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CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Cisco taMumif;rdwfquf -2

1.2 Cisco Certifications taMumif; -3
1.3 Cisco Certifications vrf;aMumif; -5
1.4 CCNA ESifhywfoufí -6
1.5 tjcm;Certification rsm;ESifhuGmjcm;csuf -7
1.6 CCNA jzpfzdkYvkdtyfcsufrsm; -8
1.7 CCNA pmar;yGJudkajzzkdYenf;vrf; -8
1.8 'Dvydk pkH aH wGar;rSm -9
1.9 Internetworking tajccH - 14
1.10 Rollover Cable taMumif; - 19
1.11 Packet Tracer taMumif; - 21
C HAPTE R 2 IOS
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2.2 Cisco IOS udkb,fvkdtoHk;jyK&rvJ - 25
2.3 Packet Tracer udtoH k ;k jyKjcif; - 25
2.4 Router ESiSwitch
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2.6 Interface rsm;ud0ifk a&mufjyifqifjcif; - 33
2.7 Command rsm;udkShortcut toH;k jyKí&Smjcif; - 34
2.8 Mode wpfcck si;f pDüCommand rsm;Munhjf cif; - 35
2.9 Clock Command udtoH k ;k jyKjcif; - 36
2.10 System \Version udMk unh½ f jI cif; - 37
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2.12 Privileged Mode twGufPassword owfrw S jf cif; - 39
2.13 Enable Secret udEI k id ;f ,SOjf cif; - 41
2.14 vwfwavmtoHk;jyKaewJhConfiguration rsm;udMk unh½f jI cif; - 42
2.15 Console Port tm;Password rsm;owfrw S jf cif; - 43
2.16 Interface rsm;tm;ppfaq;jcif; - 45
2.17 Logout/Exit udtoH k ;k jyKjcif; - 47
2.18 Packet Tracer rSjyefxu G jf cif; - 47
CHAPTER 3 Managing IOS
3.1 Internal Components of a Cisco Router - 50

3.2 Router Boot Sequence taMumif; - 53
3.3 Flash Memory udppf
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3.4 Cisco IOS udBackup/Restore
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3.5 NVRAM xHüodr;f qnf;xm;aomConfiguration rsm;tm; - 56
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3.10 CDP udktoHk;jyKyHk - 60
CHAPTER 4 Routing
4.1 Router qdkwmbmvJ - 66

4.2 Router awGb,fvdktvkyfvkyfovJ - 67
4.3 Router awGudkb,fvdkae&mrsKd;rSmtoHk;cs&rvJ - 68
4.4 Cisco Router Series rsm;taMumif; - 73
4.5 Modular Router ESiFixed
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4.6 Cisco's Hierarchical Model ud&S
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4.7 Routing qdkwmbmvJ - 79
4.8 Routing rsm;Routing Table jzifhtvkyfvkyfyHk - 80
CHAPTER 5 Static Route
5.1 Static Route and Dynamic Route rsm;taMumif; - 88

5.2 Static Route - 88
5.3 Dynamic Route - 88
5.4 Static Route udktoHk;jyKNyD;Router wpfv;kH jzifNetwork
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CHAPTER 6 Dynamic Route
6.1 Dynamic Routing - 114

6.2 Routing Protocol Basics - 114
6.3 Administrative Distance - 115
6.4 Routing Protocol - 115
6.5 Distance Vector Routing Algorithm - 117
6.6 Routing Loops - 117
6.7 RIP (Routing Information Protocol) - 119
6.8 RIP Timer - 120
6.9 Configuring RIP Routing - 121
6.10 Dynamic Router jzpfwRIP
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6.11 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) - 137
6.12 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - 142
CH A P T E R 7 Switching
7.1 Switching - 148

7.2 Network Switch - 149
7.3 Collision Domain - 149
7.4 Broadcast Domain - 150
7.5 Collision Domain ESiBroadcast
hf Domain wkdY&JUuGmjcm;csufrsm; - 151
CHAPTER 8 VLAN
8.1 VLAN qdkwmbmvJ - 160

8.2 VLAN udktoHk;jyKjcif;jzifh &½Sdr,fh tusdK;aus;Zl; - 161
8.3 VLAN trsdK;tpm;rsm; - 162
8.5 Cisco Switch &JUIOS udkConfigure vkyfyHk - 164
8.6 Switch wGiVLAN
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8.7 Trunk qdkwmbmvJ - 172
8.8 VLAN with Trunk - 173
CHAPTER 9 Security
9.1 SecurityESiAccess-List
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9.1.1 Secured Network wpfcktwGi;f ½StoH
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9.1.2 Cisco IOS Firewall - 182
9.1.3 Basic and Advanced Traffic Filtering - 184
9.2 Access Lists rsm;taMumif; - 186
9.2.1 Access Lists tvkyfvkyfyHk - 186
9.2.2 Traffic \ Direction trsdK;tpm;rsm; - 187
9.2.3 Access List aqmuf&mwGifvdkufemoifhaomtcsufrsm; - 190
9.2.4 ACL aMumifhavsmhusoGm;EdkifaomSecurity Threats rsm; - 191
9.2.5 ACL udo k ;kH r,fq&kd if'gawGurjkd zpfraevkyaf y;zdv
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9.3 Basic Access List rsm;taMumif; - 192
9.3.1 Standard Access List - 192
9.3.2 Wildcard Mask - 195
9.3.3 Block Size, Wildcard wdkYeJYywfowfírSwfp&mrsm; - 196
9.3.4 Create vkyfNyD;om; Standard Access List udkInterface
ay:wGifApply vkyjf cif; - 198
9.3.5 Extended Access List - 202
9.3.6 Client rsm;rSTelnet jzifAccess
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9.4.1 Advanced Access List rsm;taMumif; - 210
9.5.1 aqmufNyD;oGm;aomAccess List rsm;udjk yefvnfMunf½h jI cif; - 217
9.6 IOS Firewall ESiProxy
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9.6.1 Cisco IOS Firewall (Context-Based Access Control) - 218
9.6.2 Authentication Proxy - 220
C H A P T E R 10 NAT
10.1 Network Address Translation (NAT) - 222

10.2 Cisco NAT \oaomw&m;rsm; - 222
10.3 NAT \aumif;usdK;qdk;usdK;rsm; - 223
10.4 NAT \toH;k tEIe;f rsm; - 225
10.5 NAT b,fvt kd vkyv
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10.6 NAT trsdK;tpm;rsm; - 227
10.7 NAT rsm;udjk yefMunfjh cif; - 234
10.8 NAT ESifhywfoufNyD;Router ay:rSmError wwfwt
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PDF Creator - Min Hein Kyaw

min.heinkyaw.9@facebook.com
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Road to CCNA (Exam 640-802)

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- 14 -
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- 15 -
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- 16 -
Segment 1 ESiNetwork
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Product of YOUTH
- 17 -
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- 19 -
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- 21 -
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PDF Creater- Min Hein Kyaw


- 22 -
Product of YOUTH
- 23 -
PA R T 1
Introduction

- 24 -
2.1 Cisco IOS qdw
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- 25 -
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- 26 -
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Mouse udkDouble Click ESy dvf u kd yf g/tJ'h tcg
D usaemufxyfBox wpfcak y:vmvdrrhf ,f/tJ'h rD mS
CLI udkClick ESy dv f ukd yf g/'gqwpf
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tJh'DrSmYes/No ar;aeygvdrhfr,f/uRefawmfwdkYutJh'Dae&mrSmNo ajzay;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
'DawmhtJ'h aD e&mrSmn vdkYESdyfvdkufyg/NyD;&ifEnter ½du k yf g/
Product of YOUTH
- 27 -
yHk 2.3
yHk 2.4

- 28 -
uJaemufxyfwpfcgEnter xyf½u kd v
f u
kd yf gOD;/'gqyHkd 2.5
k twdik ;f jzpfomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f/
'gro S mvQiuR
f eaf wmfwpwif
Ykd tvkyv f yk vd
f &Yk rSmjzpfygw,f/tckq&kd ifuReaf wmfw[m Ykd Router
BuD;udkwu,fr½Sdaomfjim;vnf;tJh'Router
D &JUCLI Mode udak &muf½adS eNyjD zpfygw,f/tdak uaemf
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yHk 2.5
2.4 Router ESihf Switch wd\

Yk Terms ( Mode) rsm;owfrw
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h rsm;udkt&ifazmfjyay;ygr,f/'DvkAd s/tckuRefawmfwRouter kYd awG?
Switch awGudk0ifNyD;jyifqifr,fqdk&ifowfrSwfxm;wJMode h awG&o dS As/tJ..Mode wpfck
csi;f pDrmS qd&k ifCommand awGudktjynfht0toHk;jyKvkdYr&bJuefYowfcsufawGeJYtoHk;jyK&wJh
Mode awG½So d vdIOS
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Product of YOUTH
- 29 -
'DvMode
kd awGrSmrdrdub,fvdkConfiguration vkycf sio f vJqw kd may:rw l nfjy;D Mode
awGudk
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uJ..Cisco Router awG?Switch awGrSmyg0ifwJhMode awGudkpwif&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/
yxrOD;qHk;Mode uawmhJ' Donuts Mode tJav..a,mifv[k Ykd wyf gjy/D ,ckCisco Router
awG?Switch awGrSmyg0ifwModeJh tm;vH;k pkpak ygi;f(5)ck&ydS gw,f/'gawGuawmhAsm-
1/ User EXEC Mode
¤if;Mode rSmowfrSwfxm;wJhCommand tenf;i,fwpfcsKd uY ykd toH J ;k jyKciG ahf y;

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k neT ;f ay;xm;
wmjzpfygw,f/

- 30 -
5/ Setup Mode
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Jh uawmhSetup Mode yJjzpfygw,f/¤if;Mode [m
Configuration Dialog Box awGetj
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yHek YJ erlemazmfjy&r,fq&kd if -
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¤if; Privileged Mode udkUserr Mode rSwqifhEnable qdkwJhCommand av;udk&dkufay;

&ygr,f/¤if;Command &dkufjyD;rSomRouter# qdkwJhPrivileged Mode udka&muf&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 31 -
Router> enable
Router#
yHk 2.7
3) Global Configuration Mode
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#
yHk 2.8
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- 32 -
2.5 Router csw
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Series tvdkufxkwfxm;wJhtaMumif;udkajymjycsifygao;w,f/bmjzpfvdkYvnf;qdkawmhrwlnDwJh
Router Series awGtay:rlwnfjyD;¤if;rSmyg0ifwInterface Jh awGuvnf;uGJjym;oGm;ygw,f/
jyefajymjyr,faemf/Cisco urwlnDwJhRouter awGudkSeries tvdkufxkwfvkyfxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
tJoh vdSeries
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Cisco &J2600 h Series xJuRouter &JInterface h ud&k iS ;f jyay;ygrh ,f/tJ..¤if;2600 Series
Router awGuCisco uxkwfwJhModular Router awGyjJ zpfygw,f/'D2600 Series xJu2621
Series Router &Jh Interface ud& k iS ;f jyay;ygrh ,f/bmjzpfv'DYkd 2621 Router udk½Sif;jy&ovJqdkawmh
olutoHk;vnf;rsm;w,faemufNyD;Modular Router jzpfwJhtwGufvkdtyf&ifCards awG
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yHk 2.9
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1/ eHygwf1uawmhPower Cord Connection wJhAs/uRefawmfwdkYRouter udktoHk;jyK&ef

twGuf yg0gMudK;wyfqifay;&wm jzpfygw,f/
2/ eHygwf2 uawmhPower Switch jzpfygw,f/¤if;Power Switch qkdwmuawmhPower

On/Off aygAh sm/
Product of YOUTH
- 33 -
3/ eHygwf3uawmhAuxiliary Port yJjzpfygw,f/¤if;Port uawmhModem rSwqifcsh w
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awGwpfv;kH eJw
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Pin ta&twGufuawmhjzifhPins aygi;f 60yg0ifygw,f/
2.6 Interface rsm;udk 0ifa&mufjyifqifjcif;
'Dae&mrSm Router awGeSwitch

YJ awGrSmyg0ifwJhInterface udk0ifa&mufjyifqifwJhyHkpHudk
azmfjyay;ygrh ,f/Interface qdkwmwjcm;r[kwfbl;/uRefawmfwpfzufpmrsufESmrSmjycJhwJhyHk2.9
Router yHk&JUConnections awGPorts awGudkNcHKNyD;ajymwmjzpfygw,f/tcktJh'Interface
D xJu
Fast Ethernet Port udkb,fvdk0ifa&muf&rvJqdkwmudkoifay;yghr,f/atmufrSmyg0ifwJhyHkudk
MunfEh ikd yf gw,f/
yHk 2.10
1/ yxrtqift
h aeeJYUser Mode uaeenable Command udktoHk;jyKíPrivileged Mode
- 34 -
udo
k mG ;ay;yg/
2/ Privileged Mode rSwqifhuRefawmfwconfigure

dkY terminal qdkwCommand
Jh udktoHk;jyKNyD;
kd rf ,fq&kd ifGlobal Configuration Mode udka&muf&SdoGm;ygjyD/
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Port twGif;udk0ifa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/'Dae&mrSminterface qdkwmCommand wpfcjk zpfNy;D
fastethernet 0/0 qdkwmRouter &JUFastethernet Port ESpcf t k xJuyxrPort udq k vkd ckd siw
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udktoHk;jyKjyD;0ifa&mufEdkifygw,f/uJaumif;NyD'DawmhInterface udkb,fvdkoGm;&rvJqdkwmudkyJ
uRefawmfajymjy&ao;wmyg/ tJh'DrSmvkyf&r,fh vkyfaqmifcsufawGudk r½Sif;jy&ao;ygbl;/
2.7 Command rsm;udk Shortcut toH;k jyKí&Smjcif;
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Command rsm;jzpfaomClear, Clock, Configure, Connect, Copy wdkYudkawGY&ygvdrfhr,f/
atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJhyHkudk MunfhEdkifygw,f/
yHk 2.11
Product of YOUTH
- 35 -
2.8 Mode wpfcck si;f pDü Command rsm;Munfjh cif;
'DvAkd sm/uReaf wmfwtckYkd Router awGeSwitch

YJ awGrSmUser Mode, Privileged Mode
eJY Global Configuration Mode wd&Yk o dS As/tJ..¤if;Mode wckcsi;f pDrmS oufqikd &f mCommand
awGeYJ zGpYJ nf;ay;xm;ygw,f/¤if;Command awGudkMunfhcsifygu? (Question Mark) qdkwJh
Key udktoHk;jyKwmygyJ/¤if;? udkb,fMode rSma&muf&SdaeygaptoHk;jyKvdkY&Edkifr,fCommand h
awG&,f?¤if;wdeYk ouf YJ qikd w
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hJ &,fuykd gjyay;ygw,f/[kwyf gjy/D 'Dae&mrSmCisco &JU
2600 Series Modular Router xJu2620xm Router udkOyrmay;íazmfjyay;ygw,f/
yHk 2.12
yHk 2.12 uawmhUser Mode uCommand awGjzpfygw,f/
yHk 2.13
R ? qdkwmHelp Command oabmygyJ/b,fMode rSm

rqdk? udk½dkufxnfhvdkufygu¤if;Mode rSmtoHk;jyKvdkY
&wJhCommand awGEiS Description
jzpfygw,f/
hf awGay:vmrSm

- 36 -
uJ'DwpfcgPrivileged Mode uComamnd awGuMkd unfch siw f ,fq&kd ifOD;qH;k enable
Command udkoHk;NyD;Privileged Mode udkt&ifoGm;vdkufyg/NyD;&ifxHk;pHtwdkif;? udkESdyfvdkufyg/
yHk 2.14
uJGlobal Configuration Mode twGufCommand awGudkudk,fhbmomudk,fyJvkyfMunfh

vdkfufygawmh/b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmuawmhGlobal Configuration Mode udkt&ifoGm;vdkufaygh/
NyD;awmh? ESyd v
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kd ½f ykH gy/J
2.9 Clock Command udt

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tckwpfcgrmS awmhPrivileged Mode rSmyg0ifwJhClock qdkwJhCommand av;udkoHk;MunfhMu

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'Dae&mrSmClock udo k wfrwS f&eftqifq
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k oHk;jyKízeffwD;oGm;yHkudk
awG&Y ygvrd rhf ,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 37 -
yHk 2.15
wu,fawmh yHk 2.15 rSm qifhuJqifhuJ vkyfjyxm;wmudk oifwdkY rvkyfwwfrSm pdk;vdkYyg/

Clock rSm? av;awGxnfhoHk;oGm;wmudkajymwm/yHkrSeftvGwf&ae&ifclock set 3:00:00 3
August 2009 udw
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mand udkPrivileged Mode rSmyJtoHk;jyKvdkY&ygw,f/
2.10 System \ Version udMk unf&h jI cif;

uJ.tckuRefawmfwdkYPrivileged Mode üshow qdkwJhCommand toHk;jyKjcif;udkazmfjy
ay;ygrh ,f/show qdkwJhtwdkif;Command uawmhb,fvdktaMumif;t&m?tcsuftvufawGudk
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üshow version qdkwCommand Jh udktoHk;jyKEdkifygw,f/show version qdkwCommand Jh rSm
System &JHardware
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ay;ygw,f/ atmufüazmfjyay;xm;aomyHu k kd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh od&EdS ikd yf gw,f//
yHk 2.17

- 38 -
wu,fawmhshow version vdkY½dkufvdkuf&ifay:vmwmawGutrsm;BuD;yg/tJh'DtxJurS
wpfydkif;csif;pDubmawGvJqdkwmudkatmufrSmwpfyHkcsif;jyefydkif;NyD;jyxm;ay;ygw,f/yHk2.18uawmh
(IOS) Software ydkif;udkjywJhyHkjzpfygw,f/
yHk 2.18
yHk2.19yHkuawmhBoot Image udkazmfjywJhyHkjzpfygw,f/
yHk 2.19
yH2.20
k onfHardware ydkif;udkazmfjyxm;wJhyHkjzpfygw,f/
yHk 2.20
Product of YOUTH
- 39 -
'Dae&mrSmshow version qdkwJhCommand [mSoftware, Boot Image ESiHardware hf
ydik ;f qdNk y;D tydik ;f 3 ydik ;f yg½dw
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2.11 rdrt
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'DvAkd s/tckuReaf wmfwvuf

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(Host Name) udk0ifa&mufjyifqifEdkifygw,f/atmufrSmazmfjyay;xm;aomyHkudkwpfcsufMunfhay;yg/
yHk 2.21
1/ 'Dae&mrSmuRefawmfwdkYyxrOD;qHk;User Mode rSwqifenable

h qdkwCommand
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toHk;jyKumPrivileged Mode ud0k ifa&mufcyhJ gw,f/Privileged Mode rSwqifconfigure
h termi-
nal qdo
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2.12 Privileged Mode twGuf Password owfrw

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Ykd Mode twGufPassword owfrSwfay;Mu
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dkY Mode rSmPassword udkowfrSwfay;&wmvnf;qdkawmha½SUrSm
½Sif;jyxm;cJhNyD;wJhtwdkif;'DMode rSmuCommand awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udktoHk;jyKvdkY&aeNyDav/
'Dawmh'DCommand awGudkwpfa,mufa,mufuvmoHk;NyD;Configuration awGudkvma&mufjyifqif

- 40 -
oGm;r,fq&kd iftqifrajyjzpfomG ;Edik w
f ,fav/'gaMumifPassword
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jzpfygw,f/ yHkudkqufvufavhvmMunfhyg/
yHk 2.22
yHkrSmPassword udkzefwD;ay;csifyguyxrOD;pGmGlobal Configuration Mode udk

0ifa&mufay;&rSmjzpffygw,f/¤if;urSwqifhuRefawmfwPassword
dkY owfrwS af y;csiyf gu-
1/ enable secret
2) enable password qdkwCommand
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'Dae&mrSmenable secret Command yJo;kH oH;k ?enable password Command udkyJoHk;oHk;

wpfcck u k toHkd ;k jyK&ify&J ygw,f/'Dae&mrSmenable secret eJenable Y password qdkwCommand Jh
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hf zefw;D ay;cJyh gw,f/'Dae&mrSmenable secret Com-
mand onfPassword udkEncrypt yHkpHeJYodrf;ay;ygw,f/enable password usawmhPass-
word udkclear text ESi'Dhf twdik ;f odr;f xm;ygw,f/'guenable password command ESiuG hf mjcm;csuf
yg/'gaMumifenableh secret udy k oH
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tckuRefawmfwdkYuPassword ay;NyD;NyDqdkawmhPrivileged Mode ud0if k wt hJ cg'Dtwdik ;f
0ifvdkYr&awmhbPasswordJ ESiLogin
hf 0ifr&yg
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yHk 2.23
Product of YOUTH
- 41 -
yHkrSmuRefawmfwdkYPrivileged Mode udk0ifa&muf7eftwGuenable f vdkY½dkufvdkufwmeJY
t&ifqwpf
kd cgwnf;0ifomG ;aomfjim;vnf;tckwpfcgrmS awmhPassword qdjk yD;vmawmif;ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmuRefawmfwdkYzeffwD;ay;xm;wJcisco
h qdkwJhpmvHk;udk&dkufxnfhjyD;rSSPrivileged Mode udk
a&muf&EdS ikd rf mS jzpfygw,f/
2.13 Enable Secret ESih f Enable Password udEk id I ;f ,SOjf cif;
uJ..tckuRefawmfwPrivileged
dkY Mode twGufPassword udkb,fvdkzeffwD;&rvJqdkwm
odomG ;jyadD emf/'Dvykd Password
J zefwD;&mrSmenable secret Command eJYenable password
Command udktoHk;jyKjcif;udkvnf;em;vnfoGm;NyDaemf/[kwfNyD/ ,ck¤if;Command ESpcf u
k Ekd idI ;f ,SOf
jyyghr,f/ atmuffrSmazmfjyay;xm;wJhyHkudk MunfhEdkifygw,f/
yHk 2.24
1/ ¤if;yHkrSmyxrOD;qHk;Privileged Mode udpwif

k 0ifa&muf&rSmjzpfygw,f/
2/ 'Dae&mrSmPrivileged Mode udka&muf&SdwmeJYshow running-config qdkwJhCommand

udktoHk;jyKcJhygw,f/tJ'DrSmuRefawmfwenable
dkY secret Command udktoHk;jyKjyD;zefwD;cJhwJh
Password udkEncryption yHkpHeJYjyay;ygw,f/awGUvm;bmpmvHk;awGrSef;rodbl;av/

- 42 -
3/ 'kw,d ae&mrSmenable password Command udktoHk;jyKjyD;zefwD;cJhwPassword Jh
udkusawmhcisco qdNk y;D 'Dtwdik ;f csn;f azmfjyay;ygw,f/'gawGuawmhtckPrivileged Mode udk
Password zefw f ;D &müoH;k Ekid w
f Command
hJ ESpcf &k uG
hJ mjcm;csuyf jJ zpfygw,f/
2.14 vwfwavmtoH;k jyKaewJh Configuration rsm;udMk unf&h KS jcif;
yHk 2.25
Product of YOUTH
- 43 -
uJ..tckaemufxyfpw d 0f ifpm;p&mCommand wpfckudk&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/uRefawmfwdkYvuf&Sd
toHk;jyKaewJhRouter awG?Switch awG&JhConfiguration awGujkd yefMunfzh v
Ykd w
kd ,fav/tckuReaf wmf
wdkY wpfzufrSmazmfjyxm;wJhyHkudkMunfhyg/
1/ ¤if;yHkrSmuRefawmfwdkYyxrOD;qHk;Privileged Mode udkoGm;ay;yg/¤if;Mode uae

show running-config qdkwJhCommand udktoHk;jyKay;yg/
2/ ¤if;Command onfuRefawmfwdkYtckvuf&SdtoHk;jyKvsuf&SdaomRouter awG?Switch

awG&JhPassword taMumif;t&m?Host Name ?Interface wpfcck si;f pDEd iS Line hf wpfcck si;f pD\
Status rsm;udkwduspGmazmfjyay;ygw,f/'gqdkuRefawmfwdkYshow running-config qdkwJhCom-
mand udktoHk;jyKjyD;vuf&SdtoHk;jyKaewJhConfiguration udMk unfEh ikd jf yaD yghAsm/
2.15 Console Port tm; Password rsm;owfrw

S jf cif;
'DvAkd s/tckuReaf wmfwtoHYkd ;k jyKaewJRouter

h awG&JhInterface rSmPort trsdK;rsdK;&SdoAs/
Console Port ?Ethernet Port ? Fastethernet Port ?Auxiliary Portponfjziftrs h Kd ;rsKd ;&SdMuygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmuRefawmfwdkYuaeConsole Port ?Auxiliary Port eJTelnet Y qdkwLine
Jh vtywdkYudk
Password awGowfrw S x
f m;vd&Yk ygw,f/tck'aD e&mrSmRouter &JhConsole Port udkPassword
owfrw S xf m;yHu k jkd yay;xm;ygw,f/yHu k kMd unfEh ikd yf gw,f/
yHk 2.26
1/ tck'yD rkH mS Router rSmyg0ifwConsole

Jh Port udkPassword owfrw
S af y;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
uReaf wmfw¤if
Ykd ;Console Port udkPassword owfrSwfay;csifyguyxrOD;pGmGlobal Configu-
- 44 -
ration Mode udkoGm;ay;&rSmjzpffygw,f/¤if;rSwpfqifLine
h qdkwCommand
Jh udktoHk;jyKygw,f/
2/ jyD;yguline console 0 vdU&k u kd x

f nfyh g/¤if;onfRouter \Console Port wpfcw
k nf;
k neT ;f jcif;jzpfygw,f/aemufxyfwpfaMumif;onfPassword tm;owfrSwfay;
yg0ifjcif;ud&nf
jcif;jzpfonf/
3/ Password udkCisco [kowfrSwfay;cJhíaemuffqHk;wpfaMumif;üLogin [k½u kd af y;yg/

bmjzpfvLogin
dkY vd½dYk u
k &f ovJq&kd if'DPassword udkRouter tm;Console Port eJcsY w d q f ufNy;D
Login 0ifwt hJ cgoH;k &efjzpfaMumif;ajymay;&wmjzpfygw,f/NyD;yguExit ESixG
hf uEf ikd o
f nf/ ¤if;
Console Password onfwpfenf;tm;jzifhRouter tm;RJ-45 Rollover Cable ESiConsole hf
Port tm;csdwfqufNyD;Management jyKvy k af omtcgüawmif;rnfjzpfonf/atmufüazmfjyay;xm;
aomyHkudk Munfhay;yg/
yHk 2.27
Password ½du
k x
f nf&h ef
4/ yHkrSmowfrSwfay;xm;cJhaomConsole Port \Password tm;rSefuefpGm&dkufxnfhay;

rSomvQifuRefawmfwUser
dkY Mode udkpwifa&muf&SdrSmjzpfygw,f/qdkvdkwmuuRefawmfwdkYu'D
Router udkConsole Port ESivuf hf ½cdS sw
d q
f ufxm;wJo
h abmyg/'Dawmht&ifuqd&k ifRouter
xJudk0ifvmwJhtcgbmPassword rSrawmif;bJUser Mode udkwef;a&mufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
tckawmhConsole Port udkPassword owfrSwfvdkufNyDjzpfwJhtjyifvuf½Sduvnf;Console
Product of YOUTH
- 45 -
Port ESifhcsdwfqufxm;wmaMumifh0ifvku d fwmeJPassword
Y awmif;NyD;tJh'DPassword udkay;EdkifrS
omvQiUser f Mode udka&muf½SdawmhrSmjzpfygw,f/tu,fírsm;wu,fhRouter ESics hf w
d q
f uf
xm;w,fv, Ykd q
l Munh&f atmif/tJ'h tD cgrsKd ;rSmRouter qDuConsole Port udkRollover Cable
ESifhuGefysLwm&JUNIC RJ45 Port udkcsdwfqufvdkufwJhtcgrSm'DPassword udkawmif;rSmjzpfygw,f/
tu,fírsm;Console Port ESiv hf mrcsw d b f wj
J cm;Port udcsk w
d cf o
hJ nf½adS omf'DConsole Port
Password udkawmif;rSmr[kwfygbl;/rqdkifawmhbl;ayghAsm/
5/ tck'aD e&mrSmRouter &JConsole h Port udkPassword owfrw S af y;cJw

h ,faemf/¤if;
Password owfrSwfay;&efGlobal Configuration Mode üLine qdo k nfCommand
h udktoHk;jyKí
zefw
f ;D Edik yf gw,f/'Dvykd Console
J Port wifr[kwfyJ?Auxiliary Port ESiTelnet
hf (Line vty)awGudkvnf;
'Dvykd Password
J owfrf w S af y;Edik yf gw,faemf/
2.16 Interface rsm;tm;ppfaq;jcif;
Interface udppf
k aq;jcif;qdw
k mu¤if;Interface ESiyhf wfoufaewJIP
h Address, Subnet
Mask pwJtaM
h umif;t&mrsm;udMk unf½h jI cif;yifjzpfygw,f/tck'aD e&mrSmRouter &JUInterface
awGudk b,fvdkppfaq;MurvJayghaemf/ [kwfjyDaemf/ atmufrSmazmfjyxm;aomyHkudkMunfhygOD;/
yHk 2.28
yxrOD;qHk;Privileged Mode odo Yk mG ;yg/jy;D rSshow interface ? qdo

k nfCommand
h
tm;&dkufxnfhyguaemufxyfInterface rsm;awGY&rnfjzpfygonf/atmufrSmazmfjyay;xm;aomyHkudk
xyfMunfah y;yg/
- 46 -
yHk 2.29
¤if;yHkrSmFastEthernet &JInterface
h wpfcyk MJ unfw
h mjzpfaomaMumif'Dh ae&mrSmFastEthernet
Interface ESifhywfoufNyD;yJazmfjyay;wmjzpfygw,f/tu,fírsm;Router rSm½SdorQInterface
awGuwpfkd cck si;f azmfjyay;apcsi&f ifshow ip interface qdkwCommand
Jh udktoHk;jyKygw,f/
qdkvdkwmushow ip interface command &JUaemufrSmfastethernet 0/0 vdkY½dkufxnfhvdkufwm
jzpfygaomaMumif'Dh ae&mrSmfastethernet 0/0 ESifhoufqdkifwmudkyJjyay;wmjzpfNyD;show ip
interface vdkYyJ½dkuf&ifawmhb,folYudkMunfhr,fqdkwmrygawmhbl;/'gaMumifRouter h rSm½SdorQ
Inteface awGtukefay:vmrSmjzpfygw,f/aemufxyfyHkudkqufvufavhvmMunfhyg/
'DwpfyHkuawmhInterface wpfcck si;f pDuazmf

kd jyay;wmjzpfygw,f/'Dae&mrSmPrivileged
Mode uaeshow ip interface brief qdkwJhCommand udtoH k ;k jyKwmjzpfygw,f/¤if;Com-
mand [mInterface ?oufqikd &
f mIPAddress ? Status ESiProtocol
hf wpfcck si;f pDuazmf
kd jyay;ygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 47 -
yHk 2.30
¤if;Command &JUt"duqdkvdkcsufuRouter awG?Switch awG&JUInterface wpfcck si;f pD&UJ

twdkcsKyf vdktyfwmav;udkyJ &Sif;jyay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
2.17 Logout/Exit udk toH;k jyKjcif;
LogoutESiExit
hf Command qdkwmuRefawmfwdkYvuf½SdtoHk;jyKaewJRouter h awGxJu
Mode wpfcck si;f pDuaejyefxu
G cf si&f ifoH;k wmjzpfygw,f/OyrmPrivileged Mode uaeUser
Mode udkjyefxGufcsifyguLogout odkYr[kwExit f udktoHk;jyKEdkifygw,f/
2.18 Packet Tracer rS jyefxu

G jf cif;
Packer Tracer xJrjS yefxu

G rf ,fq&kd ifawmhClose Button ESdyfNyD;jyefxGuf½HkygyJ/udk,fvkyfae
wJh udpöav;awGudk jyefoHk;r,fqdk&ifawmh odrf;xm;cJhvdkufaygh/

- 48 -
Product of YOUTH
- 49 -
PA R T 1
Introduction

- 50 -
uJ,ckoifcef;pmrSmawmhCisco Router udkManage vkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufwJhtaMumif;
t&mawGudkoifMum;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/tJRouter udkManage vkyrf ,fq&kd ifyxrOD;qH;k Router
&JUtwGif;rSmyg0ifwComponents
Jh awGudkodzkdYvdktyfvmNyDayghaemf/OyrmayhgAsmrdrdtdrfrSm½SdwJh
Computer “[mtaMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifhysufoGm;NyDqdkygpkdY/[! oifcef;pmurpao;bl;/
uGefysLwmu ysufaejyD/ [D;[D;.. 'D vdkrxifvdkufygeJYAsm/ Oyrm ajymjywmyg/ uJ tu,fí udk,fu
Computer Service qdi kuf ryd
kd cYk sib
f ;l qk&d ifud, k u
f ,kd w
f idk jf yif&awmhr,ftajh ctaea&mufomG ;jy/D
tJ'vD tcs
kd ed rf sKd ;rSmComputer &JUCasing twGif;rSmb,fvComponents kd awGygw,f/
b,ftpdwt f ydik ;f ubmvkyv f ponf J jzifah ygAh sm/ Components wpfcck si;f pD&UJ taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd
tajccHoabmavmufodNyq D &kd iftwdik ;f twmwpfct k xd0ifNy;D jyifv&Ydk jyaD ygAh sm/'Dvydk rdJ rtoH
d ;k jyKr,fh
Router qkd&if¤if;&JUtwGif;ydkif;xJrSmb,fvComponents kd awGyg0ifrvJ?Components wpfcck si;f pDu
b,fvdk 0efaqmifraI wG vkyw f ,fqw kd mudak wmh tajccHoabmw&m;taeeJY odxm;oifyh gjy/D 'gqkd
uRefawmfwdkYyxrOD;qHk;taeeJRouter Y twGif;rSmyg0ifwComponents
Jh awGudk
pwifavhvmMu&atmifaemf/
3.1 Internal Components of a Cisco Router

(Cisco Router twGi;f ü yg0ifaomtpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;)
uJtckRouter twGif;rSmyg0ifwJhtpdwftydkif;rsm;udkpjyD;avhvmMuwmayghaemf/
Components Description
Bootstrap Router tm;Boot vky&f efEiS IOS

hf tm;Load vkyfay;&eftwGuf
jzpfygw,f/olu
Y ROM
kd qdok nf(Read-Only
h Memory) xJrSm
odr;f qnf;ay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
POST Power on Self Test jzpfNyD;Router twGi;f üyg0ifaomComponents

rsm;udk yxrOD;pGm pwif ppfaq;ay;onf/ ¤if;[mqd&k ifjzifh uReaf wmf
wdkYMum;zl;aeusWindows \POST vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESitwl
hf wyl ifjzpfonf/
Product of YOUTH
- 51 -
Components Description
ROM Monitor ¤if;ROM Monitor onfRouter udkManufacturing ydik ;f qdik &f m

