2-20 Equilibria Q Equilibria EquilibriaQ 2-21

Chemical Equilibria ]
data about four oxides of nitrogen are
AH oxidation colour of
(a) Some
1. (a) State Le Chatelier's principle. 2 5.
given in the table. ormula
mol no. of N gas
equation (with state symbols) the third column in the table. NO +82.0 colourleSS
equilibrium processes, write a
chemical
(b) For each of the following (i) Complete
to illustrate the equilibrium, and use Le Chatelier's principle to explain
the observations made (ii) Write a balanced equation for the NO +90.4 +2 colourless

dissolves in water. Crystals are formed when formation of nitrogen monoxide, NO, NO; +33.2 brown
() The temperature drops when potassium nitrate +9.2 pale yellow
a saturated solution of potassium nitrate at 100°C is cooled to room temperature. and include the AHr value given. N,O4
(ii) Why does N,O relights a glowing splint?
(ii) Colourless N,O:(g) is formed when brown NO:(g) is cooled. A gas syringe filled with
NO:(g) has the end sealed. The brown colour fades when the gas is compressed, and is (b) The brown NO2 gas is a
constituent of smogs caused by cars in cities.
restored when the syringe is warmed. formed in a car engine? How could it be removed from
exhaust gases? (41
How is NO; gas
(ii) A white precipitate appears when a small volume of a concentrated solution of sodium
sulfate is added to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate.
18 In the gaseous state, NO; can form a dimer: 2NO:(g) N,O«(g)
6.
AH, for the dimerisation? [Use data given
in Q5 above.] [2
Solid 4, when heated in a closed vessel to a temperature T, forms gases B and C in the molar ratio 1:2. (a) What is the enthalpy change,
dimerisation is favoured by
(b) Predict, with reasons, whether the above
A(S)Bg)+2C(g) (ii) high or low temperature. [4
(i) high or low pressure,
The above reaction is allowed reach
to equilibrum in a closed system.
sealed tube contains
(a) Write (c) In the diagram, each iced hot
expression for the equilibrnum constant,
an
Kp, in tems of partial a mixture of NO, and N,Og. water
explain why A is not included in this expression. pressures, and water
Deduce the colour expected in each tube.
2 [4
(b) At temperature T, the equilibrium pressure for the above Explain your answers.
system is 3 x 10 kPa. molecule does not.
Calculate the partial pressure each its nitrogen atom, while N;O,
of component, and hence caleulate the value of (d) NO> molecule has an unpaired electron on
formula for N,O4. [2]
ts units. Kp, giving to show the shape of NO, molecule, and suggest a structural
Draw a diagram
4
to the equation:
Industrially, coal be converted into in dynamic equilibrium (at r.t.p.) according
(a) Gaseous N,O4 and N02
can are
a
combustible gas by passing steam 7.
over white hot coke. N,04(g) = 2NO:(g); AH=+58 kJ mol".
H-O(g)+C(s)H(g)+CO(g); AH +131 kJ
mol understand by the term dynamic equilibrium?
Write an expression for the
(a) Write expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, including its
an i) What do you for this reaction.
units. equilibrium constant, Kp,
(b) How would the composition of the 12 effect on the average relative
molecular mass of this gaseous
the
equinonum xure
change there
it (ii) Predict qualitatively and increasing the temperature. (7
pressure and, in
temperature respectively? Explain your answer.
were an increase in mixture of separately increasing
the pressure

(c) Steam was passed

over coke at 730°C. At
equilibrium, p{H20) is 90 kPa and
[4] dioxide (from car exhaust fumes)
reacts with sulfur dioxide (from
the burning
Calculate the
equilibrium partial pressure of carbon monoxide and (b) When nitrogen of water vapour in the atmosphere, sulfuric acid (acid rain) and
henee P2) Is 183 kPa. of fossil fuels) in the presence monoxide is rapidly re-oxidised by oxygen
Ifthe partial pressure of steam is increased to 150 kPa, what will be produced. T he nitrogen
nitrogen monoxide, NO, arebalanced reactions. What role does nitrogen
pressure of hydrogen? the new equations for these two
equilibrium partial to dioxide. Write
nitrogen
process?
play in the
overall
dioxide
(d) When a mixture of steam and
powdered coal was allowed to reach [4
pressure (101 kPa) and a temperature of 1300 °C, the total equilibrium a atmos of
to 192 kPa, while the
remaining steam had a partial pressure
pressure was foundd toto Spheric mixture of gaseous NO;/N;O4 OCCupies
a volume of 190 cm' at temperature a

