. (a) 　5x2 - 4 - 7x3 + 8x

3 2
= -7x + 5x + 8x - 4
2 3
1. (a) a:a:b:b:b=a b
(b) 　4y + 2y - 14y - 9
3 2

2 5 3 2
(b) p : p : r : r : r : r : r = p r = -9 + 4y - 14y + 2y

3
u$u$u u
(c) v$v$v$v = 4 9. (a) When x = 4 and y = 9,
v
the value of the polynomial
= 2(9)2 - 3(4)2
2. (a) 5 # 24 = 5 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 80
= 114
(b) 　(-3) # (-2)
4
(b) When x = -8 and y = 3,
= (-3) # (-3) # (-3) # (-3) # (-2)
the value of the polynomial
= -162
= 2(3)2 - 3(-8)2
6 9
= -174
3. (a) u3v2 # u3v7 = u3 + 3 v2 + 7 = u v
5
(b) 12x # 3x = 12 # 3 # x
4 5+4
= 36x
9 (c) When x = 21 and y = 51 ,

the value of the polynomial

3 5

= 2 a 51 k - 3 a 21 k
x y 3-2 5 5 2 2
4. (a) 2 =x y = xy
x
67
5 9 4b
5
1 1 = - 100
(b) 4b ' 12b = 9 = 9-5 = 4
12b 3b 3b

3 3 15 10. (a) (5 + 3d) + (d - 12) = 5 + 3d + d - 12

5. (a) (ab5) = a3b5 # 3 = a b
= 3d + d + 5 - 12
4 = 4d - 7
f x2 p = 2 4
3 3 4
(x )
(b)
y (y )
(b) (3h - 4) - (8h - 2) = 3h - 4 - 8h + 2
3#4
x
= 2#4 = 3h - 8h - 4 + 2
y = -5h - 2
12
x
= 8
y
11. (a) 　(9h + 8k) + (6h + k)
= 9h + 8k + 6h + k
6. (a) The constant term is 8.
= 9h + 6h + 8k + k
(b) The term with the highest degree is x , its
3 = 15h + 9k

coefficient is 1. (b) 　(3p - 10q) - (p - 8q)

= 3p - 10q - p + 8q
(c) The degree of the polynomial is 3.
= 3p - p - 10q + 8q
= 2p - 2q
7. (a) x2 - x + 1 (or any other reasonable answers)
12. (a) 　(6x2 + x) + (7x2 - x)
4
(b) x - 7 (or any other reasonable answers) = 6x2 + x + 7x2 - x
= 6x2 + 7x2 + x - x
2
= 13x

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 66 Chapter 2

(b) 　(7x - x ) - (9x + 2x) 　24p + 15 + 16pq + 10q

2 2
20. (a)
2 2
= 7x - x - 9x - 2x = 3(8p + 5) + 2q(8p + 5)
= 7x - 2x - x2 - 9x2 = (8p + 5) (3 + 2q)
2
= 5x - 10x
(b) 　4 - 4ac - abcd + bd
= 4(1 - ac) + bd(1 - ac)
13. (a) 3m(2m - 7n) = 3m(2m) - 3m(7n)
2 = (1 - ac) (4 + bd)
= 6m - 21mn