Testing jyKvy
k &f efEiS Troubleshooti
hf ngjyKvkyf&eftwGufjzpfNyD;olYudkvnf;
ROM xJüyifodr;f qnf;ay;xm;onf/
Mini-IOS 'Dae&mrSmCisco u¤if;udkRXBOOT (okrYd [kw)f Boot loader

vdac:
Yk qykd gao;w,f/tJ¤if;[mMini-IOS qdkjyD;ROM xJrSm&SdwJh
tao;i,fq;kH aomIOS jzpfjy;D Router &JUInterface eJCisco
Y IOS
wdkYudkLoad vkyfay;&eftwGufjzpfygw,f/
RAM tJ'DwpfckuawmhRAM wJAh s/Random Access Memory yg/bmvkyfzdkY

twGufvnf;qdkawmh¤if;RAM rSmPacket &JUBuffer awG? Routing
Tables awGeYJARP Cache wkdYudkodrf;qnf;zdkYtwGufjzpfygw,f/ajym&&if
awmhAsm¤if;RAM ay:rSmRouter &JUvuf&SdRun aewJConfiguration
h
File awGudkodrf;xm;zdkYjzpfygw,f/
ROM ROM qdkwJhRead Only Memory xJrSmPOST qdw k 0ef

hJ aqmifrI
eJBootstrap
Y qdkwProgram
Jh awGudkodrf;ay;xm;ygw,f/
Flash Memory uJ,ckta&;Mu;D wJtpdh wt f ydik ;f wpfcv

k mjyaD emf/¤if;uFlash Memory
qkdwmwJhAs/¤if;&JUtwGif;ydkif;rSmCisco IOS udkodrf;xm;ygw,f/
¤if;Flash Memory udkEEPROM qdkw(Electronically
Jh Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory) qdkwROM Jh eJYtxl;jyKvkyfxm;NyD;
Intel uaexkwfvkyfay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
NVRAM NVRAM qdkwNon

Jh Volatile RAM rSmawmhRouter eJSwitch
Y awG&JU
Configuration awGu¤if
kd ;rSwOf mPfay:wifxm;wJt
h cgrSmoH;k ygw,f/
tJaemufjyD;Configuration Register awGudkvnf;odrf;ay;ygw,f/

- 52 -
Configuration Register tJaemufqHk;wpfckuawmhConfiguration Register yJjzpfygw,f/
¤if;Configuration Register uRouter &JUBoots Up b,fvdkvkyfrvJ
qdkwJh tydkif;udk xdef;csKyfwJh0efaqmifrI ay;ygw,f/ Oyrm - uRefawmfwdkY
a½SUrSmoifay;cJhwshow
Jh version command udk½dkufvdkufwJhtcgay:vm
wJh pmaMumif;awG&JU aemufqHk;pmwef;jzpfygw,f/ olYudk yHkrSeftm;jzifh
0x2102qdNk y;D awGUEikd y
f gw,f/olt Y "dygÜ ,u
f Router [mIOS udkFlash
Memory uaeac:wifrSmjzpfNyD;Configuration awGudkawmhNVRAM
uaeac:wifrmS jzpfygw,f/
atmufygyHkrSmCisco Router twGif;xJrSmyg0ifwJhtpdwftydkif;rsm;udkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
yHk 3.1
Product of YOUTH
- 53 -
3.2 Router Boot Sequence taMumif;
uJtckRouter awG&JUBoot Sequence taMumif;udkpjyD;avhvmMu&atmifAsm/Router

udkpjyD;Power On vdu k jf yq
D w
kd meJb,f
Y vpwif
kd tvkyv f yk af qmifovJ/IOS udkb,fae&mrS
wpfqifLoadh vkyo
f vJ/aemufjy;D Configuration File rsm;udkb,fvdkLoad vkyo f vJponfjzifh
aygAh sm/ uJ 'gqkd pNyaD emf/
Router udkPower On vdkufjyDqdkwmeJYwpfjydKifeuftqifhqifhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udBoot k
Sequence vdac: Yk qEkd ikd yf gw,f/¤if;Boot Sequence rSmHardware rsm;udkTest (ppfaq;ay;jcif;)?
vdt
k yfonfSoftware
h rsm;?Load vkyaf y;jcif;ponfwu Ydk vk
kd yaf qmifay;ygw,f/Router &JUBoot
Sequence rSmawmhjzifatmuf h ygtcsu(f 4)csujf zifzGh UJ pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ygw,f/
1/ yxrOD;pGmRouter onfPOST(Power-On Self Test) qdkwJhvkyfief;pOfudkvkyfaqmifay;

ygw,f/tJ¤if;POST qkw d tcef
hJ ;u@rSmRouter twGif;rSmyg0ifwHardware
Jh Components
(tpdwftydkif;)rsm;udkppfaq;ay;jcif;udkjyKvkyfay;ygw,f/aemufjyD;Router &JUDifferent Inter-
faces rsm;udv k nf;ppfaq;ay;ygw,f/¤if;POST [mROM qdkw(Read Jh Only Memory)twGif;rSm
wnf&jdS y;D awmh¤if;(ROM) rSwqifhyRun
J ay;wmjzpfygw,f/
2/ 'kwd,wpfcsufrSmawmhCisco IOS udpwif k &mS azGz&Ydk efeLoad

YJ vkyf&eftwGuBootstrap
f
qdkwProgram
Jh uvkyfaqmifay;ygw,f/tJ¤if;Bootstrap qdkwProgram Jh u(ROM) xJrSm
yg0ifygw,f/yHrk eS ftm;jzifah wmhAsmCisco IOS uRouter xJuFlash MemoryrSmyJodrf;ay;ygw,f/
(3) wwd,wpfcsufuawmhConfiguration File awGudk&SmazGwmjzpfygw,f/Cisco IOS

[mLoad vkyfjyD;wJhaemufRouter &JUwduswJhConfiguration File awGudkNVRAM rSmoGm;jyD;
ppfaq;rIjyKvyk yf gw,f/wpfenf;tm;jzif¤if
h ;udkStartup-config File vkv
Yd nf; ac:qEdk ikd yf gw,f/
(4) rSefuefwduswJhStartup-config File [mNVRAM rSm&Scd &hJ ifRouter [mRAM ay:oYkd

Copy ul;jyD;ydkYaqmifay;ygw,f/¤if;Copy ul;jyD;ydkYaqmifay;vdkufwJhStartup-config File rsm;[m
RAM ay:üRunning-config File tjzpfoa&mufYdk &o
dS mG ;ygw,f/
- 54 -
uJtckq&kd ifRouter &JUBoot Sequence taMumif;udkem;vnfoGm;jyDayghaemf/
3.3 Flash Memory udk ppfaq;jcif;
uJtck'Doifcef;pmrSmawmhFlash Memory udppf k aq;jcif;wJAh s/Router xJrmS yg0ifwhJ

Flash Memory qkdwJhtpdwftydkif;uCisco &JUIOS udkodrf;qnf;ay;xm;wmavAsm/tJ'Dawmh
Ykd ;Flash Memory xJrmS yg0ifwhJIOS udppf
uReaf wmfw¤if k aq;Munhv f &oAs
Ykd /
Flash Memory udb k ,ftwGuppf f aq;wmvJ/'g[mar;cGe;f wpfcyk g/aumif;Ny/D ¤if;ae&mrSm
IOS topfwpfcu k Upgrade
kd vkycf siw f thJ cgrmS aomfvnf;aumif;?Upgrade rvkyfaomfvnf;IOS
&JUyrmPb,favmuf&o dS vJodcsiw
f thJ cgrmS aomfvnf;aumif;ppfaq;vd&yg Yk w,f/¤if;Flash
Memory File udppf k aq;r,fq&kd ifyxrOD;qH;k Privileged Mode rSwpfqifshow h flash qdkwJh
Command udktoHk;jyKEdkifygw,faemf/atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wJhyHkudkMunhfay;yg/
yHk 3.2
uJtck¤if;yHkrSmvuf&SdtoHk;jyKaewJhIOS &JUMemory yrmPudkazmfjyay;ygw,f/
3.4 Cisco IOS udk Backup/Restore vkyjf cif;
tckuReaf wmfwCisco
Ydk IOS udkBackup vkyfzkdY&mvdktyfwJhtaMumif;t&mudkazmfjyay;ygh
r,f/'Dae&mrSmtckuReaf wmfwvuf
Ykd &tdS oH;k jyKaewJhCisco IOS udkBackup/Restore awGvkyfay;
vk&dY w,fAs/bmjzpfvIOS
Ykd udkBackup vkyf&ovJqdk&iftaMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifhIOS uysufoGm;
Product of YOUTH
- 55 -
cJ&h ifjyefRestore vkyEf ikd af tmifBackup vkyw
f mjzpfygw,f/tJ'v
D rkd sK;d Backup eJRestore
Y awG
pwif rjyKvyk af o;cif od&r,fh tcsut f vufav;awG ½Sad o;w,fAs/ 'gawGukd ajymjyay;ygrh ,f/
¤if;tcsuftvufawGeJYudkufnDrSomIOS ukdBackup eJRestore Y vkyv
f &yg
Ykd w,f/¤if;wdrYk mS -
(1) Cisco IOS udkBackup eJRestore

Y vkyfcsifygurdrd&JUNetwork rSmTFTP (Trivial File
Transfer Protocol) Server &Sr
d &S ygr,f/¤if;Software udkLaptop (okdYr[kwf)uGefysLwmwpfvHk;vHk;rSm
Install vkyfjyD;yguTFTP Server tjzpfodkYul;ajymif;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
(2) eJ¤if
Router Y ;TFTP Server tMum;qufoG,ftoHk;jyKrnfCable
h Type onfEthernet
Crossover Cable jzpf&ygr,f/
(3) Backup (okr Yd [kw)f Restore vkyfrnfhRouter ESiTFTP

hf Server Mum;onfwn
l aD omSubnet
twGi;f rSmyJ &S&d ygr,f/
(4) toHk;jyKrnfRouter
h onfServer ESicshf w
d q
f ufxm;&rnf/
(5) ¤if;TFTP Server wGiv

f nf;Cisco IOS twGufvHkavmufaomHard Disk Free
Space &S&
d rnf/
(6) Backupvkyf&mwGifCopy Flash TFTP Command ukdtoHk;jyKEdkifjyD;Restore vkyf&mwGif

vnf; Copy TFTP Flash qko d nfCommand
h tm;toH;k jyKEikd yf gw,f/¤if;Command rsm;udk
Privileged Mode üomtoH;k jyKv&Ykd ygw,f/
yHk 3.3
R 'Doifcef;pmuawmhuReaf wmfwYkdtaeeJYoDt&kd t
D &yJajymjy
ay;Edkifygw,f/ bmvdkYvnf;qdkawmh jyKvkyfjyzdkY&m tcuf
tcJuTFTP Server aMumifjh zpfygw,f/'gaMumifol
ywfoufwJh oDtdk&Dav;yJzwfNyD;auseyfay;yg/
h eYJ

- 56 -
yHk 3.4
yHk 3.5
3.5 NVRAM xHü odr;f qnf;xm;aom Configuration rsm;tm; ppfaq;jcif;
uJtck'Dae&mrSmNVRAM xJrmS yg0ifwhJConfiguration awGuppf

kd aq;Mu&atmifaemf/
'DvAkd sNVRAM [mRouter &JUStartup-config File awGudkodrf;xm;ay;ygw,f/
1/ ¤if;Startup-Configuration udppf
k aq;csiyf guPrivileged Mode uaeshow startup-
config qdkwJhCommand udktoHk;jyKjyD;&dkufEdkifygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 57 -
'Dtckoifcef;pmuPacket Tracer ESitoHhf ;k jyKvrYkd &ygb;l /'DCommand awGudkoDtdk&D
oabmem;vnfNyq D &kd ifCommand awGurSkd wx
f m;Edik af tmifavmufom½Si;f jyaewmjzpfygw,f/
wu,fawmh'DConfiguration awGudkCheck vkyfw,fqdkwmBackup & Restore ESiquf hf pyfae
ygw,f/olRestore vkyfvdkufwmudkjyefCheck vkyfvdkufwmyJ/
3.6 Routeray:rS Running Configuration rsm;udk

TFTP Server ay:oYdk odr;f qnf;jcif;
tck'Dae&mrSmRouter ay:rSm&SdwConfiguration
Jh awGudkTFTP Server ay:oYkdCopy
ul;jcif;udkazmfjyay;yghr,f/'DvdkAsuRefawmfwIOS dkY udkBackup ( okdYr[kwf) Restore vky&f ef
TFTP Server udktoHk;jyKMuygw,f/'DvdkyRunning J jzpfaewJConfiguration
h awGudkvnf;Copy
ul;Edik yf gw,faemf/
1/ 'DvCopydk ul;Edik af tmifPrivileged Mode uaecopy running-config tftp Command

udtk oH;k jyKEikd yf gw,f/'gqRunning
dk jzpfaeaomConfiguration uaeTFTP Server ay:odkYa&muf&Sd
oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
3.7 TFTP Server ay:rw

S pfqifh Configuration awGuk d
Router ay:oY k d Restore jyKvy k jf cif;
uJRunning jzpfaewJConfiguration
h awGudkTFTP Server ay:oYkdBackup vkyfNyD;oumv
vdt
k yfwt
hJ csed u
f s&ifRestore jyefvyk zf vk
Ydk v
d mjy/D 'DvkdRestore jyefvyk w
f t
hJ cgus&ifb,fvkd
Command udktokH;jyKMurvJ/[kwfjyDaemf/
1/ tJRestore jyefvyk w
f t
hJ csed u
f s&ifyxrOD;qH;k Privileged Mode udkoGm;ay;yg/¤if;Mode
uaewpfqifcopy
h tftp running-config qdkwJhCommand udktoHk;jyKygw,f/¤if;Command
[mTFTP Server ay:uaeRunning Configuration awGudkRouter ay:ojYkd yefvnfCopy ul;xnhf
ay;wmjzpfygw,f/
- 58 -
3.8 Network Connectivity rsm;udk Check vkyjf cif;ESih f
Trouble Shoot jyKvyk jf cif;
uJtck'aD e&mrSmNetwork Connectivity udppf k aq;zk&Yd efyHrk eS t

f m;jzifping
h qkdwJhCom-
mand eJtraceroute
Y qdkwCommand
Jh (2)ckutoH
kd ;k jyKEikd yf gw,f/¤if;Command (2)ck[mNet-
work Connectivity udppf k aq;&mrSmtajccHtusq;kH aomCommand rsm;jzpfygw,f/¤if;Com-
mand rsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifRemote
h Device &JUNetwork Connectivity ukppf d aq;Edik yf gw,f/
1/Ping Command udtoH

k ;k jyKjcif;
tck'Doifcef;pmrSmPing qdkwJhCommand udoH

k ;k Munh&f atmifaemf/tJ'aD e&mrSmCisco
IOS &JUPing udavh
k vmMunh&f atmifaemf/¤if;Ping Command [mCisco Route &JUSwitch awG
rSmUser Mode aum?Privileged Mode rSmygtoH;k jyKv&Ed
Ykd ik yf gw,f/
yHk 3.6
&JUOutput rSmawmhowfrSwfxm;wJhIP Device ukda&muf&SdzdkY&eftwGufMumjrifhaom

Ping
tcsed u
f ms
kd jzifhazmfjyay;xm;NyD;¤if;udMinimum,
k Average ESiMaximum
hf wdjYk zif,S
h Ow
f aJG zmf
jyxm;ygw,f/
2/ Traceroute udtoH
k ;k jyKjcif;
Traceroute Command udktoHk;jyK&wmuawmhrdrd&JUEntire Network BuD;wpfckvHk;rSm

Product of YOUTH
- 59 -
½Sw
d Network
hJ awGtqifhqifhcsdwfqufxm;yHkuTrace
dk vdkufwJhCommand jzpfygw,f/Trace
qdkwmuawmhvrf;aMumif;ayghAsm../qdkvdkwmuuRefawmfwdkYawGTraceroute Command udk
toH;k jyKjcif;jzifrdh rRequest
d vkyfvdkufwJhPacket awG&JUcsdwfqufxm;yHNetwork
k vrf;aMumif;awGudk
tqifq h ihf azmfjyay;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumif¤if h ;Traceroute Command udktoHk;jyKjcif;jzifhuRefawmfwdkYawGuNetwork
csdwfqufrIvrf;aMumif;awGudktvG,fwultrSm;½SmazGvdkY&rSmyJjzpfygw,f/Traceroute Com-
mand udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifRouter &JUUser Mode eJPrivileged Y Mode wdkYrSmtoHk;jyKEdkifrSm
jzpfygw,f/
yHk 3.7
3.9 CDP qdw

k m bmvJ
tckuRefawmfazmfjyr,fhtaMumif;t&muawmhCDP vdUk ac:wCisco hJ Discovery Pro-

tocol taMumif;udkazmfjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/tckuRefawmfazmfjyay;r,fCDP h Protocol uCisco
uudk,fwdkifxkwfvkyfxm;wJhProtocol wpfcyk jJ zpfygw,f/tJ'CDP
D (Cisco Discovery Protocol)
onfCisco uxkwfvkyfxm;wJCisco h Router ESiCisco
hf Switch wdrYk mS yg&ydS gw,f/Cisco Discov-
ery Protocol ubmawGvkyfaqmifay;ovJqdk&ifawmhInternetwork xJrSmDirectly csdwfqufxm;wJh
Cisco Device awGtm;vHk;&JUoufqdkifwJhtaMumif;t&mawGudkazmfjyay;Edkifygw,f/Cisco Dis-
covery Protocol onfLayer 2 Protocol wpfcjk zpfygw,f/tJ'DCisco Discovery Portocol
(CDP) onfCisco Device awGjzpfwhJCisco Router'grr S [kwCisco
f Switch tp½Swd Device
hJ
awGBoot jyefwufwJhtcdsefrSmtjrJwrf;tvkyfvkyfaerSmjzpfygw,f/
tu,fíuRefawmfwdkYuCisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) udktoHk;rjyKcsifbl;qdk&ifawmh
- 60 -
olYudkydwfxm;vdkufvdkY&ygw,f/uRefawmfwdkYuCisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) udktoHk;jyKr,f
qd&k ifjzifCDP
h &JUvkyfaqmifcsufuInternetwork xJrSmcsdwfqufxm;wJDevice h awGtm;vHk;eJY
oufqdkifwJhtaMumif;t&mawGudkazmfjyay;EdkifwJhtwGufaMumifhNetwokr Administrator awG
twGufInternetwork rsm;udTroubleshootingk vkyfaqmifwmawGManage vkyfwmawG[m
ydrk jkd refqefaprSm jzpfygw,f/
aumif;NyD../'Dvdkqdk&ifuRefawmfwdkYawGCisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) udktoHk;jyKwJh
tcgrmS CDP azmfjyay;wJhtaMumif;t&mawGubmawGvJqdk&ifawmhDevice awG&JUHostname,
Interface Name ESiRoute hf vrf;aMumif;awGudkazmfjyay;wmyJjzpfygw,f/uJ..'gqdk&ifCisco
Discovery Protocol (CDP) qdw k mbmvJqw kd mudem;vnf
k r,fvxYkd ifygw,f/'gaMumifhCDP udk
b,fvdktoHk;cs&r,fqdkwmudk qufjyD;azmfjyvdkufygw,f/
3.10 CDP udk toH;k jyKykH
tckazmfjyay;r,fhtcef;uawmhCDP udkb,fvdktoHk;jyK&rvJqdkwmudkazmfjyay;rSmyJ
jzpfygw,f/tJ'aD wmhuReaf wmfwaYkd wGCisco Router ?'grrS [kwfCisco Switch wdkYrSmCDP udk
b,fvdktoHk;jyK&r,fqdkwcommand
Jh awGudkavhvmMu&atmif../'gaMumifhuRefawmfatmufrSm
Diagram av;wpfckudkazmfjyxm;ygw,f/tJ'Dazmfjyxm;wJDiagramh av;twdkif;CDP udkb,fvdk
toHk;jyK&r,fqdkwmudk azmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
yHk 3.8
Product of YOUTH
- 61 -
tckuRefawmfwdkYawG[mCDP udktoHk;jyKNyD;Internetwork xJrmS ½Sad ewJCisco
h Device
awG&JUtcsuftvufawGudkMunfhr,fqdk&iftoHk;jyK&r,fCommand
h uawmh" show cdp "
Command udktoHk;jyK&rSmyJjzpfygw,/fatmufrSmuRefawmfCommand udktoHk;jyK&r,fhyHkpHudk
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
yHk 3.9
uRefawmfwdkYurdrd&JUInternetwork xJrSmwdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufxm;wJhCisco De-

vice awG&JUHostname, b,fInterface awGecs YJ w
d q
f ufxm;wmvJESiCisco
hf Device Series
awGuMkd unfch siw
f ,fq&kd iftoH;k jyK&r,fhCommand uawmh" show cdp neighbors " qdkwJh
Command udktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/atmufrSmazmfjyay;xm;wJCommand
h av;udkMunfhvdkufyg/
Router#show cdp neighbours
yHk 3.10
uRefawmfwdkYawGonfrdrd&JU Router eJtj

Y cm;Cisco Router awG&JUb,fInterface awGeYJ
wdkuf½dkufcsdwfxm;vJ?'grSr[kwfb,fInterface awGuDown jzpfaevJ?Up jzpfaevJqw kd mudk
Munfch siw
f ,fq&kd iftoH;k jyK&r,fCommand
h uawmh" show cdp interface " qdkwCommand
Jh
udktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/'Dae&mrSmuRefawmfwdkUodxm;&rSmuInterface awGUp jzpfaew,fqw kd m
onfNetwork csw d q
f ufrtqif
I ajyvdUp
Yk jzpfaewmyJjzpfjy;D ?Down jzpfaewJhInterface qd&k if
awmhnetwork csdwfqufrIjywfawmufaevdkYyJjzpfygw,f/atmufrSmuRefawmf" show cdp inter-
- 62 -
face " Command toHk;jyKyHkudkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
RouterA#show cdp interface
yHk 3.11
uRefawmfwdkYawGonfrdrd&JUCisco Router eJDirectly

Y csdwfqufxm;wJNeighbor
h Router
awG&JUInformation awG?Interface awGEiS IP hf Address awGudkod&ifawmhtoHk;jyK&r,fhCom-
mand uawmh" show cdp entry " qdkwCommand Jh udktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/Command
toHk;jyKyHkudk uRefawmfatmufrSm azmfjyay;ygw,f/
RouterA#show cdp entry RouterB
yHk 3.12
Product of YOUTH
- 63 -
tckuReaf wmfCDP udkb,fvdkrsdK;toHk;jyK&rvJqdkwmudkazmfjyNyD;oGm;ygNyD/'gayod
uRefawmfwdkYuCDP udktoHk;rjyKcsifbl;/ydwfcsifw,fqdk&ifawmhtoHk;jyK&r,fCommand
h u
" no cdp run " qdkwJhCommand yJjzpfygw,f/¤if;Command udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifawmhuRefawmfwdkY
odxm;&rSmuCisco Device xJrmS yg½daS ewJCDPh Protocol udktvkyfrvkyfEdkifatmifydwfxm;
vdkufwmyJjzpfygw,f/uRefawmfatmufrSmCommand toHk;jyKyHkudkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
RouterA#no cdp run
yHk 3.13
tckuReaf wmfCDP eJYyufowfNyD;aemufqHk;taeeJCommand

Y av;wpfckudk
xyfaz:jyay;vku
d yf gw,f/¤if;Command uawmhCisco Device xJrSmyg½SdwInterface
Jh wpfckxJrSmyJ
CDP udktoHk;rjyKEdkifatmifoD;oefYydwfxm;wJCommand
h yJjzpfygw,f/
yHk 3.14

- 64 -
Product of YOUTH
- 65 -

- 66 -
4.1 Router qdw
k mbmvJ ?
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;&JUyg;pyfzsm;rSmRouter !!! Router !!! qdkNyD;ajymaevdkufMuwm/'Dawmh

uReaf wmfvnf;raeEdik af wmhRouter qdkwmbmvJqdkwJhtaMumif;udk½Sif;jycsifygao;w,f/aumif;NyD
h qdkwmbmvJqdkwJhtaMumif;udkpvdkuf&atmif/ uRefawmfwdkYawGaexdkifwJhurÇmBuD;rSm
'gaMumifRouter
Network csdwfqufrIta&twGuf[mt&rf;udkrsm;jym;vmygNyD/tJ'DvdkNetwork csw d q f ufrI
ta&twGufawG[mtifrwefrSrsm;jym;vmwJhtwGufaMumifNework h csdwfqufrIvrf;aMumif;
awG[mvnf;t&rf;t&rf;udk½IyfaxG;vmygNyD/tJ'Dvdk´½IyfaxG;vSwNetwork Jh csdwfqufrIawGrSm
Network wpfcr k wpf
S cq k o D Data
Ykd Packet awGoGm;zdkY&eftwGufESifhjrefqefwJhvrf;aMumif;awGudk
jyoay;zdkYtwGufvrf;jyBuD;wpfOD;vdkvmNyDayghAsm/uRefawmfwdkYNetwork rSmtckvData kd Packet
wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkYa½GUvsm;oGm;vmwJhvkyfief;pOfBuD;udRouting k vdaYk c:w,fAsm/tJ'Rout-
D
ing qdw k vk
hJ yif ef;pOfBu;D rSmtydik ;f tm;jzif(2)yd
h ik ;f ½Syd gw,f/tJ'guawmh-
(1) Network wpfcr

kw
S pfco
k Data
Ykd Pack awGjzwfoef;oGm;vmzdkY&eftwGufvrf;aMumif;awGudk
½SmazGay;&wJt
h ydik ;f /
(2) owfrSwfxm;wJhvrf;aMumif;ay:rSmData Packet awGqufoGm;EdkifapwJhtydkif;qdkNyD;2

ydik ;f ½Syd gw,f/tJ'Routing
D qdkwJhvkyfief;pOfBuD;udkajz½Sif;ay;wJholuawmhRouter yJaygh
Asm/uRefawmftxufrSmajymjyay;cJhwJhvrf;jyMu,fBuD;qdkwmuvnf;Router BuD;udkajym
vdu k w f mygy/J [..'gq&kd ifRouter vdaYk c:&wmuRouting vkyaf y;Edik v f YkdRouter vdaYk c:&
wmaygh . . .[kwfvm;/ tif; . . [kwfygw,f/ udk,fh[mudk,f ar;NyD;? udk,fh[mudk,fjyefajymvdkuf
wmav/
uJ..Router taMumif;udkxyfquf&atmif/Router awG[mRouting vkyfief;awGudk

vkyfaqmifay;wJhtwGufaMumifhOSI 7 Layer rSmLayer 3 jzpfwhJNetwork Layer rSmtvkyfvkyf
ay;wJholawGyJjzpfygw,f/bmaMumifhvJqdkawmhRouting vkyfwm[mNetwork Layer rSmyJvkyfvdkY
jzpfygw,f/'gaMumifRouter
h udkLayer 3 Device vdac: Yk r,fq&kd ifvnf;rrSm;bl;aygAh sm/
Router awG[mNetwork awGwpfce kw
YJ pfcu k Routing
kd vkyfay;wmqdkawmhRouter awG
rSmtenf;qH;k Network ESpcf 'gk rrS [kwESf pcf x
k ufywkd Network
hJ awG[mRouter rSmvma&mufcsdwf
Product of YOUTH
- 67 -
qufxm;zdkYvdktyfygw,f/Router onfNetwork awGwpfcEk iS w hf pfccsk w
d q
f ufEikd &f efGateway
wpfct k aeeJwnf
Y ½adS erSmjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifuRh eaf wmfwaYkd wG[mNetwork ESpcf 'gk rrS [kwESf pcf x
k uf
ydkwJhNetwork awGudkcsdwfqufawmhr,fqdk&ifRouter [mta&;BuD;Device wpfct k aeeJygY ½rdS mS
jzpfygw,f/Oyrmt&ajymr,fqdk&ifawmhrdrd&JULAN Network uWAN Network csw d q f uf
awmhr,fq f &kd ifawmhRouter vkt d yfrSmjzpfygw,f/
4.2 Router awG b,fvt

kd vkyv
f yk v
f J ?
uJ..Router awGb,fvdktvkyfvkyfovJwJh..aygufwl;xrf;NyD;tvkyfvkyfMuwmaygh/
tJava,mifvaYkd emf..Router awGb,fvt kd vkyv f yk o
f vJq&kd ifRouting vkyif ef;pOfawGuajkd z
½Sif;ay;&eftwGuftvkyfvkyfMuwmayghAsm/Router awGuRouting vkyif ef;pOfawGub,f kd vykd pkH eH YJ
ajz½Si;f ay;ovJq&kd ifRouter awGrSmRouting ydkif;awGudkajz½Sif;ay;zdkY&efolwdkY&JUukd,fydkiIOS f
(Inter-Network Operation System) yg½y dS gw,f/tJ'Inter- D Network Operation System BuD;
uRouting vkyif ef;pOfBu;D udajk z½Si;f ay;ygw,f/
Routing qdw k vk
hJ yif ef;pOfrmS tvkyv f yk w
f yHhJ pk u
H t
kd ydik ;f (2)ydik ;f jzifcGh jJ cm;MunfEh ikd yf gw,f/
tJ'guawmhRouted Protocol udktoHk;jyKNyD;Routing vkyif ef;pOfuvk kd yjf cif;ESiRoutinghf Protocol
udktoHk;jyKNyD;Routing vkyif ef;pOfuvk kd yjf cif;wdjYk zpfygw,f/Routed Protocol awGuawmhOyrm
taeeJaY jym&&ifIPv4 ESiIPv6hf jzpfygw,f/Routing Protocol uawmhRIP, EIGRP ESiOSPF hf wdkY
jzpfygw,f/aemufNy;D Router awG[mComputers or Host awGNetwork rdwmrrdwmudkolu*½k
rpdkufbl;/ol*½kpdkufNyD;vkyfaqmifay;wmuNetwork awGwpfcek w YJ pfcNetwork
k rdatmifcsw d q f uf
ay;EdkifzdkYudkyJvkyfaqmifay;wmjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifhuRefawmfwdkYawG[mNetwork awGwpfcek w YJ pfck
csdwfqufawmhr,fqdkwmeJRouter Y awGudktoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfquf&wmjzpfygw,f/
Router awG[mrdrdvufcH&½SdvmwJData h Packet awGudkoufqdkif&mvrf;aMumif;ay:odkY
Forward vkyfay;ygw,f/ aemufNyD;Data Packet awGoGm;zdkY&eftwdkqHk;eJYtjrefqHk;vrf;aMumif;
awGudkvnf;½SmazGwGufcsufay;ygw,f/tJ'DvRouting dk vkyif ef;pOfBu;D jzpfwData hJ Packet awGudk
Forward vkyjf cif;?Data Packet awGoGm;zkdY&eftjrefqHk;eJYtwdkqHk;vrf;aMumif;awGudkwGufcsufay;
&wmuawmhRouter xJrSmyg&SdwJhIOS(Internetwork Operation System)BuD;uvkyfaqmifay;
wmjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifv h nf;Router udkOSI Model xJuLayer 3 Device wpfct k jzpfod½adS e
Muwmjzpfygw,f/IP Network rSmqd&k ifRouting vkyif ef;pOfawG[mIP Routing Tables udkMunhfjyD;
- 68 -
tvkyv f yk yf gw,f/IP jzifNetwork
h csdwfqufxm;wJComputers
h or Hosts awGtm;vHk;[mvnf;
IP Routing Table eJYyJtvkyfvkyfMuygw,f/Routing Table qdkwmuawmhInter-network awG&JU
Map (ajryH)k yJjzpfygw,f/¤if;Routing Table onfRemote Netowrk udkb,fvdk&Sm&r,fqdkwmudk
azmfjyay;w,f/IP Packet awGb,fuaeb,fokdYoGm;&r,fqdkwmudkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/'gaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkYawGIP Routing Table uktoH d ;k jyK&jcif;onfData Packet awGudkForward vkyfay;zkdY
&eftwGuftoHk;jyKwmyJjzpfygw,f/tJ'DvForward
dk vkyfay;vkdufwJhData Packet udktjcm;
Router or Host wdkYuvufcH&&Sdygw,f/aemufjyD;Router awG[mData Packet awGudkwpfae&mrS
wpfae&modForward
Yk vkyf&mwGifDestination Address udkyJMunhfjyD;ydkYaqmifay;ygw,f/'gaMumifh
Router awGonfData Packet awG&JUDestination Address uky d zwf
J ygw,f/uJ...'Davmufq&kd if
Router awG&JUtvkyfvkyfyHkudkem;vnfavmufNyDvdkYxifygw,f/
4.3 Router awGukd b,fvakd e&mrsK;d rSm toH;k cs&rvJ?