From the data given, calculate the of only 10.1 kPa. have increased 8. (a) 0.50 g of a
of 1.0 x I0 Pa (1.0 atm). What is the average M, of the mixture?
hence a value for Kp at 1300 °C.
partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon 320 K and a pressure
monoxido and
and and N,O, at equilibrium are 0.4 atm
. .

the partial pressures NO;

of
(b) At another temperature,Write an expression for Kp and calculate
its value, including units.
3 0.6 atm respectively.
4. Consider the following equilibria:
H2O(g)+C(s) H(g) + CO(g): AM= +131 kJ
mol temperatures, steam dissociates into its elements: 2H.0(g) 2H:(g) +O:(g)
2CrO:(aq) + 2H"(aq) =Cr0,(aq) + H,O) 9. At very high
for the equilibrium &p. for this reaction.
constant, [1]
(a) Write an expression
By using Le Chatelier's principle, predict and explain the effect of an and a total
increase in is dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen at a high temperature
(1) pressure on I, (b) 20% of steam each of the three gases at equilibrium?
(1i) temperature on I, (ii) [H'(aq)] on I1. ressure ofl
atm. What is the pressure exerted by
a t e the value of K,, stating its units.
Hene

A-Tevel Pr
^R A-evel l'race
2-22 Equilibria

the folloWing
chemical equilibria
chemical equilibria can
c a n take place
Equilibria 2-23
subjected to rainfall,
are
limestone areas
When
CO:(g)= CO(aq) 13. The following equilibrium is set up when gaseous
(aq) phosphorus pentachloride is heaed.
Ca (aq) 2HCO;
+
=
CO(aq)+ H:0()+
CaCO:(s)

how rainwater passing throuoh li

PCIe) PChM9)+ChMe% AH=+ 120 kJ mol 2
qualitatively stolstone (a) Using the Data Booklet, calculate the
Chatelier's principle. explain and relative molecular mass (M,) of PCI5, PCly and Ch.
(a) By using Le
and then dripping
from the roof of a
cave can produce
pillars, stalagmites
alactites, [31
rock (b) 15.0 gof phosphorus pentachloride were
of ever-increasing thickness.
Ix 10 m', and then heated to
placed in a sealed evacuated vessel of capacity
carbon dioXIde contains 0.15 % h .
473 K. The pressure was found to have increased to 3.10 x 10 Pa.
with pure
atmospheric pressure. water saturated Using these data and the gas equation pV= nRT, calculate the M,
(6) At
of the gaseous
mixture.
average
of dissolved CO;
[CO;(aq)], which is in [2]
dissolved CO, in
water,
is the in mol dm. of
concentration,
(C) From your
What
1 % of CO;?
answers in (a) and (b), and using the two formulae given below, calculate a value for x.
equilibrium with air containing 12
given above.
fraction dissociated (x) = M,(PCls)-average M,
constant for reaction Il ; and K. =x(1 - x)
(C)Write an expression for the equilibrium average M,
mol dm. Using this value and [CO(ag
10
This equilibrium constant has a value of 4.7
x