(b) (4x + 5y)(-3c) = (-3c)(4x) - 3c(5y) 21. (a) 　a # (-b) # (-b) # a # a #

= -12cx - 15cy (-b) # (-b)
3 4
= a (-b)
14. (a) (a + 3)2 = (a + 3)(a + 3)
(b) 　p # (-q) # p # r # p # r # (-q)
= (a + 3)a + (a + 3)(3) 3 2 2
= p (-q) r
= a2 + 3a + 3a + 9
2
= a + 6a + 9
22. (a) (-1)3 = (-1) # (-1) # (-1) = -1
(b) (k + 4)(5k - 1) = (k + 4)(5k) - (k + 4) (-52) = -(5 # 5) = -25
= 5k2 + 20k - k - 4 (-2)3 = (-2) # (-2) # (-2) = -8
　(-1)3 # (-52) # (-2)3
2
= 5k + 19k - 4
= (-1) # (-25) # (-8)
15. (a) 　(2x - 5)(5x + 2) = -200
= (2x - 5)(5x) + (2x - 5)(2) 4
(b) 6 = 6 # 6 # 6 # 6 = 1 296
= 10x2 - 25x + 4x - 10
2 (-6)4 = (-6) # (-6) # (-6) # (-6)
= 10x - 21x - 10
= 1 296
(b) 　(4x - 1)(4x - 3z) 64 - (-6)4 = 1 296 - 1 296 = 0
= (4x - 1)(4x) - (4x - 1)(3z)
2 4 2
= 16x - 4x - 12xz + 3z a #a 3
23. (a) 3 = a4 + 2 - 3 = a
a
4 5 6 4+6-2 8
16. (a) 8a2x + 3a = a (8ax + 3) (b)
x #y #x
=
x x
3 2 4 3+4-5 = 2
y #x #y y y
2
(b) 4xy - 9x z = x (4y - 9xz)
2 3
24. (a) (p2q) # (pq4) = p2 # 2q2 # p3q4 # 3
2
17. (a) -16a bc - 8acd = -8ac (2ab + d) = p4q2 # p3q12
= p4 + 3q2 + 12
2 2 2
(b) 10x y z - 15xyz = 5xyz (2xy - 3z) 7 14
= p q

2 2 4 4 3 4 2#4 4#3
18. (a) 4h2(u - v) - k(u - v) = (u - v) (4h - k) (b)
(ba ) # (a )
=
b a #a
3 2 3#2 2
(a b) a b
2 2 2
(b) (x + 2y)r + (x + 2y)s = (x + 2y) (r + s) 4 8 12
b a #a
= 6 2
a b
19. (a) 7h - hk - 7p + pk = h(7 - k) - p(7 - k) = a8 + 12 - 6b4 - 2
= (7 - k) (h - p) 14 2
=a b

(b) dx - ex + 3d - 3e = x(d -e) + 3(d - e)

= (d - e) (x + 3)

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 67

q
　c 3 m # (m n) ' m
n
5
2 9 3 28. (a) (ap) = a16
25. (a)
m apq = a16
5 2#9 9
n m n pq = 16
= 3#5 # 3
m m ` The values for positive integers p and q
5+9 18
n m
= 15 + 3 such that the equation holds are:
m
14 18 p = 1, q = 16; p = 2, q = 8;
n m
= 18
m p = 4, q = 4; p = 8, q = 2;
14
=n p = 16, q = 1 (any one pair).
4 2
e a2 o # e b4 o ' a2b3
3 5
(b) (b) 2p # 4q = 27
b a p q
2 # (22) = 27
3#4 5#2
a b 2 3
2p # 22q = 27
= 2#4 # 4#2 ' a b
b a
12 10
2p + 2q = 27
a b 1
= 8 # 8 # 2 3 p + 2q = 7
b a a b
12 - 8 - 2 ` The values for positive integers p and q
a
= 8 + 3 - 10
b such that the equation holds are:
2
a p = 5, q = 1; p = 3, q = 2;
= b
p = 1, q = 3 (any one pair).
2x
26. (a) 82x : 2y = (23) : 2y
= 23 # 2x : 2y 29. (a) 　4xy4 - x4y - 3y5 + 5x3y2 - x2y3 - x5
6x + y 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5
=2 = -3y + 4xy - x y + 5x y - x y - x
2 2m
(b) 　4xy - x y - 3y + 5x y - x y - x
2m 4 4 5 3 2 2 3 5
9 (3 )
(b) m = 3m
27 $ 3 (3 ) $ 3 5 4 3 2 2 3 4
= -x - x y + 5x y - x y + 4xy - 3y
5
2 # 2m
3
= 3m
3 $3
4m 30. (a) When a = 1, b = 1 and c = 1,
3
= 3m + 1 the value of the polynomial
3
4m - (3m + 1)
=3 = 31 [(1)(1) + (1)(1) + (1)(1)]
m-1
=3
=1
m
x
27. (a) xm - n = n (b) When a = -4, b = 0 and c = -2,
x
8 the value of the polynomial
= 16
= 31 [(-4)(0) + (0)(-2) + (-2)(-4)]
= 21
8
= 3
3
= (xm)
3m
(b) x
= 83 (c) When a = 3, b = -5 and c = 8,
= 512 the value of the polynomial
= 31 [(3)(-5) + (-5)(8) + (8)(3)]
31
=- 3

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 68 Chapter 2

31. (a) 　(3x + 8y - 4) + (7x - 4y - 2) (b) 　(3a + 2b)(b + 5a)