Router awGudkb,fvkdae&mrsKd;rSmtoHk;cs&rvJwJh/t&rf;aumif;wJhar;cGef;ygyJ/pmzwfol
awGtaeeJRouter
Y taMumif;udkzwfjyD;awmhRouter &JUtaMumif;udem;vnfk aejyaD yg/h 'gayr,f'Dh
Router awGudkb,fvkdae&mrsKd;rSmtoHk;jyK&rvJqkdwmudkZa0Z0gawmhjzpfaeMurSmaygh/'Dawmh
uRefawmfuRouter awGudktoHk;cswwfzkdY&eftwGuRouter f awGudkb,fvkdae&mrsKd;rSmtoHk;cs&rvJ
qdkwmudk&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/uRefawmfwdkYawG[mComputer awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk; Network rdatmif
csw
d rf ,fq&kd ifvnf;t&ifq;kH bmvkyMf urvJ/Computer awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;Network rdatmif
cswd rf ,fq&kd ifaocsmwmuawmhComputer awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;Network rdzkdY&eftwGuNet- f
work csw d q f ufwProtocols
hJ udktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/Network csdwfqufzkdY&eftwGuftoHk;jyK&
r,fNetworking
h Protocols awGuawmhtrsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/Oyrmtm;jzifhajym&&ifawmhTCP/IP
Protocol, Apple Talk Protocol, IPX/SPX Protocol pwJhNetworking Protocol awGudktoHk;jyK&rSm
jzpfygw,f/tJ'Networking
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Product of YOUTH
- 69 -
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- 70 -
B qdkwJh Network ESpc fu k kd Network rdcsifw,fbmudktoHk;jyKMurvJ RouterMuD;udktoHk;csvdkufaygh
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- 71 -
yHk 4.3
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- 72 -
yHk 4.4
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Product of YOUTH
- 73 -
Cisco !Cisco ! qdkNyD;vlwdkif;&JUyg;pyfzsm;rSmawmfawmfav;udka&yef;pm;aeMuw,f/tif;..tJh'D

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ries rsm;taMumif;yJjzpfygw,f/tJ'DawmhuRefawmftckCisco Router Series taMumif;udkrajymcifrSm
uRefawmfwdkYt&ifOD;qHk;oddxm;&rSmuCisco uaexkwfvkyfvdkufwJh Router trsKd;tpm;eJY Router
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- 74 -
jyKvkdY&rSmr[kwfawmhygbl;/Modular Router Series awGuawmh2600 Series, 3600 Series, 5000
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Product of YOUTH
- 75 -
Layer rSmtvkyfvkyfay;EdkifwJhCisco Router Series awGyjJ zpfMuygw,f/
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hJ Card awGudkxyf0,fNyD;tJ'Modular D Router awGxJrSm
pdkufoGif;jyD;toHk;jyKvkdY&w,f/'guawmhModular Router awG&UJ tm;omcsuyf jJ zpfygw,f/
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'gayr,fhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;udkMunhfNyD;ajymr,fqkd&ifawmhFixed Router xufModular Router
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(1) Modular Card yHk

- 76 -
yHk 4.6
(2) Modular Router yHk
yHk 4.7
(3) Fixed Router yHk
yHk 4.8
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Product of YOUTH
- 77 -
NyDvkYdxifygw,f/uRefawmfwkdYodxm;&rSmuModular Router ESiFixed
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jcm;csufawGuawmhModular Card awGxyfrHpdkufoGif;NyD;toHk;jyKvkdY&wmeJYtoHk;jyKvdkYr&wmyJ
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4.6 Cisco's Hierarchical Model

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tribution Layer awGqDuaeydkYvTwfvdkufwJhTraffic awGtm;vHk;udkvufcHay;&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf

- 78 -
aMumifhCore Layer BuD;uPacket awGudkForward vkyw
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(2) Distribution Layer
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Cisco Three-Layered Hierarchical Model
Product of YOUTH
- 79 -
Core Layer -High Data Transfer Rate
-High Network Fault Tolerance
Distribution Layer -Packet Filtering

-QOS (Quality of Service)
-Control Broadcast and Multicast
-Application Gateway
Access Layer -MAC Address Filtering

-Create Separate Collision Domain
-Share Bandwidth
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udkvnf;Routing Table xJrmS yJazmfjyxm;ygw,f/'gaMumifhIP Network rSmRouting vkyif ef;pOfawG
onfRouting Table eJYyJtvkyfvkyfMuygw,f/Routing Table xJrSmbmawG&SdvJqdk&ifawmhData
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vkyfzkdY&eftwGufvrf;aMumif;awGudkajymwmyg/aemufjyD;Routing vkyif ef;pOfrmS Data Packet
awGoGm;zkdY&eftwGufvrf;aMumif;teD;ta0;awGudkawmhRouting Table xJrSmyg&SdwJhMetrix
yrmPeJwd Y ik ;f ygw,f/ Metrix qdkwmuawmhpHEIef;wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfygw,f/bmawGudkwdkif;wm
- 80 -
ay;wmvJqkd&ifPath, Bandwidth, Reliablity, delay pwJhpHEIef;xm;awGudkwdkif;wmay;ygw,f/uJ
'gq&dk ifRouting taMumif;udkem;vnfavmufjyDvkdYxifygw,f/
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IP Node wpfcr k SRouter qDoDataYdk Packet udkydkYvTwfvdkufwJhtcgrSmRouter onfrdrq d oD Ydk
a&mufvmwJhData Packet &JUDestination Address ukdRouting Table ay:rlwnfNyD;zwfygw,f/
NyD;&ifData Packet oGm;r,fDestination
h or Next Hop qDoForwarddYk vkyfay;vdkufygw,f/
'Dvqkd &kd ifuReaf wmfwaYkd wGCisco Router rsm;&JURouting Table ukrMd unh&f ao;cif
Windows Computer rsm;rSm&SdwJhRouting Table udt&if k O;D qH;k avhvmMunfh&atmif/Window
Computer rsm;rSm½SdwJhRouting Table udkMunhfr,fqkd&ifawmhtoHk;jyK&r,fCommand h av;u
Route Print (or) Netstat -r qdw k myg/'gq&kd ifuReaf wmfwaYkd wG[mRouting Table MuD;udk
awGjY rif&ygr,f/
yHk 4.9
Product of YOUTH
- 81 -
tckq&kd ifWindows rSm&SdwJhRouting Table yHu k awG
kd Uz;l jyaD yg/h 'gqd&k ifRouting Table BuD;
udavh
k vmMunh&f atmif/tckjrifae&wmawGuRouter awG[mrdrdqD0ifvmr,fPacket h awG
udktjcm;IP Node wpfcpk oD Forward
Ydk vkyfay;r,fhRoute qdkwJhvrf;aMumif;awGudkawGUae&wm
jzpfygw,f/
Routing Table xJrSm&SdwRoute
Jh awGucGkd jJ cm;r,fq&dk iftydik ;f (3)ydik ;f eJcGY jJ cm;vd&yg
Yk w,f/
tJ'Route
D awGuawmh-
(1) Default Route

(2) Host Route
(3) Network Route wkyYd jJ zpfw,f/
aumif;jyD..'Dvq
kd &dk ifuReaf wmftJ'Route
D awGub,f
kd vrdk sK;d eJcGY jJ cm;vd&Yk w,fqw
kd mjyygr,f/
atmufrSmjyxm;wJhRouting Table yHkudkMunhfyg/
yHk 4.10
Routing Table xJrSmyg&SdwFirst

Jh Entry udMk unhr
f ,fq&kd if-
Network Destination Netmask Gateway

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.2
¤if;Route onfHost Route jzpfygw,f/
- 82 -
Routing Table xJrSmyg&SdwJhFifth Entry udMk unhrf ,fq&dk if-
Network Destination Network Network Gateway

192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1
Routing Table xJrSm&SdwFourth

Jh Entry udMk unhr
f ,fq&kd if-
Destination Network Gateway

192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1
¤if;onfNetwork Route jzpfygonf/
tckq&kd ifuReaf wmfwaYkd wG[mRouting Table udem;vnf

k aeNyaD yg(h em;rvnfao;&ifCNG
xJrmS jyefzwf)/'gq&dk ifRouter awG?Routing Table eJYb,fvdkrsKd;Network awGwpfcek w YJ pfck
rdatmif tvkyfvkyfoGm;w,fqdkwm Munfh&atmif/
'gaMumifhatmufrSmuRefawmfRouter wpfv;kH jzifNetwork
h (2)ckudkcsdwfqufay;xm;NyD;
tJ'Router
D xJrSmyg&SdwJhRouting Table udkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
yHk 4.11
tckvuf&SduRefawmfwdkY[mRouter wpfvHk;xJrSmNetwork (2)ckucskd w

d qf ufxm;ygw,f/
Router &JURouting Table t&Router onfNetwork (2)ckudkRoute vkyfay;xm;wJhtwGufaMumifh
¤if;Network (2)ck[mNetwork rdaeygw,f/
'Dvkdqdk&ifuRefawmfatmufrSmqufjyD;awmhRouter (2)vH;k eJNetwork
Y (2)ckcsdwfqufyHkudk
azmfjyay;ygr,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 83 -
yHk 4.12
tckuRefawmfazmfjyxm;wJhyHktwdkif;Router A &JURouting Table ESiRouter

hf B &JURout-
ing Table udMk unhr f ,fq&dk ifNetwork A ESiNetwork
hf B onfNetwork rrdao;ygbl;/
bmaMumifhvJqdk wmudk Munfh&atmifaemf/ Router awG[mrdrdqDudka&muf&SdvmwJhData Packet
awG&JUDestination Address awGudkzwfw,f/NyD;&if¤if;Data Packet oGm;r,f/Next Hop qDodYk
Forward vkyfay;ygw,f/
tckvuf&SduRefawmfazmfjyxm;wJRouter
h A ESiRouter
hf B yHkudkMunhfr,fqdk&ifRouter
Aonfrdrq d o
D 0if
Ydk vmwJhData Packet udkForward vky&f efDestination Address ukzwf d w,f/
Next Hop udrod k b;l jzpfaeygw,f/'gaMumifNetwork
h A eJNetwork
Y B [mNetwork rdrae&
jcif; jzpfygw,f/ qufvufjyD; uRefawmf atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJh yHkav;udk MunhfvkdufygOD;aemf/
yHk 4.13

- 84 -
uJ.. b,fvkdvJ/uRefawmfazmfjyxm;wJhyHkxJrSmbmaMumifhNetwork A ESiNetwork hf B
Network rrd&ovJqdkwJhtaMumif;t&mukdem;vnfrvm;/uRefawmfuawmhem;vnfvdrfhr,fvdkY
xifw,f/ wu,fvYkd em;rvnfao;bl;l ½Iyaf ew,fq&kd if aoaocsmcsmav; *½kpu kd Nf y;D jyefawmh
Munhaf y;yg/
tckuRefawmfqufNyD;Network A eJNetwork Y B ?Network rdatmifcsw d rf ,fq&kd if
Router A eJRouter
Y B wkdY&JURouting Table xJrSmDestination Address eJNext
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wdkYxyfxnfhay;rSomvQiNetwork
f rdrmS jzpfygw,f/
OK! tckuRea f wmfNetwork A eJYNetwork B ?Network rdatmif?uReaf wmfRouter A
eJYRouter B xJrSmRouting Table xyfjznhaf y;ygrh ,f/Routing Table xJrSmRoute ukxnh
d rf ,fq&kd if
Windows rSmawmhRoute Add Command udktoHk;jyKjyD;?Cisco rSmawmhIP Route Command udk
toHk;jyKygw,f/ toHk;jyKyHkuawmh atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygw,f/
Router(config)#ip route [ Destination Network Address ] [ Subnet

Mask ] [Next Hop ]
Example-
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1
yHk 4.14
tckuRefawmfazmfjyxm;wJhyHktwdkif;Router A eJRouting
Y Table xJrSmDestination
Product of YOUTH
- 85 -
Network Address ESiNext
hf Hop (Gateway), Router B &JURouting Table xJrmS vnf;Destina-
tion Network Address ESiNext
hf Hop (Gateway) wdkYudkxyfjznhfay;vkdufr,fqdk&ifNetwork A
ESiNetwork
hf B [mNetwork rdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/bmaMumifNetwork
h rdoGm;&wmvJqdkwmudk
qufvufMunhMf u&atmif/
yHk 4.15
yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwdkif;ygyJRouter 1 urdrd&JURouting Table xJrSmData Packet oGm;r,fh

Destination Network Address ESiNext hf Hop ukodd omG ;ygjy/D 'gaMumif¤if
h ;Data Packet udk
Router 2 vufcHNyD;oufqdkif&mNext Hop Address okForward Yd vkyfay;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawGCisco Router xJrSm&SdwJhRouting Table udMk unhMf u&atmif/aMomf
arhaevdRouter
Yk xJrSm&SdwRouting
Jh Table eJYCisco Router xJrSm&SdwJhRouting Table uyHkpHcsif;awmh
rwlb;l aemf/

- 86 -
yHk 4.16
Cisco Router &JURouting Table yHk
Cisco Router &JURouting Table yHkudkjrifzl;oGm;atmifvdkYazmfjyay;vdkufwmyg/tao;pdwfu

awmhRouter rsm;udkwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;b,fvkdNetwork csw d q f uf&r,fqw kd tcef
hJ ;a&mufryS J
azmfjyay;ygawmhr,f/tckq&kd ifawmhRouter awG?Routing Table eJYb,fvkdtvkyfvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk
em;vnfNyvD Ydk xifygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 87 -

- 88 -
5.1 Static Route and Dynamic Route taMumif;
uRefawmfwdkYawGNetwork ay:rSmData Packet awGoGm;zkdY&eftwGuRoute f vdac:

Yk whJ
vrf;aMumif;awG&Sdygw,f/tJ'Dvrf;aMumif;awGudkb,frSmodrf;qnf;xm;vJqdk&ifRouting Table
xJrmS odr;f qnf;xm;ygw,f/tJ'aD wmhRouting Table MuD;xJrSmRoute qdkwJhvrf;aMumif;awG
&Sw
d mayg/h tJ'v
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tJ'guawmhStatic Route eJDynamic
Y Route yJjzpfygw,f/Static Route qdkawmh
vrf;aMumif;taoowfrSwfxm;wmaygh/Dynamic Route qdkawmhvrf;aMumif;awGu
taoowfrSwfwm r[kwfbl;/ tajymif; tvJ vkyfay;Edkifwmaygh/
OK! uRefawmfStatic Route eJDyanmic
Y Route wkdY&JUtaMumif;udkajymjyay;yghr,f/
5.2 Static Route
Static Route qdkwmu'Dvkd&Sdygw,f/uRefawmfwkdYawGRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;

csdwfquf&mrSmRouting Path awGudkAdministrator udk,fwkdifuRouting Table xJrSmvkdufowf
rSwaf y;&ygw,f/
tJ'DvkdrsdK;Administrator udk,fwdkifuRouter xJrSmRouting Path awGvkdufowf
rSwfay;&wmudkStatic Route vdac: Yk ygw,f/uReaf wmfwaYkd wG[mRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;
'grrS [kwNetwork
f awGwpfcek w
YJ pfcu k Static
kd Route jzifcs
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f ufr,fq&dk ifawmhFault Toler-
ance ½SdrSmr[kwfygbl;/
bmaMumifhvJqkdawmhStatic Route jzifcsh w d q f ufxm;wJRouting
h Path awGonfFix
Path (vrf;aMumif;tao)awGyjJ zpfvy Ykd g/OyrmtaeeJajY ym&&iftjcm;Network wpfckrSvrf;aMumif;
tajymif;tvJ½SdcJhygurdrd&JUNetwork onfFailure jzpfomG ;Edik yf gw,f/
5.3 Dynamic Route
Dynamic Route qdwk mu'Dv½dk ydS gw,f/Administrator uRouting Path awGudkrdrd

udk,fwdkifowfrSwfay;p&mrvkdawmhbJolYbmomRouting Path awGudktvdktavsmufowfrSwf
Product of YOUTH
- 89 -
ay;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f/wpfcak wmh½dw S ,f..uReaf wmfw[ Ykd mDynamic Route ukdtoHk;jyKr,fqkd&if
Dynamic Routing vkyz f &Ydk efProtocol awGudktoHk;jyK&ygw,f/tJ'Protocol D ukdvnf;Dynamic
Route Protocol vka Yd c:ygw,f/Dynamic Route vkyfzkdY&eftoHk;jyKwRouting Jh Protocol awGuawmh
RIP, RIP, V2, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP ponfwy Ykd jJ zpfygw,f/
'DawmhuRefawmfwdkYawG[mDynamic Route ukdtoHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhFault Toler-
ance ½Sr d mS jzpfygw,f/bmaMumifv h q
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wpfcrk Routing
S Path tajymif;tvJ½SdcJhygutvkdtavsmufRouting Path awGudkajymif;vJay;
oGm;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f/
aumif;jyD/'DavmufqStatic dk Route eJDynamic
Y taMumif;udem;vnf k r,fvxif Ykd ygw,f/
'gq&kd ifuReaf wmfStatic Route eJYDynamic Route &JUuGmjcm;csuu f v kd nf;ajymjycsiyf gao;w,f/
Static Route qdkwmuvrf;aMumif;awGudkAdministrator udk,fwdkifuowfrSwfay;&wJhtwGuf
aMumifhRouting Path awG[mtajymif;tvJr½Sdygbl;/
'gaMumifStatic
h Route udo k ;kH r,fq&kd iftjcm;Next Hop wpfcrk Routing S Path rsm;
ajymif;vJay;cJhyguNetwork [mjywfawmufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/tu,fíDynamic Route eJY
cswd qf ufr,fq&kd ifawmhAdministrator [mRouting Path udkowfrSwfay;p&mrvdkawmhbl;/
'gayr,fDynamich Route udktoHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhDynamic Routing Protocol ukdyJ
toH;k jyKjy;D csw d qf uf&rSmjzpfygw,f/Dynamic Routing Protocol onfRouting Path awGudk
olYtvdktavsmufUpdate vkyaf y;Edik yf gw,f/
'gaMumiftj h cm;Next Hop wpfckrSajymif;vJrIrsm;&SdcJhyguvnf;Routing Path awGudk
tvdktavsmufUpdate vkyfay;EdkifwJhtwGufaMumifhNetwork [mjywfawmufoGm;jcif;r&SdbJ
qufvufjy;D csw d q f ufrad erSmjzpfygw,f/uJ'gq&kd ifStatic Route eJDynamic Y Route taMumif;
eJY olwaYkd wG&UJ uGmjcm;csuaf v;awGukd em;vnfr,fvYdk xifygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawG[mRouting Table xJrSm Static Route eJDynamic Y Route (2)rskdK;pvHk;
udktwlwlwGJzufjyD;toHk;jyKEdkifygw,f/odkYaomfRouting Table udkUpdate vkyrf ,fq&kd ifDyna-
mic Route uomUpdate jzpfjy;D Static Route uawmhUpdate jzpfrSmr[kwfygbl;/

- 90 -
5.4 Static Route ukd toH;k jyKNy;D Router wpfv;kH jzifh Network (3)ckukd
csdwfqufyHk
tckuRefawmfwdkYjyKvkyf&r,fhoifcef;pmuawmhRouter wpfvHk;&JUNetwork (3)ckukd

Network rdomG ;&atmifcsw
d q
f uf&r,foif
h cf ef;pmyJjzpfygw,f/uReaf wmfwuYkd 'Doifcef;pmrSm
csw
d qf ufjyr,fhRouter trsKd;tpm;uawmhCisco uxkwfwJh2800 Series xJu2811 Router eJY
cswd qf ufjyrSmjzpfygw,f/csw
d q
f ufr,fenf
h ;vrf;uawmhStatic Route jzifcsh w d q
f ufrmS jzpfygw,f/
aumif;jyD/uRefawmfDiagram twdkif;vkdufjyD;awmhcsdwfqufMu&atmif/
yHk 5.1
Product of YOUTH
- 91 -
Network A &JUHost A Computer
IP:192.168.0.2
Mask:255.255.255.0
DG:192.168.0.1
Network B&JUHost B Computer

IP:192.168.10.2
Mask:255.255.255.0
D:192.168.10.1
Network C &JUHost C Computer

IP:192.168.20.2
Mask:255.255.255.0
DG:192.168.20.1
Router A
Fastethernet 0/0 IP: 192.168.0.1
Mask:255.255.255.0
Mask:255.255.255.0
Mask:255.255.255.0
uRefawmftckazmfjyay;xm;wJDiagram
h twdkif;Router A eJNetwork
Y A, Network B,
Network C wdkYudkNetwork rdoGm;atmifConfiguration vkyMf u&atmif/
Lab 1
Step (1)
Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Step (2)

- 92 -
Step (3)
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.0
Step (4)
Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip route
yHk 5.2
Router#copy running-config startup-config
tckuRefawmfazmfjyay;xm;wJConfiguration
h twkid ;f qd&k ifNetwork A, Network B,
Network C qdkwNetwork
Jh (3)ck[mNetwork rdaeygjy/D Hosts Computers awG?Network rdrrd
Test vkycf si&f ifawmhping command ukdtoHk;jyKNyD;Test vkyEf ikd yf gw,f/aumif;Ny.D ..'gq&kd ifuReaf wmf
tckjyKvyk cf w
hJ Lab
hJ 1 &JUConfiguration ukd&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/
Step(1)
Router>
User exec mode jzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 93 -
Router>enable
Router#
Privileged Exec mode jzpfygw,f/
Router(config)#
Global Configuration Mode jzpfygw,f/

Router(config-if)
Interface Modejzpfygw,f/Fastethernet 0/0 udkip address owfrSwf&eftwGuInter-
f
face Mode ok0if
Yd wmjzpfygw,f/

Interface fastethernet 0/0 udkip address ay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Cisco Router ESiCisco
hf Switch wko Yd nfInterface rsm;udkDefault t&Shutdown
vkyfxm;vdkYShutdown rjzpfatmifvkyw
f mjzpfygw,f/
Router(config-if)#exit, Router(config)
rdrda&muf&SdaewJhConfiguration Mode xJuaejyefxu
G w
f mjzpfygw,f/
Step(2)

Router(config-if)#
Interface Mode jzpfygw,f/Fastethernet 0/1 udkip address owfrSwf&eftwGuInter-
f
face Mode ok0if
Yd wmjzpfygw,f/
Interface Fastethernet 0/1 udkIP Address owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Cisco Router ESiCisco
hf Switch wkdYxufInterface rsm;udkDefault t&Shutdown
- 94 -
vkyfxm;vdkYShutdown rjzpfatmifvkyw
f mjzpfygw,f/
Router(config)#
rdrda&muf&SdaewJConfiguration
h Mode xJuaejyefxu
G w
f mjzpfygw,f/
Setp(3)

Router(config-if)#
Interface Mode jzpfygw,f/Fastethernet 0/2 udkIP Address owfrSwf&eftwGufIn-
terface Mode ok0if
Yd wmjzpfygw,f/
Interface Fastethernet 0/2 udkIP Address owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Router(config)#
rdrda&muf&SdaewJConfiguration
h Mode xJuaejyefxu
G w
f mjzpfygw,f/
Step(4)
Router(config)#exit
Router xJrSm&SdwJhRouting Table ukMd unhw
f mjzpfygw,f/
192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, Fastethernet 0/0

192.168.10.0/24 is driectly connected, Fastethernet 0/1
192.168.0.0/24 Network onfRouter \Fastethernet 0/0 eJwd
Y u k ½f ukd cf sw
d q f ufxm;w,f/
192.168.10.0/24 Network onfRouter \Fastethernet 0/1 eJwd
Y uk ½f u kd cf sw
d q f ufxm;w,f/
192.168.20.0/24 Network onfRouter \Fastethernet 0/2 eJwdY uk ½f ukd cf swd q f ufxm;w,f/
tckuRefawmfwkdYawGqufvufjyD;Router (2)vHk;udktoHk;jyKNyD; Static Route jzifh Net-

work A ESiNetwork
hf B ukdcsdwfqufMu&atmif/
Product of YOUTH
- 95 -
yHk 5.3
Network A Computer
IP: 192.168.0.2
Mask: 255.255.255.0
DG: 192.168.0.1
Network B Computer
IP: 192.168.20.2
Mask: 255.255.255.0
DG: 192.168.20.1
Router A
Ethernet 0/1 IP: 192.168.0.1
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Ethernet 0/0 IP: 192.168.10.1
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Router B
Ethernet 0/1 IP: 192.168.10.2
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Ethernet 0/0 IP: 192.168.20.1
Mask: 255.255.255.0

- 96 -
Router A &JUConfiguration uk0if
d jyifykH
Step (1)
Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#interface ethernet 0/1
Step (2)
Router(config)#interface ethernet 0/0

Step (3)
Router(config)#exit
192.168.10.0/24 is driectly connected, to Ethernet 0/0
192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, to Ethernet 0/1
Setp (4)
uRefawmf[mRouter A &JUconfiguration awGu0if kd a&mufjyifqifxm;ygw,f/

pmzwfoal wGtaeeJrdY ru
d ,kd w
f ikd Router
f &JUconfiguration udkem;vnfoGm;ap&efrdrdudk,fwdkifyJ
Router B &JUconfiguration udk0ifa&mufjyifqifMunfhyg/NyD;&ifawmhuRefawmfwdkYawGNet work A
eJNetwork
Y B ? Network rdvm;?rrdbl;vm;qdkwmudkprf;oyfMunhf&atmif/ Net A eJNet Y B udk
Network rd?rrdprf;oyfvkduf&ifawmhNetwork urrdao;ygbl;/bmaMumifhvJqdkwmudkuRefawmfwdkY
awGRouter A eJRouter
Y B &JURouting Table udkavhvmMunhf&atmif/
Product of YOUTH
- 97 -
yHk 5.4
Network A eJNetwork
Y B (2)ckudkNetwork rrd&ao;wJhtaMumif;t&if;uawmhNet-
work A xJrSm&SdwJhHost Computer wpfvHk;uData Packet udkRouter qDoyd Ydk aYk qmifay;ygw,f/
Router A onfHost A Computer rSydkYvdkufwJhData Packet &JUDestination Address
udzwf
k ygw,f/Data Packet &JUDestination Address u192.168.20.0/24 jzpfygw,f/tJ't D cgrmS
Router A &JURouting Table xJwiG Desti:Address
f 192.168.20.0/24 ur&Sdbl;av/
'DawmhHost Computer uydkYvdkufwJhData udkRouter A uqufvufjyD;awmhFor-
ward rvkyfay;Edkifawmhwmjzpfygw,f/
aumif;jyD'Dvkdqdk&ifuRefawmfwdkYawGNetwork A ESiNetwork
hf B (2)ckNetwork rdoGm;atmifvdkY
Router A ESiRouter
hf B wkdY&JURouting Table xJrSmxyfxnhfay;rSomNetwork rdomG ;rSmjzpfygw,f/

- 98 -
yHk 5.5
tckuReaf wmfRouter A ESiRouter

hf B wdkY&JURouting Table xJrSmRouting Path awG
xyfxnhfay;vdkufygNyD/tckuRefawmfjyxm;wJhyHktwdkif;qdk&ifNetwork A ESiNetwork
hf B ?Net-
work rdoGm;NyDjzpfygw,f/aumif;NyD'Dvdkqdk&ifuRefawmfwdkYawGRouter A eJYRouter B wdkY&JU
Routing Table ukdb,fvkdrsKd;jznhfay;&r,fqdkwmudkMunhfvdkuf&atmif/
Router A
Router(config)#ip route [Destination] [Mask] [Gateway]

Router(config)#exit
192.168.20.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.2
Router B

Router(config)#exit
192.168.20.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.1
Product of YOUTH
- 99 -
tckuReaf wmfRouter A ESiRouter
hf B wkdY&JURouting Table xJudkip route command ukd
toHk;jyKNyD;Routing Path awGxyfxnhfay;vkdufwmjzpfygw,f/Network A xJuHost Com-
puter ESiNetwork
hf B xJuHost Computer Network rd?rrdukdPing Command jzifprf h ;yg/
Network rdoGm;wmudkawGU&ygvdrfhr,f/
aumif;NyD'gqkd&ifuRefawmfNetwork A ESiNetwork
hf B (2)ckNetwork rdomG ;&jcif;
taMumif;udk &Sif;jyay;ygr,f/
yHk 5.6
ip route [Destination Network] [Mask] [Next-hop]

ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
uReaf wmftckRouter &JURouting Path awGudkydkNyD;em;vnfoGm;atmifyHkawGeJYazmfjyay;xm;
ygw,f/uRefawmfyHk(5.6)rSmRouter A ESiRouter
hf B &JURouting Table udkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
Router A &JURouting Table

Destination Mask Gateway
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1
192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
- 100 -
Router B &JURouting Table
Destination Mask Gateway
192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1
192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
Network A rSHost Computer uData PacketudkRouter A qDokdYydkYvdkufygw,f/

tJ't D cgrmS Router A uNetwork A rSHost Computer ydkYvdkufwJhData Packet &JUDestination
Address udkzwfygw,f/NyD;aemufRouter A onfNetwork A rSHost Computer &JU Data
Packet udkNext hop (or) Gateway Router qDokdYydkYvTwfay;vkdfufygw,f/tJ'DtcgrSmRouter B
onfRouter A uxyfrHydkYvTwfvdkufwJhNetwork A Host Computer &JUData Packet udkvufcH
jyD;Router B onfData Packet &JUDestination Address udkzwfygw,f/NyD;aemufDestination
Network jzpfwNetwork
hJ B rSHost Computer qDoForward
Ydk ay;vdkufygw,f/
yHk 5.7
Network B rSvnf;Host Computer uData Packet udRouter

k B qDokdYydkYvkdufygw,f/
tJ'tD cgrmS Router B uNetwork B rSHost Computer rSydkYvTwfvkdufwJhDestination Address
ukdzwfygw,f/NyD;aemufRouter B onfNetwork B rSHost Computer &JUNext-hop (or)Gateway
Router qDodkYydkYvTwfvdkufygw,f/tJ'DrSmRouter A uvnf;Router B rSykdYvTwfvdkufwJhNet-
work B Host Computer &JUData Packet udkvufcHNyD;Router A onfData Packet ykdYvTwfvdkufwJh
Destination Address udkzwfygw,f/NyD;aemufDestination Network jzpfwNetworkhJ A rS
Product of YOUTH
- 101 -
Host Computer qDoForward
Ydk vkyfay;vkdfufygw,f/
yHk 5.8
tckavmufq&kd ifawmhRouter A eJYRouter B bmaMumifhNetwork rdoGm;&w,fqdkwmudk

em;vnfavmufNyv
D xif
Ykd ygw,f/'Dvqkd &kd ifuReaf wmfwaemuf
Ykd xyfLAB wpfckudkxyfrHcsdwfquf
Mu&atmif/
yHk 5.9
Router A
#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
#ip route 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.2

- 102 -
yHk 5.10
Router B
#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
#ip route 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.2
yHk 5.11
Router C
#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1
#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
Product of YOUTH
- 103 -
yHk 5.12
tcktxufrSmuRefawmfRouter A, Router B, Router C wdkYudkcsdwfqufzkdYtwGuf

vrf;aMumif;awGudkjyxm;ay;ygw,f/tckuRefawmfwdkY&JULab udkpNyD;Configure vkyfvkdufMu&atmif/
Router A udkConfiguration vkyfyHk
Router>
Router>enable
Router( config)#hostname Router A
RouterA(config)#enable secret cisco
RouterA(config)#interface ethernet 0/0
RouterA(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown
RouterA(config-if)#exit
RouterA(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
RouterA(config)#exit
RouterA#show ip route

- 104 -
192.168.20.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.2
192.168.30.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.20.2
RouterA#copy running-config startup-config
Router B udkConfiguration vkyfyHk
Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Router B
RouterB(config)#enable secrect cisco
RouterB(config)#interface ethernet 0/0
RouterB(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
RouterB(config-if)#no shutdown
RouterB(config-if)#exit
RouterB(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
RouterB(config)#exit
RouterB#show ip route
192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, ethernet 0/0

192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.1
192.168.30.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.20.2
RouterB#copy running-config startup-config
Router C udkConfiguration vkyfyHk
Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Router C
RouterC(config)#enable secret cisco
Product of YOUTH
- 105 -
RouterC(config)#interface ethernet 0/0
RouterC(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0
RouterC(config-if)#no shutdown
RouterC(config-if)#exit
RouterC(config)#ip route 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
RouterC(config)#exit
RouterC#show ip route

192.168.20.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.20.1
192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.1
RouterC#copy running-config startup-config
tckuRefawmfwkdY&JULAB 3 avhusichf ef;twGuRouter f A, Router B, Router C wkdYudk

Configuration vkyfwmNyD;qHk;oGm;ygNyD/'gaMumifhuRefawmfwdkYjyKvkyfxm;wJhConfiguration Set-
ting awGrSe?f rrSeE f iS Routing
hf Path rsm;xnhw f mrSe?f rrSeppf
f aq;Munh&f ygr,f/'gaMumifNet-
h
work A rSHost Computer ESiNetwork hf B rSHost Computer awGwpfvHk;ESifhwpfvHk;Network
rd?rrdudkPing Command ukdtoHk;jyKNyD;Test vkyMf unhyf g/
tckuRefawmfwdkYawG[mRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;csdwfquf&mrSmEthernet Cable
awGeyYJ csJ w
d qf ufcyhJ gw,f/'gaMumiftckh uReaf wmfRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;udkSerial Cable
awG toHk;jyKNyD; csdwfqufjyygr,f/
wpfckawmhowdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f/uRefawmfwdkYawG[mRouter awGrSmyg&SdwJhSerial Port
awGukdtoHk;jyKNyD;Router awGwpfv;kH eJw Y pfv;kH csw
d qf ufr,fq&kd ifClock Rate aMujim&r,ft h csed f
uvnf;rdrd&JUSerial Port uDCE Side bufrSm&SdaewJhtcgrSomClock Rate aMujimay;&rSm
jzpfygw,f/rdr&d UJ Serial Port uDTE or DCE Munhcf siw f ,fq&kd ifawmhtoH;k jyK&r,fCommand
h
u(Router#show controllers) yJjzpfygw,f/
OK! uRefawmfwkdYawGpNyD;awmhRouter awGudkSerial Interface toHk;jyKNyD;Network
cswd v
f ukd Mf u&atmif/
- 106 -
yHk 5.13
Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Router A
RouterA(config)#interface serial 0/0
RouterA(config-if)#clock rate 64000
RouterA(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 192.168.10.2
Router>
Router>enable
Product of YOUTH
- 107 -
RouterB(config)#enable secret cisco
RouterB(config)#interface serial 0/0
RouterB(config)#no shutdown
RouterB(config)exit
RouterB#copy runnig-config startup-config
tckuReaf wmfRouter A, Router B ukdSerial Interface jzifhtoHk;jyKNyD;Network

csw
d q
f ufxm;ygw,f/tJ'Router
D A ESiRouter
hf B wGiRoute
f A &JUSerial 0/0 onfDCE (Data
Communication Equiment) jzpfvClock Ykd Rate owfrSwfay;&NyD;Router B &JUSerial 0/0 onf
DTE (Data Terminal Equiment) jzpfvClock Ykd Rate owfrSwfay;p&mrvdkygbl;/atmufrSm
uRefawmfrdrd Router rSm&SdwJhSerial Interface ukdDCE vm;?DTE vm;Munhcf si&f iftoH;k jyK&r,fh
Command udkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
Router#show controllers
(or)
Router#show controllers serial 0/0
tckq&kd ifRouter wpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;udSerial

k Port awGudktoHk;jyKcsdwfqufxm;r,fvdkY
xifygw,f/'gaMumifuRh eaf wmftckRouter awGukdSerial Interface awGtoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfqufzdkY&ef
twGufaemufxyfLAB wpfckudkatmufrSmzefwD;ay;xm;ygw,f/tJ'LAB D av;udkuRefawmfwdkY
vkyv
f u
dk Mf u&atmif/

- 108 -
yHk 5.14
Router A
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Serial 0/0 (DTE) IP: 10.10.10.1
Mask: 255.0.0.00
Serial 0/1 (DCE) IP: 20.20.20.1
Mask: 255.0.0.0
Router B
Mask: 255.0.0.0
Serial 0/1 (DTE) IP: 30.30.30.1
Mask: 255.0.0.0
Serial 0/0 (DCE) IP: 10.10.10.2
Mask: 255.0.0.0
Product of YOUTH
- 109 -
Router C
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Serial 0/0 (DTE) IP: 20.20.20.2
Mask: 255.0.0.0
Serial 0/1 (DCE) IP: 30.30.30.2
Mask: 255.0.0.0
Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Router A
RouterA(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
(or)
RouterA#write memory

- 110 -
Router>
Router>enable
RouterB(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
RouterB(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router C udkConfiguration vkyfyHk

Router>
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Router C
RouterC(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
RouterC(config)#interface serial 0/0
Product of YOUTH
- 111 -
RouterC(config-if)#clock rate 64000
tckuRefawmfwdkYawGStatic Route udktoHk;jyKNyD;Router awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;udk

csdwfqufcJhNyD;ygNyD/uRefawmfwdkYawG[mStatic Router jzifRouter
h awGudkcsdwfquf&mrSm"ip
route" command ukdtoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfqufcJhygw,f/'gayr,fhowdxm;&r,fCommand
h wpfcu
k seyf g
ao;w,f/tJ'Command
D uawmhuRefawmfwkdYtoHk;rjyKcsifawmhwStatic
Jh Route awGudkRout-
ing Table xJuaejyefvnfzsux f w
k w
f Command
hJ yJjzpfygw,f/tJ'Command
D uawmh" n o
ip route" Command yJjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifhuRefawmfatmufrSmuRefawmfwdkYtoHk;rvdkawmhwJh
Static Router awGudk"no ip route" Command udktoHk;jyKNyD;b,fvdkzsufxkwf&r,fqdkwmudk
azmfjyvdu
k yf gw,f/
Static Route udkz,fxkwfyHk

Router>enable
Router(config)#no ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.2

- 112 -
Product of YOUTH
- 113 -

- 114 -
6.1 Dynamic Routing
OK! . . . uRefawmftck½Sif;jyay;r,fhtaMumif;uawmhDynamic Routing taMumif;udk

½Si;f jyay;rSm jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawG[mDynamic Routing udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifDynamic Routing Proto-
col awGudktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Dynamic Routing Protocol udktoHk;jyK&wmuawmhNewo-
rk awGu½S kd mazGay;zd&Yk efEiS Router
hf awGrSm½SdwRouting
Jh Table awGudkUpdate vkyfay;zdkY&eftwGuf
toH;k jyK&wmyJjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifhuRefawmfwdkYawG[mStatic Routing udktoHk;jyK&wmxufDynamic Routing
udktoHk;jyK&wmonfydkrdkvG,fulNyD;Router awGwpfvHk;ESifhwpfvHk;udkcsdwfquf&mwGifvG,fulpGm
csw
d q f ufEikd yf gw,f/
odkYaomfuRefawmfwdkYuDynamic Routing udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifRouter rsm;&JUCPU
Processes awG?Bandwith awG[mwdk;vmygvdrfhr,f/tJ'Dvdkwdk;vm&wmuvnf;Router awG
wpfv;kH eJw Y pfv;kH Routing Information awGudkydkYaqmif&wJhtwGufaMumifhjzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawG&JUInternetworks awGrSmtoHk;jyKaewJhRouting Protocol awGuawmh
(2)rsKd ;yJ½ydS gw,f/tJ'Protocols
D awGuawmhIGP(Interior Gateway Protocol) ESiEGP(Exterior
hf
Gateway Protocol) wdjYk zpfygw,f/IGP onfwlnw D Autonomous
hJ System (AS) xJrSmRouter
rsm;onfRouting Information awGudkzvS,fzdkY&eftwGuftoHk;jyKwmjzpfygw,f/
Autonomous System (AS) qdkwmuawmhwlnDwJhRouting Protocol awGMum;Admin-
istrative Distance owfrSwfxm;wmudkAutonomous System vdac: Yk ygw,f/
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) onfAutonomous System awG&JUMum;rSmcsdwfquf
ay;zdkY&eftwGuftoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/qdkvdkcsifwJht"dyÜm,fuawmhrwlnDwRouting Jh Proto-
col awGMum;rSmwpfce kwYJ pfccsk w
d q
f ufr,fq&kd ifEGP udktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumihfuRefawmfwdkYawG[mDynamic Routing eJcsY w d q
f ufr,fq&kd ifRouting Proto-
cols awGudktoHk;jyKMu&rSmjzpfygw,f/
6.2 Routing Protocol Basics
tckuReaf wmfRouting Protocols awGeJYywfoufNyD;ta&;BuD;wJht&mawGudk½Sif;jy

