SUMMARY QS025

Basic integration
CHAPTER 1: INTEGRATION

Basic integration rules Substitution

1.  k dx  kx  c By parts
Partial Fraction
xn 1 LPET
2.  x n dx   c , n  1
n 1 A B A B
 
xa xb x  a ( x  a)2
3.  k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx
Ax  B
4.   f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx x  ax  b
2

(ax  b) n 1
 (ax  b) dx  c
n
5.
(n  1)(a)
COMMON MISTAKES !!
1
6.  dx  ln x  c
x
1 1
 [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
7.  ax  b dx  a ln ax  b  c  [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx  f ( x)  g ( x) dx
f ( x)  f ( x) dx
Trigonometric functions  g ( x) dx 
 g ( x) dx
 cos x dx  sin x  c
 sin x dx   cos x  c 
n
Note: To solve sin ax dx , cos ax dx 
n

 sec x dx  tan x  c
2
where n is EVEN, substitute identities
1 1  cos 2ax 1  cos 2ax
 cos (ax  b) dx  a
sin (ax  b)  c sin 2 ax 
2
, cos 2 ax 
2
1
 sin(ax  b) dx   a cos (ax  b)  c
1
   tan (ax  b)  c
2
sec ( ax b ) dx
a

Area Volume

b b
A   f ( x)  g ( x) dx or V    [ f ( x)]2  [ g ( x) ]2 dx or
a a
b b
A   f ( y )  g ( y ) dy V    [ f ( y )]2  [ g ( y ) ]2 dy
a a

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 2: 1ST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

GENERAL SOLUTION
TYPES OF y  Ae 2 x
SOLUTION

PARTICULAR SOLUTION
2
t
y  6e 3

Separable Variable Integrating Factor

dy dy P( x) dy Q( y ) S: Rearrange the equation to be

 P ( x)Q( y ) OR  OR 
dx dx Q( y ) dx P( x) dy
 P( x)  y  Q( x)
dx
I: Let V ( x)  e 
Steps: P ( x ) dx

1. Separate the variables x and y: M: Multiply V ( x ) with each of term in the

- x by the side of dx equation
- y by the side of dy dy
V ( x)   V ( x)  ( P( x)  y )  V ( x)  Q( x)
2. Integrate both sides dx
independently P: Product Rule
dy
3. Write the solution either in V ( x)   V ( x)  ( P( x)  y )  V ( x)  Q( x)
general or particular form. dx
d
V ( x)  y  V ( x)  Q( x)
dx

I: Integrate both sides,

d
 dx V ( x)  y  dx   V ( x)  Q( x) dx
V ( x)  y   V ( x)  Q( x) dx

Applications
A. Population B. Radioactive Decay C. Newton’s Law Cooling D. Electric circuits

Concept: Concept: Concept: Concept: Using

Integrating factor
dP dC d
 kP  kC   k   a 
dt dt dt dI
 P t  I  Q t 
1 dP 1 1 dt
 P dt dt  k  1dt  C dC   kdt    a d    kdt
dP ln C  kt  c ln   a    kt  c
 P   kdt C  e kt c e  kt  c    a
ln P  kt  c
C  e kt  ec  Ae  kt   e  kt  c  a
kt  c
Pe
  Ae  kt  a, A  ec
P  e  e  Ae
kt c kt

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 3: NUMERICAL METHODS

GRAPHICAL
a. Rewrite f(x) = 0 in the form
F(x) = G(x).
Sketch the graph y = F(x) and
y = G(x).
The real roots are the points of
intersection between two graphs.
ALGEBRAIC
2
a. Find two values a and b
M such that f(a) and f(b)
E have different signs.
T b. At least one root must lie
H between a and b if f(x) is
O continuous.
D
S

Newton-Raphson Method

Steps
Step 1: Choose a first approximation 𝑥1 to the root of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.

Step 2: Substitute 𝑥1 into the formula Newton-Raphson

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn  to get the second approximation 𝑥2 . Use 𝑥2 into the formula
f  ( xn )
Newton-Raphson to get 𝑥3 .
*Repeat this process until the answer agrees with specific number of decimal places.