that could occur in water

Hence show that under the above conditions, K, has a numerical value of 1.0 x 10*.
calculated in (b). estimate the maximum value of ICa(HCO:):(aq)]
rock.
passing through l1mestone 4 (d) Predict, and explain, how the position of equilibrium might change by separately increasing
the pressure and
increasing the temperature. 4
11. The reaction ofammonia with air, in the presence of a platinum-rhodium gauze, is the key stage in
the manutacture of nitrie acid. 14. Ammonia is manufactured from its elements in the Haber
process.
4NHg)-50:1g)->4NO(g) +6H;0(g); AH=xkJ mol (a) Give an equation for the Haber process, and indicate whether it is endo- or exo-thermic.
(2
(a) State the oxidation number of nitrogen in NH3, and in NO.
2 (b) Explain why the process has high activation energy
species AH/kJ mol a
[1]
(6) Using the data given in the table, calculate the enthalpy
change (AH=x kJ mol) for the above reaction. NH:(g) -46 (c) Besides its use in making fertilisers, suggest two reasons why the manufacture of ammonia is
(c) Suggest, with the optimum industrial
reasons.
H,O(g) -242 important.
2
conditions of NO(g) +90
temperature and pressure for the reaction.
(d) Nitrates, which are formed from ammonia, are widely used as efficient inorganic fertilisers.
(d) Why must the air used for this reaction be However, the uncontrolled use of these fertilisers has led to environmental problems.
cleaner than that in a hospital operating theatre? Outline and explain these problems.
12. Consider the reaction: CH,CO,H()+CH,OH0) =
0.50 mol of
ethanoic acid shaken with 1.00 mol of CH,CO,C;H:1)
was
+ H,O(1). 15. Ammonia is manufactured
in the Haber process. N:(g)+ 3H:(g) 2NH:(g): AH=-92 kJ mol
The whole mixture then titrated
was
quickly with 1.00
ethanol until equilibrium was
reached. Le
Chatelier's principle predicts that the highest equilibrium yield of ammonia is obtained at a high
were
required for the titration. mol dm sodium hydroxide. 80 cm' of
alka
pressure and at a low temperature. However, in practice, these conditions are not used.
(a) Why was the reaction
mixture titrated (a) Explain why Le Chatelier's principle predicts that a higher yield is obtained at high pressure. [21
(b) Using the data
quickly?
given calculate (b) State the typical values of pressure and temperature used industrially.
i) the number moles of
of ethanoic acid that What factors other than Le Chatelier's principle attect this choice?
4
i) the number of moles of remained at
Gii) the number of moles of
ethanoic acid that had equilibrium, (c) Suggest why the gases are passed through a tower packed with lumps of iron?
ethanol left in the reacted,
(c) Write an
expression
lor the mixture. equilibrium (d) Under certain conditions, the cquilhbrium pressures ofnitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia are
figure). equilibrium constant, K, and 44.8 atm, 105.6 atm and 37.2 atm respectively.
calculate its value (to one ficant
(d) Write an
expression for the cquiibrium sig [2 (i) Give an expression tor the equilibrium constant, Kp, tor the Haber process.
numerical value. [|he constant,
reaclion relers to Ke
reverse , of the (i) Using the data given above, calculate &p and state its units.
reverse reaction,
mol of ethyl ethanoate are mixed hydrolysis the including of ethyl
*

molesof each of the with 2 mol

of water. ethanoale.|
G) CHC0,H following substances are When equilibrium is , how
(i) C,OH present? reacu
ii) CH,CO,CH
(iv) H,0 41

A-lovel Puawtice Questions-Chemistuy

v e r Pructice u e s t i o n s C h o i
 Equilibria Q 2-25
2-24 Equilibria Q lonic Equilibria |
1ons.
of copper(ln)
amounts 18. (a) What do you understand
mines contains
appreciable
strong bonds with the by the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases?
pumped to the
surface from copper
ligands (which
form 2
16. Water
containing organic (b) Water
the copper, a solution of oil
established in
the reaction: can react as either an acid or a base. Choose from the 2
lo recover equilibrium is following list,
is added. The following where L is the ligand. sodium chloride,
copper(ll) 1ons)
= Culz(oil) + 21 (aq). hydrogen chloride, silicon tetrachloride, ammonia, methanol
2HL (oil)
Cu(aq)+ 121 a
compound with which water reacts as: (i) a Bronsted base,
ligand, using Cul2
as an example.
Write a balanced equation for each (ii) a Bronsted acid.
(a) Explain what is
meant by the term
solution. [3] reaction.
or a weak acid in aqueous 41
HL is expected to be a strong
whether
(b) Predict, and explain,
Ke, for the above equilibrium. 19. (a) ldentify the two acids and the two bases
in each
(C) () Write an expression for the equilibrium
constant,