= 3x + 8y - 4 + 7x - 4y - 2 = (3a + 2b)b + (3a + 2b)(5a)
= 3x + 7x + 8y - 4y - 4 - 2 = 3ab + 2b2 + 15a2 + 10ab
2 2
= 10x + 4y - 6 = 15a + 13ab + 2b

(b) 　(4x - 15x + 7) - (3x - 6x)

2 2
36. (a) 　(3a - 2)(a2 + 4a - 3)
= 4x2 - 15x + 7 - 3x2 + 6x
= (3a)(a2 + 4a - 3) - 2(a2 + 4a - 3)
= 4x2 - 3x2 - 15x + 6x + 7
2 = 3a3 + 12a2 - 9a - 2a2 - 8a + 6
= x - 9x + 7 3 2
= 3a + 10a - 17a + 6

32. (a) 　(4t3 - 3t + 6) + (5t2 - 3t - 3t3 - 4) (b) 　(4x - 5x + 1)(-3x + 5)

2

= 4t3 - 3t + 6 + 5t2 - 3t - 3t3 - 4 = (4x2 - 5x + 1)(-3x) + (4x2 - 5x + 1)(5)

= 4t3 - 3t3 + 5t2 - 3t - 3t + 6 - 4 = -12x3 + 15x2 - 3x + 20x2 - 25x + 5
3 2 3 2
= t + 5t - 6t + 2 = -12x + 35x - 28x + 5

(b) 　(14x - 14x + 7) - (8x - 2x -

2 3 2
37. (a) (i) 　(x + 1)(x - 3)
2x - 6)
= (x + 1)x - (x + 1)(3)
= 14x2 - 14x + 7 - 8x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 6
= x2 + x - 3x - 3
= -8x3 + 14x2 + 2x2 - 14x + 2x + 7 + 6 2
3 2 = x - 2x - 3
= -8x + 16x - 12x + 13
(ii) 　(x + 1)(x - 3)(2x - 1)
33. (a) 　(3u - 4v) + (4u + 2v) - (2u - 7v) = (x2 - 2x - 3)(2x - 1)
= 3u - 4v + 4u + 2v - 2u + 7v = (x2 - 2x - 3)(2x) - (x2 - 2x - 3)
= 3u + 4u - 2u - 4v + 2v + 7v = 2x3 - 4x2 - 6x - x2 + 2x + 3
3 2
= 5u + 5v = 2x - 5x - 4x + 3

(b) 　(8x - y) - (4x - 7y) - (2x + 5y) (b) (i) 　(x - 3)(2x - 1)
= 8x - y - 4x + 7y - 2x - 5y = (x - 3)(2x) - (x - 3)
= 8x - 4x - 2x - y + 7y - 5y = 2x2 - 6x - x + 3
2
= 2x + y = 2x - 7x + 3

(ii) 　(x + 1)(x - 3)(2x - 1)

34. (a) 　(3x2 - x + 2) - (x2 + 2) + = (x + 1)(2x2 - 7x + 3)
(2x2 - 4x - 5) = x(2x2 - 7x + 3) + (2x2 - 7x + 3)
= 3x2 - x + 2 - x2 - 2 + 2x2 - 4x - 5 = 2x3 - 7x2 + 3x + 2x2 - 7x + 3
3 2
= 3x2 - x2 + 2x2 - x - 4x + 2 - 2 - 5 = 2x - 5x - 4x + 3
2
= 4x - 5x - 5
(c) Yes, the results of (a)(ii) and (b)(ii) are the
(b) 　(6y + 5y) - (3y + 8) - (2y + 5y - 4)
2 2
same. Different orders of operation in
= 6y2 + 5y - 3y - 8 - 2y2 - 5y + 4
multiplication of polynomials result in the
= 6y2 - 2y2 + 5y - 3y - 5y - 8 + 4
2 same answer.
= 4y - 3y - 4

38. 　(5x + 4)(3x - x - 1)

2
35. (a) 　(4x + 7y)(3x - 4y)
= (5x)(3x - x - 1) + 4(3x2 - x - 1)
2
= (4x + 7y)(3x) - (4x + 7y)(4y)
= 15x3 - 5x2 - 5x + 12x2 - 4x - 4
= 12x2 + 21xy - 16xy - 28y2
2 2 = 15x3 + 7x2 - 9x - 4
= 12x + 5xy - 28y
` The coefficient of x2 is 7.