Trapezoidal Rule
Calculation for
Trapezoidal Rule working steps
extra
𝑏
1 1 d.p or 1 s.f
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ ℎ[(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 )]
𝑎 2

𝒃−𝒂
where 𝒉 = and 𝒏 = number of equal-width sub-intervals
𝒏

Remark:

k strips / subintervals, n  k

k ordinates, n  k 1

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 4: CONICS SECTION

A. CIRCLE
1. Equation of circle Case 1: Given centre and/or radius
( x  h)2   y  k   r 2
2
i. Standard Equation (h, k )
Case 2: Given 3 points
(0, 0) x y r
2 2 2

Case 3: Given 2 points and an equation

ii. General Equation x  y  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
2 2
of diameter
2. Find the centre and radius
Completing square

To find the centre and radius of a circle

Comparison

3. Intersection points

Determine by using discriminant b 2  4ac :

If b 2  4ac  0 , then intersect at two points (cross)
If b 2  4ac  0 , then intersect at one points. (touch)
If b 2  4ac  0 then do not intersect each other. (never meet)

i. Intersection points of two circles

ii. Intersection points of a circle and a line

Short distance / Perpendicular
Notes: ah  bk  c
distance, d 
- Distance between the line and the centre of circle = d a 2  b2
- Distance between the line and the circle = d - r

4. Equation of tangent and normal

i. Formula
xx1  yy1  g x  x1   f  y  y1   c  0

mT mN  1 y  y1  m( x  x1 )
ii. Gradient
y1  y2
m
x1  x2

5. Length of tangent from a point to a circle, d

Steps: Must know: Centre (h,k) and Point (x,y)

1. Find the distance between centre and

a point
D 2  (h  x) 2  (k  y ) 2
2. Find the radius of the circle, r
3. Use Pythagoras Theorem PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML
d  D r 2 2
 SUMMARY QS025

B. ELLIPSE

a b ba

b
b a

c
a c

( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1
a2 b2
c2  a 2  b2 c2  b2  a 2
Major axis : x-axis ( y  k ) Major axis : y-axis ( x  h )
Major vertices: ( h  a, k ) Major vertices: ( h, k  b )
Foci: ( h  c, k ) Foci: ( h, k  c )
Length of major axis : 2a Length of major axis : 2b

C. PARABOLA

( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h) ( y  k ) 2  4 p( x  h)

V (h, k ) p p V (h, k ) p p
f ( h  p, k ) f ( h  p, k )
Directrix, x  h  p Directrix, x  h  p

( x  h) 2  4 p ( y  k ) ( x  h) 2  4 p( y  k )
p
V (h, k ) V (h, k )
p
f (h, k  p) f (h, k  p)
Directrix, y  k  p p Directrix, y  k  p

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 5: VECTORS

1. SCALAR PRODUCT

a.b  a b cos  Note: a . b = 0 when a is perpendicular to b

 a1b1  a2b2  a3b3

ai  bj  ck
OA  ai  bj  ck , OA  a 2  b 2  c 2 , OA 
a 2  b2  c2
Direction cosines: Direction angles
a b  a   b 
cos   , cos   ,   cos 1   ,   cos 
1
 ,
OA OA  OA   OA 
cos  
c  c 
OA   cos 1  
 OA 

2. VECTOR PRODUCT

a  b  | a || b | sin  uˆ Note: a  b =0 when a is parallel to b

i j k - a.(b  c ) = ( a x b ) . c
 a1 a2 a3 - a  ( b  c ) = (a.c)b – (a.b)c

b1 b2 b3
Area of parallelogram = a  b
1
Area of triangle = ab
2

3. APPLICATION

I. EQUATION OF LINE

Vector Equation Parametric Equation

r  a  tv x  a1  tv1 , y  a2  tv2
 (a1i  a2 j  a3k )  t (v1i  v2 j  v3k ) z  a3  tv3

Cartesian Equation

x  a1 y  a2 z  a3
 
v1 v2 v3

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

II. ANGLE BETWEEN LINES

 v1  v2 
  cos 1  
 v1 v2 

III. EQUATION OF PLANE

Vector Equation Cartesian Equation
r n  an
n1 x  n2 y  n3 z  a  n
r  (n1i  n2 j  n3k )  a  n % %

n, normal vector or perpendicular vector ( i.e. n  a  b )

Parallel to xy plane : n  (0, 0,1)

Parallel to xz plane : n  (0,1, 0)
Parallel to yz plane : n  (1, 0, 0)

IV. ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES

 n1  n2 
  cos 1  
 n1 n2 

V. ANGLE BETWEEN A PLANE AND A LINE

 nv   nv 
  cos 1   ,   90  

OR   sin 1  
n v  n v 

VI. INTERSECTION POINT OF A LINE AND A PLANE

L : x  a1  tv1 , y  a2  tv2 , z  a3  tv3
 : ax  by  cz  D

Step 1: Change equation of line in the form of Parametric Equation

Step 2: Substitute PE of line into Cartesian Equation of plane to find the value of t
Step 3: Substitute the value of t into PE of line to find the coordinate of intersection point.