3 is found
present of the reactions I and II.
and ligand-oil
solution at pH NH3 + HO NH" +OH; K. = 1.8 x 10 mol dm
mixture of mine
water
equilibrium
At 25 °C, mol dm of HL (o1l).
an II
(1)
of Cul2 (oil) and 0.20
CH0 +CH,CO,H CH,OH +CH,CO2 Ke= 1.3 x 10° mol dm
to contain 0.050 mol dm mine water? [4]
ions remaining in the
What is the concentration, in mol dm", of copper(11) (6) For each of the above reactions,
suggest which ion (or molecule) is the stronger acid and
[K=2.0 x 10 at 25 °C] which, the stronger base. Give your
that would be extracted reasoning. [4]
in 1.0 dm of the mine water
(111) Calculate the percentage of copper 5
by 1.0 dm of the ligand-oil solution. 20. (a) Explain the terms strong and weak when
applied to acids.
extracted if the mine water is 2]
less copper would be
(d) Predict, and explain, whether
more or
|21 (b) A 0.010 mol
at pH 2
dm aqueous solution of an acid HA has a pH of 2.0. Is HA a strong or a weak
acid? Explain your answer.
molecules? [21 [3]
from the CuL2(oil)
(e) HowW could the copper ions be released

21. The table gives data of a certain cola drink. acid] vol. of CO,
17. Sulfuric acid is manufactured in the Contact process. Emerging gas 6 by volume (a) What is the concentration, in mol dm, of jlavour dissolved in l
acid added
over burning sulfur. sulfur dioxide 10 % added drink vol. of drink
The first stage involves passing air phosphoric acid, H,PO4, in the cola drink?
The emerging gas has composition by
volume as shown sulfur triOxide 0.2 dm at s.L.p.
in the given table. ygen 10% (b) Calculate the pH of the cola drink given that cola Kola nut phosphornc 49 1.12
nitrogen etc. 79 80 % phosphoric acid acts as a strong monoprotic extract acid
(a) (1) Construct an equation for sulfur burning in air.
acid, i.e. ionises HPO4H+H,PO,"
(11) Suggest a reason for passing the air so fast that only half the oxygen iS used. [2]
(c) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide dissolved in 1 dm' of cola drink at s.t.p.
(b) In the reaction chamber, the emerging gas is passed over a catalyst maintained at 450 - 550 °C Hence suggest the expected flavour and taste of this cola drink.
and a total pressure of 3 atmospheres. [Its taste of kola nut extract may be omitted.]
) Explain why these conditions are not what you might have expected.
3x2
(i) Name the catalyst used. [3] 22. Ethanoic acid is a weak Bronsted acid; with dissociation constant, K, =
1.8 x
10 mol dm.

(a) What is meant by the term a weak Bronsted acid?

(c) This process gives 98% yield ofsulfur trioxide; 2% of sulfur dioxide remains unconverted.
AH=-197 kJ mol (b) Write an expression for Ka.
2S0(g) +O(g)=2S0(g)
Explain why each the following conditions leads to an increased yield of sulfur trioxide. ()In a 0.10 mol dm ethanoic acid, what is the [H"] and hence the pH of the solution?
() The reacting gas mixture must contain an excess of air.
23.
(ii) The catalyst must be cooled. Lactic acid, monoprotic
a
acid, is an important tlavouring component of foods such cheese, yoghurt as