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 69

39. 　(4y + 3y - 7)(3y )

3 2 m
(b) 4 ( x + 2) cm
3 m 2 m m
= (4y )(3y ) + (3y )(3y ) - 7(3y )
= 12y3 + m + 9y2 + m - 21ym
a The coefficient of y5 is 9. (4 x – 5) cm 3 x cm
` 2+m=5
m=3
(5 x + 1) cm

40. (a) 　(a - 3)(3a + 5) - (4a - 1)

= (a - 3)(3a) + (a - 3)(5) - (4a - 1) Area

= 9 21 $ 4 (x + 2) (4x - 5) + 21 (5x + 1) (3x) C

2
= 3a - 9a + 5a - 15 - 4a + 1
2
= -14 - 8a + 3a
9 1 $ 4 (x + 2) (4x - 5) + 1 (5x + 1) (3x) C cm2
2 2
(b) 　(2x + 3)(3x + 2) + (4x - 3)(x + 2)
= 9 2 (x + 2) (4x - 5) + 21 (15x + 3x) C cm2
= (2x + 3)(3x) + (2x + 3)(2) + 2

(4x - 3)x + (4x - 3)(2)

= % 2 [(x + 2) (4x) - (x + 2) (5)] + 2 x + 2 x /
= 6x2 + 9x + 4x + 6 + 4x2 - 3x + 8x - 6 15 2 3
2
= 18x + 10x
% 2 [(x + 2) (4x) - (x + 2) (5)] + 15 x2 + 3 x / cm2
2 2
41. 　(8 + y) - (1 - 3y)
2 2

= : 2 (4x + 8x - 5x - 10) + 2 x + 2 x D cm2

2 15 2 3
= (8 + y)(8 + y) - (1 - 3y)(1 - 3y)

= : 2 (4x + 3x - 10) + 2 x + 2 x D cm2

= [(8 + y)(8) + (8 + y)(y)] - [(1 - 3y) - 2 15 2 3
(1 - 3y)(3y)]
= (64 + 8y + 8y + y2) - (1 - 3y - 3y + 9y2)
= : 8x + 6x - 20 + 2 x + 2 x D cm2
2 15 2 3
= 64 + 16y + y2 - 1 + 6y - 9y2
= a 2 x + 2 x - 20 k cm
2
= 63 + 22y - 8y 31 2 15 2

42. Perimeter of the rectangle

= 2(3x + 8y) cm 44. (a) 　9x2 - 12x3 + 15x4
= (6x + 16y) cm = 3x2(3) + 3x2(-4x) + 3x2(5x2)
2 2
= 3x (3 - 4x + 5x )
Perimeter of the triangle
(b) 　-12a b - 8a b - 4ab
2 3 2
= [5x + (x + 2y) + 8y] cm
= [5x + x + 2y + 8y] cm = -4ab(3ab2) - 4ab(2a) - 4ab
2
= (6x + 10y) cm = -4ab (3ab + 2a + 1)
As x and y are positive numbers, the rectangle
has a longer perimeter. 45. (a) 　(3y - 1)(2x - 5) - y(2x - 5)
= (2x - 5)(3y - 1 - y)
43. (a) Perimeter = (2x - 5) (2y - 1)
= [4(x + 2) + (4x - 5) + (5x + 1) + 3x] cm
(b) 　(x - 2)(m + 2n) + 3(m + 2n)
2
= [4x + 8 + 4x - 5 + 5x + 1 + 3x] cm
= (m + 2n)(x2 - 2 + 3)
= (16x + 4) cm 2
= (m + 2n) (x + 1)

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 70 Chapter 2

46. (a) 　ab(3x - 1) - bc(1 - 3x)
= ab(3x - 1) + bc(3x - 1)
= (3x - 1)(ab + bc)
= b (3x - 1) (a + c)
(b) 　5(3m - n) - (n - 3m)
2
= 5(3m - n)2 + (3m - n)
= (3m - n)[5(3m - n) + 1]
51. (a) Volume of the prism
= (2x + 3)(x + 5)(x - 1) cm3
= (2x + 3)[(x + 5)x - (x + 5)] cm3
= (2x + 3)[x2 + 5x - x - 5] cm3
= (2x + 3)[x2 + 4x - 5] cm3
= [2x(x2 + 4x - 5) + 3(x2 + 4x - 5)] cm3
= [2x3 + 8x2 - 10x + 3x2 + 12x - 15] cm3
3 2
= (2x + 11x + 2x - 15) cm
3