Product of YOUTH
- 115 -
ay;ygrh ,f/Routing Protocols eJYywfoufNyD;uRefawmfwdkYodxm;oifhwJhta&;BuD;wJhtcsufawG
uawmhAdministrative Distances (AD), Routing Protocols, Classes oH;k rsKd ;ESiRouting
hf Loop
taMumif;wdYtk m; em;vnfxm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
6.3 Administrative Distance
Administrative Distance qdkwmuGJjym;wJhRouting Protocols awGwpfcEk iS w

hf pfcMk um;
csw
d qf ufr,fq&kd if toH;k jyK&wmyJ jzpfygw,f/
OyrmtaeeJaY jym&r,fq&kd ifRIP udktoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfqufxm;wJhInternetwork ESiOSPF
hf
udktoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfqufxm;wJhInternetwork awGudktjyeftvSefcsdwfqufwJhae&mrSmAdminis-
trative Distance udktoHk;jyK&rSmyJjzpfygw,f/
Administrative Distance awGudkazmfjyxm;wJhudef;*Pef;wefzdk;awGuawmh0 uae
255 xd½Sdygw,f/uRefawmfatmufrSmDefault Administrative Distance awGudkazmfjyay;vdkuf
ygw,f/
Protocol Administrative Distance
Connected Interface 0
Static Route 1
EIGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120
EGP 140
Unknown 255
6.4 Routing Protocol
uRefawmfwdkYawGtoHk;jyKr,fhRouting Protocol awGrSmClass uawmh(3)rsKd;&Sdygw,f/

tJ'gawGuawmh-
- 116 -
(1) Distance Vector Protocols
(2) Link State Protocols
(3) Hybird Protocols
(1) Distance Vector
Distance Vector Protocols onfRemote Network twGuftaumif;qHk;vrf;aMumif;

awGudk&SmazGay;zkYd&eftwGuftoHk;jyKygw,f/Router qDrSPacket awGukdydkYvTwfvkdufwJhtcg
aemufxyfNext hop qDukdoGm;zkdY&eftwGuftaumif;qHk;vrf;aMumif;ukda&G;cs,fay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Distance Vector Routing Protocol awGuawmhOyrmtaeeJaj Y ym&r,fq&dk ifRIP ESihf
IGRP wdkYyJjzpfygw,f/bmaMumifhvJqdkawmhRIP ESiIGRP
hf wdkYuRouting Table ukdrdrdESifhtwlwuG
csdwfqufxm;wJNeighbors
h Routers awGqDodkYwdkuf½kdufydkYaqmifay;vdkYyJjzpfygw,f/
(2) Link State
Link State Protocol udkawmhShortest-path-first Protocol vdv

Yk nf;ac:ygw,f/Router
awGwpfcck si;f pD[mqk&d ifuGjJ ym;wJhTable oH;k ckuzef
kd w;D xm;ygw,f/tJ'gawGuawmh-
(1) rdrdeJYtwlwuGcsdwfqufxm;wJhRouter rsm;&JUvrf;aMumif;awGudkodrf;qnf;jcif;Table

(2) Internetwork wpfcv k ;kH &JUTopology udqH
k ;k jzwfjcif;Table
(3) aemufqHk;wpfckuawmhRouting Table yJjzpfygw,f/
Link State Routers awGonfb,fDistance Vector Routing Protocol awGxufudkrqdk

Internetworkwpfcv
k ;kH &JUTopology udkydkNyD;od½Sdygw,f/OyrmtaeeJUajym&&ifIP Routing Proto-
col jzpfwOSPF
hJ [mqd&k ifCompletely Link State Protocol yJjzpfygw,f/
(3) Hybird
Hybird Protocol uawmhDistance Vector ESiLink

hf State Protocol ESpcf v
k ;kH &JUtoGit
f jyif
yHkpHudktoHk;jyKxm;wmjzpfygw,f/OyrmtaeeJYajym&&ifEIGRP jzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 117 -
6.5 Distance Vector Routing Algorithm
Distance Vector Routing Protocol onfDistance Vector Routing Algorithm

eJtvk
Y yv f yk yf gw,f/¤if;onfcsw
d qf ufxm;wJhNeighboring Routers awGrSmRouting Table awGudk
jzwfoef;oGm;apwmjzpfygw,f/tJ'DNeighboring Router awGuvnf;Routing Table awGudk
vufcx H m;½Syd gw,f/tJ'vD vuf
kd c&H ½Svd mwJRouting
h Table awGudkrdrdwdkY&JURouting Table wpfckvHk;udk
Update vkyfvdkufygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmuReaf wmfajymcsiw f mav;½Syd gw,f/Neighbor Router awGuRemote Net-
work ay:uaeolwdkYudk,fwdkiRouting
f awGudkr½SmazGyJ,HkMunfpdwfcspGmjzifhrdrdwdkY&½SdvmwJh
Routing Table awGudkUpdate vkyMf uwmjzpfygw,f/
tu,fírdrd&JUNetwork rSmtjcm;Remote rScsdwfqufwNetwork Jh Link wpfcx k uf
ydkvmNyDqdk&ifawmhvufcHxm;wJRouting
h Update awG&JUAdministrative Distance awGut&if kd O;D qH;k
ppfaq;rSmjzpfygw,f/tu,fíAD [mwlnaD er,fq&kd ifawmhProtocol awGrSm½SdwJhMetrics
awGudkMunfhNyD;taumif;qHk;vrf;aMumif;awGudka½G;cs,fay;NyD;Remote Network twGuftoHk;jyK
rSmyJjzpfygw,f/
6.6 Routing Loops
tcktcef;av;uawmhRouting Loops qdkwJhtaMumif;av;udkajymjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/

Routing Loops qdkwmuRouter awG[mwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;Network csw d q
f ufxm;wJt h csed rf mS
Network [mFail jzpfomG ;cJ& h ifjzpfay:wwfwt
hJ aMumif;udkRouting Loops vdac:
Yk ygw,f/
OyrmtaeeJajY ym&r,fq&kd ifRouting Loop jzpfwjhJ yóem[mb,fNetwork rSmrqdk
jzpfymG ;Edik yf gw,f/Routing Loop jzpfay:&wJht"dutaMumif;&if;uawmhRouting Table aMumifhyJ
jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYqDrSmRouter A, Router B ESiRouter
hf C qdkwRouter
Jh 3ckcsw
d q
f ufxm;
ygw,f/ atmufuyHkav;udk Munfhvdkufyg/

- 118 -
yHk 6.1
tJ'v D cskd w
d q
f ufxm;wJRouter
h oHk;vHk;rSmRouter B ESiRouter
hf C &JUMum;rSm½SdwJhLine
[mFail jzpfomG ;cJ&h ifRouting Loop tJ'DrSmpNyD;awmhjzpfay:ygw,f/atmufuyHkav;udkquf
Munfv
h u
kd yf g/
yHk 6.2
Product of YOUTH
- 119 -
Router A rSRouter C odData
Yk udTransmit
k vkyfvdkufwJhtcsdefrSmRouter B ESiRouter
hf
C uwpfv;kH ESiwhf pfv;kH tjyeftvSecsf w d q f ufxm;w,f/odaYk omfRouter B ESiRouter hf C Mum;
rSm½SdwLimit
Jh uFail jzpfaewJhtwGufaMumifData h uRouter B qDojYkd yefvmw,f/jyefvmwJt h cgrmS
Router B uRouter C qDjyefomG ;zdu Yk ykd ñT
J e;f ygw,f/tJ't D cgrmS Routing Loop [mjzpfay:omG ;
ygw,f/bmtwGufaMumifhvJqdkawmhRouter A rSydkYvdkufwData Jh onfRouter B qDodkYa&mufwJh
tcgrmS tjcm;Link awGqo D jYkd yefíoGm;&ef&nfñeT ;f xm;wmr½Sw d twG
hJ uaf Mumiftckh vrkd sKd ;Rout-
ing Loop jzpfay:omG ;&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/uRea f wmfwaYkd wGonfStatic Route rSmDefault Route
jzpfw0.0.0.0
hJ 0.0.0.0 udxnfk ah y;r,fq&kd ifRouting Loop rjzpfawmhygbl;/
6.7 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) onfDistance Vector Routing Protocol trsdK;

tpm;jzpfygw,f/RIP [mNetwork csdwfqufxm;wJNeighbor h Router awGtm;vHk;udSecond k
30 twGif;rSmyJjynfhpHkwJhRouting Table awGudkydkYaqmifay;ygw,f/RIP [mRemote Network
twGuftaumif;qHk;vrf;aMumif;awGudka½G;cs,fay;EdkifzdkY&efHop Count awGudktoHk;jyKNyD;vrf;
aMumif;awGudka½G;cs,fay;ygw,f/odkYaomfuRefawmfwdkYawG'Dae&mrSmRIP udktoHk;jyKcsdwfquf
r,fq&kd ifHop Count &JUta&twGuo f nf15cky&rS J mjzpfygw,f/ajymcsiw f t"d
hJ ymÜ ,fuawmh
Router 15ckycsJ w
d q
f ufv&Ykd r,f/15vH;k xufyNkd y;D csw d q
f ufvrYkd &bl;qdw k mudod k xm;&ygr,f/
tu,fíRIP udktoHk;jyKNyD;16vHk;xufydkr,f?16vHk;csdwfqufr,fqdk&ifawmhUnreachable jzpf
oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/RIP onfSmall Network awGrSmqdk&ifaumif;pGmtvkyfvkyfEdkifNyD;t&rf;BuD;wJh
Large Network awGrSmqdk&ifawmhRIP udktoHk;jyKzdkYrvHkavmufygbl;/
aumif;NyD...'gqdk&ifuRefawmfwdkYqufvufNyD;od½Sd&r,fhtcsuftvufawGusefygao;w,f/
RIP v1 udkuRefawmfwdkYtoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifClassful Routing jzpfro S moH;k vd&Yk ygr,f/Classful
Routing qdkwmuawmhwlnDwJhSubnet Mask awGudkajymwmjzpfygw,f/tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
RIP v1 onfSubnet Mask &JUtcsuftvufawGudkrydkYaqmifay;EdkifvdkYyJjzpfygw,f/
RIP v2 udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifawmhPrefix Routing (or) Classless Routing awGrSm
toHk;jyKEdkifwJhtjyifRIP v2 onfSubnet Mask &JUtcsuftvufawGudkvnf;ydkYaqmifay;Edkifygw,f/
'gaMumifhRIP v2 onfClassless Routing rSmvnf;toHk;jyKvdkY&ovdClassful k Routing rSmvnf;
toH;k jyKv&yg
Ykd w,f/'Davmufq&kd ifRIP taMumif;udem;vnf k r,fvx Ykd ifygw,f/
- 120 -
atmufrSmuRefawmfRIP Times taMumif;udkqufvuf½Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
6.8 RIP Timer
RIP rSmtoHk;jyKwJhTimer ( 4) ck½Syd gw,f/tJ'gawGuawmh-

1. Route Update Timer
2. Route Invalid Timer
3. Holddown Timer
4. Route Flush Timer wdy
Yk jJ zpfygw,f/
1. Route Update Timer
Route Update Timer qdkwmRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;Mum;Routing Update awG

ydaYk qmifay;wJt
h csed ?f 'grrS [kwRouter
f rsm;[mRouting Update awGuvuf kd c&H ½SNd yD;wJt
h csed f
Route Update Timer onf30 Second ½Sr d mS jzpfygw,f/
2. Route Invalid Timer
Route Invalid Timer qdkwmValid rjzpfawmhwJhRoute vrf;aMumif;awGaMumifhRouting

Path awGudkqHk;jzwfzdkY&eftwGufMumcsdefudkajymwmjzpfygw,f/tJ'DMumcsdefuawmh180 Second
jzpfygw,f/
3. Holddown Timer
Holddown Timer qdkwmRouting Information awGudkodrf;qnf;jcif;awGNyD;qHk;apr,fh

tcsed uf ajkd ymwmjzpfygw,f/tJ'Holddown
D Timer uawmhDefault owfrSwfay;xm;wJhMum
csed o
f nf180 Second jzpfygw,f/
4. Route Flush Timer
Route Flush Timer qdkwmValid rjzpfawmhwJhRoute vrf;aMumif;awGudkz,f½Sm;zdkY&eftwGuf

Product of YOUTH
- 121 -
toHk;jyKwTimer
Jh jzpfygw,f/tJ'DRoute Flush Timer uawmh240 Second MumrSmjzpfygw,f/
6.9 Configuring RIP Routing
tckuRefawmfwdkYqufvufNyD;½Sif;jyay;r,fhtaMumif;av;uawmhRIP Routing udkt

oHk;jyKNyD;Configure vkyfyHkudkajymjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/uRefawmfwdkYawGRIP Routing udktoHk;jyK
r,fq&kd iftoH;k jyK&r,fCommand
h uawmh" #router rip" Command udktoHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/
Example Router(config)#router rip
tckuReaf wmfwYRIP
kd udktoHk;jyKNyD;Router awGwpfv;kH eJw
Y pfv;kH csw
d q
f ufr,fhLAB
av;udk vkyfMunfhvdkuf&atmif . . .
yHk 6.3

- 122 -
Router A udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>
Router#enable
Router(config)#hostname RouterA
RouterA(config)#router rip
RouterA(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
RouterA(config-router)#exit
RouterA#show startup-config
Using 581 bytes
!
Version 12.2
no service password encryption
!
hostname RoutA
!
!
enable secret 5 $1$mERr$hx5rVt7rPNoS4WabXKX7m0
!
!
!
ip ssh version 1
Product of YOUTH
- 123 -
!
!
interface Fastethernet 0/0
ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
duplex outo
speed outo
!
interface Fastethernet 0/1
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
interface Serial 0/0
ip address 172.0.0.1 255.255.0.0
clock rate 64000
!
interface Serial 0/1
ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
!
router rip
network 172.0.0.0
network 172.20.0.0
network 192.168.0.0
!
ip classless
!
!
!
Line Con 0
Line vty 0 4
Login
!
!
end
RouterA#
Router B udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>
Router#enable
- 124 -
Router(config)#hostname RouterB
RouterB(config)#router rip
RouterB(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
RouterB(config-router)#exit
Router C udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>
Router#enable
Router(config)#hostname RouterC
Product of YOUTH
- 125 -
RouterC(config)#router rip
RouterC(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0
RouterC(config-router)#exit
RouterC(config)#do show ip route
tckuReaf wmfRIP (Routing Information Protocol) udktoHk;jyKNyD;Network cswd q

f uf
jyNyD;ygNyD/tJ'DawmhuRefawmftoHk;jyKcJhwJhCommand awGtaMumif;udktao;pdwfjyef½Sif;jyay;ygr,f/
k vkyyf &SkH i;f vif;csuf
Router>
¤if;onfUser exec mode xJrmS jzpfygw,f/
Router>enable
Router#
¤if;onfPrivileged exec mode xJrmS jzpfygw,f/
Router(config)
¤if;onfGlobal Configuration Mode xJrmS jzpfygw,f/
RouterA(config)#
¤if;onfrdr&d UJ Router twGufHostname owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Example Router(config)#hostname [hostname]

- 126 -
RouterA(config)#
¤if;onfrdr&d UJ Router udkvHkNcHKrI½Sdap&eftwGuPassword
f owfrw
S af y;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
Example Router(config)#enable secret [Password]

RouterA(config)#
¤if;onfEthernet 0/0 &JUInterface Mode xJo0if
Ykd wmjzpfygw,f/
Example Router(config)#interface [Interfacename] [modular]

[number]/[Part number]

RouterA(config-if)
¤if;onfrdr0d ifa&mufxm;wJInterface
h udkip address owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Example Router(config-if)#ip address [ipaddress][subnet mask]
RouterA(config)#
¤if;onfrdrad &muf½adS eaommode xJuaexGufwCommand
Jh jzpfygw,f/

RouterA(config-if)#
¤if;onfRouter &JUserial interface xJu0kd ifwmjzpfygw,f/
Example Router(config)#interface [Interface name] [moduler num-
ber] /[Part number]
RouterA(config-if)# ip address 172.0.0.1 255.255.0.0

¤if;Command wGifyxrwpfaMumif;onfrdrd0ifa&mufxm;wJSerial
h interface udkIP
address owfrw S w
f mjzpfw,f/'kw,
d Command uawmhrdrdSerial Interface onfDCE
(Date Communication Equiment) Side jzpfvClock
Ykd Rate owfrSwfay;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 127 -
Example Router(config-if)#clock rate [clock rate number]
¤if;onfrdr&d UJ Interface udkShutdown rjzpfatmifvkyfwJhCommand jzpfygw,f/
RouterA(config)#
¤if;onfrdrad &muf½adS ewJMode
h xJuaejyefxGufwJhCommand jzpfygw,f/

¤if;Command onfrdrRouter
d &JUSerial Interface xJo0if
Ykd wCommand
hJ jzpfygw,f/

RouterA(config-if)#
¤if;Command onfrdrRouter
d &JUSerial 0/1 udkip address ay;wmjzpfygw,f/Serial
Interface jzpfaomfvnf;Clock rate aMujimay;p&mrvdy k g/tb,faMumifq
h akd omfDTE (Date
Terminal Equiment) Side jzpfaevdy Yk jJ zpfygw,f/
rSwcf su/f /rdrd&JUSerial Interface uDCE vm;?DTE vm;Munfch si&f iftoH;k jyK&wJh
Command onf...
Example Router#show controllers serial 0/0
RouterA(config-if)#
¤if;command onfrdrd0ifa&mufxm;wJInterface
h udkShutdown rjzpfatmifvkyfwJh
Command jzpfygw,f/
RouterA(config)#
¤if;Command onfrdrda&muf½SdaewJMode
h xJuaejyefxu
G w
f hJCommand jzpfygw,f/
RouterA(config-router)#
¤if;Command onfDynamic Routing Protocol jzpfwRIP
hJ udktoHk;jyKr,fhCommand
- 128 -
jzpfygw,f/
¤if;Command onfrdrdRouter &JUInterface rsm;eJYtwlcsdwfqufxm;wJNetwork
h IP
Address rsm;udkowfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
example Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#network [network ip]
RouterA#
rdrda&muf&SdaewJMode
h xJuaejyefxu
G w
f mjzpfygw,f/
RouterA#write memory
(or)
¤if;Command onfRAM xJrmS &Sad ewJRunning
h Configuration awGudkNVRAM
xJoCopy
Ydk ul;xnhw
f mjzpfygw,f/
rSwcf su/f /RAM onfVolatile jzpfw,f/NVRAM onfNon-Volatile jzpfw,f/'gaMumifh

uRefawmfwdkYuRAM xJrSmVolatile Changed vkyfxm;wJhConfiguration rsm;udNon-Volatile
k
jzpfwNVRAM
hJ xJoStartup
Ykd Configuration rsm;tjzpfCopy ul;xnh& f jcif;jzpfw,f/
Router B udConfiguration
k vkyyf &SkH i;f vif;csuf
Router>
Router>enable
Router#
¤if;Command onfUser exec mode xJrSPrivileged exec mode xJo0if
Ykd wmjzpfw,f/
Router(config)#
¤if;Command onfPrivilege exec mode xJuaeGlobal Configuration Mode xJoYkd
Product of YOUTH
- 129 -
0ifwmjzpfw,f/
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command onfrdrRouter
d &JUhostname udkowfrSwfwJh
Command jzpfygw,f/'kw,
d Command onfrdrRouter
d ukdvHkjcHKrI&SdatmifPassword ay;wm
jzpfygw,f/

RouterB(config-if)#
¤if;Command onfethernet 0/0 &JUInterface Mode xJo0if
Ydk wmjzpfygw,f/

¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command onfrdrd0ifa&mufxm;wJInterface
h udkIP
Address owfrwS af y;wmjzpfygw,f/'kw,d Command onfrdrd0ifa&mufxm;wJInterface
h udk
Shutdown rjzpfatmifvkyx f m;wmjzpfygw,f/wwd,Command onfrdrda&muf&SdaewJMode
h
xJuae jyefxu
G wf m jzpfygw,f/
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command onfSerial 0/0 Interface xJu0if kd whJCom-
mand jzpfygw,f/'kw,d Command onfSerial 0/0 Interface ukdIP Address owfrSwfay;wJh
Command jzpfygw,f/'Dae&mrSmuRea f wmfwu
Ykd Serial 0/0 udkClock Rate owfrSwfay;p&mr
vdkygbl;/tb,faMumifhqdkaomfSerial 0/0 onfDTE Side jzpfaevdyYk jJ zpfygw,f/wwd,Com-
mand onfrdrd&JUSerial 0/0 Interface ukdShutdown rjzpfatmifvkyw f mjzpfygw,f/

- 130 -
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command onfSerial 0/1 Interface xJu0ifkd wmjzpfw,f/
d Command onfSerial 0/1 Interface udIP
'kw, k Address owfrSwfwmjzpfygw,f/wwd,
Command onfSerial 0/1 Interface uDCE Side jzpfvClock
Ykd Rate owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command onfRIP Protocol udktoHk;jyKr,fhCom-
mand jzpfygw,f/'kw,
d ?wwd,?pwkwCommand
¬ wdkYuawmhrdrRouter
d &JUInterface rsm;eJY
vma&mufcsdwfqufxm;wJNetwork
h IP Address awGudkowfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/bmaMumifh
owfrSwfay;&wmvJqkdawmhuRefawmfwdkY[mRIP Protocol ukdtoHk;jyKxm;vdkYowfrSwfay;&wm
jzpfygw,f/
RouterB#copy running config startup config
RouterB#show running-config
¤if;Command wGi'kf w,d Command onfRAM rSChanged rsm;udNVRAM
k xJoYkd
Copy ul;xnhw f mjzpfygw,f/wwd,Command onfIP Routing Table ukMd unhw
f mjzpfygw,f/
pwkw¬Command uawmhrdrdRouter xJrSm&SdwRunning
Jh vkyfaewJhConfiguration awGudk
Munhw
f m jzpfygw,f/
RouterC ukConfigure
d vkyyf &SkH i;f vif;csuf
Router>enable
RouterC(config)#
¤if;Command wGi'kf w,
d Command uGlobal Configuration Mode xJo0if
Ydk wm
jzpfygw,f/wwd,Command uawmhrdrdRouter udkhostname owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 131 -
pwkx¬Command uawmhrdrd&JURouter udvH
k jk cHKatmifPassword owfrw
S w
f mjzpfygw,f/
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command ufastethernet 0/0 Interface xJoYdk
d Command uawmhfastethernet 0/0 ukdip address owfrSwfay;wJh
0ifa&mufwmjzpfygw,f/'kw,
Command yJjzpfygw,f/wwd,Command uawmhfastethernet 0/0 interface udkShutdown
rjzpfatmifvkyfwJhCommand jzpfygw,f/
RouterC(config-if)#-ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command uSerial 0/0 Interface xJo0if
Ydk a&mufwm
jzpfygw,f/'kw,
d Command uawmhSerial 0/0 Interface ukdIP Address owfrSwfay;wJh
Command jzpfygw,f/wwd,Command uawmhSerial 0/0 Interface onfDCE Side jzpfvYdk
Clock Rate owfrSwfay;wJCommand
h jzpfygw,f/
RouterC(config)#
¤if;Command wGifyxrqHk;Command uRIP Protocol ukdtoHk;jyKr,fhCommand
jzpfygw,f/'kw,
d ?wwd,?pwkwCommand
¬ wkdYuawmhrdrRouter
d &JUInterface eJcsY w
d q
f ufxm;
wJNetwork
h Address wkdYukdowfrSwfay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
¤if;Command onfGlobal Configuration Mode rSmrdrdeRouter

JY &JURouting Table ukd
MunhfwCommand
Jh jzpfygw,f/
- 132 -
tckq&kd ifRIP (Routing Information Protocol) ukdtoHk;jyKjyD;csdwfqufwwfr,fvdkY
xifygw,f/'gayr,htck f uReaf wmfwcsYkd w f ufxm;wmonfRIP v1 udkyJtoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfqufae
d q
wmjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifRIP h v1 ukdtoHk;jyKNyD;csdwfqufr,fqdk&ifClassful Routing udkyJcsdwfqufvkdY
&rSmjzpfygw,f/tu,fíuRefawmfwdkYuClassless Routing ukcsd w d qf ufr,fq&kd ifRIP v2 ukd
toH;k jyKro
S mcsw
d qf ufv&rS
Ykd mjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifuR
h eaf wmfRIP v2 ukdtoHk;jyKNyD;b,fvdk
csdwfquf&r,fqdkwmukd&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/'gayr,fhatmufrSmuRefawmfRIPv1 eJRIP Y v2 wkdY&JU
uGmjcm;csufudk &Sif;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
yHk 6.4
Product of YOUTH
- 133 -
RIP v1 ESiRIP
hf v2 wd\
Yk uGmjcm;csuf
RIP v1 RIP v2
-Distance Vector -Distance Vector

-Maximum hop count 15 -Maximum hop count 15
-Classful -Classless
-Broadcast Based -Uses Multicast
-No Support for VLSM -Supports VLlSM Networks
-No Authentication -Allows for MD5 Authentication
-No Support for Discontiguous -Supports Discontiguous Networks
(wpfzufygykH 6.4 wGif Munfyh g)
RouterA ukConfigure
d vkyyf kH
Router>
Router>enable
RotuerA(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0
tckavmufqkd&iftxufrSmazmfjyxm;wJCommand
h awGtaMumif;udkuRefawmfvnf;
&Si;f vif;Ny;D oGm;NyDjzpfvem;vnf
Ykd r,fvxif
Ykd ygw,f/'gaMumiftck
h uReaf wmfatmufrmS RIP v2 ukd
toHk;jyK&ef b,fvkd owfrSwf&r,fqdkwmudk azmfjyay;vkdufygw,f/

- 134 -
RouterA(config-router)#version 2
tckazmfjyxm;wJhCommand xJrSmyxrqHk;Command onfRIP Protocol ukdtoHk;jyKwJh

Command jzpfygw,f/'kw, d ?wwd,?pwkwCommand
¬ awGuawmhrdrdRouter &JUInterface
ukdvma&mufcsdwfqufxm;wJhNetwork Address awGudkowfrSwfay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/aemufqHk;
Command wpfaMumif;jzpfwJh " RouterA(config-router)#version 2 " uawmhRIP
Protocol v2 udktoHk;jyKr,fvdkYowfrSwfay;wJhCommand jzpfygw,f/
Router B ukdConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
RouterB(config)#enable password cisco
RouterB(config-router)#version 2
RouterB#write memory (or) copy running config startup-config
Product of YOUTH
- 135 -
Router C ukdConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
RouterC(config-router)#version 2
RouterC(config)do show ip route
RouterC#copy running config startup-config
RouterC#
tckq&kd ifuReaf wmfwaYdk wG[mRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;udkDynamic Routing Pro-

tocol jzpfwRIP hJ udktoHk;jyKNyD;Network csw d qf ufcMhJ uygw,f/tJ'v D RIP
kd udktoHk;jyKNyD;Net-
work csw d qf ufcMhJ uygw,f/tJ'v D RIP
kd udktoHk;jyKNyD;uRefawmfwdkYawG[mRouter awGwpfvHk;eJY
wpfvHk;udkcsdwfquf&mrSm" router rip " command udktoHk;jyKNyD;Network csw d q
f ufcMhJ u
ygw,f/aumif;jy'gD q&kd ifuReaf wmfwaYkd wGDynamic Routing jzpfwRIP hJ ukdtoHk;rjyKawmhbl;
qdk&ifawmhtoHk;jyK&r,fCommand
h u" no router rip " ESi"no hf network" command udk
toHk;jyKNyD;Dynamic Routing jzpfwhJRIP ukdz,fxkwfypf&rSmjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifhuRefawmfatmuf
rSm" no router rip " ESi"hf no network " toHk;jyKyHkudkazmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
- 136 -
6.10 Dynamic Router jzpfwhJ RIP udk z,fxw
k yf kH
Router>enable
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#no network 192.168.0.0
tckuReaf wmf" no network " command udktoHk;jyKNyD;uRefawmfwdkYrvdktyfawmhwJh

Network udz,f k xw k v
f udk w
f mjzpfygw,f/'gq&dk ifuReaf wmf" no network " command &JU
toHk;jyKyHkudk &Sif;jyay;ygr,f/
Router(config-router)#no network [network Address]
" no network " qdkwmuawmhCommand yJjzpfygw,f/¤if;no network &JUaemufrSmawmh

uRefawmfwDynamic
dkY Routing xJuz,fxw k cf siw
f Network
hJ IP Address ukd½dkufxnhfNyD;
Enter Key udkESdyfvdkufr,fqdk&ifDynamic Routing xJuaeuRefawmfwdkYtoHk;rjyKawmhr,fh
Network IP Address udRouting
k Table xJrSz,fxkwfay;rSmjzpfygw,f/rvdktyfawmhwJhNet-
work awG&JUz,fxkwfyHkudkazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/

aumif;Nytck
D q&kd if" no network " command toHk;jyKyHkudkem;vnfavmufNyDvdkY
xifygw,f/'gaMumifhuRefawmfqufvufNyD;" no router rip " command toHk;jyKyHkudkazmfjyay;
vduk yf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfwaYdk wG em;vnfxm;&rSm wpfc&k dyS gw,f/
tJ'guawmh" no router rip " command ESi"hf no network " command wdkY&JUuGJ
jym;yHkudkem;vnfxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/uRefawmftxufrSmazmfjycJhw"Jh n o n e t w o r k " com-
mand onfDynamic Routing jzpfwRIP hJ xJuNetwork wpfcw k nf;udo k mz,fxwk w
f Comma-
hJ
nd jzpfNyD;"no router rip command uawmhDynamic Routing Protocol jzpfwRIP hJ Protocol udk
toHk;rjyKbJydwfvkdufwJhCommand yJjzpfygw,f/
xkad Mumif¤if
h ;" no router rip " command udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifawmhDynamic
Routing awGtm;vHk;udkz,fxkwfoGm;rSmyJjzpfygw,f/uRefawmfatmufrSmDynamic Routing
jzpfwRIP
hJ udk" no router rip " command jzifhydwfvkdufyHkudkazmfjyay;yghr,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 137 -
Router>enable
Router(config)#no router rip
tckq&kd ifuReaf wmf" no router rip " command udktoHk;jyKNyD;Dynamic Routing

Protocol jzpfwRIP hJ ukdydwfvdkufNyDjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifRIP
h Protocol [mtvkyfvkyfawmhrSm
r[kwyf gb;l /
'gaMumifRIP
h Protocol [mtvkyfvkyfawmhrSmr[kwfygbl;/aumif;NyD'gqkd&if" n o
router rip " ESi"hf no network " command udktoHk;jyKwwfr,fvdkYxifygw,f/
6.11 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP)
tckuReaf wmfInterior Gateway Routing Protocol taMumif;udk&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/IGRP

Protocol onfDistance Vector Routing Protocol yJjzpfNyD;Cisco ydkifProtocol wpfcv k nf;
jzpfw,f/'gaMumifuRh eaf wmfwaYkd wG[mIGRP ukdrdrd&JUInternetwork twGif;rSmtoHk;jyKr,fqdk&if
awmhjzifhuRefawmfwdkYrSm&SdwJhRouter awGtm;vHk;[mCisco Routers rsm;jzpfrSomtoHk;jyKvdkY&rSm
jzpfygw,f/
'DIGRP qkdwRouting
Jh Protocol udkCisco uaezefwD;ay;xm;&wJhtaMumif;t&if;u
awmhRIP rSmjzpfaewJhjyóemudkausmfvGefzdkYtwGufzefwD;wmyJjzpfygw,f/aumif;jyDRIP rSm
jzpfaewJjh yóemudIGRP
k ub,fvkdajz&Sif;ay;r,fqdkwmukdajymjyyghr,f/uRefawmfwdkY[m
Routing Protocol jzpfwRIP hJ ukdtoHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifhop count (15)vH;k yJtoH;k jyKv&rSYkd mjzpfw,f/
'DawmhuRefawmfwdkYawG[mRIP udSmall k Network awGrSmyJtoHk;jyKvkdY&NyD;Large
Network awGrSmqdk&ifawmhtoHk;jyKvkdYr&awmhbl;aygh/IGRP qkdwRouting Jh Protocol ukd
toHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifawmhMaximum Hop Count (255)vH;k xdtoH;k jyKv&Ed Ykd ik yf gw,f/odaYk omfDe-
fault owfrSwfay;xm;wJhHop Count uawmh(100)xdyowf J rw S xf m;ygw,f/
IGRP onfHop Count udktjrifhqHk;(255)vHk;xdcsdwfquf&wJhtwGufaMumifhRIP &JU
jyóemudk ajz&Si;f ay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f/
IGRP uavRIP eJYrwlwMetrix Jh awGudktoHk;jyKNyD;Router awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;
csdwfqufrItwGuftaumif;qHk;Route vrf;aMumif;awGudkqHk;jzwfay;ygw,f/
IGRP uRouter awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;csdwfquf&mrSmLink awG&JUBandwidth ESihf

- 138 -
Delay wkdYudkMetrix tjzpftoHk;jyKNyD;taumif;qHk; Route vrf;aMumif;awGudkqHk;jzwfay;oGm;wm
jzpfygw,f/tJ'vD rkd sK;d IGRP rSmtoHk;jyKoGm;wJhMetrix udkComposite Metrix vkac: Yd ygw,f/
aumif;jyDtckuRefawmfRIP eJIGRP Y wdkY&JUt"duta&;MuD;wJhuGJjym;csufudkajymjyygr,f/RIP
ukduRefawmfwdkYawGtoHk;jyKcJhwkef;uAutonomous System Number xnhfay;p&mrvdktyfygbl;/
odkYaomftckuRefawmfwdkYuIGRP udktoHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhAutonomous System
Number xnhu f xnh kd af y;&rSmjzpfygw,f/'g[mRIP eJIGRP
Y wdkY&JUt"duuGmjcm;csufygyJ/
OK! uRefawmfatmufrSmRIP eJYIGRP wdkY&JUuGmjcm;csufav;awGudkazmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
IGRP RIP
- Can be used in large network - Work best in smaller networks

- Uses an autonomous system number for - Does not use autonomous system num-
activation bers
-Gives a full route table update every - Gives a full route table update every 30
90 seconds seconds
- Has an administrative distance of 100 - Has an administrative distance of 120
- Use bandwidth and delay of line as metrix - Use only hop count to determine the best
path
- Maximum hop count 255 - Hop Count 15
uJ'Davmufq&kd ifIGRP &JUtaMumif;ESihfRIP eJIGRP