The air used

and pickled cabbage. A0.10 mol dm solution of lactic acid in water has pH of 243. a
(ii) to burn the sulfur must be as clean as possible. 4] (a) State and explain whether lactie acid is a strong or weak acid.
(d) A 2: 1 mixture of SO, and O2 was allowed to reach
equilibrium at 500 °C and a total pressure (b) From the data given, what is the K, value of lactie acid?
of 5 atm. The partial pressure of SO, at (31
equilibrium was found to be 4.7 atm.
Write an expression for Kp, and calculate its value (c) Which indicator could be used in the titration of lactie acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide?
including its units. [4]
(e) In mostplants, about 0.05 % by volume of SO; (d) A 1.00 g sample of lactie acid was dissolved in water and titrated with 0.500 mol dm NaOH.
are emitted into the
chimney stack. Suggest two reasons atmosphere through a
22.20 cm of NaOH was required for neutralisation. What is the M, of lactic acid?
why SO, should not be
discharged into the [31
atmosphere. [2
ATovel Pvtive (Quvstions- Chouistry

A-L.evel Practice (JuestiosChemIby

2-26 Equilibria 9
Equilibria Q 2-27
contains 40.0% C, 6.7% H and 53.3 %o0. 28. The label on a bottle of white
wine shows that it
24. An organic acid (M, 60) its structural formula. [51 has a total acidity content of 7 contains 12 % of alcohol (ethanol, C2H5OH) and
molecular formulae
of the acid, and suggest g dm. [Take alcohol content
120 g dm of =

(a) Calculate the empirical and

120. (a) What is the wine
have a M, value of concentration, in mol dm , of ethanol? 2
acid is found to
non-aqueous solvent
like pentane, the formed. (31
(b) In a
formula for the species
observation and draw a displayed (b) Assume that the acid
present is tartaric acid (M, 150), which
Explain this
behaves effectively
=

solution
in 100 em ofwater.
The resulting as RCO,H.
acid was dissolved
solution? (i) What is the concentration, in
(C) A 1.00 g sample of the pure
ion concentration in this mol dm",
of tartaric acid?
was found to have a pH
of 2.55. What is the hydrogen
(ii) What is the pH of
the wine? [K, of tartaric acid 1.0 x 10 mol dm] =

41
Hence calculate the K, of the acid.
(c) When kept for some time, the wine
develops fruity taste as the following equilibrium is set up.
a
solution of HCI
whereas 0.1 mol dm RCO,H+CH,OH
of CH;CO;H has a pH of 2.4,
a
25. (a) A 0.1 mol dm solution
is the ratio of hydrogen ion
concentrations in these two
solutions? [2]
(i) Write
RCO%C.H, +H,0
has a pH of 1.0. What an
expression for the
the volume
equilibrium constant K .

100 cm' CH;CO,H is reacted with an excess of zine powder, used.

of 0.1 mol dm (i1) By using the initial concentrations
(b) When
is the same as when 100 cm° of 0.l
mol dm HCI is [CH,OH] and [RCO,H] calculated in (a) and (b), and
of hydrogen produced (120 cm) that equilibrium concentration [RCO,C2H] 0.015 mol dm, =
calculate the equilibrium
4] concentrations of tartaric acid and ethanol.
Suggest an explanation for this.
(iii) Assume that the concentration of water remains constant at 50.0 mol
Calculate a value for Ke, and the final dm throughout.
26. The compound cyanidin (Cy) responsible for the colour of blackberries. Cyanidin
is
exists as CyH pH of the wine. [5)
(red colour) at low pH. and as Cy (purple colour) at high pH.
CyH= Cy+H 29. The graph shows how the pH
changes when
red purple 50.0 cm of aqueous magnesium chloride is
titrated with 1.00 mol dm° NaOH(aq).
(a) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of CyH". [1]
(b) The ratio of the red to purple form is 1:5 in a buffer of pH = 5.00. What is the value of K? (a) Construct an equation (ionic or
(2 molecular), with state symbols, for
(c) What is the ratio of the red to the purple form in a fruit juice buffered at pH=3.00? the reaction of aqueous MgClh with
What is the colour of this fruit juice? 131 aqueous NaOH. 12 [
(d) Small amounts of sulfur dioxide are often added as preservative in fruit juices. However, SO, also (6) What is the concentration, in mol dm
reacts with both forms of cyanidin to give colourless addition compounds. The reaction for the of the aqueous MgCh?
red form may be represented as follows:
(c) At the point when 10 cm° of
CyH+SO + H,0 CSO,H, +H () 0
NaOH(aq) were added,
pt
For a fruit juice buffered at pH= 3.0, the intensity of the red colour decreases to tenth of its
original value when sufficient S0; Is added to give an equilibrium concentration, [SO;], of
one
(i) calculate the concentration of
1.0x 10* mol dm OH (aq) ions from the pH of the
mixture;
(i) Give an expression for the equilibrium constant for reaction (I) and calculate its value using (ii) estimate the concentration of
the data given.
Mg(aq) ions, assuming that it is
ii) Predict, and explain, whether this decolourisation of the half the initial concentration.
more or less
preserved fruit juice would be
of a problem at pH 4.0 compared to pH 3.0.
=
=