= (3m - n) (15m - 5n + 1)
(b) (i) Surface area of the face P
47. (a) 　3mx - 32ny + 48my - 2nx = (2x + 3)(x + 5) cm2
= 3mx + 48my - 2nx - 32ny = [(2x + 3)x + (2x + 3)(5)] cm2
= 3m(x + 16y) - 2n(x + 16y) = [2x2 + 3x + 10x + 15] cm2
2 2
= (x + 16y) (3m - 2n) = (2x + 13x + 15) cm

(b) 　16m y - 6m x - 3mx + 8my

2 2 Surface area of the face Q
= m(16my - 6mx - 3x + 8y) = (x - 1)(x + 5) cm2
= m[2m(8y - 3x) + (8y - 3x)] = [(x - 1)x + (x - 1)(5)] cm2
= m (8y - 3x) (2m + 1) = [x2 - x + 5x - 5] cm2
2 2
= (x + 4x - 5) cm

48. (a) 　3xp + 3xq - 3xr - p - q + r Surface area of the face R

= 3x(p + q - r) - (p + q - r) = (2x + 3)(x - 1) cm2
= (p + q - r) (3x - 1) = [(2x + 3)x - (2x + 3)] cm2
= [2x2 + 3x - 2x - 3] cm2
(b) 　4x - 4x y - 2x + 2xy + 5x - 5y
3 2 2
2 2
2
= (2x + x - 3) cm
= 4x (x - y) - 2x(x - y) + 5(x - y)
2
= (x - y) (4x - 2x + 5) (ii) Total surface area of the prism
= 2[(2x2 + 13x + 15) + (x2 + 4x -
49. (a)
3
2x4 - 6x3 = 2x (x - 3) 5) + (2x2 + x - 3)] cm2
= 2[2x2 + 13x + 15 + x2 + 4x -
(b) (x + 3)(x - 3) = (x - 3)x + (x - 3)(3) 5 + 2x2 + x - 3] cm2
= x2 - 3x + 3x - 9 = 2[5x2 + 18x + 7] cm2
2 2 2
= x -9 = (10x + 36x + 14) cm

(c) Using the results of (a) and (b), we have m

52.
　x2 - 9 + 2x4 - 6x3
2
n
= (x + 3)(x - 3) + 2x3(x - 3) 4
3 b
= (x - 3) (2x + x + 3) 53. 3
a
6
50. +C + +A + +B = 180c 54.
x
3
+C + 100c - x + 2x + 10c = 180c y
+C + 110c + x = 180c 3
55. ab
+C = 180c - 110c - x
= 70c - x

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 71

Challenging Problems (P.95) 3. (a) AB = GF = 4y - 2x

` CD = AD - AB - BC
1. (a) (i) (-1)2 = (-1) # (-1) = 1 = (8x + y) - (4y - 2x) - (5x - 3y)
= 8x + y - 4y + 2x - 5x + 3y
(-1)3 = (-1) # (-1) # (-1) = -1
= 5x
(-1)4 = (-1) # (-1) # (-1) # (-1)
= 1 (b) Area of ABFG
= (4y - 2x)(4y - 2x)
2n
(ii) (-1) = 1 = (4y - 2x)(4y) - (4y - 2x)(2x)
= 16y2 - 8xy - 8xy + 4x2
(-1)2n + 1 = -1
= 16y2 - 16xy - 4x2
998 998 998
(-3) (-1) #3 Area of BCEF
(b) 499 = 499 499
(-9) (-1) #9 [(4y - 2x) + (6x - 3y)] (5x - 3y)
998
= 2
(1) # 3
= 2 499 [4y - 2x + 6x - 3y] (5x - 3y)
(-1) # (3 ) = 2
998
3 (4x + y) (5x - 3y)
=- 2 # 499 =
3 2

3
998 (4x + y) (5x) - (4x + y) (3y)
=- 998
= 2
3
2 2
= -1 20x + 5xy - 12xy - 3y
= 2
7 3
2. (a) Perimeter of garden A = 10x2 - 2 xy - 2 y2
= [y + y + x + (x - 2y) + y + x +
(6x - 3y) (5x)
(y + x)] m Area of ECD = 2
= [y + y + x + x - 2y + y + x + y + x] m 2
30x - 15xy
= (4x + 2y) m = 2