Y wkdY&JUuGmjcm;csufudkem;vnfr,fvdkY
xifygw,f/'DawmhuReaf wmfwaYkd wGIGRP udkb,fvdktoHk;jyKNyD;Network csw d q
f uf&r,fqwkd hJ
Network LAB udkvkyfvdkufMu&atmif/
rSwcf su/f /uRefawmfwdkYawG[mIGRP ukdtoHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifCommand Line rSm

" Router (config)#route igrp " qdkNyD;toHk;jyKvdkY&rSmr[kwfygbl;/igrp &JUa&SUrSmE udk
xyfjznhf ay;&ygr,f/
example- Router(config)#router eigrp 10
'groS mtoH;k jyKv&rS

Ykd mjzpfygw,f/EIGRP (Enhance Interior Gateway Routing Pro-
tocol) vkac:
Yd ygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 139 -
IGRP udtoH
k ;k jyKNy;D Network csw
d q
f ufykH
yHk 6.5
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable

- 140 -
tck uRefawmf txufrSm vkyfjyxm;wJh tqifhawGudkawmh pmzwfolawGtm;vHk;yJ

em;vnfaeavmufNyv Ydk ygw,f/'DawmhEIGRP Protocol udktoHk;jyKyHkav;udkqufvufMunhf½I
D xif
k yf gOD;/RIP udktoHk;jyKwJhyHkpHeJYawmhodyfruGmygbl;/Command av;enf;enf;yJuGmoGm;wmyg/
vdu
RouterA(config)#router eigrp 10
tJ'Command
D rSmyxrqHk;Command ueigrp protocol udktoHk;jyKwJhtaMumif;
owfrwS w
f mjzpfygw,f/tJ'rD mS " #router eigrp " qdkwmuCommand yg/10 qdkwmu
Autonomous System Number jzpfygw,f/
example Router(config)#router eigrp [autonomous system number]
rSwcf su/f /Autonomous System Number &JURang onf1 to 65535 xd&Syd gw,f/
uJ'gqdk&ifqufvufNyD;awmhusef&SdaewJCofiguration
h av;awGudkqufvkyfvkdufMu&atmif/
RouterA#copy running-config startup config
RouterA#show startup-config
Router B udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Product of YOUTH
- 141 -
RouterB(config-if)#no Shutdown
RouterB(config)#router eigrp 10
RouterB#copy running-config startup config
RouterB#show running-config
Router C udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Routerc(config-if)#no shutdown
RouterC(config-if)#no Shutdown
RouterC(config)#router eigrp 10
- 142 -
RouterC#copy running-config startup config
RouterC#show ip router
RouterC#show running-config
6.12 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

uReaf wmftckOpen Shortest Path First (OSPF) qdkwJhRouting Protocol taMumif;udk
qufvufNyD;&Sif;jyay;yghr,f/OSPF qdkwmOpen Standard Routing Protocol wpfcjk zpfygw,f/
Open Standard qdkwmuawmhb,fVendor rqd¤if k ;OSPF Protocol ukdtoHk;jyKEdkifygw,fvdkY
ajymwmjzpfygw,f/OSPF ukdtoHk;jyKwNetwork Jh Vendor awGuawmhtrsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/tJ
'DVendor awGtxJrSmCisco uvnf;tygt0ifyjJ zpfygw,f/OSPF tvkyfvkyfwJhyHkpHudkajym&r,f
qk&d ifawmhDijkstra Alogrithm eJtvk Y yv f yk yf gw,f/tJ'Alogrithm D taMumif;udkajym&r,fqdk&if
awmhtwkq d ;kH vrf;aMumif;awGut&if
kd zUJG pnf;w,f/tJ'v D rkd sK;d twdq
k ;kH vrf;aMumif;awGuzGkd pYJ nf;Ny;D wJh
tcgrSm&vmwJhtaumif;qHk;vrf;aMumif;awGudkRouting Table awGaqmufNyD;vrf;aMumif;awGudk
jyefvnfjzefaY 0ay;ygw,f/OSPF onfvrf;aMumif;awGujkd zefaY 0&mrSmjrefqefaomfvnf;EIGRP
avmufawmhrjrefqefygbl;/OSPF onfIP v4 ESiIP hf v6 pwJhRouted Protocol udkvnf;Sup-
port vkyy f gw,f/
OSPF ukdaxmufyHhay;xm;wJhFeatures rsm;uawmh-
-Area rsm;ESihfAutonomous Systems rsm;yg0ifjcif;/
-Routing Update vkyfwJhTraffic awGuavs kd mch sEikd jf cif;/
-VLSM,CIDR wkdYudkvnf;Support vkyy f gw,f/
-Hop Count ta&twGufuawmhUnlimited yJjzpfygw,f/
-Open Standard Routing Protocol vnf;jzpfygw,f/
OSPF onfRouting Protocol awGxJrSmyxrqHk;Link-State Routing Protocol yJ
jzpfygw,f/
OSPF ukpwif
d taumiftxnfazmfcw hJ muawmh1980ckEpS rf mS pwiftaumiftxnf
azmfcw hJ myJjzpfygw,f/OSPF uOpen Shortest Path First qkdwJhtwdkif;twdkqHk;vrf;aMumif;udk
wGufcsufay;NyD;awmhDestination vrf;aMumif;qDodkYydkYaqmifay;rSmyJjzpfygw,f/OSPF rSmtrsKd;tpm;
Product of YOUTH
- 143 -
tm;jzifh(2)rsKd;&Sdygw,f/tJ'gawGuawmhSingle Area OSPF ESiMulti
hf Area OSPF wdy
Yk jJ zpfygw,f/
Router awGuOSPF eJb,f Y vtvk
kd yvf yk o
f vJq&kd ifawmhRouter [mOSPF Packet ukd
vufcH&&SdwJhtcgrSmrdrdvufcH&&Sdxm;wJOSPF
h Packet &JUInterface xJrSmOSPF Process ukd
zGix
hf m;vm;?'grrS [kwydf wx f m;vm;ppfaq;ygw,f/OSPF Process udkzGifhxm;w,fqkd&ifawmh
Router [mOSPF Process xJudkydkYaqmifay;vdkufygw,f/OSPF vkyfaqmifwProcess Jh uawmh
uRefawmftxufrSmazmfjycJhwJhtwdkif;Dijkstra Algorithm eJYtvkyfvkyfrSmyJjzpfygw,f/Dijkstra
Algorithm &JUwGufcsufyHkuawmhatmufrSmyHkav;eJYyJazmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
yHk 6.6
uRefawmfwdkYawG[mDynamic Routing Protocol jzpfwOSPF hJ ukdtoHk;jyKr,fqkd&if

Autonomous System Number ESiOSPF hf Area awGudkygowfrSwfay;MurSmjzpfygw,f/
OSPF Area qdkwmuawmhRouter jzifNetwork h awGudkzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;wJh
Network tzGUJ tpnf;wpfcyk jJ zpfygw,f/Router awGtm;vHk;[mArea ID awGudk
wpfcek w
YJ pfcrk Qa0Ny;D wlnw
D Area
hJ wpfctk wGi;f xJrmS yJ&SMd uygw,f/
bmaMumifhvJqdkawmhRouter awG[mwpfckxufydkwArea Jh awGxrJ mS &SEd ikd v
f yYkd jJ zpfygw,f/
Area ID qdkwmuawmhrdrd&JURouter xJrSmyg&SdwJhwduswInterface Jh eJt Y wlzGUJ pnf;xm;wmonf
Area ID yJjzpfygw,f/aumif;NyDuRefawmfwdkYawGt"duodxm;&rSmuawmhOSPF Dynamic
Routing Protocol udktoHk;jyKr,fqdk&ifAutonomous System Number ESiArea hf awGudkowfrSwf
ay;&r,fqdkwmudk odxm;&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f/
- 144 -
uJ'gq&kd ifOSPF qdkwJhDynamic Routing Protocol taMumif;udkem;vnfr,fvdkY
xifygw,f/'gaMumifuR
h eaf wmfOSPF taMumif;udk'DrSmyJtqHk;owfvdkufygawmhr,f/
yHk 6.7
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable
RouterA(config)#
txufrSmazmfjyxm;wJConfiguration
h awGuem;vnf
kd aeNyv D xif
Ydk ygw,f/tckuReaf wmf
qufvufNyD;Routing Protocol jzpfwOSPF
hJ eJcsY w
d q
f ufyu
kH &Skd i;f jyayygrh ,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 145 -
RouterA(config)#router ospf 1
RouterA(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
RouterA(config-router)#network 172.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router B udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable
RouterB(config-i)#exit
RouterB(config)#router ospf 1
RouterB(config-router)#network 172.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router C udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable

- 146 -
RouterC(config)#router ospf 1
RouterC(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
RouterC(config-router)#network 172.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
RotuerC(config)#exit
RouterC#show startup-config
RouterC#show ip ospf
RouterC#show ip ospf database
RouterC#show ip ospf interface
RouterC#show ip ospf neighbor
RouterC#show ip protocols
Product of YOUTH
- 147 -

- 148 -
7.1 Switching
Switching qdkwmNetwork csw

d q
f uf&mrSmtoHk;NyKwheJ nf;vrf;wpfcjk zpfygw,f/
Share vkyfxm;wJNetwork
h wpfcrk mS PacketawGTransmit vkywf t
hJ cgtJ'h Packet
D awG[m
rnfonfhtrSDtcdkrSr,lbJwpfae&mrSwpfae&modkYul;ajymif;ay;oGm;wmudSwitchingk vdaYk c:ygw,f/
tJ'h aD wmhSwitching &JUt"duOd;wnfcsufudkajym&&ifPacket Switch Technology twGufyJNzpf
ygw,f/Packet Switch Techology awGuawmhOyrmt&ajymr,fqdk&ifawmhLink Access Pro-
cedure, Balanced (LAPB), Frame Relay, Switched Multimegabit Service (SMDS) ESihf
X.25 wd[ Yk mqd&k ifPacket Switching Techology awGNzpfygw,f/Switching onf OSI 7 Layer
wGiLayer
f 2 rSmNzpfay:ygw,f/Switching qdkwmonfuRefawmfwdkY&JUInternetwork wpfcek w YJ pfck
csdwfqufEdkif&eftwGufyHydk;ay;xm;w,fqdk&ifvnf;rrSm;ygbl;/ Switchingvkyif ef;pOfuvk kd yaf qmif
&mrSmSwitching Table awGevk YJ yaf qmifMu&ygw,f/Switching Table xJrSmbmawG½SdvJqdk&ifawmh
MAC Layer Address awG½y dS gw,f/MAC udMediak Access Control vdaYk c:ygw,f/Switching
Table xJrSmyg&SdwmawGudktjynfhtpHkazmfjyay;&r,fqdk&ifawmh -
1/ Destination MAC Address

2/ VLAN membership rsm;&JUDestination MAC Address
3/ Port Destination MAC Address wdy
Yk g½ydS gw,f/
txufygtcsu(3 f ) csuof nfSwitching Table xJrSmyg½SdwJhInformation awGbNJ zpfygw,f/

Switching Type udkydkif;jcm;r,fqdk&iftrsKd;tpm;oHk;rsKd;eJYydkif;jcm;Edkifygw,f/tJh'gawGuawmh-
1/ Store and Forward Switching

2/ Cut Through switching
3/ Fregment free switching wdy
Yk NJ zpfygw,f/
Store and forword switching qdkwmforward vky&

f eftwGuvuf
f cxH m;wJ?h ppfaq;
xm;wJComplete
h frame udSwitching
k vkyfay;wJhtrsKd;tpm;udkStore and forward Switching
vdkYac:ygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 149 -
Cut Through Switching qdkwmSwitch onfDestination Address udkyJChecking
vkyfNyD;Frame udkqufvufForward vkyfay;vdkufwJhtrsKd;tpm;udkCut Through Switching
vdkYac:ygw,f/
Fragment Free Switching qdkwmudkawmhModified Cut Through switching vdkYodMu
ygw,f/oluawmhData Frame &JUyxrqHk;64 Bytes udkyJCheck vkyfNyD;Frame udkForward
vkyaf y;vduk w
f mjzpfygw,f/
7.2 Network Switch
tckuRefawmfqufvufNyD;azmfjyay;rSmuawmhNetwork Switch qdkwJhtaMumif;yJjzpf

ygw,f/Network Switch qkdwmuawmhDevice wpfcyk jJ zpfygw,f/tJ'Network D Switch qdkwJh
Device udkuRefawmfwdkUawG[mNetwork Segment (or) Computer awGwpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;Net-
work csw d rf ,fq&kd iftoH;k jyK&rSmyJjzpfygw,f/Switch udktoHk;rsm;qHk;ae&muawmhLocal Area
Network (LAN) awGrSmtrsm;qHk;toHk;jyKygw,f/'Dae&mrSmuRefawmfwdkUodxm;&rSmuSwitch
awGrSmData Link Layer Switch awGvnf;&So d vdMultiple
k Layer Switch awGvnf;&Sy d gw,f/
Data Link Layer Switch awGuawmhOSI 7 Layer xJuLayer 2 rSmyJtvkyfvkyfEdkifNyD;Multi
Layer Switch qd& k ifawmhOSI 7 Layer xJuLayer 2 ESiLayer
fh 3 ESpc
f pk vH;k rSmtvkyvf yk af y;Edik f
ygw,f/'gaMumifMultilayer
h Switch udLayer
k 3 Switch vdUk vnf;ac:Muygw,f/Switch udk
LAN Network awGrSmtrsm;qHk;toHk;jyKMuygw,f/odkUaomfLAN xJrSmtoHk;jyKwJhSwitch
awGonfSingle Switch awGyjJ zpfygw,f/Middle Network ?'grrS [kwLarge f Network awGrSm
qd&k ifawmhManagement Switch awGudktoHk;jyKMuygw,f/
Middle Network ESiLarge hf Network awGrSmbmaMumifhManagement Switch awGudk
toHk;jyK&wmvJqdk&ifawmhCollision Domain awGudkcGJjcm;jyD;zefwD;EdkifvdkYuRefawmfwdkUawGu
Management Switch awGudktoHk;jyK&wmyJjzpfygw,f/
7.3 Collision Domain
qdkwmudkMicro Segmenting vkv

Collision Domain Yd nf;odxm;Muygw,f/Collision
Domain qdkwmuawmhPhysical Network Segment wpfcu
k ajkd ymwmjzpfygw,f/Network Switch
- 150 -
h awGtm;vHk;[mqdk&ifDefault t&Single Broadcast Domain wpfcx
rSm½Sad ewJPort k rJ mS ½Sad eMu
wmjzpfygw,f/uRefawmfajymwJCollision h Domain qdkwmuawmhOyrmtaeeJYajym&&ifawmhHost
Segment wpfcc k si;f pDuHub eJcsY w d qf ufxm;r,fq&kd ifcsw d q
f ufxm;wJHost h Segment udk
Collision Domain wpfcv k Ukd ajymEdik yf gw,f/
aumif;jy.D ../uReaf wmfwpOf Ykd ;pm;Munf&h atmif/Computer wpfvHk;uTransmit udcPc k
Pvkyrf ,fAsm/tJ'ComputerD uCollision Domain wpfcx k rJ mS yJ½Sw
d ,faygAh sm.../tJ'v D ykd t
J
jcm;Collision Domain xJrSm½SdwComputer Jh wpfvHk;uvnf;Transmit udcPcPvk k yrf ,f/'gqkd
&ifCollision Domain wpfcpk rD mS ½dw S Computer
hJ awGuwNydKifeufwnf;vkyfrdNyDqdk&ifawmhtJ'D
ESpcf pk vH;k [mData udtcs k ed t f enf;i,fjyefapmifq h ikd ;f Ny;D rSData udkRetransmit jyefvkyfvkdY&awmhrSm
jzpfygw,f/tJ'DvdkrsdK;jzpfyGm;wmudCollision k vdaYk c:ygw,f/'gaMumifu h Reaf wmfwaYkd wG[mCollision
Domain vdac: Yk q&kd jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/Collision Domain awG[mNetwork &JUEfficiency awGudk
avQmch say;Edik yf gw,f/
yHk 7.1 Multiport Switching Create

Seperate Collision
Domain
7.4 Broadcast Domain
Broadcast Domain qkdwmuawmhwlnDwJhNetwork Device awGtm;vHk;[mwm;jrpf

xm;wJArea
h xJuInformation awGudkDevice tm;vHk;twGufTransmitvkyfay;Edkifwmudkqdk
vdw
k mjzpfygw,f/'DxufyNkd yD;em;vnfatmifajym&r,fq&kd ifawmhEthernet LAN awG[mBroadcast
Product of YOUTH
- 151 -
Domain awGyjJ zpfygw,f/LAN xJrSmcsdwfqufxm;wJhb,fDevice rqdkFrame awGudkTrans-
mit vkyE
f ikd yf gw,f/tJ'v
D ykd Device
J awGtm;vHk;[mvnf;Network ay:rSmTransmit vkyfxm;wJh
Frame awGtm;vHk;udkDetect odaeMuygw,f/tJ'v D od
kd ae&wmuawmhFrame udkydkYwJhae&mrSm
Frame awGrSmBroadcast Domain awGyg0ifaeMuvdy Yk jJ zpfygw,f/'gaMumifvh nf;uReaf wmfwaYkd wG[m
Broadcast Domain vda Yk c:q&kd jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/aumif;jy.D .'gq&kd ifuReaf wmfatmufrmS Broad-
cast Domain eJCollision
Y Domain &JUuGJjym;yHkudka&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/
7.5 Collision Domain ESihf Broadcast Domain wd&Yk u

hJ mG jcm;csurf sm;
Collision Domain qdkwmuLogical Network Segment wpfcy

k jJ zpfw,f/Collision Do-
main xJrmS qd&k ifData Packets awG[mMum;cHwpfct
k jzpfShare vkyfxm;NyD;ydkYaqmifw,f/Oy
rmajym&&ifawmhCollision Domain onfEthernet Networking Protocol yJjzpfygw,f/Broad-
cast Domain qdkwmuawmhPhysical Network Segment wpfcy k jJ zpfygw,f/
yHk 7.2
Separate Broadcast Domain

- 152 -
Broadcast Domain uawmhb,fComputer rqd?k 'grr S [kwb,f f Device rqdk
Network wpfckxJrSmyJDirect csw d quf
f xm;ygw,f/¤if;wdu Yk Data awGudkTransmit vkyf&mrSm
b,fComputer udrk qd?k b,fDevice udkrqdkRouting Device awGudktoHk;rjyKyJeJYwdkuf½dkuf
Transmit vkyaf y;Edik w
f mjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifCollision
h Domain eJBroadcast
Y Domain wdkY&JU
uGmjcm;csufuawmhCollision Domain qdwmonf k Network wpfcx k rJ mS ½Sad ewJNetwork
h Seg-
ment awGyJjzpfjyD;awmh¤if;Network Segment awGudkaygif;pyfjyD;csdwfqufay;xm;wmudkawmh
Broadcast Domain vda Yk c:ygw,f/
yHk 7.3 One Large Broadcast

Domain and Three
Separate Collision
Domain
tckuRefawmfazmfjyay;rSmuawmhSwitch &JUIOS udkConfigure vkyfyHkudkazmfjyay;rSm

jzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 153 -
yHk 7.4
tckuRefawmfazmfjyxm;wJNetwork
h Diagram twdkif;Switch &JUIOS udkb,fvMan-
dk
age vkyf&r,fqdkwmazmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
Switch>
Switch>enable
Switch#
tckazmfjyxm;wJhyxrqHk;Command uawmhUser Exec Mode xJa&mufaewJCom- h

mand jzpfygw,f/'kw, d Command uawmh" enable " Command udktoHk;jyKjyD;Privileged
Mode xJo0ifYkd wmjzpfygw,f/wwd,Command uawmhPrivileged Mode xJodkYa&muf&SdaewJh
Command jzpfygw,f/
Switch#?
wpfzufpmrsufESmudk qufMunfhay;yg/

- 154 -
yHk 7.5
tckazmfjyxm;wJCommand
h uawmhSwitch xJuPrivileged Mode xJrSmtoHk;jyKEdkifwJh
Command awGudkMunfhEdkifwJhHelp Command yJjzpfygw,f/¤if;Help Command udk" Question
Mark " Sign udtoH
k ;k jyKjcif;jzifMh unfEh ikd yf gw,f/
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#
tckazmfjyay;xm;wJCommand
h uawmhPrivileged Mode xJuaeGlobal Configura-
tion Mode xJoo Ykd mG ;wJCommand
h jzpfygw,f/'gaMumifuR
h eaf wmfwu
Ykd " configure termi-
nal" Command udktoHk;jyKNyD;Global Configuration Mode xJuoG kd m;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 155 -
Switch(config)#?
yHk 7.6
tckuRefawmfazmfjyay;xm;wmuawmhGlobal Configuration Mode xJrSmb,fCom-

mand awGtoHk;jyKvdkY&w,fqdkwmudkMunfhwCommand
Jh yJjzpfygw,f/
Switch(config)#hostname SwitchA
SwitchA(config)#
tcktoHk;jyKxm;wJCommand
h uawmhrdrd&JhSwitch udkHostname owfrSwfay;wmyJ
jzpfygw,f/" hostname " qdkwmuawmhCommand yJjzpfNyD;" SwitchA "uawmhrdrdowfrSwf
csiw
f Hostname
hJ yJjzpfygw,f/
Switch(config)#enable secret cisco
tckazmfjyxm;wJhCommand uawmhrdrdSwitch &JPrivileged

h Mode udktvG,fwul
0ifa&mufConfigure rvkyaf qmifEikd f&eftwGu"f enable secret " Command udktoHk;jyKNyD;

- 156 -
Password ay;vdu
k w
f mjzpfygw,f/'Dae&mrSm" cisco " qdkwmuawmhPassword yJjzpfygw,f/
Switch(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1

Switch(config-if)#
tckazmfjyxm;wJhCommand uawmhGlobal Configuration Mode xJuaeFastethernet

0/1 &JInterface
h Mode xJo0Ykd ifwCommand
hJ yJjzpfygw,f/
Switch(config-if)#?
yHk 7.7
tckuRefawmfwdkYazmfjyxm;wmuawmhInterface Mode xJrSmtoHk;jyK&r,fCommand

h
awGudk azmfjyay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
Switch(config-if)#decritption #Fastethernet 0/1 connected with PC1#
tckazmfjyxm;wmuawmhrdrd0ifa&mufxm;wJhInterface udkDescription ay;wJhCom-

mand yJjzpfygw,f/toH;k jyK&r,hCommand
f uvnf;" decription " qdkwCommand
Jh yJjzpf
ygw,f/Decription &JhaemufrSm&SdwJh" #Fastethernet 0/1 connected with PC1# " u
awmhDecription ay;xm;wJhpmom;yJjzpfygw,f/rdrdMudKuf&mDecription uda&;om;Ed
k ik yf gw,f/
tJ'Decription
D ay;xm;wmudkjyefMunfhcsif&ifawmhPrivileged Mode xJrSm" show running-
Product of YOUTH
- 157 -
config "Command udktoHk;jyKNyD;rdrday;xm;wJDecription
h udoG
k m;a&mufzwf½EI ikd yf gw,f/
uJ..'Davmufq&kd ifCisco Switch xJrSmyg&Sdr,fCommand
h toHk;jyKyHkudkem;vnfavmuf
r,fvx Ykd ifygw,f/bmaMumifv J akd wmhRouter xJuConfiguration yHpk aH wGeqif
h q YJ wv l yYkd jJ zpfygw,f/
'gaMumifCisco
h Switch &JUCommand Line toHk;jyKyHkudk'DrSmyJ&yfem;vdkufygw,f/

- 158 -
Product of YOUTH
- 159 -

- 160 -
8.1 VLAN qdw
k mbmvJ
VLAN qdw
k mudt"d
k ymÜ ,fziG rhf ,fq&kd ifLAN tzGJUwpfckjzpfatmifzefwD;xm;wmudVLAN
k
vdac:Yk Eikd yf gw,f/odaYk omfVLAN rSmuGJjym;wJhPhysical Connection awmh½EdS ikd yf gw,f/'gayr,fh
VLAN xJrSmcsdwfqufxm;wJNetwork h awG[mqd&k ifSingle Network wpfcw k nf;rSmyJcsw d f
qufxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
VLAN udkzefwD;&jcif;taMumif;uawmhNetwork Traffic awGavQmcs h Eikd &f efEiS Net-
hf
work Size udkavQmhcsay;Edkif&eftwGuNetwork f Administrator awGonfNetwork Segmenting
twGuf toH;k jyK&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/
VLAN onfNetwork &JUPerformance udkvnf;ydkNyD;wdk;wufoGm;atmifvkyfay;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawG[mLarge Network awGudkcsdwfqufwJhae&mrSmVLAN udktoHk;jyK&wmuawmh
Broadcast Domain awGuavQ kd mch say;&efEiS Network
hf &JUTraffic udavQ
k mch say;Edik zf &Ykd eftwGuf
toH;k jyKae&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawG[mSwitching Network rSmVLAN awGuzef kd w;D Edik yf gw,f/odYak omf
VLAN udkzefwD;r,fqdk&ifawmhLayer 2 Swtich ESiLayer hf 3 Switch wdkYrSmyJVLAN udkzefwD;
Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f/VLAN qdw k monfBroadcast Domain wpfcjk zpfygw,f/
yHkrSeftm;jzifhqdk&ifawmhBroadcast Domain awGudkRouter awGuyJjyKvkyfEdkifwmjzpfygw,f/
odkYaomfuRefawmfwdkYuVLAN udkzefwD;vdkufr,fqdk&ifawmhVLAN zefwD;vdkufwJhSwitch
onfBroadcast Domain jzpfomG ;rSmjzpfygw,f/aemufjy;D VLAN tvkyfvkyfwmonfVLAN
ID Number awGetvk YJ yv f yk w f mjzpfygw,f/
Cisco uxkwfwJhLayer 2, Layer 3 Switch awGrSm½SdwPort Jh ?'grrS [kwfInterface awG
tm;vH;k [mqd&k ifVLAN ID Number 1 xJrmS ½Syd gw,f/tJ'gaMumifVLAN h 1 udkNative VLAN
vdv Yk nf; ac:ygw,f/
VLAN udzef k w;D r,fq&kd ifVLAN ID Number awGudk1 to 4096 xdzefw;D vd&Yk rSmjzpf
ygw,f/uRefawmfwdkYawG[mVLAN awGwpfcek w YJ pfccsk wd qf ufr,fq&kd ifvnf;VLAN ID
Number awGwlnr Do
S mcsw
d q f ufEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f/
Oyrmtm;jzifah jym&&ifSwtich A rSmVLAN 10 qdkNyD;zefwD;xm;w,f/Switch B rSmvnf;
VLAN 10 udzef k w;D xm;w,f/tJ'v D q kd &kd ifVLAN ID Number awGwlnDwJhtwGufaMumifh
csw d q f ufEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f/tu,fíSwitch A rSmVLAN 10 zefwD;xm;jyD;Swtich B rSmVLAN
Product of YOUTH
- 161 -
20 udkzefwD;vdkufr,fqdk&ifawmhtJ'VLAN D 10 eJVLAN
Y 20 [mVLAN ID Number rwl
nDwt
hJ wGuaf Mumifcsh w
d q
f ufv&Ykd rSmr[kwaf wmhygb;l /'gaMumifuR
h eaf wmfwaYkd wG[m'Dvrkd sKd ;uGjJ ym;wJh
VLAN awGuzef kd w;D vdu
k jf cif;jzifhNetwork Segment awGucGkd jJ cm;vd&Yk oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwdYkawG[mb,fvdktajctaersdK;rSmtoHk;jyKzdkYvdktyfvmrSmvJqdk&if-
(1) rdrd&JULAN rSmDevice (200)ausmfausmfavmuf½SdaejyDqdk&ifawmhVLAN udktoHk;jyKzdkY

vdtk yfvmygr,f/
(2) rdrd&JULAN xJrSmBroadcast Traffic awGrsm;vmwJtcs

h ed q
f &kd ifVLAN udktoHk;jyKzdkY
vdtk yfygr,f/
rSwcf su/f /Broadcast Domain awGt&rf;rsm;vm&ifConnection uaES;oGm;yg
vdrrhf ,f/
(3) tzGUJ tpnf;wpfcck si;f pDtwGuydf jk y;D Security &Szd &Ykd efvdt
k yfvmjyq
D &kd ifvnf;VLAN udk
toH;k jyKzv
Ykd t
kd yfygvrd rhf ,f/
(4) Physical Switch wpfckrSmrsm;jym;wJhVirtual Switch awGudktrsm;MuD;zefwD;csifw,fqdk

&ifawmhVLAN udktoHk;jyKzdkYvdktyfvmygvdrfhr,f/
8.2 VLAN udk toH;k jyKjcif;jzifh &½Srd ,fh tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;
(1) Increased Performance - Performance awGjrifhrm;vmr,f/
(2) Improved Manageability - xdef;csKyfrI pGrf;&nf wdk;wufvmr,f/
(3) Network Tunning and Simplification of Software Configurations

aemufNyD;awmhSoftware Configure jyKvkyf&wmawGvnf;vG,ful&dk;&Sif;apygw,f/

- 162 -
(4) Physical Topology Independance - oD;oefPhysical
Y Topology awGudkvnf;
jyKvyk Ef ikd rf ,f/
(5) Increased Security Options - vkHNcHKa&;pepfvnf; ydkNyD;jrifhrm;vmygvdrfhr,f/
8.3 VLAN trsKd ;tpm;rsm;
VLAN rSmtrsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh(2)rsdK;owfrSwfxm;ygw,f/
(1) Cell-based VLAN ESihf

(2) Frame-based VLAN wdjYk zpfygw,f/
udkawmhATM Switched Network awGrSmtoHk;jyKygw,f/Frame-

Cell-based VLAN
based VLAN uawmhEthernet Network rSmtoHk;jyKygw,f/
8.4 Cisco Swtitch Series
Cisco uaexkwfvkyfcJhwCisco
Jh Switch Series rsm;udkazmfjyay;yghr,f/Cisco uae
xkwv
f yk cf w
hJ Cisco
hJ Switch Series awGuawmh-
- 1900 Series,
- 2820 Series,
- 2900 Series,
- 4000 Series,
- 5000 Series,
- 6000 Series,
- 6500 Series,
- 8500 Series ponfwjYkd zpfygw,f/
Cisco uxkwfwJhSwitch awGudkCatalyst Switch vdv Yk nf;ac:Muygw,f/Cisco Cata-

lyst Switch rSmtrsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh(2)rsdK;&SdrSmjzpfygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 163 -
tJ'gawGuawmhFixed Switch ESiModular
hf Switch yJjzpfygw,f/Fixed Switch qd&
k ifawmh
Port awG[mOne or Two Row yg½r dS mS jzpfjy;D Port ta&twGufuawmh12 Port uae80 Port
txd ½Srd mS jzpfygw,f/
odkYaomfuRefawmfwdkYodxm;&rSmuFixed Switch rSm&SdwPort Jh awG[mtaowyfqifxm;
wmjzpfwJhtwGufaMumifhPort awGudkajymif;vJvdkYawmhr&ygbl;/Modular Switch qd&k ifawmh
Switch rSmwyfqifxm;wJhPort awGudkajymif;vJwyfqifjyD;toHk;jyKEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/odkYaomfModular
Card awGudkawmhxyfrH0,f,lNyD;toHk;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/
uReaf wmftckCisco uxkwfwJhFixed Catalyst Switch Series awGxJuvlodtrsm;qHk;
Model tcsdKUudkazmfjyay;yghr,f/
- WS-C2950,
- WS-C2960,
- WS-C3550,
- WS-C3560 ESihf
-WS-C3750 Series wddkY[mqdk&ifvlodtrsm;qHk;Series awGyjJ zpfygw,f/
tJ'Switch
D Series xJrSm½SdwPort
Jh awG[mqd7k if10/100/1000 Mbps Ports awGvnf;
½Syd gw,f/tcsKd UPort awG[mqk&d ifPoE (Power over Ethernet) udkvnf;Support vkyaf y;Edik yf gw,f/
a,bk,stm;jzifazmf h jy&&ifawmhWS-C2950 ESiWS-C2960
hf Series wdkY[m10/100
Mbps PortsawGyjJ zpfygw,f/WS-C3550 ESiWS-C3560hf wk[
Yd mqd&k ifFull Gigabit &½Sw d Port
hJ
awGjzpfjyD;PoE (Power Over Ethernet) udkvnf;Support vkyaf y;Edik yf gw,f/
Cisco uxkwfwJhModular Catalyst Switch Series awGudkazmfjy&r,fqdk&ifawmh-

- Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series,
- Cisco Catalyst 5500 Series ESihf
- Cisco Catalyst 5000 Series ponfw[
Ykd mModular Catalyst Switch awGyjJ zpfygw,f/
Modular Catalyst Switch rSm½SdwJhPort awG[mqd&k if10 Gigabit Ethernet xdudkSup-

port vkyE
f ikd Mf uygw,f/Cisco &JUNetwork Hierarchical Model t&Munfrh ,fq&kd ifAccess Layer
rSmawmh -
- 164 -
- 1900 Series,
- 2820 Series,
wkdYutvkyfvkyfygw,f/
- 2900 Series
Distribution Layer rSmawmh4000 Series, 5000 Series, 6000 Series wdkYutvkyf
vkyyf gw,f/Core Layer rSmawmh6500 Series ESi8500
hf Series wdkYutvkyfvkyfygw,f/
8.5 Cisco Switch &J U IOS udk Configure vkyyf k H
tckuRefawmfqufvufNyD;azmfjyay;rSmuawmhCisco Switch xJrSmyg½SdwJhIOS udkb,fvdk

Configure vkyf&r,fqdkwmudkazmfjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/
uRefawmftckazmfjyay;r,fCisco
h Switch uawmhCatalyst 2900 Series udkazmfjyay;rSm
jzpfygw,f/'Dawmhol&UJ Command toHk;jyKyHktcsdKUudkavhvmMunfh&atmif..../
switch>
¤if;onfUser exec Mode jzpfygw,f/
Switch>enable
Swtich#
Privileged exec Mode xJo0Ykd ifwCommand

hJ jzpfygw,f/
Switch#?
Help Command jzpfygw,f/¤if;" ? " Sign Command jzifhrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkU&r,fComma-

h
nd awGuMkd unf½h EI ikd yf gw,f/
Switch(config)#
Global Configuration Mode xJoUkd 0ifwhCommand

J jzpfygw,f/
Switch(config)#hostname SwitchA
Product of YOUTH
- 165 -
SwitchA(config)#
Switch udkHostname owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/

SwitchA(config)#enable secret cisco
SwitchA(config)#
rdrdSwitch &JUIOS Configuration udkPassword ay;wmjzpfygw,f/
SwitchA(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1
SwitchA(config)#
Switch &JUInterface Fastethernet 0/1 xJo0if

Ykd wmjzpfygw,f/
SwitchA(config-if)#exit
SwitchA(config)#
rdrda&muf½SdaewJhMode xJuaejyefxu
G w
f mjzpfygw,f/
SwitchA(config)#exit
SwitchA#show running-config
rdrdjyKjyifxm;wJhConfiguration Setting awGuMkd unf&h wmjzpfygw,f/
SwitchA#copy running-config startup-config

SwitchA#
RAM ay:rSm½SdaewJhrdrdjyKjyifxm;wJhConfiguration Setting awGudkNVRAM ay:odkU