(d) Write an expression for the solubility

product, Ksp. of magnesium hydroxide
27. A solution containing ethanoic acid and its salt sodium By using values from (e), calculate this
ethanoate, CH,CO,Na, functions buffer
solution. as a
sp giving its units. 0 10 [3
(a) What is meant by the term buffer solution? (e) Justity by caleulation that the ptl atter volume ot I.00 mol dm NaOH(aq) added cm
is 13.1.
(b) Write ionic equations for the reactions that
adding 30 em of aqueous NaOn 4
occur when H'(aq) ions, and OH (aq) ions
respectively, are added to this solution.
2
(c) Calculate the pH
of a buffer
ethanoate dissolved in 1.0 dm'
solution containing 0.50 mol of ethanoic acid and 0.20 mol of sod
of water. |K, of ethanoic acid= 1.8 10 mol dm x
[2

TOet l'uctiee Muestionns- Chenisiny

A-1evel Practice (Questiona Chemisi

2-28 Equilibria Equilibria 2-29
soured nmilk.
CH,CH(OH)CO,H, is the major acidic
component of 33. Mixtures of citric acid and its
sodium salt are often used as food
0. Lactic acid, called "acidity regulators" because of additives. They are sometimes
obtained when 10.0 Vol. ofNaOH added/cm pH their buffering action on the
pH readings pH of foodstuffs.
The table shows the lactic 2.5
cm of solution of
a

O.050 mol dm
acid
sodium hydroxide.
was titrated with
3.1
(a)
CsH-O,CO,H =C:H,0.c0, +H°;
Assuming that lemon
K, = 7.4x 10 mol dm citric acid
2
3.4 juice contains only citric acid (of
(a) Plota graph of pH (on
the y-axis) against 3.7 the pH of lemon juice? concentration 0.22 mol dm"), what is
volume of NaOH added (on the X-axis). 3.9
(3
the shape of the graph before, at
4.1 (b) Write equations to show how the citric
Comment on acid/sodium citrate buffer system regulates the acidity
and after neutralisation. 4.4 () on the addition of H' ions, i) on the addition of OH ions.
suitable indicator for this 4 4.7 2]
(6) Suggest, with reason, a

6 9.1 [2 (c) What is the pH

of a solution
titration.
Citrate?
containing 0.10 mol dm citric acid and 0.30 mol
dm sodium
18 11.6
(c) Calculate the concentration of
lactic acid in
20 11.8 [51 2
the solution in mol dm and. in g dm. (d) What is meant by the term K,? Explain why water has a pH of 7 at 25 °C.
Include its units and give your reasoning. (31
(d) Deduce the K, value of lactic acid.
34. (a) A solution containing NH;(aq) and NH,C/{aq) functions as an alkaline buffer
both monoprotic (monobasic)
31. Phenylboronic acid, CoH<B(OH);, and benzoic acid, CH;CO,H,
are

acids. They have pk, values of 8.86 and 4.20 respectively.

