LECTURE - 1 - EE-211 ENA Tutorial

EE-211 ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS
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EE-211
ELECTRICAL NETWORK
ANALYSIS (LEC- 1)
INSTRUCTOR: SOBIA HAYEE
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NUST
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SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS
• Circuits containing two energy storage elements that cannot be reduced to a single
element via series parallel reductions
• These are known as second-order circuits because their responses are described by
differential equations that contain second derivatives.
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EXAMPLES OF SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS
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ANALYSIS OF SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS
• Our analysis of second-order circuits will be similar to that used for first-order.
• We will first consider circuits that are excited by the initial conditions of the storage
elements. Although these circuits may contain dependent sources, they are free of
independent sources.
• These source free circuits will give natural responses as expected.
• Later we will consider circuits that are excited by independent sources.
• These circuits will give both the natural response and the forced response.
• We consider only dc independent sources in this chapter.
• The case of sinusoidal and exponential sources is deferred to later chapters.
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FINDING INITIAL AND FINAL CONDITIONS
• To analyze a second order network, two sets of initial conditions are required, v(0)
and dv(0)/dt or i(0) and di(0)/dt .
• Final conditions i(∞), and v(∞) are also required
• There are two key points to keep in mind in determining the initial conditions.
• Carefully handle the polarity of voltage v(t) across the capacitor and the direction
of the current i(t) through the inductor. Keep in mind that v and i are defined
strictly according to the passive sign convention
• Keep in mind that the capacitor voltage is always continuous so that v(0+) =v(0−)
and the inductor current is always continuous so that i(0+) = i(0−).
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EXAMPLE
• The switch in Fig. 8.2 has been closed for a long time. It is opened at t = 0.
• Find: (a) i(0+), v(0+), (b) di(0+)dt , dv(0+)/dt , (c) i(∞), v(∞).
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PRACTICE
• The switch in Fig. 8.2 has been open for a long time. It is closed at t = 0.
• Find: (a) i(0+), v(0+), (b) di(0+)dt , dv(0+)/dt , (c) i(∞), v(∞).
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• Answer: (a) 2 A, 4 V, (b) 50 A/s, 0 V/s, (c) 12 A, 24 V.
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PRACTICE
• In the given circuit , calculate: (a) , , , (b) , , (c) , ,
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NATURAL RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
•
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THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
• First we investigate the natural response when and are zero
• The equations become
• Where
• For series RLC circuit
• For parallel RLC circuit

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THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
• The function and its derivatives must cancel each other, suggested solution will be of
the type
• The solution will be to find values of A and s
• Differential equation becomes
• The characteristic equation will be
• Its known as the characteristic equation because the roots of the equation depend
on the values of R, L and C. 11
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ROOTS OF CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
• Roots of characteristic equation are called characteristic frequencies, natural
frequencies . is known as the critical frequency and is known as the damping ratio
• The response will have two components
• The most general solution will be
• and will be determined by the initial conditions of y(t).

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ROOTS OF CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
• R, L and C are real and positive but the roots of the characteristic equation may be
real or complex, depends on L and C but depends also on R.
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VARYING THE DAMPING RATIO
• Damping ratio is varied by changing R while keeping L and C constant so as not to
change the critical frequency.
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OVERDAMPED RESPONSE
• If the roots are real, negative and distinct and they are expressed in Nepers/second
or N/s
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OVERDAMPED RESPONSE
• An example of overdamped response
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OVERDAMPED RESPONSE
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UNDERDAMPED RESPONSE
• For the discriminant is negative and can be rewritten as
• is called the damping coefficient and is called the

damped natural frequency .
•
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• The response in the underdamped case will be
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CRITICALLY DAMPED RESPONSE
• For the discriminant is zero . The roots will be real and repeated.
• The response is called critical because it changes from oscillatory to non-oscillatory.
• The value of R at this point is known as the critical value
• For series RLC:
• For parallel RLC:
• The response will be
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CRITICALLY DAMPED RESPONSE
•
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UNDAMPED RESPONSE
• For the discriminant is purely imaginary . The roots will be imaginary conjugate.
• There will be no energy loss due to the absence of a resistance.
• The response will never die out and it will be sustained oscillations.
• The response will be
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UNDAMPED RESPONSE
• An example od undamped response
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COMPLETE RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS
• The complete response will be
• The functional forms of transient response for overdamping, critical damping and under
damping will be
• The steady state response will be

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PROCEDURE TO FIND COMPLETE RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS
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PRACTICE PROBLEM
• Find v(t)
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PRACTICE PROBLEM
• Find v(t)
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PRACTICE
•a
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PRACTICE
•
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PRACTICE
•
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LECTURE - 1 - EE-211 ENA Tutorial

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EE-211 ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

• For series RLC circuit

• For parallel RLC circuit

• The characteristic equation will be

• The response will have two components

• The most general solution will be

• and will be determined by the initial conditions of y(t).

• is called the damping coefficient and is called the

• The steady state response will be

PROCEDURE TO FIND COMPLETE RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS

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