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 6: DATA DESCRIPTIVE

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

Mean x
x x
 fx
n f
a) When the number of data (n) is odd, the median is the
 n 1
th n 

  observation.   Fk 1 
Median 
 2  Median  Lk   2 C
 fk 
b) When the number of data (n) is even, the median is the  
mean of the two middle values.  

The mode of a set of data is the value that occurs most  d1 

frequently. Mode  LB   C
Mode  1
d  d 2 

d1 :before d 2 :after
k
Let r  n
4
Where : n  number of observations
k  
k  quartile for Qk   4  n  Fk 1 
Qk  Lk      ck
Quartiles  fk 
(i) If r is an integer :  
 
1  th
Qk  r observation   r  1 observation 
th

2 

( ii ) If r is not an integer, then round up to the next integer.

k
Pk  the  n  observations
100
Step in finding the k th percentiles :
k  k  
(i) Find the value of s  n   100  n  Fk 1 
100 Pk  Lk      ck
Where n  number of observation  fk 
Percentiles k  percentile  
 
1
  xs  xs 1  , if s is an int eger
(ii) Pk   2
 x s ,if s is not an int eger

 s   the nearest integer larger than s .
 x
2
 fx 2

Variance x 2
  fx 2

n
s 2 n s 
2

n 1 n 1
upper limit  lower limit
Midpoint, x  Class width/size, c  U B  LB
2

upper limit previous class  lower limit of the class

Lower Boundary, LB 
2

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

Box - and – whisker plot for Ungrouped Data

To construct a Boxplot

Step 1: Determine the min, Q1, Q2, Q3 and max.

Step 2: Calculate the values of upper and lower inner fence to determine whether the
data has outlier.
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 1.5 (Q3 – Q1)
Lower inner fence = Q1 - 1.5 (Q3 – Q1)

Step 3: Draw a horizontal axis with a suitable scale and locate the number obtained
in step 1 can be located. Above this axis, mark all the min, Q1, Q2, Q3 and
max with vertical lines.

Step 4: Connect the quartiles to each other to make a box, and then connect the box
to the minimum and maximum with lines.

Pearson’s Skewness

Sk 
3 mean  median 
Sk 
mean  mode
standard deviation standard deviation

Comment: If there is skewness (positive or negative) – refer to median

If symmetric – refer to mean

mean  median  mode  Sk  0 (Positively skewed)

mean  median  mode  Sk  0 (Negatively skewed)

mean  median  mode  Sk  0 (Symmetric)

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 7: PERMUTATION & COMBINATION

A. PERMUTATION

CASE DESCRIPTION
1. n different objects n
Pn  n!
2. r objects from n different objects i. With repetition , n r
n
ii. Without repetition , Pr
3. Some repeated objects n!
r1 !r2 !rk !

4. Always together Let them be as one object

5. Not all together All arrangement - together

6. Never together / separated

(hint: celah)

Remark: Password (Can start with digit 0) BUT Numbers (Cannot start with digit 0)

B. COMBINATION

CASE DESCRIPTION
Without condition n
Cr
Choose and arrange n
Cr  r !

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 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 8: PROBABILITY

n  A P  A '  1  P  A
P  A 
nS 
De Morgan Rule
Probability for A or B or both occur
P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)

Probability of B occurs but not A occurs Probability of A occurs but not B occurs

Note: Sometimes information is also given in table form. The value of probability is
defined based on that information. For example A, B, C and D are four events that can be
written in the table below.