(i) Explain, with the aid of equations, how this mixture functions as a buffer.
its acid dissociation constant, K,? (i) The alkaline buffer is prepared by dissolving 53.5 g of NH,CI in 400 cm' of
(a) What is the relationship between the pk, of an acid and ammonia and the mixture diluted to 1.00 dm.
15.0 mol
dm
(b) Write an equation to represent the dissoCiation of phenylboronic acid. What is the concentration, in mol dm",
of NH,"(aq) and NH;(aq) in this buffer solution? [S]
(c) What is the [H(aq)] and hence, pH of 0.010 mol dm phenylboronic acid? 3
(b) By using one of the following values, calculate the pH of the buffer solution in (a)(ii) as follows:
(d) Which of the two is the stronger acid?' Explain your answer. [2
NH (ag), K, = 6.00 x 10-1 mol dm NH(aq). K, = 1.67x 10 moldm
(e) Solution X contains both of these acids. A 10.0 cm sample of X was titrated with 0.050 mol dm
NaOH using a mixture of two indicators, bromothymol blue and phenolphthalein. 8.6 cm' of (i) Write an equation for the equilibrium you have chosen for the pH calculation.
NaOH(aq) required
were to change the colour of the first indicator and a further 7.1 cm° were
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K, or Kg, for the chosen equilibrium.
required to change the colour of the second indicator.
(111) Hence calculate the pH of the prepared bufter solution.
(i) Sketch a graph to show the shape of the pH curve during this titration.
(ii) From the given data, what is the concentration of each of the two acids in X? [8
35. (a) i) Explain the term acid dissociation constant, K, as applied to ethanoic acid (HA)
32. (a) () What is meant by the term Ku? Explain why water has a pH of 7 at 25 °C. (ii) Define the term pk
i) By using the expression for Ky, calculate the pH of 0.200 mol dm NaOH(ag)
(b) By using the relationship pH = acid
pA- logio salti
(b) The pH of 0,200 mol dm NH:(aq) is 11.3.
() Why is this pH value different from that in (a)(ii)? calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.40 mol dm of ethanoic acid and 0.20 mol dm of
sodium ethanoate. [K, ofethanoic acid = 1.80 x 10 mol d m ' ]
(ii) On the given grid, sketch how the pH
changes
when a 20.0 cm sample of 0.200 mol (c) Calculate the change in pH (assume no change in volume) when
dm
NH(aq) is titrated with 0.100 mol dm° HCI.
Indicate clearly where the end point occurs. (i) 0.050 mol of solid sodium hydroxide is added to l.0 dm' of the solution in (b),
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(iii) The table below lists (ii) 0.050 mol of solid sodium bydroxide is added to L.0 dm' of water
some common indicators. volume
Place tick in the box ofadded acid/ em
a
against the indicator which
you consider most suitable for this titration. (d) Suggest a butler system which helps to control the ptl of blood.
Indicalor
pH at which colour
changes place one tick only in this column
methyl violet 0.0-1.6
methyl orange 3.1 4.4
bromothymol blue 6.0- 7.6
phenolphthalein 3.3- 10.0

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 Equilibria Q 2-31
2-30 Equilibria too ld
is too low to be
of BaSO,
Produet | saturated
solution