Copy ul;xnfw
h mjzpfygw,f/
Cisco &JUCatalyst Switch awG&JUtoHk;jyKyHkConfiguration Command awGudkem;vnf

avmufNyDvdkUxifygw,f/'DawmhuRefawmfwdkYawGatmufygLAB av;udkvkyfMu&atmif/

- 166 -
yHk 8.1
yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwdkif;uRefawmfwdkUawG[mCisco Catalyst Switch rSmComputer (3)vkHk;udk

csw
d x
f m;ygw,f/PC1, PC2, PC3 wpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk;udkPing Munhyf g/Network rdaeygvrd rhf ,f/
aumif;jy.D ..'gq&kd ifCisco Catalyst Swtich udConfigure
k 0ifvyk Mf unf&h atmif/
yHk 8.2(u)
Product of YOUTH
- 167 -
yHk 8.2 (c)
Catalyst Switch Configure vkyy

f kH
- 168 -
yHk 8.2 (*)
Catalyst Switch Configure vkyyf kH
Switch(config)#hostname switchA
SwitchA(config)#enable secert cisco
SwitchA(config)#description connetion to PC1

SwitchA(config-if)#description connetion PC2

SwitchA(config-if)#description connetion PC3
Product of YOUTH
- 169 -
SwitchA(config)#line console 0
SwitchA(config-line)#password cisco
SwitchA(config-line)#login
SwitchA(config-line)#exit
SwitchA#copy running config startup config

SwitchA#show startup config
8.6 Switch wGif VLAN cGyJ kH
yHk 8.3
Switch>enable
SwitchA#vlan database

- 170 -
SwitchA(vlan)#vlan 10 name MyVlan10
VLAN 10 added:
name: MyVLAN10
SwitchA(vlan)#vlan 20 name MyVlan20
VLAN 20 added:
name:MyVlan20
SwitchA(vlan)#exit
Apply completed.
Exiting.....
SwitchA#configure terminal
SwitchA(config-if)#switchport mode access
SwitchA(config-if)#switchport access vlan10



SwitchA#copy running-config startup-config

SwitchA#show vlan breif
Switch>enable
Switch#vlan database
Switch(vlan)#
Product of YOUTH
- 171 -
txufygCommand onfVLAN Database udkzefwD;r,fCommand
h jzpfygw,f/
Switch(vlan)#vlan 10 name MyVlAN10

Switch(vlan)#vlan 20 name MyVLAN20
Switch(vlan)#exit
txufygCommand uawmh vlan10ESihf vlan20 udzk efw;D wmjzpfygw,f/
Example Switch(vlan)#vlan [ID] name [VLANname]
Switch(config)#
txufygCommand uawmhGlobal Configuratoin Mode odo

Yk mG ;wmjzpfygw,f/
txufyg Command uawmhSwitch udkSwitchA qdkwHostname

Jh owfrw
S af y;jcif;
ESihf SwitchAudkPassword ay;wmjzpfygw,f/

SwitchA(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
txufygCommand uawmhInterface Fastethernet 0/1 udVLAN

k ID 10
vdkYowfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/ Vlan owfrSwfay;wJCommand
h uawmhswitchport
mode access ESiswitchport
hf access vlan ID jzpfygw,f/
Example Switch(config-if) #switchport mode access

Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlanID


- 172 -
txufygCommand uawmhfastethernet 0/2 udkVLAN ID 10 owfrSwfay;wmjzpfygw,f/
txufygCommand uawmhInterface fastethernet 0/3 udkVLAN 20 vdkU owfrSwf

ay;wm jzpfygw,f/

txufygCommand uawmhInterface fastethernet 0/4 udkVLAN ID 20 vdkYowfrSwfay;

wm jzpfygw,f/
SwitchA#show running config
SwitchA#copy running config stratup config
SwitchA#show vlan brief
txufygCommand uawmhrdrdwnfaqmufcJhwJhVLAN xJrSm½SdwJhInterface

awGudkMunfhwJhCommand jzpfygw,f/
8.7 Trunk qdw

k mbmvJ
uRefawmf½Sif;jyay;r,fhtaMumif;av;uTrunk udk½Sif;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/Trunk qdkwm

Point-to-Point Link jzpfygw,f/tJ'DTrunk Link onfSwitch to Switch ?'grr S [kwSwitch
f ESihf
Router udkcsdwfquf&mMum;xJrSmTraffic awGudkTransmit ESiReceive
hf vkyaf y;wmjzpfygw,f/
Trunk Link onfwpfcx k ufywkd hJVLAN Traffic awGudkNetwork wpfavQmufrSm
Product of YOUTH
- 173 -
o,fomG ; ay; Edik yf gw,f/
'gaMumifhuRefawmfwdkUawG&JUNetwork xJrSmwpfckxufydkwJhVLAN awG[mtcsi;f csi;f csw d f
qufawmhr,fq&kd ifTrunk Link ay:rSmcsdwfqufrSomVLAN awGucskd w d q
f ufEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f/
aumif;jy.D ..'gq&kd ifTrunk Link udktoHk;jyKjyD;VLAN awGudkb,fvdkcsdwfqufNyD;vkyf&
r,fqdkwmudk azmfjyay;yghr,f/
8.8 VLAN with Trunk
yHk 8.4
Switch A Switch B
SwitchA Configure vkyyf kH
Switch>enable
Switch(vlan)#vlan 10 name MyVlan10
Switch(vlan)#exit

- 174 -
Switch(config)hostname switchA
SwitchA(config)enable secret cisco
SwitchA(config)#switchport mode trunk
SwitchA#show running-config
SwitchA#show startup-config
SwitchA#copy running-config stratup-config
SwitchA#show vlan brief
Product of YOUTH
- 175 -
SwitchB Configure vkyyf kH
Switch>enable
Switch(vlan )#valn 20 name MyVlan20
Switch(vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#hostname switchB
SwitchB(config)#enable secret cisco
SwitchB(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1
SwitchB(config-if)#switchport mode access
SwitchB(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
SwitchB(config-if)#exit
SwitchB(config-if)#switchport mode access
SwitchB(config-if)#switchport access vlan20

- 176 -
SwitchB(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SwitchB(config)#exit
SwitchB#copy running-config startup-config
SwitchB#show vlan 10
SwitchB#show vlan 20
SwitchB#show vlan brief
Product of YOUTH
- 177 -
P r o d u c t o f Y O U T H
C o m p l e t e N e t w o r k G u i d e
C C N A, M C S E, M C S A, M C T S

- 178 -
9.1 Security ESih f Access-List wd\
U k tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
wpfaeYrSmawmh oifu urÇmYtqifhrDS EdkifiHwumeJY qufoG,fvkyfudkif&wJh vkyfief;½SifBuD;

wpfa,muf jzpfvmNyDqdkygpdkY/ oifh&JU ukrÜPDeJY taotvJ,SOfNydKifwdkufcdkufaewJh wpfjcm;ukrÜPDawG
vnf;½Sw d ,f/ 'DMum;xJurS oifv h yk if ef;atmifjrifzYkd BuKd ;pm;ae&w,f/ 'gqk&d if oihu f rk P
Ü tD wGuf
ta&;tBuD;qHk;u bmjzpfr,fxifovJ/ vHkNcHKa&;yJaygh/ vHkNcHKa&;qdkwJhae&mrSm ukrÜPDxJudk0ifNyD;
ypönf;cdk;cH&wmudkajymwmr[kwfbl;aemf/oifhukrÜPD&JUtoufjzpfaewJData h awG?Information
awG? wu,fh xdyw f ef;vsKd U0u S cf suaf wG . . . tJ'gawG ckd;,lc&H wmvnf; ygygw,f/ tJ'gurS ypön;f
tcd;k cH&wmxuf tyHBk u;D ydq k ;kd ao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh oifom ukrP Ü yD ikd ½f iS q
f &kd if oifvh ufatmufu
IT Department bufuvlawGudkukrÜPD&JUSecurity aumif;atmifvkyfay;zdkYyJtaotvJajymawmh
rSmayg/h
oifuolaX;r[kwfbJtJ'DvdkukrÜPDrsdK;&JUIT bufrSmSystem Administrator eJ0if Y vyk f
ae&wJvl h q&kd ifSecurity aumif;atmifvkyfzdkYuoifhvufxJa&mufvmNyD/'gqdk&ifawmhCisco
Router awGudkoHk;NyD;Security ydkaumif;atmifb,fvdkvkyfMurvJ/
[kwwf ,fAs...oifwrYkd odao;vdyYk g/'Dvrkd sKd ;Security udkaumif;atmifvkyfzdkYqdk&if
Cisco xJrSmt&rf;toHk;0ifwJhenf;vrf;awGtrsm;BuD;½Sdygw,f/'DChapter xJrSmawmhusL;ausmf
vmwJhHacker awGudkCisco Router awG&,f?IOS Firewall awG&,fudkoHk;NyD;oifhtwGufa&m?
oifNetwork
h twGufygb,fvkdumuG,f&r,fqdkwmaocsmajymjyay;oGm;rSmyg/NyD;awmhoifu
Main Office rSmr½SdbJta0;a&mufaewJhtcsdefrSmMain Office &JUNetwork xJudkvHkNcHKpdwfcs&wJh
Connection wpfcb,f k vv kd yk &f rvJqdw k mvnf;ajymjyygO;D r,f/
Cisco eJSecurity
Y ydkif;vkyfr,fqdk&ifawmhACL qdkwAccess Jh Control List uvnf;
ta&;Bu;D w,fAs/'gaMumifSimple(Basic)
h ACL wd?Yk Advance ACL wdkYudkoHk;NyD;b,fvdkvkyf&
rvJqdkwmvJ'DrSmajymjyrSmyg/Access List udkolYae&meJYolaumif;aumif;rGefrGefoHk;EdkifzdkYqdkwmu
Router Configuration tydkif;rSmodyfudkta&;BuD;wJhu@jzpfygw,f/oifoHk;wwf&ifoHk;wwfovdk
ukd,Network
hf xJrSmoGm;aewJTraffic h awGuxd
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Product of YOUTH
- 179 -
'gaMumifACL
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- 180 -
Cisco xJuPerimeter Router uvnf;'Doabmw&m;ygyJ/txJrSm½SdwInternal
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work qDudkTraffic awGra&mufatmifwm;qD;ay;ygw,f/oluFirewall Router awGev YJ nf;
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Product of YOUTH
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awGe0ifYJ vmwJTraffic
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- 182 -
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Product of YOUTH
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av;jzpfygw,f/
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- 184 -
8/ Denial of Service (DOS) Detection and Prevention
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Product of YOUTH
- 185 -
2/ Network Address Translation (NAT)
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Munf&h atmifAsm . . . /

- 186 -
9.2 Access Lists rsm;taMumif;
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Product of YOUTH
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(2) 'Dvdkwpfvdkif;NyD;wpfvdkif;wdkufoGm;wmoleJYudkufnDwJhvdkif;udkawGYNyDqdkwmeJYtJ'DLine rSm
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- 188 -
1/ Inbound Traffic
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Product of YOUTH
- 189 -
'Davmufq&kd ifInbound Traffic eJOutbound
Y Traffic udk½Sif;avmufygNyD/wu,fvdkY'DrSm
Router C qdwk mxyf½rdS ,fq&kd ifvnf;yH9.3(*)vk
k yHd pk rH sKd ;jzpfvmrSmyg/
yHk 9.3 (*)
Inbound eJOutbound
Y udktck½Sif;NyD;oGm;NyDqdkawmhInbound Access List eJOutbound
Y
Access List awGudkquf½Sif;Mu&atmif/
1/ Inbound Access List
wu,fvInterface
dkY wpfc&k UJ Inbound Packet awGtwGufyJAccess List aqmufxm;
w,fq&kd if0ifvmwJhPacket awG[mOutbound Interface uaerxGufcifrSmAccess List eJY
wdu
k pf pf&ygw,f/Access List eJYrudkufnDwPacket
Jh awGudkawmhRoute rvkyfay;awmhygbl;/
Routing Process prvkyc f ifuudtJ
k 'Packet
D awGudkz,fxkwfypfvdkufygw,f/
2/ Outbound Access List
Interface &JUOutbound Packet twGufyJowfrSwfcJhw,fqdk&ifawmhvmorQPacket

awGudkt0ifrSmrppfaq;bJOutbound Interface qDudkvTwfvdkufw,f/NyD;awmhrStjyifbufudk
Route rvkyfay;cifrSmwdkufppfay;ygw,f/
Access List taMumif;'DrSmwifNyD;NyDxifaeovm; . . . /rNyD;ao;bl;As/olYtaMumif;u
½Si;f &rSm enf;enf;½Snaf wmh pdwaf wmh ½Sn½f n
S x
f m;rS &r,faemf/ uJ . . . jyefqufMu&atmif/
Router wpfca k y:rmS Acces List awGaqmufawmhr,fq&kd ifvdu k ef moifw
h vrf
hJ ;nTecf suf
av;awG ½Sad o;w,f/

- 190 -
9.2.3 Access List aqmuf&mwGif vdu
k ef moifah om tcsurf sm;
(1) Interface wpfckrSmowfrSwfxm;wJProtocol

h wpfc&k UJ Direction wpfcak y:rmS Access
List wpfco k maqmuf&ygw,f/½Si;f ½Si;f ajym&&ifawmhAsm..IP Access List awGudk
zefw;D wJt
h cgInterface wpfct k wGuq f kdInbound Access List wpfcpk eD UJ Outbound
Access List wpfcp ko
D m½S&d ygr,fvajYkd ymcsiyf gw,f/
(2) odyfta&;BuD;wJhCondition awGygwAccess

Jh List udkxdyfqHk;rSm½Sdaeatmifpkpnf;ay;xm;
&ygw,f/
(3) Access List xJudkaemufxyfEntry topfwpfcxyf k xnfrh ,fq&kd if½SNd y;D om;Access
List &JUatmufqHk;uaeyJxyfxnfhay;&ygr,f/Access List xyfxnfz ht Ykd wGufText
Editor qdkwSoftware
Jh udo
k ;kH ygvtB
Ykd uaH y;csiyf gw,f/
(4) Access List xJuwpfckckudkzsufcsifw,fqdk&ifolUwpfaMumif;wnf;udkyJuGufzsufypfvdkY

r&ygbl;/'Dvdkzsufypfvdkufwm[mAccess List wpfckvHk;udkzsufvdkufwmeJYwlwlygyJ/
'gaMumifh List udwpf
k cck v
k yk cf siw
f ,fq
f &kd ifText Editor xJudkt&ifqHk;xnfhNyD;awmhrS
jyKjyifwmydkaumif;ygw,f/'gayr,fNamedh Access List xJrSmawmh'Dvkdvkyfp&mrvdkygbl;/
wpfaMumif;csi;f zsuyf pfv&Ykd ygw,f/
(5) uJ..oifupOf;pm;r,f/Access List awGwpfckcsif;pDoGm;vkyf&wmMumw,fuGm/trsm;BuD;

wpfcgwnf;aqmufNyD;Interface ay:rSmApply oGm;vkyfr,f/&rvm;/vH;k 0r&ygb;l As/
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmhInterface wpfcak y:rmS tenf;qH;k Access List wpfc½k &dS ygw,f/
bmrSr½SdwJInterface
h ay:udkAccess List awGtrsm;BuD;wjydKifwnf;Apply oGm;vkyfvnf;
Trafffic awGudkFilter vkyfray;Edkifygbl;/
(6) Access List&JUtqHk;rSm permit any vdx

Yk nfah y;&ygr,f/'gro
S mCondition eJYudkufnDwJh
Access List awGtm;vHk;udkPass ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/rudkufnDwJh[mqdk&ifawmhwHcg;ydwf
Product of YOUTH
- 191 -
..*sw
d yf gy/J List wdik f;rSmtenf;qH;k permit qdkwJhCommand av;wpfcak wmhyg&ygr,f/
r[kw&f ifvn;fTraffic awGtukev f ;kH ydwyf pfvtql
Ykd c&H csn&f UJ /
(7) Access List awGuRouter ay:udkjzwfvmwJhTraffic awGudkyJFilter vkyfay;ygw,f/

'gah MumifRouter
h uvmwmr[kwfwJhTraffic awGudkawmhFilter rvkyfay;ygbl;/
(8) IP Standard Access List udkwwfEdkiforQDistination bufrSmyJxm;ay;&ygw,f/ACL

awGuSource Address ay:udkyJtajccHNyD;Filter vkyaf wmhoifomSource eJeDY ;eD;
uyfuyfrSmoGm;xm;vdkufr,fqdk&ifb,fTraffic udkrSForward vkyfray;Edkifawmhygbl;/
'gah Mumifv
h nf;Network trsm;pkrSmStandard Access List udkroHk;wmyg/
(9) IP Extended Access List usawmhajymif;jyefygyJ/olUudkusawmhSource eJYeD;eD;rSmxm;ay;

&ygw,f/'gah MumifTraffic
h awGuNetwork xJrmS wifvnfaeNy;D Deny jzpfoGm;wmrsdK;
vnf;rjzpfawmhygbl;/tzdk;wefBandwidth av;udktukefoufomapygw,f/
9.2.4 ACL aMumifah vsmu

h somG ;Edik af om Security Threats rsm;
ACL aMumif'Dh vSecurity
kd Threats awGuavs
kd mch say;Edik yf gw,f/
(1) IP Address Spoofing, Inbound.
(2) IP Address Spoofing, Outbound.
(3) Denial of Service (DoS) TCP SYN Attacks , Blocking External Attacks
(4) DoS TCP SYN Attacks , Using TCP Intercept
(5) DoS Smurf Attacks
(6) Filtering ICMP Messages, Inbound
(7) Filtering ICMP Messages, Outbound
(8) Filtering Traceroute

- 192 -
9.2.5 ACL udo
k ;kH r,fq&kd if 'gawGukd rjzpfrae vkyaf y;zdv
Yk ykd gw,f
tckajymr,fhtcsufawGuACL twGufvdktyfwJhrjzpfraevkyfay;&r,fhRules awG

jzpfygw,f/
(1) Internal Network uvmwJrnf

h o h nfAddress
h udkrqdkDeny ay;yg/
(2) (127.0.0.0/8) eJv Y mwJrnf
h onflocal
h Host Address udkrqdDeny
k vkyyf g/
(3) Private Addresses tjzpfowfrSwfxm;wJhAddresses awGudktukefDeny ay;yg/
(4) IP Multicast Address Range (224.0.0.0/4) eJYvmwJhAddresses awGudkvnf;Deny
vkyyf pfyg/
tdak u...tckACL awGtaMumif;ajymzdtppt&mt&mtqif
Yk oifjh zpfaeygNy/D Access
List trsdK;tpm;(2)rsdK;½Sdygw,f/
(1) Basic Access List

(2) Advanced Access List
9.3 Basic Access List rsm;taMumif;
uJ'DwpfcgBasic Access List rsm;taMumif;udk½Sif;jyygOD;r,f/

Basic Access List rSm(2)ydik ;f jyefcyJG gw,f/
(1) Standard Access List eJY
(2) Extended Access List wdjYk zpfygw,f/
9.3.1 Standard Access List
Standard Access List awGuPacket wpfcx

k rJ Sm½Sw
d Source
hJ IP Address awGudkMunfhNyD;
Network Traffic awGudkFilter vkyfay;ygw,f/Protocol BuD;wpfckvHk;udkDeny, Permit ay;ygw,f/
odaYk omf0ifvmwJTraffic
h awGuWeb Traffic vm;?Telnet vm;UDP vm;ponfjzifhTraffic
&JUtrsdK;tpm;udkawmhrcGJay;ygbl;/'gaMumifStandard
h uodyu
f ½kd ;kd ½Si;f ygw,f/'DACL udRou
k
Product of YOUTH
- 193 -
-teray:rSmCreate vkyfawmhr,fqdk&ifawmhCommand &JUtaemufrSm1 to 99 Mum;(odkYr[kwf)
1300 to 1999 Mum;uNumber wpfcu k xnf
kd ah y;zdv
Yk t
kd yfygw,f/
bmaMumifh'DNumber awGxnf&h ygovJ/Router awGuACL trsdK;tpm;awGudkNum-
ber awGeJYcGJNyD;rSwfxm;ay;wmyg/b,fNumber uaeb,f Number Mum;qdkb,fACL ? b,f
Number uaeb,f Number Mum;qdkb,fACL oH;k xm;w,fponfjzifcG h jJ cm;Edik wf myg/'gaMumifh
Standard Access List udkaqmufzdkYtwGufoleJYoufqdkifwNumber Jh awGay;&ygw,f/
Router BuD;u1 to 99 Mum;(odkYr[kwf)1300 to 1999 Mum;uNumber udkawGUvdkufwmeJY'g[m
Standard Access List udkoHk;xm;wmyJqdkNyD;odoGm;wJhtcgSource Address awGudkyJ½SmNyD;
tvkyqf ufvyk o f mG ;ygw,f/
uJ..Create vkyfzdkYtwGufPacket Tracer xJuConfiguration Mode xJut&if kd 0ifvu kd yf g/
Router(config)#access-list ?
<1-99> IP standard access list
<100-199> IP extended access list
<1100-1199> Extended 48-bit MAC address access list
<1300-1999> IP standard access list (expanded range)
<200-299> Protocol type-code access list
<2000-2699> IP extended access list (expanded range)
<700-799> 48-bit MAC address access
compiled Enable IP access-list compilation
dynamic-extended Extend the dynamic ACL absolute timer
rate-limit Simple rate-limit specific access list
'Dv½kkd u
d v
f u
kd w f thJ cg" access-list " qdkwJhCommand aemufuxnfzh Access
Ykd List
Number awmif;wmudkawGU&ygvdrfhr,f/
1 to 99 qd& k ifStandard Access List
100 to 199 qd& k ifExtended Access List ponfjzifawG
h U&rSmyg/
'Dae&mrSmudk,fBudKufwJhAccess List Number uday;Ed k kifygw,f/' 4 ' vdkUay;Mu&atmif/
Router(config)#access-list 4 ?
deny Specify packets to reject
permit Specify packets to forward
remark Access list entry comment

- 194 -
oifowfrw S af y;csiw
f Address
hJ udkPermit vkyfrvm;?Deny vkyfrvm;owfrSwfay;
&ygr,f/'DrmS awmhDeny t&ifvyk yf g/
Router(config)#access-list 4 deny ?
Hostname or A.B.C.D Address to match
any Any source host
host A sigle host address
tif;..'Dtqifu
h a&muf
kd Nyq
D &kd ifawmh½Si;f jyp&menf;enf;awmh½Sv
d mNyAD s/Deny, Permit
ay;wmu 'Dtwdkif;a&;vdkuf½HkeJY rNyD;bl;/ b,folUudk ay;csifwmvJqdkwm owfrSwfay;&ygOD;r,f/
Hostname (or) A . B . C . D : olUu½Skd i;f jy&r,fq&kd if-'Dae&mrSmIP Address (odrYk [kw)f

Network Address udxnf k Eh ikd yf gw,f/'gq&kd ifowfrw S cf &H wJHost
h wpfc(od
k rYk [kw)f Network
BuD;wpfckvHk;udk oufa&mufaprSmyg/
Any : oluusawmhrnfonfHost
h ?rnfonfNetwork
h udkrqdkoufa&mufapygw,f/
host :oluawmhHost wpfcw k nf;udyk ydJ wcf siw

f t
hJ cg'DrmS xnfah y;Edik yf gw,f/erlemtaeESihHost
f
wpfcw
k nf;udyk yJ w
d jf yygr,f/
Router(config)#access-list 4 deny Host ?

Hostname or A.B.C.D Host address
awGUMu&JUvm;/IP Address awmif;aeygNy/D
Router(config)#access-list 4 deny host 192.168.10.2
'DCommand aMumifh192.168.4.2 IP ½Sw

d Host
hJ wpfckwnf;udkyJydwfypf&r,fqdkwm
Router BuD;uodoGm;ygNyD/
'DCommand eJYwlnDwJhaemufxyfCommand wpfcvk nf;½Sad o;w,f/
Router(config)#access-list 4 deny host 192.168.10.2 0.0.0.255

Product of YOUTH
- 195 -
'gqkdaemufuxyfxnfhvdkufw"Jh 0.0.0.255 " ubmBuD;vJ/aeygOD;/ravmygeJY/uRef
awmfajymjyay;rSmyg/olUudkWildcard Mask vdaYk c:ygw,f/olUrmS uwGu&f csu&f wmav;enf;
enf;ygr,f/Wildcard taMumif;rajymcifStandard Access List owfrSwfwJhCommand av;udk
jyefajymMunf&h atmif/
Router(config)#access-list 4 deny host 192.168.10.2
9.3.2 Wildcard Mask
Access List xJuHost wpfcck si;f pD?Network wpfcck si;f pD(od)Yk Network trsm;BuD;udk
deny / permit ay;wJhtcgolu Y ykd gwoJG ;kH avho;kH x½Sw d ,f/Wildcard udoif k em;vnfatmif½Si;f jyzdq
Yk &kd if
Blocksize udt&if k em;vnfr&S r,fAs/Variable Length Subnet Mask awGrSmNetwork awGcJG
xkww f t hJ cgBlock Size t&cGx J w k o f mG ;wmyg/wenf;tm;jzifhNetwork wpfct k wGi;f rSm½SEd ikd w
f hJ
Host ta&twGuq f v
kd nf;[kwyf gw,f/wu,fvVariable Ykd Length Subnetting taMumif;?IP
Subnetting taMumif;udjk ynhjf ynhp f pkH od
kH csiw
f ,fq&kd ifuReaf wmfwYOUTH Ykd ut&ifwkef;u
xkwcf w hJ Complete
hJ Network Guide pmtkyr f mS pHpk v kH ifvif&Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/tJ'rD mS avhvmMunhf
vdu
k yf g/
Wildcard qdkwmSubnet Mask &JUajymif;jyefygy/J
Oyrm- 192.168.100.1/24 &JUSubnet Mask [m255.255.255.0 aygAh sm/
'gqDecimal
kd udkBinary eJjY y&&if-
Subnet Mask 1111 1111. 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 .0000 0000 255.255.255.0
Wildcard Mask 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 1111 1111 0.0.0.255
(Subnet \ajymif;jyef)
jrifMu&JUvm;rodbl;Subnet Mask &JUBit wpfcck si;f pDu0kd to 1, 1 to 0 ajymif;oGm;wmonf

Wildcard Mask jzpfygw,f/tckVariable Length eJjY yr,f/
Oyrm- 160.30.20.40/20
Subnet Mask = 255.255.240.0
- 196 -
Subnet Mask 1111 1111. 1111 1111 . 1111 0000 . 000 00000 255.255.240.0
Wildcard Mask 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 1111. 1111 1111 0.0.15.255
Wildcard &JUwu G ef nf;tajccHuawmh'gygy/J uReaf wmfq h rD mS tvG,w

f u
G ef nf;wpfcak wmh½dS
w,fAs/tJ'geq YJ 'Dkd vrkd sKd ; Binary 0 to 1, 1 to 0 awGawmifajymif;aep&mrvdkygbl;/vG,forSwu,hfudk
vG,v f ,
G af v;&,fyg/oiftzGit hf ydwv f yk af y;csiw
f Host
hJ &JUSubnet Mask udk255.255.255.255
xJuaeEkwfypfvkdufyg/apmapmuuRefawmfwGufjycJhw192.168.100.1/24 Jh &JUSubnet Mask
255.255.255.0 ud255.255.255
k xJuaeEkwfypfvdkuf&ifbmxGufvmrvJ/EkwfwmawmhEkwfwwf
rSmygaemf/
255.255.255.255
Subnet Mask : - 255.255.255.0
Wildcard Mask : 0 . 0 . 0. 255.
'gapmapmuwGufcJhwWildcard
Jh Mask twdkif;yJr[kwfvm;/
tckwpfacguVariable
f Length udkjyr,f/
Oyrm-160.30.20.40/20
Subnet Mask : 255.255.240.0
255.255.255.255
Subnet Mask : - 255.255.240.0
Wildcard Mask : 0 . 0 . 15 .255
'gah Mumifapmapmuj
h ycJw
h Standard
hJ Access List &JUOyrmxJuHost Address
192.168.10.2 &JUWildcard Mask 0.0.0.255 jzpfcw
hJ mygy/J
9.3.3 Block Size, Wildcard wdeYk YJ ywfoufírSwpf &mrsm;
(1) Network awGucGkd x

J w
k w
f t
hJ cgBlock Size &JUqwdk;udef;tvdkuf(odkY)0 tjzpfeUJ omcG&J
ygr,f/Oyrm-udk,f&xm;wmuBlock Size 8 ?odaYk omfNetwork udk12 uaepcGirhf ½Syd gb;l /oif
Product of YOUTH
- 197 -
cGx
J w
k cf si&f if0 to 7, 8 to 15, 16 to 23 pwmawGeyYJ cGJ v J &Ykd ygr,f/Block Size u32 qd&k ifvnf;0
to 31, 32 to 63, 64 to 95 eJy Y cGJ v
J &Ykd rSmyg/aeOD;...uReaf wmfuBlock Size Block Size eJaY jymae
wmbmrSe;f a&maocsmod&UJ vm;/rod&if'DEquation udo k mMunfhyg/
no.of host bit

Block Size = 2
'gaMumifHost
h Bit (3)ckuse& f ifBlock Size = 8 yg/
Network cGz J tv,f
Ykd uq
l ;kH enf;udajk ym&&ifawmhBlock Size &JUtvDudkomqdkNyD;cGJyg/
Block Size u' 8 ' qd& k if' 8 ' tvDudkomqdkygawmh/
8x0 = 0
} 0 to 7
8x1 = 8
} 8 to 15
8x2 = 16
} 16 to 23
8x3 = 24
} 24 to 31
8x4 = 32
xGufvmwJh0, 8, 16, 24, 32 . . . pwmawGuNetwork Address awGygy/J 'DawmhHost

awGudk0 to 7, 8 to 15 ponfjzifIP
h ay;Edik rf mS yg/
(2) ' Any ' udkoHk;wmuWildcard udk' 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 ' vdkYoHk;vdkufwmeJYtwl
wlygy/J
Oyrm- Router(config)#access-list 7 deny 192.168.10.4 0 . 0 . 0 .3
Router(config)#access-list 7 permit any

(or)
Router(config)#access-list permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

- 198 -
uJStandard Access List udkCreate vkyfwmeJYywfoufNyD;awmhajymp&muawmh'D
avmufygyJ/odkYaomfCreate vkyaf y;½Hek Access
YJ List utvkyfrvkyfbl;vdkYuRefawmfa½SUrSmwkef;u
ajymcJNh yD;om;yg/'gaMumifInterface
h ay:rSmoGm;NyD;awmhApply vkyaf y;rS&ygr,f/'gaMumifhApply
vkyfenf;udk ajymjyay;ygr,f/
9.3.4 Create vkyNf y;D om; Standard Access List udk Interface ay:wiG f
Apply vkyjf cif;/
Interface ay:udkApply vkyw f thJ cgpOf;pm;p&mESpcf ½k ydS gw,fvuR Ykd eaf wmfajymcJzh ;l w,f/
Inbound Traffic eJOutbound
Y Traffic qdkNyD;(2)rsdK;½Sdw,fvdkYajymcJhzl;ygw,f/'D(2)rsdK;&JUu@u
tck'rD mS ygvmygNy/D Router &JUInterface ay:rSmApply vkkyfwmawmh[kwfygNyD/t0ifbuf(Inbou
-nd) Interface rSmvm;?txGufbuf(Outbound) Interface rSmvm;b,frSmxnfh&rSmwkef;/
'Dvadk wGjzpfaerSmpd;k vdYk Oyrm (1)ckeYJ ½Si;f jyoGm;ygrh ,f/ aocsmMunfah y;ygaemf/
'DExample xJrmS qd&k ifukrP Ü Dwpfcx k rJ mS Department wpfcck si;f pDtwGuNetworkf
(3)ckcGx
J m;Ny;D awmhRouter eJjY yefcsw d x
f m;wmyg/
Network Address of Marketing = 192.168.0.4/30

Network Address of Sales = 192.168.0.8/30
Network Address of Finance = 192.168.0.16/30
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.252
tckjzpfcsiw
f muMarketing bufuClient awGuFinance bufudkoGm;NyD;Access
vkyv
f rYkd &atmif ydwcf siw
f myg/
Product of YOUTH
- 199 -
yHk 9.4
[kwyf gjy/D Marketing bufudkydwfzdkYtwGufStandard Access List udkoHk;NyD;vkyfMunfhygr,f/

RouterA#config t
RouterA(config)#access-list 5 deny 192.168.0.4 0.0.0.3

Access List no. ydwfcsifwm ydwcf siw
f Network
hJ Wildcard
aMumifhyg/ jzpfygw,f/'Dae&mrSmMask yg
Marketing &JU
Network Address yg/

- 200 -
RouterA(config)#access-list 5 permit any

zGiahf y;&efyg/ Marketingu
vGJNyD; usefwJh
Department awG
tm;vHk;udk zGifhay;
rSmyg/
'Dae&mrSm' any ' udk" 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 " eJtpm;xd Y ;k &ifvnf;&ygw,f/ uJ

Access List awmhaqmufNyD;NyD/tJ'DAccess List udkInterface rSmApply oGm;vkyfygr,f/uJb,f
Interface udka½G;rvJ/yHkrSmjyefMunfhyg/Marketing uaeFinance bufudkoGm;wJhTraffic aemf/
'gq&kd ifjzpfEikd w f Interface
hJ qdvk YkdE0 eJE1
Y eJyY ½J w dS ,f/'DawmhOutbound Interface vm;?Inbound
Interface vm;?pOf;pm;&atmif/oifu, kd w
f ikd Router
f A vdjYk rifMunfy h gO;D /'gqMarketing
kd buf
uvmwJhTraffic rdkYvdkYE0 onfInbound Interface jzpfr,f/E1 onfFinance bufudkjyefxGufwJh
Interface jzpfvOutbound Ykd Interface jzpfw,f/'gjzifAccessh List udkE0 (Inbound) rSmvkyfrvm;?
E1 (Outbound) rSmvkyfrSmvm;/uJE0 rSmvkyfvdkufNyDyJxm;ygawmh/'gqdk&ifE0 [mInbound jzpf
vdMarketing
kY bufu0ifvmwJhTraffic tm;vHk;udkydwfvdkufawmh/Marketing [molAccess
vkycf iG rhf ½Sw
d Finance
hJ wifruygbl;/rlvAccess vkycf iG &hf xm;wJSales h udkygNo Access jzpf
oGm;ygw,f/rvdktyfwmawGudkygavQmufydwfukefygNyD/'gaMumifE0 h (Inbound) udy,f k ygw,f/
aemufwpfc.k ..E1 (Outbound) . . . / E1 rSmRouter &JUtxGufayguOutbound f Interface udk
ydwv f u kd rf ,fq&kd if'DwpfcgawmhaocsmoGm;ygNy/D Financewpfcw k nf;udyk 0if J ciG yhf w d o f mG ;rSmjzpfygw,f/
'gqE1 kd rSmyJApply vkyMf uygp/Ykd t&ifq;kH E1 Interface ud0if k ygr,f/
RouterA(config)# int e1
RouterA(config-if)#ip access-group 5 out

Access List udApply
k aqmufcJhwJh Inbound vm;?
vkyfwCommand
Jh yg/ Access List &JU Outbound vm;
Name yg/ owfrw S wf myg/
'Dae&mrSmawmh
Outbound yg/
Product of YOUTH
- 201 -
'gq&kd ifStandard Access List udktoHk;jyKjcif;NyD;oGm;ygNyD/uJ..oifMunfhvdkufyg/Marke
-ting bufrSm½SdwClient
Jh wpfcu
k aeFinance bufuClient wpfckuping dk vd&Yk ao;vm;/ping
MunfhvdkYawmif r&awmhwmudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/
Example for Standard Access List
yHk 9.5
'DOyrmrSmawmhVariable Length Subnet Mask awGtrsm;BuD;xnfhay;xm;ygw,f/awmf

awmf½yI w
f ,fvaYkd wmhrjrifyge/YJ oifhtwGuftawGBu U HKydk&atmifxnfhay;xm;wmyg/'DrSmuRefawmf
jzpfapcsiwf mutJ'Network
D (4)ckv;kH udkInternet Access ydwcf siw
f myg/
Router#config t
Router(config)#access-list 3 deny 150.20.128.0 0.0.63.255
Router(config)#access-list 3 permit any
Router(config)#access-list serial 1
Router(config)#ip access-group 3 out

- 202 -
Subnet Mask eJWildcard
Y udkb,fvdkxnfhoGm;ovJqdkwmawmhoifudk,fwdkifwGufMunhf
MunhfygOD;/ uRefawmf½Sif;jyNyD;om;qdkawmh tqifajyrSmyg/
9.3.5 Extended Access List

Extended uvnf;Access List awGxrJ mS ta&;tBu;D qH;k wpfct k ygt0ifjzpfygw,f/
Standard Access List rSmwkef;uajymjycJhwJhOyrmyHkav;wpfckudkrSwfrdao;vm;/Marke
-ting Network uFinance Network udkydwfzdkYAccess List aqmufcw hJ ,fav/wu,fvFin Ykd
-ance bufuMarketing BuD;wpfckvHk;udkawmhrydwfcsifbl;/Marketing xJuClient 1 wpfcw k nf;
udkyJping (icmp) vkycf iG ahf y;xm;csiw f ,fqw
kd t
hJ cgrmS Standard Access List u
tqifrajyawmhb;l As/Standard uuRefawmfajymcJhzl;wJhtwdkif;Source Address udkyJMunfhwmav/
wpfjcm;bmudkrSMunfhwmr[kwfbl;As/odkYaomfExtended Access List udkoHk;&ifawmh
tqifajyEdik rf mS yg/olusawmhSource Address, Destination Address awGtjyifProtocol awG?
Port Number awGudkygowfrSwfcGifhay;w,fav/
'gaMumifLAN h wpfckwnf;udkyAccess
J vkycf iG ahf y;csiw
f ,f?Host wpfckwnf;udkyAccJ
-ess ydwcf siwf ,f/odrYk [kwService
f wpfcw k nf;uaeAccess vkycf iG ahf y;csiw f ,fqwkd t
hJ cgrsKkd ;rSm
Extended udoH k ;k ygw,f/
Extended udkCreate vkyfwJhtcgrSmawmhxHk;pHtwdkif;Access List Number xnfa h y;&yg
w,f/'gayr,fStandard
h &JUNumber eJUawmhrwlbl;aygh/uJ..Number b,favmufvJwpfcsuf
avmufShow vdu k rf ,f/
Router(config)#access-list?
<1-99> IP standard access list
<100-199> IP extended access list
<1100-1199> Extended 48-bit MAC address access list
<1300-1999> IP standard access list (expanded range)
<200-299> Protocol type-code access list
<2000-2699> IP extended access list (expanded range)
<700-799> 48-bit MAC address access
compiled Enable IP access-list compilation
dynamic-extended Extend the dyanmic ACL absolute timer
rate-limit Simple rate-limit specific access list
Product of YOUTH
- 203 -
awGUMuvm;rodbl;/Extended twGufNumber u100 to 199 &,faemufNyD;2000 to
2699 twGufyJqdkNyD;a&;xm;ao;w,f/'DawmherlemtaeeJ150
Y vdkYay;vdkufr,fuGm/
Router(config)#access-list 150?
dynamic Specify a DYNAMIC list of PERMITs or DENYs
Deny vm;?Permit vm;jyefa½G;ygr,f/
Router(config)#access-list 150 deny?