C D Total
A n(A  C) n(A  D) n(A)
B n(B  C) n(B  D) n(B)
Total n(C) n(D) n(S)

Mutually Exclusive Events Conditional Probability is the probability that

an event will occur given that another event has
Two events A and B are called mutually already occurred.
exclusive if they cannot occur at the
same time, where is no intersection P( A  B)
between the two events. Probability of A given B , P ( A B ) 
P( B)
AB=Ø
P( A  B)  0 Keyword:

- If
If A and B are independent events, it - knowing that
means that the outcome of one event
- given that
does not affect the outcome of the other,
- Also
P ( A | B )  P ( A) and P ( B | A)  P ( B )

then P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B ) .
Also,
P( A ' B)  P( A ')  P( B)
P( A  B ')  P( A)  P( B ')
P( A ' B ')  P( A ')  P( B ')

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 9: RANDOM VARIABLES

Discrete Continuous
Probability Distribution Probability Density Function

a. Table ( x  1) , 0 x2

x 0 1 2 3 f ( x)   2 , 2 x3
P ( X  1x ) 1 2 1  0
 , otherwise
5 5 5 5
Cumulative Distribution Function
b. Function
1 x
 (4 x  1) x  0,1, 2,3
2
P( X  x)   3 F ( x)  P( X  x)   f ( x) dx

 0 otherwise 


c. Graph 

f ( x)  1
P(X=x)

0 , x0
 x2  3
 0 x3 x
x f ( x)   9 , F ( x)   , 0  x  3
0  27
 otherwise
 1 , x3
Cumulative Distribution Function
n

 P( X x )  1
i 1
i
Integrate
a. Table Pdf Cdf

X 1 2 3 Differentiate
P( X  x) 2 4 1
7 7 7 For x  0; For x  0;
Cdf 2 6 1 0
d
7 7  0 dx  0

dx
(0)  0

b. Function For 0  x  a; For 0  x  a;

2 0 a
d
 7 1 x  2  0 dx   f ( x)dx  F ( x)   f ( x)
  0
dx
6 F (0)  F (a)
F ( x)   2 x3
 7
 F (a)
1 x3
 For x  a; For x  a;
 0 a
d
c. Graph
 0 dx   f ( x)dx 
 0
dx
(1)  0
F(x) 

 f ( x)dx
a

 F (a)  0
x 1

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

n 
E ( X )   xi P( X  xi ) E ( X )   x f ( x) dx
i 0 
n 
E ( X 2 )   xi 2 P( X  xi ) E ( X 2 )   x 2 f ( x) dx
i 0 

E (a )  a
E (aX 2 )  aE ( X 2 )
E (aX  b)  aE ( X )  b

Var ( X )  E ( X 2 )   E ( X ) 
2

Var ( a)  0
Var (aX  b)  a 2 Var ( X )

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

CHAPTER 10: SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION POISSON DISTRIBUTION

X ~ B(n, p ) X ~ Po ( )

n: number of trial
p: probability of success e  r
q: probability of failure P( X  r ) 
r!
P( X  r )  nCr ( p)r (q)n r
 = E(X) =  2 = Var(X) = 

mean = E(X) = np variance = Var(X) = npq

To use table:
To use table: Make sure P ( X  r )
Make sure P ( X  r ) and p  0.5

If p  0.5 ; X ~ B(n, p )  X ~ B (n,1  p ) ,

i. P[ X  r ]  P[ X  n  r ]
ii. P[ X  r ]  P[ X  n  r ]
iii. P[ X  r ]  P[ X  n  r ]

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

X ~ N (,  2) X - Z ~ N (0, 1)
z


How to use the Standard Normal Tables

The standard normal table shows probability for ‘upper end’ area that is P( Z  z )

1. P( Z  a)  P( Z  a) 2. P( Z  a)  1  P( Z  a ) 1  P( Z  a)

= =
-a a -a a

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML

 SUMMARY QS025

3. P (  b  Z   a )  P ( a  Z  b) 4. P(a  Z  0)  P (0  Z  a )
 P ( Z  a )  P ( Z  b)  P ( Z  0)  P ( Z  a )
 0.5  P ( Z  a )

= =
-b -a a b -a a

APPROXIMATION BINOMIAL TO NORMAL

BINOMIAL NORMAL SND

CONTINUITY X -
z
X ~ B(n, p ) CORRECTION X ~ N (,  2)  Z ~ N (0, 1)

CONTINUITY CORRECTION

e) P(a  X  b)  P(a  0.5  X  b  0.5)

a) P( X  a)  P( X  a  0.5)
f) P(a  X  b)  P(a  0.5  X  b  0.5)
b) P( X  a)  P( X  a  0.5)
g) P(a  X  b)  P(a  0.5  X  b  0.5)
c) P( X  a)  P( X  a  0.5)
h) P(a  X  b)  P(a  0.5  X  b  0.5)
d) P(X  a)  P( X  a  0.5)
i) P( X  a)  P(a  0.5  X  a  0.5)

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA IBRAHIM@KML