ith digestive
p a t i e n t s with dio toxic.
tract 40. Chrome yellow, PbCrO4, is the yellow pigment used in
I Solubility in a
O road markings.
[Ba (aq)]
ldncu
is
water,
poisonous. in
BasO, At 15°C, the
36 ions are
suspensionof solubility product of PbCrO, is 1.69 10 mol dm.
2
While barium x
meal'. which
is a
barium
Ce X-ray is done. its units. (a) Write an
expression for the
problems before an
Of Bas04,
Stating
solubility product, Kp, of PbCrO.
solubility
product. Asp.
for the (b) Calculate the
w i t e an expression
BasO4.
solubility, in mol dm",
of PbCrOs. (2
solution of
saturated
) Calculate [Ba*"(aq)] in a (c) On adding concentrated aqueous lead(II) nitrate dropwise to 0.010 mol dm potassium
Numerically, K,(BasO,)
= 1.30 x
10 ugh the K
Ksp Value
chromate(VI), what is the concentration, in mol dm", of lead(II) ions when the first trace of
it mgested although
is very poisonous precipitate appears? 2
carbonate
why barium that for BaSO4.
higherthan
a reason
Suggest not significantly
TOr BacO; (5 x 10") is
41. A research student did a
study on some disused lead mines which have been flooded for some time.
source of The lead(II) ions present in the water was
of Mg" (aq)
ions, is a
userul commercial determined by precipitating yellow lead(I1) 1odide.
1. Sea water, which contains
0.054 mol dm solution by adaing
calcium hydroxide.
from (a) Write
magnesium. The magnesium is precipitated
an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of lead(II) iodide
+ Mg(OH):(S)
Mg (aq)+
Ca(OH):(S) Ca (aq) (b) At 15°C, the solubility of lead(II) iodide in water is 0.46 g dm
its units.
2 For saturated solution
(a) Write an expression for the K, of Mg(OH)>. stating
a
of lead(l) iodide at 15°C, what is the concentration, in mol dm", of
i) lead(l1) ions, (i) iodide ions ?
(6) Calculate [Mg*"(aq)] in a saturated
solution of Mg(OH); Hence calculate the value of the
Ks, of lead(II) iodide, giving its units. [4]
Numerically. Ks, of Mg(OH):
=
2.00 x 10]
(c) Equal volumes of the water from the flooded lead mines and x
seawater can this method extract? 4 10 mol dm potassium iodide
(C) What percentage of the original magnesium in the were mixed. What is the minimum
concentration, in mol dm°, of lead(II) ions detected in the
flood water?

38. (a) Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp. of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. (d) This method of detection is, in fact, not particularly reliable.

(b) 20.0 cm' ofa saturated. aqueous calcium hydroxide is completely neutralised by 18.2 cm' of (i) Which other metal ion might also be precipitated by adding aqueous
potassium iodide?
0.050 mol dm hydrochloric acid.
(i) Suggest why the precipitate of lead(11) iodide redissolves on adding an excess of aqueous
(i) What is the hydroxide ion concentration, and hence the pH, of the saturated solution? potassium iodide.
ii) Calculate a value for the solubility product of calcium hydroxide, giving its units.
42. Hydrangeas are flowering plants which commonly have pink flowers, and would produce blue tlowers
(c) Give one use of calcium hydroxide which depends on its solubility in water. only in soils with high concentrations of Mg"(aq). Well-limed soil has a pH of 9, while peat-based
soil has a pH of 6.5. Numerically, the solubility
product Ksp of magnesium hydroxide is 1.8 10 x
39. A solution X is saturated with two
sparingly soluble salts, calcium hydroxide (a) ) Write
(a) Given that solution X 12.3, what is
and calcium
sulrac an expression for the Ksp of magnesium hydroxide.
has pH the hydroxide ion concentration i) What is the theoretical maximum value of
in mol dm [Mg "(aq)] in a well limed soil?
(b) (i) Write an expression for the solubility product, (ii) What is the theoretical maximum value of [Mg*"(aq)] in a peat-based soil?
(ii) What is the concentration,
Ksp, of calcium
hydroxide.
in mol
dm", of calcium ions (iv) Hence deduce which type of soil favours good cultivation of blue hydrangeas.
The numerical value of Ksp of
in solution X? [6)
calcium hydroxide is 4.0 (b) Ammonium magnesium sulfate, (NH,)>Mg(SO,):.6H;0, is used by horticulturalists
(c) i) Write
x
10 ] provide Mg as well as nitrogen.
too
expression for the solubility
an

i) What is the product, Ksp, of calcium What is the percentage by mass of Mg* in this fertiliser?
concentration, in mol dm", of sulfate.
The numerical value of K, sulfate ions in solution
of calcium sulfate is 2.5 X? (c) Explain why NH., (aq) is acidic, and how this helps the uptake of Mg**
by the plant.
Gii) Explain why the concentration 10.) x

mol dm, of
i.e. the sulfate ions in
square root of the Ksp value solution X is less than
of calcium 5.0x 10
sulfate.

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