Ch 16 Coordination in humans

Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 16-33)
1 A 2 D 3 A 4 A
5 C 6 C 7 B 8 B
9 B 10 C 11 A

Short questions (p. 16-35)

12 HKALE Biology 2009 I Q1

13 HKCEE Biology 2008 I Q2

(a) to harbour more neurones/nerve cells (cell bodies/interneurons; NOT cell/ brain cells) 1
(b) Y:*medulla oblongata/medulla 1
It acts as the reflex centre for some reflex actions
OR It controls involuntary actions 1
(correct function with wrong examples  1)
Correction function with examples of reflex and involuntary action mixed up 1
One correct example instead of function  1)
(c) Motor area 1
(d) Sensory area 1

14 a Correct drawing to show dendron of sensory neurone starts at receptor and travels through dorsal
root; cell body is drawn inside dorsal root ganglion and axon enters grey matter of spinal cord 1
b Muscle 1
c Reflex action produces fast response / protects the body from danger / protects the body from
damage. 1
d Reflex arcs connect with other neurones to transmit nerve impulses to the brain. 1

15 HKDSE Biology 2013 IB Q1

Structured questions (p. 16-36)
16 a P: mitochondrion 1
Q: nucleus 1
R: myelin sheath 1
b i By diffusion 1
from a high concentration to a low concentration. 1
ii The chemicals may change the shape of the active sites of the enzymes, 1
or bind to the active sites of the enzymes. 1
Neurotransmitter molecules cannot bind to the active sites of the enzymes. 1
The breaking-down reaction of the neurotransmitter molecules cannot be catalysed. 1

17 a The cerebral hemisphere is the site for intelligence / sight / hearing / enables us to think / make
decisions / have memories / controls voluntary actions. 1
The cerebellum coordinates muscular movements / maintains body balance. 1
b Death may result. 1
Part C controls involuntary actions / controls breathing / heart beat. 1
c Spinal cord 1
There will be no impulses below the cut-position / at the lower body. /
There will be no sensation below the cut-position. /
There will be paralysis below the cut-position.
(any 2) 1×2

Essay (p. 16-36)

18 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q12
Reading to learn (p. 16-37)
1 The chicken would have bled to death due to a lack of oxygen carried by the blood. 1
2 The medulla oblongata is the reflex centre for many reflex actions in the head. 1
It also controls involuntary actions such as breathing and heart beat. 1
3 No 1
It is because the chicken had lost its cerebrum, which is the site for thinking and making decisions.
1

 Ch 17 Movement in humans

Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 17-26)
1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A
5 C

Short questions (p. 17-26)

6 HKALE Biology 2010 II Q5b
7 HKDSE Biology 2013 IB Q2
(a) type of joint: hinge joint*
Example in our body: elbow joint/knee joint (2 m)
(b) A binds bones together
And prevents the dislocation f bones during movement
B attaches muscles to bones
And transmits the pulling force produced by muscle contraction (4 m)

8 a Structures Q and S 2
b i Structure P / tendon transmits the pulling force generated by muscle contraction to bones. 1
ii Structure P / tendon is inelastic / does not stretch. 1
c One piece of structure R / muscle moves the joint in one direction, and the second one is needed to
move the joint in the opposite direction. /
One piece of structure R / muscle bends the joint, and the second one is needed to straighten the
joint. 2

9 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q6

6. (a) Upon the arrival of nerve impulses, the nerve ending release a neurotransmitter (3)
(1) / a chemical
which diffuses across the gap between the nerve ending and the muscle fibre
(1)
the neurotransmitter / chemical will stimulate the membrane of muscle cells
(1), resulting in muscle contraction

(b) The joint serves as the fulcrum (1) of the lever system, which allows the (2)
movement of adjoining bones relative to one another (1)

10 HKALE Biology 2007 I Q6

Structured questions (p. 17-28)
11 a Hip bone 1
b i Blood cells 1
ii It is lighter / stronger per unit mass. /
It requires less energy to move around. /
Fewer minerals are needed to form it.
(any 2) 1×2
c i To reduce friction. / As a shock absorber. 1
ii
Difference Bone Cartilage
1 Rigid / not flexible Flexible
2 Heavy Light
3 Contains marrow No marrow
4 Contains calcium No calcium
phosphate phosphate
5 Internal blood No internal blood
vessels vessels / has
external blood
vessels
6 Attached to Not attached to
muscles muscles
(any 3) 1×3
iii To allow bone to increase in length / to grow. 1
iv Rib attachment to sternum / in trachea / ear / pinna / intervertebral disc / nose (any 2) 1×
2