Perimeter of garden B 15
= 15x2 - 2 xy
= [y + x + (x - y) + (x - y) + y + x +
(y + x) + (x + y)] m ` Area of ADEFG
= [y + x + x - y + x - y + y + x + = 16y2 - 16xy + 4x2 + 10x2 -
y + x + x + y] m 7 3 15
2
xy - 2 y2 + 15x2 - 2 xy
= (6x + 2y) m
2 29 2
(b) Difference between the perimeters of = 29x - 27xy + 2 y
garden A and garden B
= [(4x + 2y) - (6x + 2y)] m 4. (a) 　2x(-1 + 2y) - 6x(2 + y)
= [4x + 2y - 6x - 2y] m = 2x[(-1 + 2y)- 3(2 + y)]
= -2x m = 2x[-1 + 2y - 6 - 3y]
a -2x is a negative number. = -2x (7 + y)
` Garden B has a longer perimeter.
(b) 　2(2 - a)(-1 + 2a) + 4(a - 2)(2 + a)
= 2(2 - a)(-1 + 2a) - 4(2 - a)(2 + a)
= 2(2 - a)[(-1 + 2a) - 2(2 + a)]
= 2(2 - a)[-1 + 2a - 4 - 2a]
= 2(2 - a)[-5]
= 10 (a - 2)

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 72 Chapter 2

(c) 　(v - 2u)2 - (2u - v)(u + 2v) - 2v + 4u D: L.H.S. = (-3)

3

= (v - 2u)2 + (v - 2u)(u + 2v) - 2(v - 2u) = (-3) # (-3) # (-3)

= (v - 2u)[(v - 2u) + (u + 2v) - 2] = -27
= (v - 2u)[v - 2u + u + 2v - 2] R.H.S. = -33 = -27
= (v - 2u) (3v - u - 2) a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` (-3)3 = -33
` The answer is B.
Flag Question (P.96)
2a 2a
We may use the method below to calculate the D x x
2. a = a
product quickly. (x + x) (2x)
2a
1. Write down 0 and 1 in the tens and units digits =
x
a a
respectively. 2 x
2a - a
2. Add 1 to the product of the tens digits. The sum x
= a
2
gives the thousands and hundreds digits of the
a
answer. x
= a
2
e.g. 41 71
= a2k
a
x
# 61 # 31
2 501 2 201
{

x 2x
(4 # 6) + 1 (7 # 3) + 1 3. B 4x : 82x = (22) : (23)
We can find out the reason by using the multiplication = 22x : 26x
of polynomials. = 22x + 6x
8x
Let the two numbers be 10a + 1 and 10b + 1, where =2
a + b = 10.
(10a + 1)(10b + 1) 4. B
= (10a + 1)(10b) + (10a + 1)
5. B Perimeter of ABCD
= 100ab + 10b + 10a + 1
= 2(AB + AD)
= 100ab + 10(a + b) + 1
= 2[(3y - 1) + (2y + 3)] cm
= 100ab + 100 + 1
= 2[5y + 2] cm
= 100(ab + 1) + 1
= (10y + 4) cm

Revision Test (P.99) 6. D Area of 3PQR

1. B
2
A: L.H.S. = -(2) = -4
= 21 # (3x - 2) # (2x + 1)
R.H.S. = -22 = -4
= 21 [(3x - 2)(2x) + (3x - 2)]
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` -(2)2 = -22
= 21 [6x2 - 4x + 3x - 2]
2
B: L.H.S. = (-2) = (-2) # (-2) = 4
R.H.S. = -22 = -4 = 21 [6x2 - x - 2]
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
= 3x - 21 x - 1
2
` (-2)2 ! -22
3
C: L.H.S. = -(3) = -27
3
R.H.S. = -3 = -27
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` -(3)3 = -33

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 Manipulations and Factorization of Polynomials 73

7. C 　4(x + 2) - (x + 2)(x + 1)
= (x + 2)[4 - (x + 1)]
= (x + 2)[4 - x - 1]
= (x + 2) (3 - x)

8. A 　2ax - 6ay2 - 3b2y2 + xb2

= (2ax - 6ay2) + (xb2 - 3b2y2)
= 2a(x - 3y2) + b2(x - 3y2)
2 2
= (x - 3y ) (2a + b )

9. A

10. C

11. B

12. B

13. A

14. A

15. A

16. B

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