Fall 2021 ESC 201A

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Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Introduction to Electronics

L1.2

Power and Energy

S. Sundar Kumar Iyer

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Acknowledgement 2
I thank Prof. B. Mazhari for allowing me to use some of his slides and slide material
Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Power and Energy

12V
Q The charge loses energy = Q x 12 Joules

X
This energy is taken from the voltage
source and delivered to the circuit
element
0V

A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of

1 joule in moving through a voltage of 1 volt.

dw
v=
dq 3

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Power
dw dq
v= i=
dq dt
dw dw dq
P(t ) = = = v(t ) i (t )
dt dq dt
t2
dw
P (t ) =
dt
 w= 
t1
p (t ) d t
4
Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Power Generation or Consumption

V1
+
I
P = (V 1 − V 2 ) × I
X

-
V2
If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being
delivered to the electrical element x

If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being

extracted from the electrical element x. 5
x is a source of power !

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Power Generation and Consumption

Measured data for a solar cell under AM1.5G 1 sun illumiation

+ve Power
Power
Consumption

+ve Power
Power
Consumption -ve Power
Power
Generation

6
Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Direction of Current - Convention

(or Voltage polarity - convention)

+ +

-2 A
X X
2A

- -

Within device, current is positive when it flows from +ve to –ve terminal

Assign +ve voltage to the terminal the (positive) current enters 7

Fall 2021 Some Examples ESC 201A

12 V
+ P= ?
1A

X
P = (V 1 − V 2 ) × I
- = (1 2 − 6 ) × 1 = 6 W
6V

12 V
P= ?
1A +

y P = (V 1 − V 2 ) × I
= (1 2 − 6 ) × − 1 = − 6 W
-
6V 8
Fall 2021 ESC 201A

6V P= ?
1A -

z P = (V 1 − V 2 ) × I
= (6 − 1 2 ) × − 1 = 6 W
+

12 V

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which element is a
battery?
2.5 V 2.5 V
- + + -
+ +
+
1A 1A
2.5 V 5V 2.5 V
2A
- - -

A battery is a source of power, so P is negative

Answer is C

Is energy conserved in this circuit? 10