<0-255> An IP protocol number
ahp Authentication Header Protocol
eigrp Cisco's EIGRP routing protocol
esp Encapsulation Security Payload
gre Cisco's GRE tunneling
icmp Internet Control Message Protocol
igmp Internet Gateway Message Protocol
ip Any Internet Protocol
ipinip IP in IP tunneling
nos KA9Q NOS compatible IP over IP tunneling
ospf OSPF routing protocol
pcp Payload Compression Protocol
pim Protocol Independent Multicast
tcp Transmission Control Protocol
udp User Datagram Protocol
'DrmS qd&k ifawmhApplication layer Protocol awGudka½G;vdkY&ygw,f/apmapmuajymcJhwJh

icmp Protocol vJ'Dxr J mS ygw,fAs/tckuawmhtcp yJowfrw
S &f atmif/tcp Protocol udkydwfr,faygh/
Router(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp?
A.B.C.D Source address
any Any source host
host A single source host
Source twGufa½G;ay;&ygr,f/

- 204 -
A.B.C.D : Source udkIP Address eJo
Y wfrw
S &f efoH;k ygw,f/
any : rnfonfHost
h uaevmwJhTraffic udkrqdktusHkK;0ifygw,f/
host : Source wpfckwnf;twGufyJowfrSwfay;ygw,f/
tckuawmh' Any ' udka½G;vdkufygNyD/
Router(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp any?

A.B.C.D Destination address
any Any destination host
eq Match only packets on a given port number
gt Match only packets with a greater port number
host A single destination host
lt Match only packets with a lower port number
neq Match only packets not on a given port number
range Match only packets in the range of port numbers
Destination 192.168.10.2 qDurnf

kd onfSource
h urqdkvmwJhTraffic awGudkuRef
awmfyw
d cf siyf gw,f/'gaMumifHost
h wpfcw
k nf;owfrwS af y;&atmif/
Router(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp any host 192.168.10.2 ?

eq Match only packets on a given port number
established established
gt Match only packets with a greater port number
lt Match only packets with a lower port number
neq Match only packets not on a given port number
range Match only packets in the range of port numbers
<cr>
'DVariables awGxJrSmtrsm;qHk;oHk;wmu' eq ' yg/' eq ' [mPort Number awGowf

rSwfay;zdkYtwGufoHk;wmyg/Destination udkvmwmcsif;twlwltckv'dk eq ' eJYowfrSwfay;xm;wJh
Port Number uaevmwJTraffic
h udkrSDeny / Permit uEffect jzpfygw,f/
Router (Config)# Access List 150 deny tcp any host 192.168.10.2 eq?
<0-65535> Port number
ftp File Transfer Protocol (21)
pop3 Post Office Protocol v3 (110)
Product of YOUTH
- 205 -
smtp Simple Mail Transport Protocol (25)
telnet Telnet (23)
www World Wide Web (HTTP, 80)
'Dae&mrSmPort Number awGudkList vkyfjyygvdrfhr,f/oifuTelnet udydk wcf siw

f ,f?ftp
udrk yS wd cf siw
f ,fq&kd ifvnf;&w,fAs/Port Number av;udkomxnfhay;vdkufyg/tckawmhTelnet
udyk yJ w
d jf yygr,f/
Router(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp any host 192.168.10.2 eq 23?
oifuCommand ud'Dk ae&mrSmyJ&yfcsiw f ,fq&kd ifawmh'Dae&m[mtNy;D owfygy/J 'grS

r[kwb f ;l /enf;enf;avmufxyfueG cYf siaf o;&if' log ' qdkwCommand
Jh udkaemufqHk;uxyf
xnfah y;vd&Yk ygw,f/
Router(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp any host 192.168.10.2 eq 23 log
'D' log ' Command uawmhydkYvdkufwJhTraffic wpfck[mowfrSwfay;xm;wJAccess

h
List eJYudkufnDw,fqdkwJhtcgrsdK;rSmlog message oGm;a&;ay;ygw,f/
deny Command ay;NyD;permit Command vmygawmhr,f/'Dpermit xnfr h ay;&if
Traffic awGtm;vHk;udkydwfypfrSmyg/
Router(config)#access-list 150 permit any any

Source Destination
uJ..Extended Access List udkCreate vkyfNyD;NyDqdkawmhInterface ay:rSmApply

vkyzf yYkd u
J seyf gawmhw,f/'Denf;uawmhStandard eJtwl
Y wyl gy/J
Router(config)#ip access-group 150 in
(or)
Router(config)#ip access-group 150 out
Standard eJYywfoufwCommand
Jh awGawmhukefygNyD/ydkNyD;pkpkpnf;pnf;½Sdatmif
Oyrmav;wpfcek YjJ yygO;D r,f/wpfjcm;awmhr[kwyf gb;l /Standard rSmwkef;uay;cJhwJhMarketing eJY
- 206 -
Finance Example av;udkyJjyefay;rSmyg/
Example for Extended Access List
yHk 9.6
tckOyrmrSmuMarketing udkydwfcsifayr,hMarketing
f Network BuD;wpfckvHk;udk
ydwfcsifwmr[kwfawmhbl;/Client 1 qdkwJhHost av;wpfcw
k nf;&JUFTP eJTelnet
Y Traffic awGudk
ydwyf pfcsiw
f myg/
uJ . . pNyaD emf-
RouterA(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp any host 192.168.0.5 eq 23

RouterA(config)#access-list 150 deny tcp any host 192.168.0.5 eq 21
RouterA(config)#access-list 150 permit ip any any
RouterA(config)#int e1
Product of YOUTH
- 207 -
'gNyD;wJhaemufrSmawmhClient 1 uaeFinance bufudkvmwJFTP
h Traffic eJTelnet
Y
Traffic awGudkydwfypfvdkufygNyD/
Lab for Standard ACL and Extended ACL
yHk 9.7
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable

- 208 -
RouterA(config)#no shutdown
RouterA(config)# interface fastethernet 1/0

#write mem
RouterA(config)#access-lsit 10 deny 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255
RouterA(config)#access-list 120 deny tcp 192.168.20.2 0.0.0.255
192.168.0.3 0.0.0.255 eq www
Router B udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
RouterB(config-if)exit

RouterB#write mem
Product of YOUTH
- 209 -
'gNy;D &ifTraining Network xJuaeSale Network eJol
Y x
Y u
J Web Server ud0if
k Munfvh Ykd
r&wmawGU&ygvdrfhr,f/Basic ACL awGeJYywfoufNyD;ajymp&muawmh'DavmufygyJ/
9.3.6 Client rsm;rS Telnet jzifh Access vkycf iG yhf rmPtm;uefo

U wfjcif;
oifwYkd vkyif ef;cGix

f aJ &mufwt hJ cgrmS tcufBuKH wwfwm wpfc½k w dS ,fAs/ t&rf;ta&;ygwhJ
Router BuD;awGudkrSClient awGtrsm;BuD;0ifNyD;Access vkyv f &Ykd aewJjh yóemyg/'Djyóemu
awmfawmfav;cufw,fAs/'gaMumifUser h awGTelnet toH;k jyKaejcif;udAccess k List awGoHk;NyD;
ydwfay;&ygw,f/Access List qdkwJhae&mrSmStandard Access List udkyJajymwmyg/Telnet twGuf
Extended Access List udkoHk;vdkYr&ygbl;/
bmvdYrk &wmvJvoif Ykd ar;csiaf ew,fr[kwv f m;/Extended uIP wpfcck si;f pDuPort kd
awGtvdkufFilter vkyfay;wJhtwGufodyfaumif;w,fqdkwmawmhrSefygw,f/odkYaomfTelnet twGuf
Filter vkyfwJhtcgrSmawmhRouter wdkif;rSInterface wpfcw k ikd ;f &JUInbound bufrSmwpfckcsif;pDApply
vdkufvkyfay;rS&rSmyg/'gaMumifRouter
h Interface awG&meJc Y sv D mwJt h cgb,fvv kd yk rf vJ/wpfcck si;f pD
Apply vdkufvkyf&wmeJYwifoifvQmxGufoGm;rSmaygh/r[kwfbl;vm;/'gaMumifStandard h udkyJ
toHk;jyK&wmygyJ/Standard eJq Y &kd ifTelnet twGufProtocol udkaMujimay;p&mrvdkygbl;/'ghtjyif
b,fHost udkvmwJhTelnet ygqdkNyD;awmhDestination owfrSwfay;p&mrvdkygbl;/'DTelnet ub,f
User uaevmwmvJqdkwJhSource udkyJowfrSwfay;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
Standard Access List vkyw f ahJ e&mrSmtqifah wG½ydS gw,f/aoaocsmcsmrSwx f m;ay;yg/
(1) eJYRouter awGay:u0if

Telnet kd Munfch iG ahf y;csiw
f Host
hJ wpfc(od
k )Yk Host awGudkStan
dard Access List oHk;NyD;wm;qD;ay;&ygr,f/
(2) NyD;awmhrStJ'DAccess List udk" access-class " qdkwCommand

Jh eJRouter
Y ay:rSm
Apply oGm;vkya f y;&ygw,f/
Command MunfMh u&atmif/

- 210 -
Router(config)#access-list 50 permit 192.168.10.1
Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Telnet Line b,fEp
S cf ck sw
d cf iG ½hf v
fdS o
J wfrw
S af y;wmyg/
Router(config-line)#access-class 50 in
Host 192.168.0.1 r[kwfwJhaumifawGudktukefydwfypfygw,f/

awGeJYywfoufNyD;awmhajymp&muawmh'DavmufygyJ/aemufwpfcef;
Basic Access List
xyfquf&rSmuawmh Advanced Access List aygAh sm/
9.4.1 Advanced Access List rsm;taMumif;

Advanced Access List uawmhtrsdK;rsdK;yJAs/
(1) Named ACLs
(2) Switch Port ACLs
(3) Lock and Key (Dynamic ACLs)
(4) Reflexive ACLs
(5) Time-Based ACLs
trsKd;tpm;awGtrsm;MuD;&Sdayr,fhtoHk;rsm;wmawGuenf;enf;av;&,fyg/Named ACls
eJSwitch
Y Port ACL awGuawmhtoHk;rsm;ygw,f/'gaMumifh'D(2)ckudkyJuRefawmft"duxm;jyD;
&Si;f oGm;rSmyg/
(1) Named ACLs
'DNamed ubmrSxl;xl;jcm;jcm;odyfr&SdvSygbl;/Extended Access List eJY

ACL
Standard Access List udkaemufwpfrsKd;zefwD;wmygyJ/
wu,fwrf;oifwt Ykd vkycf iG 0f if&jyq
D w
kd t
hJ cgrmS uReaf wmferlemjyovdRouter
k av;wpfv;kH ?
Product of YOUTH
- 211 -
ESpfvHk;eJYjyD;wmr[kwfbl;/Router awGodyfudkrsm;jym;ygw,f/Router awGrsm;ovkdolwdkYtay:rSm
aqmufxm;wJhAccess List awGuvnf;rsm;rSmyg/
uJAsm...oifuNetwork wpfcx k u J Router wpfv;kH xJ0ifjy;D Access List awGudk
Munhw f ,fqydk gawmh/tJ'Access
D List awGxJrSmAccess List 177 qdjk y;D (33)aMumif;avmuf&n S w
f hJ
Command MuD;awGUygNyD&JU/oifpOf;pm;&rSmyJ/'DAccess List ubmtwGufvJ/bmjzpfvdkY'DRouter
xJudk xnhfxm;wmvJqdkNyD; oifawG;ae&rSmyg/ aemufjyD;awmh b,fpm&GufxJoGm;Munhf&rSef;rod?
b,folYoGm;ar;&rSef;rodeJY ikwfwkwfarhrmS As/
'gaMumifNamed
h ACL qkdwmay:vmwmyg/trSefuawmhoifaqmufcsifwAccess Jh
List udemrnf k wyfay;vdu k w
f mygy/J 'gaMumifaemif
h uoif kd jyefMunhwf thJ cg'DAccess List u
bmtwGux f m;cJo
h vJqw kd mwef;odEikd yf gw,f/&Si;f &Si;f ajym&&ifMunhv f u kd w
f meJwef
Y ;em;vnfatmif
&nf&,G af y;xm;wmyg/
Named ACL ukdoHk;jyD;oifb,fvBasic dk ACL trsKd;tpm;vkyfcsifvJ/Standard ACL udk
aqmufrvm;?Extended ACL udkoHk;rvm;..oifBudKuf&mudkoHk;Edkifygw,f/odkYaomfNamed ACL
ukdCreate vkyfyHkuawmhBasic ACL awGudkCreate vkyyf ekH enf YJ ;enf;awmhuGw J ,fAs/
yHk 9.8
LAN 1 xJuLAN2
dk Network xJuClient awGAccess vkyfvdkYr&atmifuRefawmfydwfcsif

- 212 -
ygw,f/'gaMumifNamed
h ACL ukdaqmufygr,f/okdYaomft&ifwkef;uBasic ACL udkaqmuf
ovd"k access-list " qdkwCommandJh udkroHk;&ygbl;/Named ACL twGufu" ip
access-list " qdkwCommand
Jh udoH
k ;k &ygw,f/
Router#config t
Router(config)#ip access-list?
extended Extended Access List
standard Standard Access List
'Dtqifrh mS awmhStandard ACL vm;?Extended ACL vm;a&G;vdkY&ygjyD/tckawmh&dk;&dk;pif;

pif; Standard ACL udkyJaqmufygOD;r,f/
Router(config)#ip access-list standard?

<1-99> Standard IP access-list number
WORD Access-list name
ACL twGufName udk'DrSmay;&ygr,f/Name ray;csib f ;l /ACL Number yJxnhcf sif

w,fq&dk ifvnf;jzpfygw,f/ckawmhName yJay;ygr,f/oihftwGufzwfvdkufwmeJY&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
odEikd rf ,fName
h rsdK;udkay;yg/Name ay;wJhtcgrSmWord wpfvHk;ESifhwpfvHk;Mum;xJrSmSpace
vH;k 0cHvrYkd &ygb;l /
Router(config)#ip access-list standard blockLAN2fromLAN 1

name of ACL
'gjy;D oGm;wmeJ"Y blockLAN2fromLAN1 " qkdwJhAccess List xJu0if
kd omG ;ygjy/D
Router(config-std-nacl)#?
default Set a command to its defaults
exit Exit from access-list configuration mode
no Negate a command or set its defaults
Product of YOUTH
- 213 -
tckaemufydkif;uaepNyD;deny/permit ay;vdkY&oGm;ygNyD/ydwfcsifwmu192.168.10.0 Net-
work udkyg/
Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255

Router(config-std-nacl)#permit any
Router(config-std-nacl)#exit
Router#
ACL Create vkyjf cif;'DrmS wifjy;D qH;k jyjD zpfygíApply vkyjf cif;vkyif ef;Mu;D pwifygawmhr,f
cifAsm/
Router#config t
Router(config)# int e1
Router(config-if)# ip access-group blockLAN2fromLAN1 out

ay;cJhwJhACL &JUname yg/
owdxm;rdMuygovm;/t&ifwkef;u" ip access-group " &JUtaemufrSmAccess List Num-

ber ukdyJxnhfcJhwmtckusawmhAccess List &JUName udxnh k af y;&ygw,f/
'Davmufqkd&Sif;avmufygjyD/Example udMk unhMf u&atmif/
yHk 9.9
Example for Named Access List

- 214 -
'DExample rSmawmhNetwork 192.168.1.0 qDuaeport tcp protocol eJYtelnet port
udkoHk;jyD;?Internet bufudkwGufvdkYr&atmifydwfypfrSmyg/Port eJYProtocol awGygvmwJhtwGuf
Extended ACL ukoH d ;k ygr,f/
RouterA#config t
RouterA(config)#ip access-list extended sample
RouterA(config-ext-nacl)#deny tcp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any
eq 23
RouterA(config-ext-nacl)#ext
RouterA(config)#int S0
RouterA(config-if)#ip access-group sample out
(2) Switch Port ACLs
Switch Port qkw

d t
hJ wkid ;f ygy/J 'DACL uLayer 2 Switch &JUInterface awGay:rSmyJ
oH;k vd&ygYk w,f/'gaMumifSwitch
h Port ACL [mRouter eJvH Y ;k 0rqdik b
f ;l vdqk
Yk &d ifvnf;qdEk ikd yf gw,f/
'Daumifeywf YJ ouf&ifowdjyKp&m(2)csu&f w dS ,fAs/Switch Port ACL ukdInterface ay:rSmApply
vkyw f t hJ cgInbound List taeeJYyJvkyfay;&ygw,f/jyD;awmhNamed Access List awGudkyJ
oH;k vk&Yd ygw,f/uJ...uJ...'Dtwdik ;f Mu;D ajymwmxufpm&iftcsuaf wGexk YJ wjf yvdu k wf muoift h wGuf
ydak umif;r,fxifw,f/
Switch Port ACL rSm'DvdkAccess List rsKd;awGyJoHk;vkdY&ygw,f/
(1) Standard IP Access List- Source Address awGudkMunhfjyD;awmhTraffic awGudk

Filter vkyfay;ygw,f/
(2) Extended IP Address List- Source Address ?Destination Address ?Protocol
Port Number wkdYudkMunfhjyD;Filter vkyy
f gw,f/
(3) MAC Extended Access List- Source MAC Address eJYDestination MAC Ad-
dress &,f?Protocol Type &,fuMkd unhy f gw,f/'D
ACL rSmSource eJYDestination &JUIP tpm;MAC
udkyJ Munfhygw,f/
ACLs awGudkInbound Interface ay:rSmoifuApply oGm;vkyjf yD;wJt

h cgSwitch [m
Product of YOUTH
- 215 -
olq Y 0D ifvmwJTraffic
h rSeof rQutJkd 'ACL
D eJwdY u
k pf pfMunhyf gw,f/'gaMumifv
h nf;ACL rSeo f rQ
tukefta&;MuD;ygw,fvdkYuRefawmfajymcJhwmyg/ajym&&ifACL [mNetwork wpfck&JU*dwfayguf
qdkvnf;rrSm;ygbl;/VLAN wnfaxmifwt hJ cgrmS vnf;ACL awGeJYtvkyfvkyfoGm;wmyg/VLAN
&JUTrunk Port rSmACL udkApply vkyfay;&wmaygh/'DtaMumif;udkawmhVLAN tcef;udoif k zwfxm;
&if odrSmyg/ uRefawmfr&Sif;jyawmhygbl;/
Switch Port ACL awGrSmawmhIP Traffic awGudkIP Access List awGeJYyJxdef;csKyfay;yg
w,f/ IP-Traffic r[kwfwTrafficJh awGudkawmhMAC Address eJFilter Y vkyaf y;&ygw,f/
tckuReaf wmfOyrmwpfcek Switch
YJ Port ACL tjzpfMAC Address eJAccess Y List vkyf
wmudkajymjyoGm;yghr,f/Extended eJYStandard ACL awGuawmht&ifOyrmawGwkef;uaqmufjycJh
ovkdyJqdkawmh odyfrxl;jcm;ygbl;/ uJ..pMu&atmif/aeOD;wpfcak wmh&w dS ,f/tck[muSwitch
ay:rSmCreate vkyaf ew,fqwmarh kd roGm;eJOY ;D /
Switch#config t
Switch#mac access-list?
extended Extended Access List
Switch(config)#mac access-list extended Mac-List

Access List &JUemrnf
Switch(config-ext-macl)#deny?
H.H.H 48 bit source MAC address
any any source MAC address
host a single source host
Source&JUMAC ukxnh
d rf vm;?(okrYd [kw)f rnfonhSource
f udkrqdkvmwJhTraffic vkdY
owfrSwfrvm; ar;aeygjyD/
Switch(config-ext-macl)#deny any?

Source
H.H.H 48 bit destination MAC address
any any destination MAC address
host a single destination host

- 216 -
destination udkawmhhost wpfcw
k nf;yJay;csiyf gw,f/
Switch(config-ext-macl)#deny any host?
H.H.H 48 bit destination MAC address
jyD;&ifawmhowfrSwfay;csifwhost
Jh &JUMAC address udkowfrSwfygr,f/
Switch(config-ext-macl)#deny any host 2abd.32ce.489f
deny jyD;&ifawmhpermit ay;ygr,f/

Switch(config-ext-macl)#permit?
H.H.H 48bit source MAC address
any any source MAC address
host a single source host
permit twGufudkawmhsource a&m?destination a&mudk" any any " yJay;&atmifaemf/
'gaMumif-h
Switch(config-ext-macl)#permit any any
'gq&dk ifawmhSwitch Port ACL wpfcak qmufjyD;ygjy/D 'gayr,fuR

h eaf wmfoifu
h kdCom-
mand topfwpfce k rdYJ wq
f ufay;csiyf gw,f/
Switch(config-ext-macl)#do show access-list

Extended MAC access list Mac-list
deny any host 2abd.32ce.489f
permit any any
'DCommand ukoH d ;k jcif;tm;jzifoif

h aqmufcw
hJ hJSwitch Port ACL awGudk
jyefvnfMunh½f EI ikd yf gw,f/ aumif;jyD/ACL udkawmhaqmufjyD;ygjyD/Apply vkyfzkdYyJusefygawmhw,f/
Switch(config-ext-macl)#int f0/2
Switch(config-if)#mac access-group Mac-List

Access List Name
Product of YOUTH
- 217 -
'gq&dk ifawmhInterface wpfckay:rSmoifaqmufvkdufwSwitch
Jh Port ACL av;uaumif;
aumif; tvkyfvkyfaeygjyD/
(3) Time-Based ACL
'DACL ukdCreate vkyfwJhyHkuExtended ACL ukdCreate vkyyf ekH awmf YJ awmfqifw,fAs/

okaYd omfTime-Based ACL uawmholYtrnftwdkif;ygyJ/tcsdefay:rSmrlwnfjyD;tvkyfvkyfoGm;wm
jzpfygw,f/bmeJq Y ifovJqadk wmhWindows XP wk?Yd Windows Server 2003 wkdYrSmLogon Hours
owfrSwfay;ovkdygyJ/'Dae&mrSmawmhoifowfrSwfay;vdkufwJhtcsdeftwdkif;Packet awGudkFil-
ter vkya f y;ygw,f/odaYk omf'DTime-Based ACL ukoH d ;k csiw
f ,fq&dk ifawmhNetwork Time
Protocol(NTP) eJwG Y jJ yD;oH;k ygvuR
Ykd eaf wmftBuaH y;csiyf gw,f/ Time-Based ACL ukdawmhuRefawmf
tus,w f 0ifh &Si;f jyraeawmhygb;l /
Time-Based ACL ? Reflexive ACL eJLock Y and Key(Dynamic ACL) wkdYuvkyfief;cGifrSm
odyfroHk;Mubl;As/wu,fwrf;usawmhvkyfief;cGifxJrSmuStandard ACL ?Extended ACL eJY
Named ACL wdkYavmufyJoHk;Muygw,f/oifwExam dkY ajzr,fq&dk ifvnf;'gawGuTime-Based,
Reflexive, Dynamic wkdYxufHot w,fAs/'gaMumifuR h eaf wmfaocsm&Si;f jyraeawmhb;l /wpfjcm;
ta&;MuD;wmawGvnf; &Sw d ,fav/
9.5.1 aqmufjyD;oGm;aom Access List rsm;udk jyefvnfMunh½f jI cif;/
aumif;jyD/oifuRouter awGxJrSmAccess List awGwpfcjk yD;wpfc0if k aqmufaewmawmh

[kwjf y/D okaYd omfcifAsm;aqmufxm;wJAccess
h List awGudkb,fvkdvkyfjyefMunhfMurvJ/'gjyóem
aemf/ jyefMunhv f rYdk &rSawmh oif bmawGaqmufjy;D om; jzpfw,f/ aqmufjy;D om;awG jyefjyifcsiw
f ,f
qdkwJhtcgwdkifywfawmhrSmaygh/'gawGudkwGufrdvdkYCisco uaqmufjyD;om;ACL awGujkd yefMunhEf ikd f
r,fhCommand awGxnfx h m;ay;ygw,f/
(1) Show access-list : Router xJu0kd ifjy;D oifConfigure cscw

hJ Access-
hJ
List awG&,f?olwx Ykd u
J Parameter awG&,fudkjyay;
ygw,f/'gayr,f'Dh ACL awGudkSetup vkyfxm;cJhwJh
Interface udkawmhrjybl;As/
- 218 -
(2) Show access-list 17 : wu,fvud Ykd , k Mf unhcf siw f Access
hJ List Number
udod
k w,fq&if dk Access List Number ukd&dkufxnhfjyD;
awmhvnf;&Smvd&Yk ygw,f/'DCommand uvnf;oif
aqmufcJhwInterface
Jh udkawmhjyray;Edkifygbl;/
(3) Show ip interface : 'DCommand eJq Y &dk ifawmhb,fInterface ay:rSm
b,fvSetting
kd awGcsrSwfxm;ovJqdkwmudk
jyay;ygw,f/
(4) Show ip access-list : Router ay:rSm&SdwJhAccess List awGxJuIP Access
List awGudkomazmfjyay;ygw,f/
(5) Show running-config : Access List awGtjyiftJ'DAccess List wpfcc k si;f pD
Apply vkyfxm;wJhInterface jyay;ygw,f/
(6) Show mac access-group : 'DCommand uawmhSwitch Port ACL udoif k wek ;f
uuRefawmferlemaqmufjycJhwMAC Jh Access List
awGuykd J oH;k jyay;ygw,f/Layer 2 Switch awGrSm&SdwJh
Layer 2 Interface awGay:rSmyJoHk;vdkY&rSmyg/
wu,fv'DYkd Command awGudkoifprf;Munhfcsifw,fqkd&ifawmhuRefawmfta&SUrSmwkef;u

ay;cJhwJhLab awGuvk kd y&f if;oH;k MunhMf unhaf yg/h 'gqd&k ifoifaqmufcw
hJ Access
hJ List awGudkjyef
awGUEikd rf mS yg/
9.6 IOS Firewall ESih f Proxy Server
9.6.1 Cisco IOS Firewall (Context-Based Access Control)

acgif;pOfuMkd unhjf y;D oifawG;rdaervm;rodb;l /Cisco IOS Firewall qdkwmawmhMum;zl;yg
w,f/ Context-Based Access Control vkdYvnf;ajymao;w,f/bmMuD;rSef;vJrodbl;vkdYrawG;rdbl;
vm;/'DvAkd s..trSeu f awmhCisco IOS Firewall udkContext-Based Access Control(CBAC)
awGezGYJ UJ pnf;xm;wmygy/J 'gaMumifhacgi;f pOf(2)ckutwlwyl gy/J odaYk omfvlawGuCisco IOS
Firewall vdkYyJtajymrsm;aeMuwmyg/txJrSmygwJhContext-Based Access Control udkawmhodyfrod
Product of YOUTH
- 219 -
Mubl;/
CBAC &JUtvkyfuawmhFirewall xJu0if kd vmorQTraffic awGtm;vHk;udktao;pdwf
ppfay;ygw,f/'gaMumif0if h vmwJhTCP eJUDP Y Session &JUInformation awGtaMumif;udkFirewall
Mu;D uaoaocsmcsmodEikd w f myg/'DInformation awGudkMunhfjyD;awmhrSFirewall xJuAccess
List awGewd YJ u
k pf pfMunhcf iG ahf y;oif?h ray;oifqH
h ;k jzwfay;ygw,f/
uReaf wmftckajymcJo h rQProcess awGvkyfay;zkdYtwGufudkawmhTraffic awG
oGm;&mvrf;twdkif;" ip inspect " list qdkjyD;Create vkyfay;&ygr,f/'Dvdkrvkyfay;cJh&ifawmh
Return jyefwJhTraffic rSeo f rQ[mRouter qDuaejyef0ifvmEdik rf mS r[kwyf gb;l /
uJ..'Dtwdik ;f ajymae&ifMumOD;r,f/Cisco IOS Firewall wifxm;wJhRouter wpfvHk;u
Traffic awGudkb,fvkdrsKd;Process vkyfay;ovJqkdwmStep by Step ajymjyay;r,f/
(1) yxrqH;k taeeJRouterY MuD;qDu0ifvmwJhTraffic awGtm;vHk;udkACL eJwd

Y u
k pf pfygw,f/
udkufnDw,fqkd&ifawmhtxJukd0ifvmwJPackets
h awGtm;vHk;udkRouter MuD;bufu
vufc&H &Srd mS yg/
yHk 9.10
Cisco IOS Firewall

(CBAC) \
tvkyv
f yk yf kH

- 220 -
(2) 'Dv0if
dk ciG &hf oGm;wJTraffic
h awGuaemuf
kd wpfqift
h aeeJFirewall
Y &JUip inspect process
eJYwdkufppfMunhfjyefygw,f/udkufnDwTraffic
Jh awG&JUState Information awGudkawmh
State Table xJuxnh kd yf gw,f/
(3) aemufqHk;tqifhrSmawmhIP Inspect Process uaejzwfoef;vmEdik w

f hTraffic
J awG[m
Dyanmic ACL awGzefwD;jyD;awmhOutside ukdoGm;r,fACL
h awGxJudkoGm;xnfhvkduf
ygw,f/'groS mReturn jyefvmwJhTraffic awGudkRouter xJujyefxu G cf iG ahf y;Edik rf mS
jzpfygw,f/
9.6.2 Authentication Proxy

Cisco Network wpfcr
k mS Authentication Proxy [m&So
d if&h x
dS u
dk w
f tcef
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'DProxy uoif&JUNetwork xJudk0ifvmwJInbound h User awGa&m?Outbound User awGa&mudk
Authenticate vkya f y;Edik yf gw,f/ACL eJBlock Y tvkyfcH&wJholawGawmhFirewall ay:u
ausmfjzwfEdkifzkdYtwGuBrowserf wpfc,
k jl y;D TACACS+(okrYd [kw)f RADIUS Server qDudkoGm;jyD;
Authenticate vkyE f ikd yf gw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 221 -

- 222 -
10.1 Network Address Translation(NAT)
uRefawmfwkdY?oifwdkYwawG½Hk;wGif;?tdrfwGif;uNetwork (Internal Network) eJInternet Y

wenf;(External Network) eJcsY w d qf ufwt hJ cgrmS 'DNAT ukdoHk;MurSInternet Connection &rSm
jzpfygw,f/oifaocsmpOf;pm;Munhyf g/uReaf wmfwaYdk wG&UJ Network xJrSmay;xm;wJhIP Address
Range awGeInternet
YJ ay:rSmoHk;aewJIP h Address Range awGeJYwlMu&JUvm;/
uRefawmfwdkYoHk;aewJIP h awGuPrivate Address Range awGxJu,loHk;aewmjzpfjyD;
Internet ay:rSmawmhPublic Address Range awGudkoHk;wJhtwGuf'DvkdrwlnDwJhNetwork ESpc fk
udkb,fvkdConnection &atmifcsw d q f ufMurvJ/twGi;f ydik ;f Network uaexGufvmwJhAd-
dress ukdtjyifbufExternal &JUPublic Network Address tjzpfjyefajymif;ay;zdvd Yk v
k mwmayg/h
r[kwfbl;vm;/'DvdkAddress ajymif;ay;zkdYtwGufNAT ukdoHk;MuwmygyJ/
'gaMumifv h nf;olu
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kd Address Translation vdkYemrnfay;Muwmaygh/wpf
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10.2 Cisco NAT \ oabmw&m;rsm;
uRefawmfwdkYurÇmay:rSmInternet eJcsY w d qf ufxm;csiw f uG

hJ eyf sLwmawG'keaYJ ';ygy/J 'gukd
uReaf wmfwdkYuuGefysLwmwpfvHk;udkPublicAddress wpfcEk eI ;f eJcsY ay;vdu k rf ,fq&kd ifbmjzpfomG ;rvJ/
odyfawmifrMumvdkufygbl;/Public IP awGukefoGm;awmhrSmaygh/
'gaMumifPublic
h IP wpfckwnf;yJcsay;NyD;Internal Network xJuuGefysLwmawGtrsm;BuD;
uaeInternet Connection udkrQa0oHk;pGJvkdY&atmifNAT udxG k icf yhJ gw,f/'gaMumifCisco
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hJ mvnf;IP uAddress udkacRwmzkdYjzpfjyD;NAT ukxG d icf hJ
wmuvnf;Public IP Address awGudkacRwmzkdYygyJ/
aemufydkif;rSmawmhNAT [mNetwork awGudkMigrate vkyrf ,f?Network awGudkaygif;pyf
r,f?Server Loading Sharing vkyrf ,f?Virtual Server awGvkyfr,fqkdwJhae&mrSmvnf;ta&;ygvm
ygw,f/txl;ojzifoif h &h UJ Network twGufISP udkajymif;csifw,f/odkYaomftwGif;ydkif;uAd
-dressing ay;xm;wJhyHkpHawGudkrajymif;csifbl;qkdwJhtcgrSmvnf;NAT udkoHk;wmtaumif;qHk;ygyJ/
Product of YOUTH
- 223 -
aoaocsmcsmList xkwfjy&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtajctaersKd;awGrSmNAT udkoHk;wmt
aumif;qH;k ygy/J
(1) oift
h aeeJInternet
Y udv
k nf;csw
d cf siwf ,f/'gayr,foif h Network &JUhost wpfcck si;f pD
twGufvnf;Public IP wpfcck si;f pDcsray;Edik b
f ;l qd&k ifNAT udkoHk;wmtaumif;qHk;ygyJ/
(2) ISPtopfwpfcu
k oif
kd ajymif;csiwf ,f/tJ'ISPD udajk ymif;&ifvnf;Internal Network
xJuip awGudkygvkdufajymif;ypfzkdYvdkw,fqdkwJhtcgrSmrajymif;&atmifoHk;wwfygw,f/
(3) Address ay;yHak y;enf;csi;f qifwIntranet

hJ (2)ckudkaygif;pyfxm;wJhtcgrSmoHk;ygw,f/
okaYd omfvnf;NATudkoHk;&wmrSmaumif;wmcsnf;yJr[kwfovdkraumif;wmav;awGvnf;
&Syd gw,f/
10.3 NAT \ aumif;usKd ; ESihf qk;d usK;d rsm;
aumif;usKd ; qd;k usK;d
-Private Network awGudkoufomapygw,f/ -Translate vkyf&wJhtwGufSwitch Path