12 HKALE Biology 1998 II Q1a, c

1. (a) Left (½) cerebral cortex (½) initiates impulse (½)that travels along a
neurone ½). Synapse(½)with inter-neurone(½)at the spinal cord (½).
(max.5)
Synapse with a motor neurone (½). Efferent motor impulse (½) exits the
spinal cord via the ventral root (½), reaches the muscle(½).
 (c) synovial gap(½):a space between the upper arm and lower arm bones so
(1½)
that bending can occur (1)
synovial membrane (½):secretes the synovial fluid (½). (1)
synovial fluid (½): cushioning effect during movement (½). (1)
minimize friction / serves as lubricant so that motion can occur
(½)
smoothly (½)
cartilage at ends of bones (½): smooth surface (½)to minimize friction
(1½)
(½)during movement
ligaments binding the two bones(½):connect the 2 bones in place (½),
(1½)
prevents dislocation (½)
(max.5)

13 HKCEE Biology 2009 I Q7a–b

Essay (p. 17-28)

14 Bones are made up of living cells and minerals. /
Minerals make the bones hard. /
Compact bone forms the outer shell of all bones and the shafts in limb bones. /
It provides great strength for supporting the weight of the body. /
The shafts of limb bones are filled with yellow bone marrow. /
Spongy bone is found at the heads of limb bones. /
It is porous to help absorb shock and resist stress. /
The cavities are filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. /
Blood vessels run along bones. Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients to bone cells and removes waste
from them.
(any 8) 1×8
Communication 3

Reading to learn (p. 17-29)

1 Calcium phosphate 1
2 The bones in the right arm of the tennis player are more frequently under stress than the bones in the
left arm. 1
Bone cells secrete more minerals to strengthen the bones in the right arm. 1
3 They can do exercise daily 1
to keep their bones under stress. 1

Ch 18 Homeostasis

Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 18-15)
1 A 2 B 3 B 4 C
5 C

Short questions (p. 18-16)

6 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q11a
11. (a) (1) hormone A (1) (3)
when the blood glucose level drops from the normal level to 40 mg per
100 mL, the rate of hormone B secretion remains at a low level (1)
but the rate of hormone A secretion increases (1)

(2) * glucagon (1) (3)

it promotes the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver (1)
so as to increase the blood glucose level (1) when it is below the normal
value

(b) Any two of the following: (2)

eat smaller portions of food but more frequently (1)
reduce the intake of food with high sugar content (1) / eat complex
carbohydrates
take regular exercise (1)
frequent monitoring of blood glucose level (1)
take appropriate medication (1)

7 HKALE Biology 2008 I Q7

Structured question (p. 18-16)

8 HKCEE Biology 2008 I Q8b
Essay (p. 18-16)
9 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable / relatively constant internal environment. /
Homeostasis involves negative feedback, /
where a variation from the normal (blood sugar level) triggers the correction mechanisms. /
The process is controlled by the endocrine system. /
When blood glucose level is above normal, it stimulates insulin release. /
Insulin is produced by the pancreas. /
Insulin lowers blood glucose level /
by stimulating liver cells to convert glucose to glycogen. /
Insulin also stimulates body cells to take in more glucose for respiration. /
When blood glucose level is below normal, it stimulates glucagon release. /
Glucagon is produced by the pancreas. /
Glucagon stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose. /
The glucose is released to the blood, causing an increased level of glucose in the blood.
(any 9) 1×9
Communication 2

Reading to learn (p. 18-17)

1 Insulin caused a decrease in the blood glucose level. 1
Body cells and brain cells could not get enough glucose for respiration. This led to weakness and
dizziness.1
2 As the blood glucose level dropped below normal, more glucagon and less insulin were produced by
the pancreas. Liver cells converted stored glycogen to glucose. 1
The glucose was released to the blood. As a result, the blood glucose level returned to normal. 1
3 Answers vary with Ss.
Against:
 Experiments on dogs cause their suffering and death. 2
OR
For:
We need to balance the harm done on a few animals against the benefits of millions of diabetics all over
the world.