Fall 2021 ESC 201A

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Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Introduction to Electronics

L1.4

Circuits

S. Sundar Kumar Iyer

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Acknowledgement 2
I thank Prof. B. Mazhari for allowing me to use some of his slides and slide material
Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Electrical Elements
Electrical Systems are made of voltage sources, wires and a variety of
electrical elements

Resistor Capacitor Inductor

Diode
Transistor
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Transformer

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

A Circuit
A path for current to flow

https://www.britannica.com/technology/electric-circuit

Electrical systems with closed current paths are often called electrical circuits
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Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Electrical Circuit
Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by conductors

Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, let us become familiar with some
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basic circuit elements.

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Car Headlights
Real-life System
Fuse

Abstract Model

Mathematical
problem

v2 v2 Fuse
P= +
R1 R 2 R1 R2

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Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Electric Shocks
Small currents (70–700 mA) can trigger fibrillation in the heart.
Larger currents will permanently damage the heart

220 V in India

Page 54 Hayt, Kemmerly, Durbin 7

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Circuit Analysis

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

What is current in R2 ?
Procedure:
Use Kirchhoff's Current law (KCL) at nodes and/or Kirchhoff's
voltage law (KVL) in loops to transform the circuit into a set of
equations whose solution gives the required voltage or current 8
value Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887)
Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Nodes
Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

They represent the same node

Fall 2021 ESC 201A

Loop
A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit elements
without passing through any intermediate node more than once

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

This is not a valid loop !

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