Delay awGjzpfay:apygw,f/
-Address awGxyfwvJvJay;rd&ifvnf;bmrS-IP awGoGm;wJhvrf;aMumif;udkTrace
rjzpfygbl;/ vdkufzkdY cufcJoGm;rSmyg/
-Internet eJConnection
Y vkycf si&f ifvnf;vG,yf g-NAT udktoHk;jyKxm;wJhtcgwpfcsdKU
w,f/ Application awGudkoHk;vdkYr&awmhygbl;/
-Network xJrSmtajymif;tvJwpfckvkyfwmeJY
Address awGvdkufajymif;ay;p&mrvdkygbl;/
aumif;jyD/NAT udkoHk;ygNyD/Network wpfcrk mS Router qdkwmutrsm;BuD;yJ/b,f

Router rSmNAT ukdConfigure cs&rvJ/'Dup du
ö vG,v f , G af v;yg/Internet buftxGufeJYteD;
qHk;Router ay:rSmoGm;jyD;Configure csay;&rSmygy/J uJ...'DyukH Mkd unhyf gO;D /
- 224 -
yHk 10.1
NAT udkConfigure
oGm;cs&rnfRouter
h
'DyrkH mS qk&d ifRouter A ?Router B ?Router C qkdjyD;Router (3)vH;k &Syd gw,f/uJb,f

Router rSmNAT Configuration vkyr f vJpOf;pm;Munhyf gO;D /
Router A rSmyg/oifp hw
d x
f uJ tajzvnf;'Dtwdik ;f yJjzpfvrd rfh ,fvuR
Ykd eaf wmfarQmv
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w,f/aocsmrSwrf ad tmifuReaf wmfxyfajymygrh ,f/ NAT ukConfigure d cswt hJ cgInternet eJt
Y
eD;pyfq;kH Router ay:rSmConfigure csay;&rSmjzpfygw,f/'gaMumif'Dh yrkH mS Router A udka&G;wmyg/
Product of YOUTH
- 225 -
10.4 NAT \ toH;k tEIe;f rsm;
NAT [mPrivate Address uaePublic Address ?Public Address uaePrivate Add

-ress ukdtjyeftvSeful;ajymif;ay;Edkifw,fvdkYuRefawmfajymcJhjyD;ygjyD/uRefawmfwdkYuomPublic
Address ?Private Address eJYtJ'DvdkrSwfxm;Muwmyg/NAT uawmhtJ'Dvdkr[kwfygbl;/Add
-ress awGtwGuol f t
Y ac:ta0:eoYJ rSl wyf gw,f/ Translate rvkyf&ao;bJRouter xJ0ifvmwJh
Address awGudkawmhLocal Address awGvac: Ykd ygw,f/tJ'LocalD Address awGudkTranslate
vkyfjyD;jyDqkd&ifawmhGlobal Address jzpfomG ;ygjy/D aocsmjyefcMJG unhrf ,fq&kd if(4)rsKd ;xGuv
f mygr,f/
(1) Inside Local : Internal Network xJrSm&SdwJhTranslate rvkyf&ao;wJSource

h
Address wpfcy
k g/
(2) Outside Local : Translation rvky&f ao;cifDestination Host &JUtrnfyg/
(3) Inside Global : Translation vkyfjyD;wJhaemuf&&SdvmwJhInternal Host &JUtrnfudk

qdv
k ykd gw,f/
(4) Outside Global : Translation vkyfjyD;wJhaemuf&&SdvmwJhNetwork tjyifbufu

Destination Host &JUemrnfyg/
yHk 10.2
NAT \vkyaf qmifytqif

kH q
h ifh

- 226 -
10.5 NAT b,fvkd tvkyv
f yk o
f vJ
yHk 10.3
NAT \vkyaf qmifytqif

kH q
h ifh
'DyHkrSmawmhRouter uNAT Configure csxm;wJRouter h jzpfygw,f/olrY mS qdNetwork

k
(2)ckcsw
d x
f m;w,f/Inside 1 Network eJInside Y 2 Network wky
Yd g/tckInside 1 Network xJu
Host wpfcjk zpfw192.168.10.3
hJ uaejyD;Outbound Packet wpfckuRouter
dk qDay;ydaYk eygw,f/
tJ'Packet
D udkRouter u&wJt h cgInside Local Address tjzpfTranslate vkyfjyD;awmhTable
av;eJYodrf;ygw,f/jyD;awmhrOutside
S Network jzpfwInternet
hJ qDuTranslate
kd vkyfvkdY&wJh
Source Address topftaeeJay;yd Y yYk gw,f/
Host A uaeReturn jyefvmwJPacket h awGudkusawmhRouter MuD;uyJInside Global
Address uaeInside Local Address tjzpfjyefajymif;jy;D 192.168.10.3 &SdwClientJh qDudkjyefydkY
ay;ygw,f/t"dutcsufuawmhNAT Router MuD;[molTranslate vkyforQAddress awG
tm;vHk;udTable
k av;eJod
Y r;f xm;ygw,f/'guawmhNAT Router wpfvHk;&JUtajccHtvkyfvkyfyHk
Product of YOUTH
- 227 -
tqifhqihyf g/aemufyikd ;f us&ifawmhNAT trsKd ;tpm;tvkduftvkyfvkyfyHkuGJjym;oGm;ygw,f/
10.6 NAT trsKd ;tpm;rsm;
NAT rSmvnf;olUtrsKd ;tpm;ESio

hf jl yefcx
JG m;ygw,f/(3)rsKd ;yg/'DChapter aemufydkif;rSm
uRefawmf 'D(3)rsdK;udk t"duxm;NyD; ½Sif;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
(1) Static NAT

(2) Dynamic NAT
(3) Port Address Translation (PAT) or (NAT Overloading)
(1) Static NAT
olu
Y t
kd vG,rf w
S rf ,fq&kd ifOne-to-One Mapping vdrYk w S v
f &yg
Ykd w,f/'Daumifuh oH
kd ;k csi&f if
awmhoifh&JUNetwork xJrSm½SdwHost Jh wpfcck si;f pDrmS wu,fInternet
h IP Address wpfcp kD
½Szd v
Ykd ykd gw,f/ajym&&ifHost wpfcck si;f pDtwGuPublic
f IP wpfcpk ½SD x
d m;&r,fo
h abmyg/
yHk 10.4
Static NAT
Static NAT &JUtvkyfvkyfyHktqifhqifhuawmha½SUuuRefawmfajymcJhwJhBasic NAT &JU

tvkyfvkyfyHktwdkif;ygyJ/tckuRefawmfStatic NAT udkRouter ay:rSmConfigure csjyygr,f/
Command awGuawmhcifAsm;twGutopf f awGqakd wmhaoaocsmcsmvdu k Mf unfah yg/h 'DCom-
mand awGrvkyfcifrSmRouter awGa&mHost awGa&mudkIP awGay;cJz hvYkd w
kd ,faemf/
Oyrm- yHk 10.5 udk Munfyh g/
- 228 -
yHk 10.5
Example for Static NAT
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.10.3 170.46.2.1
'DCommand xJu" ip nat inside source " qdkwmuawmhb,fIP Address udk

Translate vkyc f siwf mvJqwkd majymygw,f/aemufjy;D Static udkxnfhwmuawmhStatic NAT udk
oHk;rSmrdkYvdkYyg/192.168.10.3 eJ170.46.2.1
Y qdkwmawGuawmhb,fLocal Address udkb,f
Outside Global Address tjzpfTranslate vkyfay;&rvJowfrSwfjcif;ygyJ/
jyD;&ifawmhOutside Interface vm;?Inside Interface vm;owfrSwfzdkYtwGufoufqdkif&m
Interface xJu0if kd ygr,f/
Router(config)#interface e0
Router(config)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config)#ip nat inside
[mtwGif;bufuInterface jzpfwJhtwGuf" ip
E0 nat inside " qdkNyD;Inside
Interface tjzpfaMujimvdu
k w
f myg/
Router(config)#interface s0
Router(config)#ip nat outside
s0 uawmhOutside Interface jzpfv"Ykd ip nat outside " ESiaMhf ujimygw,f/uJ..

'gq&kd ifStatic NAT &oGm;ygNyD/
Product of YOUTH
- 229 -
(2) Dynamic NAT
'DaumifhudkawmhOne-to-Many vdkYrSwfEdkifygw,f/olY&JUtpGrf;owåduUnregistered IP
Address (Private Address) wpfckuRegistereddk IP Address (Public Address) trsm;BuD;tjzpf
Translate vkya f y;Edik yf gw,f/t&ifStatic rSmwkef;uqdHost
k wpfct
k wGuq f &kd ifPublic IP wpfck
owfrSwfay;&ayr,fhtckDynamic rSmusawmhHost wpfct k wGuq f &kd ifPublic IP trsm;BuD;
owfrSwfay;ygw,f/tJ'Dtrsm;BuD;xJurStqifajywJPublic h IP wpfckudka½G;NyD;Internet udkt
0iftxGufjyKygw,f/qdkvdkwmuStatic wkef;uvdPublic k IP wpfcktaoowfrSwfay;p&mrvdkawmhyJ
oltqifajywJLine
h eJcsY ay;vdu
k fwmyg/
yHk 10.6
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic&JUtvkyfvkyfyHkuBasic NAT tvkyfvkyfyHkeJYtwlwlygyJ/Command awGt

wGufudkawmh 'DOyrmudk MunhfMu&atmif/
yHk 10.7
Example for Dynamic NAT

- 230 -
t&ifq;kH public IP range zGUJ pnf;ygr,f/
Router(config)#ip nat pool lesson 172.42.2.2 170.46.2.254 netmask

255.255.255.0
" ip nat pool " qdkwmuPublic IP range awGudkpkpnf;ay;xm;wJhCommand yg/"

lesson " qdkwmuawmhtJ'Public D ip range twGuemrnff ay;vduk wf mjzpfygw,f/oiftqif
kd ;Edik yf gw,f/" 172.46.2.2 " eJ"Y 170.46.12.254 " wdkYusawmhStart Public IP eJY
ajywJhemrnfua½G
End Public IP wdkYygyJ/Public ip twGufSubnet Mask xnfhzdkYudkawmh" netmask " qdkwJh
Command eJxnfY yh gw,f/Ny;D &ifawmhAccess List awGaqmufNyD;oifAccess ay;csiw f Net-
hJ
work udktzGifhtydwfvkyfay;&ygr,f/ACL eJYNAT &JUqufEG,frIu'DrSmxif½Sm;vmygNyACL D udk
Create vkyfwJhenf;awGudkawmhChapter-9 rSmajymjyNyD;om;jzpfvdkYuRefawmfxyfrajymawmhygbl;/
Router(config)#access-list 5 permit 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0
NyD;awmhrStJ'DAccess List udkNAT eJwG

Y aJ y;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 5 pool lesson
'Dae&mrSm" list 5 "qdkwmuAccess List &JUName jzpfygw,f/" lesson " uawmh

Public Address Range &JUName jzpfygw,f/
NyD;wmeJYInside Interface eJOutside
Y Interface udkowfrSwfay;vdkufyg/
Router(config)#int e0
Router(config)#ip nat inside
Router(config)# int s0
Router(config)#ip nat outside
'gNy;D &ifawmhDynamic &JUCommand awGvHk;0jynfhpHkoGm;ygNyD/

Product of YOUTH
- 231 -
(3) NAT Overloading (Port Address Translation-PAT)
NAT Type (3)rsdK;xJrSmPAT uay:jyLvmtjzpfqHk;aumifyg/bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmholu
Many-to-One jzpfaevdy Yk gvaYkd jym&ifoifenf;enf;½Iyof mG ;rvm;rodb;l /
Dynamic NAT wkef;uInternal Network xJuHost wpfcw k nf;udPublic
k Address
trsm;Bu;D eJt Y vkyv f yk w
f ,fav/tckNAT Overloading rSmusawmhInternal Network xJuHost
awGtrsm;BuD;udkrSPublic IP Address wpfcw k nf;eJoY mtvkyv f yk yf gw,f/'gah MumifNAT
h udkoHk;&if
Public IP Address oufomwJhtwGuf'Daumifut&rf;Hot aewmyg/em;vnfatmifuRea f wmf
'DyakH v;eJY ½Si;f jyygr,f/
yHk 10.8
NAT Overloading (PAT)
aumif;NyD..Public Address u½SdwmrSwpfckwnf;&,ftwGif;uHost awGutrsm;BuD;/

'gah MumifHost
h awGtrsm;BuD;uNydKifNyD;Internet udkxGufzdkYawmif;awmhr,fqdk&ifTraffic awGJam
jzpfuek rf mS ayg/h
b,fvdktvkyfvkyfEdkifrSmvJvdkYar;p&m½SdvmygNyD/'ghaMumifhuRefawmfPAT &JUtvkyfvkyfyHkudk
½Si;f jyygrh ,f/'DaumifuBasic NAT &JUtvkyfvkyfyHkeJYrwlygbl;/wrlxl;jcm;ygw,f/
t&ifwkef;uBasic NAT rSmLocal IP Address eJYGlobal IP Address awGudkyJrSwfayr,fh
PAT rSmusawmhtJ'DAddress awGtjyifHost wpfcc k si;f pD&UJ Packet awGydkYEdkifwPort
Jh Number
awGudkvnf;wGJrSwfay;ygw,f/'gaMumifHost h awGqDuNydKifwlPacket ydkYvnf;NAT urSwf&
wmr½Iyfygbl;/b,fHost uawmhb,fPort uvmw,fqdkNyD;rSwfxm;ay;NyD;awmhReturn jyef
Edik ygf w,f/Router BuD;taeeJYMuawmhvnf;Traffic wpfc0if k vmwdik ;f rSm'DTraffic [mb,f
Local Address uaeb,fPort eJv Y mcJo
h vJqw kd mMunfhNy;D tzGit hf ydwvk f yEf ikd o
f mG ;ygw,f/'D
- 232 -
Port awGuawmhoifodwJhtwdkif;Transport Layer rSmtvkyfvkyfwmjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifHost
h Address udod k csi&f ift&ifwek ;f uStatic wd?Yk Dynamic wdkYrSmvdkIP
Address awGjyefMunfa h ep&mrvdyk gb;l /Transport Layer rSmwifodEikd yf gNy/D PAT &JU
'Dvpdk rG ;f &nfawGaMumifhPublic IP Address wpfcw k nf;udHost
k aygi;f 65000avmufo;kH vd&Yk wmyg/
'DrmS ..NAT Overloading &JUtvkyfvkyfyHktqifhqifhudkMunfhygOD;/
yHk 10.9
NAT Overloading (PAT) \tvkyv

f yk yf t
kH qift
h qifh
awGUMu&JUvm;/'DyHkrSm192.168.10.3 uPacket awGudkydkYwJhtwGufRouter uolY&JUNAT Table

xJrSm192.168.10.3 udkPort Number eJYwGJodrf;oGm;wmav;yg/wu,fvInside
dkY 2 Network u
Packet ydrYk ,fqv kd nf;'Dvykd gy/J
tvkyfvkyfyHk½Sif;NyDqdk&ifawmhCommand awGudkoGm;Mu&atmif/NAT udCreate
k vkyf
&wmuDynamic udkCreate vkyf&wmeJYtwlwlyJAs/wpfckyJuGmw,f/yHkudkMunfhygOD;/
Product of YOUTH
- 233 -
yHk 10.10
Example for PAT
Internal Network wpfckvHk;udInternet

k oHk;vdkYr&atmifydwfygr,f/Dynamic wkef;uvdkyJ
Network Address aMujimygr,f/
Router(config)#ip nat pool lessonpat 172.146.2.1 172.46.2.1 netmask

255.255.255.0
'DrSmowdxm;rdMuvm;/IP Range ayr,fhStart IP eJYEnd IP wlaewmav/[kww f ,fAs/

'g[mPAT &JUt"duaomhcsufygyJ/Public IP wpfcwk nf;eJtvk
Y yv f yk v
f mwmjzpfvStart
Ykd IP eJY
End IP wlaewmjzpfygw,f/
Acces List aqmufMu&atmif/
Router(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
ydwfcsifwmuNetwork wpfckvHk;jzpfwJhtwGufNetwork Address udxnf

k ah y;ygw,f/
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool lessonpat overload
jrifMu&JUvm;/" o v e r l o a d "qdkwJhCommand wpfctyd

k yk gvmygNy/D 'g[mNAT Over-
loading ud&nf
k ñeT ;f ygw,f/
NyD;&ifawmhInside, Outside owfrSwfay;ygr,f/
- 234 -
Router(config)#int e0
Router(config-if)#ip nat inside
Router(config)#int s0
Router(config-if)#ip nat outside
'gNy;D &ifawmhNAT Overloading vkyfvdkYNyD;ygNyD/t&ifDynamic eJYb,fae&muGmvJqkad wmh

(2)ae&muGmygw,f/Start Public IP eJEnd Y Public IP wlwJhae&mrSmygyJ/" overload " qdkwJh
Command tydkygaewmrSmvnf;uGmjcm;ygw,f/rSwfxm;aemf(2)ae&muGmygw,f/
uJ..tckq&kd ifNAT trsdK;tpm;(3)ckvHk;&Sif;vdkYNyD;ygNyD/oifvnf;tm;vHk;oabmayguf
½Si;f vif;r,fvxif Ykd ygw,f/aumif;Ny'gD quR
kd eaf wmfwjYkd yKvyk cf w
hJ NAT
hJ trsdK;tpm;awGudkb,f
vdjk yefMunfrh vJ/Access List tcef;rSmwke;f uuReaf wmfwjYkd yefMunfhcsiw f t
hJ cgtoH;k jyK&wJCom-h
mand awG½w dS ,fav/rSwrf ad o;&JUvm;/tck'rD mS vJ'Dvykd gy/J NAT awGujkd yefMunfch si&f ifoH;k vd&Yk wJh
Command awG½y dS gw,f/
10.7 NAT rsm;udk jyefMunfjh cif;
(1) Router#show ip nat translation

Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
icmp 64.1.1.5:271 10.1.9.2:271 64.1.1.10:271 64.1.1.10:271
tcp 64.1.1.5:11000 10.1.9.2:11000 64.1.1.10:23 64.1.1.10:23
Router#
'DCommand eJq
Y &kd ifHost bufuaeDestination bufa&mufatmifoGm;wJhvrf;aMumif;
wpfavQmufTranslate vkyforQudkjrifawGUEdkifrSmyg/
(2) Router#debug ip nat

'DCommand usawmhNAT eJYywfoufwmudktao;pdwfjyay;vdrfhr,fAs/Host
qDu0ifvmwJTraffic
h awG?Translate vkyfwmawG?Destination Address udkajymif;oGm;wmawG.
. tm;vHk;udk oifjrifawGU&rSmyg/
Product of YOUTH
- 235 -
(3) Router#sh ip nat statistics
NAT eJYywfoufvError
dkY wpfcck ak y:wt
hJ cgus&ifTroubleshoot jyefvkyfzdkYtwGuf'DComm
-and utoH;k 0ifygw,f/oifCreate vkycf w
hJ hJNAT taMumif;udktao;pdwfjyefawGU&rSmyg/
(4) Router#sh ip nat translation max-entries

uReaf wmf½iS ;f jycJzh ;l ygw,f/NAT Router uolvkyforQAddress Translation awGukd
NAT Table xJrmS oGm;xnfNh y;D odr;f xm;wwfw,fvaj Ykd ymcJzh ;l ygw,f/'gq&kd ifTable xJrSmEntry
b,fESpfck odrf;vdkY&ovJ/ 'DyrmPudk owfrSwfay;vdkuf&ifawmh owfrSwfxm;wJh yrmPtwdkif;
NAT Table xJrSmodrf;ygw,f/odkYaomf'DvdkyrmPowfrSwfay;vdkufwmaMumifNAT h Error awG
wufwwfygw,f/'ghaMumifoif h &h UJ NAT rSmError wpfcck wuf k aeNyq D &kd ifjyefvnfppfaq;oifw
h hJ
txJrmS tckajymcJw
h Maximum
hJ Entries (tjrifq
h H;k odr;f xm;Edik w f yrmP)
hJ vnf;ygygw,f/'DMax
Entiries udkMunfhzdkYtoHk;jyK&wJhCommand av;jzpfygw,f/
(5) Router(config)#clear ip nat translations

'DCommand eJqdY &k ifawmhNAT Table xJuEntry awGudkzsufypfvdkY&EdkfifrSmyg/odkYaomf
'DCommand utjynfhtpHkawmhr[kwfbl;As/Command aemufrSmLocal Address eJGlobal Y
Address awGudkxnfhNyD;oifBudKufwJhEntry udoif
k wpfcck si;f pDvu
dk zf suEf ikd yf gw,f/odaYk omfAdd
-rss awGudkawmhoifodxm;zdkYvdkw,fAs/aemufNyD;'DCommand aemufrSm" * " xnf& h ifawmh
Table xJu½Sod rQEntry awGtm;vHk;zsufypfay;ygw,f/oifoifhawmfr,fxifovdktoHk;jyK&rSmyg/
10.8 NAT ESiyhf wfoufNyD; Router ay:rmS Error wwfwt

hJ cg
NAT [mtoHk;jyK&wmxda&mufw,f?odyfaumif;w,ffqdkwmawmhrSefygw,f/odkYaomf
oluvnf;tNrJwrf;jyóemuif;aewJhaumifawmhr[kwfygbl;/NAT jyóemjzpfvmwJt h cg
oifb,fvdkvkyfrvJ/'DudpötwGufrcuf&atmifNAT udKG i½f mS wJth cgoifw
h aYkd wGppfaq;Munf½h &I r,fh
tqifhawGudk uRefawmfajymjyay;oGm;ygr,f/
NAT Bu;D uGKd ifwufaeygNy/D t&ifq;Hk 'DtqifhawGuoif
kd ppfaq;Munfyh g/

- 236 -
(1) Dynamic NAT Scope (Dynamic Pool) awGxr
J mS oifxnfch w
hJ Address
hJ Scope awG
rSerf rS eS &f UJ vm; ppfaq;Munfyh g/
(2) oifaqmufxm;wJDynamic
h Pool awGxyfrsm;xyfaeovm;MunfhMunfhyg/
(3) Static Mapping rSmoifxnfx h m;wJAddress

h awGeDynamic
YJ Pool xJrmS xnfx
h m;wJh
Address awGxyfrsm;xyfaeovm;½Smyg/
(4) aemufNyD;awmhoifCreate vkycf w

hJ Access
hJ List awGxJuAddress awGrSef&JUvm;vnf;
ppfMunfyh gO;D /
(5) ygoifhygxkdufwAddress
Jh awGxnfhxm;NyD;?rygoifhrygxdkufwAddress
Jh awGrxnfrY ad tmif
*½kpu
kd af y;yg/
(6) Inside InterfaceeJOutside

Y Interface awGrSmoifhawmfwJhAccess Permission awGyJ
zGiahf y;xm;yg/
odkYaomfwpfckowdxm;&rSmuError wufvmw,fqdkwdkif;oifuConfiguration xyf

xnfv h u dk v f ?Ykd jyifvukd v
f YError
kd wufwmyJvdkYawmhrSwfxm;vdkYr&ygbl;/wpfcgwavus&ifRout-
ing ydi k ;f ujyóemwpfcck ak MumifNAT h vkyw f t hJ csed rf mS Error wufvmwmrsKd ;vnf;jzpfEikd yf gw,f/
'gaMumifConfiguration
h wpfcx
k yfxnfw h ikd ;f rSm'DConfiguration xJu Address topfuNAT dk
uTranslate vkyfNyD;wdkif;Router BuD;udkbmqufvkyf&rvJqdkwmygñTefMum;ay;zdkYvdkygw,f/
NAT Error qdkwJhae&mrSmNAT Table xJrSmMaximum Entries Number awGowfrSwf
xm;vdjYk zpfvmwJError h awGvnf;ygygw,f/'DError taMumif;wpfpGef;wpfpudkta½SUrSmwkef;u
" sh ip nat translation max-entries " qdkwCommand Jh taMumif;ajym&if;eJYuRefawmf
ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f/Table xJuEntry Error jzpf&iftJ'Command D eJMY unfNh y;D jyefppfMunhyf g/
'gth jyifNAT &JUtao;pdwfudkjyefMunfhzdkY" sh ip nat statistics " qdkwJh
Command udkoHk;NyD;Error ppfaq;Edik y f gw,f/
aumif;ygNyD/apmapmuuRefawmfrSmcJhwJhtwdkif;NAT Table xJuoif kd 0ifppfMunfv h u kd w f m
Product of YOUTH
- 237 -
Entry wpfckrSmtrSm;awGUw,fqdkygawmh/'DEntry udkb,fvdkzsufMurvJ/Entry wpfcrk mS Expire
jzpfwthJ csed q
f wkd m½Sw d ,fqakd yr,ftJ h 'Entry
D ol[
Y molatmfwkdExpire jzpfwt hJ csed x
f xk d id af pmifh
aervm;../rvdb k ;l As/'DEntry wpfcu k oif
kd rBuKd u&f ifoifu, kd w
f ikd csf ucf si;f Manually
zsuvf &Ykd ygw,f/'gjzifb,f h Command oH;k rvJ/oifoNd y;D om;yg/enf;enf;jyefpOf;pm;Munfyh gO;D /
uReaf wmfajymcJzh ;l ygw,f/" clear ip nat translation " qdkwCommand Jh
av;udkoHk;NyD;Entry wpfcx k aJ ½G;í(od)Yk Entry trsm;Bu;D a½G;ízsuyf pfEikd yf gw,f/wpfco k wdxm;
&rSmuawmhPool Address &,fNAT Table &,fetH YJ uu
kd jf zpfaewJhEntry awGq&kd ifCisco IOS
Software uvHk;0zsufcGifhray;bl;qdkwJhtcsufygyJ/aemufNyD;awmhtJ'"D c l e a r i p n a t
translation " qdkwCommand Jh uDynamic wpfckwnf;twGufyJoufa&mufwmaemf/
Static awGtwGufqdk'DCommand oH;k ½He k YJEntry awGysufroGm;ygbl;/
'gavmufq&kd ifNAT Command awGeJYywfoufNyD;uRefawmfajymp&mukefoGm;ygNyD/aemuf
qHk;taeeJYuRefawmfrSmcsifwmuawmha½SUChapter awGxJrSmuRefawmfajymjycJhwFirewall Jh awG?
Perimeter Network awG?Access List awGeNAT YJ [mjyefNyD;pyfqufaew,fqdkwJhtaMumif;ygyJ/
'gwpfcak wmh owdrarhMuyge/YJ
tckawmhxHk;pHktwdkif;NAT twGufLAB wpfcxnf k ah y;ygr,f/
Lab for NAT
'DLab udkoHk;NyD;Static NAT, Dynamic NAT eJPAT Y wdkYudkCreate vkyfNyD;prf;Munfhyg/

'DrSmawmhtoHk;rsm;wJhPAT udkyJvkyfjyxm;ygw,f/usefwmudkawmhPacket Tracer udktoHk;jyKNyD;
oifu, kd w
f ikd f vuf,OfomG ;atmif prf;Munfah pcsiyf gw,f/
yHk 10.11

- 238 -
RouterA udkConfigure csykH
Router>enable


RouterA(cofig)#ip nat pool NATPOOL 203.10.10.1 203.10.10.1

netmask 255.255.255.0
RouterA(config)#ip nat inside source list 10 pool NAT over
load
RouterA(config)#access-list 10 permit 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255

RouterA(config-if)#ip net inside

RouterA(config-if)#ip nat outside
RouterA#write mem
NyD;&ifHost ( 2)vk;H udkowfrSwfay;xm;wJhtwdkif;IP awGay;yg/tm;vHk;NyD;&iftwGif;u

192.168.10.0 Network xJuae203.10.10.1 qDuPing dk &ifReply jyefayr,f203.10.10.1
h
uae192.168.10.1 qDuPing dk &ifawmhReply rjyefwmudkawGY&ygvdrfhr,
Product of YOUTH
- 239 -
Case Study 1 ( Static Route and Dynamic Route rsm;yg0ifonf/)

- 240 -
RouterA udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname SRouterA
SRouterA(config)#enable secret cisco
SRouterA(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

SRouterA(config-if)#ip address 1.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
SRouterA(config-if)#no shutdown
SRouterA(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1

SRouterA(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/2

SRouterA(config-if)#exit
SRouterA(config)#ip route 200.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 100.0.0.2

Product of YOUTH
- 241 -
SRouterA(config)#exit
SRouterA#copy running-config startup-config
RouterB udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname SRouterB
SRouterB(config)#enable secret cisco
SRouterB(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

SRouterB(config-if)#ip address 1.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
SRouterB(config-if)#no shutdown
SRouterB(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1

SRouterB(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/2
- 242 -
SRouterB(config-if)#exit
SRouterB(config)#ip route 100.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.0.0.1

SRouterB(config)#exit
SRouterB#copy running-config startup-config
RouterC udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname RIPRouterC
Product of YOUTH
- 243 -
RIPRouterC(config)#enable secret cisco
RIPRouterC(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

RIPRouterC(config-if)#ip address 100.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
RIPRouterC(config-if)#no shutdown
RIPRouterC(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1

RIPRouterC(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/2

RIPRouterC(config-if)#exit
RIPRouterC(config)#router rip
RIPRouterC(config-router)#network 100.0.0.0
RIPRouterC(config-router)#redistributed static
RIPRouterC(config-router)#exit
RIPRouterC(config)#ip route 1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 100.0.0.1

RIPRouterC(config)#exit
RIPRouterC#copy running-config startup-config

- 244 -
RouterD udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname RIPRouterD
RIPRouterD(config)#enable secret cisco
RIPRouterD(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

RIPRouterD(config-if)#ip address 172.100.0.1 255.255.0.0
RIPRouterD(config-if)#no shutdown
RIPRouterD(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1

RIPRouterD(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/2

RIPRouterD(config-if)#exit
RIPRouterD(config)#router rip
RIPRouterD(config-router)#network 200.0.0.0
RIPRouterD(config-router)#redistributed static
RIPRouterD(config-router)#exit
RIPRouterD(config)#exit
Product of YOUTH
- 245 -
RIPRouterD#copy running-config startup-config
RouterE udkConfigure vkyyf kH
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname RIPRouterE
RIPRouterE(config)#enable secret cisco
RIPRouterE(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

RIPRouterE(config-if)#ip address 172.100.0.2 255.255.0.0
RIPRouterE(config-if)#no shutdown
RIPRouterE(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1

RIPRouterE(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/2

RIPRouterE(config-if)#exit
RIPRouterE(config)#router rip
RIPRouterE(config-router)#network 172.100.0.0
RIPRouterE(config-router)#redistributed static
RIPRouterE(config-router)#exit
- 246 -
RIPRouterE(config)#ip route 1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 200.200.0.1
RIPRouterE(config)#exit
RIPRouterE#copy running-config startup-config
'DvdkrsdK;Dynamic Routing Protocol ESiStatic

hf Route wdkYudkConfigure csNyD;NyDqdk&ifawmh
Network awGtm;vHk;rdaerSmjzpfNyD;Host awGvnf;wpfce kw
YJ pfPing vdrYk ad erSmjzpfygw,f/
Case Study 1 jyD;ygjyD/
NAT, Access List oifcef;pmrsm;yg0ifaom Case Study 2 udk xyfxnfah y;

xm;ygw,f/
Product of YOUTH
- 247 -
Case Study 2 ( NAT and Access List rsm;yg0ifonf/)

- 248 -
'DCase study rSmawmhRouterA rSmNAT xdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/NyD;awmhTraining Network
bufuUser awGudkSales Network xJuUser awGqo D Access
Ykd vkycf iG rhf &atmifStandard
Access Lists eJYydwfxm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
RouterA udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable

RouterA(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1


RouterA(config)#router eigrp 100

Product of YOUTH
- 249 -
RouterA(config)#ip nat pool NATPOOL 192.100.100.1 192.100.100.1 netmask

255.255.255.0
RouterA(config)#ip nat inside source list 20 pool NATPOOL overload

RouterA(config-if)#ip nat outside

RouterA(config-if)#ip nat inside

RouterA(config-if)#ip nat inside
RouterB udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable

- 250 -
RouterB(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1

RouterB(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/2

RouterB(config)#router eigrp 100

RouterB(config)#access-list 10 deny 198.200.200.0 0.0.0.255

RouterB(config)#access-list 10 permit any
RouterB(config-if)#ip access-group 10 out
RouterB(config)#copy running-config startup-config
Product of YOUTH
- 251 -
RouterC udConfigure
k vkyyf kH
Router>enable
RouterC(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/1



RouterC(config)#router eigrp 100

- 252 -
RouterC(config)#copy running-config startup-config
'Dvakd wGConfigure csNyD;NyDqdk&ifawmhTraining Network bufuaeSales Network

bufudkb,fvdkrSPing MunfhvdkYr&awmhwmudkawGY&ygvdrfhr,f/aemufjyD;awmhRouterA rSmNAT
xdkifxm;wJhtwGufaMumifInternal h Network awGjzpfwSale
hJ Network, Production Network,
Training Network wdkYqDuaeExternal Network jzpfwhJPublic Network bufudkPing vkyf
vdkY&oGm;rSmjzpfayr,fPublic
h Network bufqDuaeInternal Network awGqDudkb,fvdkrPing
S
vkyv f rYkd &wmudak wGyY gvrd rhf ,f/
Case Study 2 jyD;ygjyD/
PDF Creator - Min Hein Kyaw

Product of YOUTH
- 253 -
ed*Hk;
1/ Ny;D oGm;jyefygNy/D
2/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f vli,fawG enf;ynmudak vhvmwJt

h cg twm;tqD;awG wwfEikd o
f rQ enf;oGm;
atmif ulnaD y;wmjzpfygw,f/
3/ qdkvdkwmu uRefawmfwdkY odxm;oavmufukdyJ rQa0ay;wmjzpfygw,f/ 'Doifcef;pmyg

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Road To CCNA (MyanmarVersion)

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PDF Creator - Min Hein Kyaw

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