What do Engineers do?
Design and Build ....
IMU 221
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Introduction
Dr. Gürkan Yıldırım
 The properties of the materials that are available
define and limit the capabilities that the device or
structure can have, and the techniques that can be
used to fabricate it.
 Reinforced Concrete Bridges... ~5-10 m in span
 Prestressed Concrete Bridges... ~ 30-40 m in span
 Steel Bridges... ~ 60-70 m in span
Therefore, an appreciation of the
 important materials characteristics,
 the connection between the behavior of the
material in its intended design setting,
 and the stuff the object is made from (and how it is
made)
is important to every engineer, even if they will never
create a new material but simply choose from
standard and widely available ones.
As Civil Engineers we design and build civil
structures (residential buildings, hospitals, dams,
roads, towers, ...)
Materials Science and Engineering forms the
bedrock for the engineering disciplines because
the structures, components, and devices that
engineers design and use must be made out of
something, and that is a material.
 Selecting the best material is usually a difficult task,
requiring tradeoffs between different material
properties (including cost)
 Cost of a residential building:
 65-75% materials cost
 5% technical personel
 Rest is the labor cost
 As civil engineers our job is to:
 To make sure that the structure is functional during its
service life (it should be strong)
 To make sure that the structure should withstand the
environment (it should be durable)
 To make sure that the structure is aesthetic and
economic (it should be feasible)
 We need to know the properties of constructional
materials.
 Physical, chemical and mechanical properties
 Manufacturing processes
 Its behavior in its final form
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 The service life of a civil engineering structure
does not ONLY depend on
 How good its design is
 How good its labor is
 You have to consider other factors such as:
 How good the material that you pick is
 How good the quality control is
 How you maintain the structure!
Materials
Materials Science Materials Engineering
 Materials Science: Materials science involves
investigating the relationships that exist between
the structures and the properties of the
materials.
In contrast,
 Materials Engineering: is, on the basis of these
structure-property correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a material to
produce a predetermined set of properties.
Role of Material Science in CE
In designing Civil Engineering systems:
 Combining several sciences
 Chemistry
 Physics
 Mechanics
 Behavioral understanding of materials is based
on knowledge of these sciences.
 To conclude:
Why do we need to know materials?
 Every engineer, whether mechanical, civil,
chemical or electrical, will at some point deal
with a design problem involving materials.
Materials Science
From a functional perspective, the role of
materials scientist is to develop or
synthesize new materials, whereas a
materials engineer is called upon to create
new products or systems using existing
materials, and/or to develop techniques
for processing materials.
 Atomic nature of materials
 Microstructure
 Relationship between material structure
and engineering properties
 Altered structures to customize properties
Predicting Behavior
 Civil Engineers design complex
systems using relationships between
Stress vs. Strength

 Strain vs. Deflection
 Exposure vs. Durability
 Risk vs. Consequence
 Cost vs. Aesthetics & Life Cycle
 Others
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 The purpose of this course is to: Engineering Properties of
 Learn the properties of materials

(strength, ductility, impact resistance, ...) Materials

 Learn the internal structure of materials – basic material science
(the atomic structure, bonding, ...)
 Behavior of Engineering Materials
 Measurement of Properties
 Learn how the internal structure of a material affects its
properties
 Metals: Metallic bonding  ductility
 Ceramics: Ionic and covalent bonds  brittleness
 Plastics: Covalent and Van der Waals bondsmoisture
resistance
 Mechanical : Define the behavior of the materials under
loads. (Strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, hardness,
etc.)
 Physical : Density, porosity, moisture content, shape,
surface texture, etc.
 Chemical : Oxide or compound composition
 Physico-chemical : Shrinkage, swelling
 Thermal : Conductivity
 Acoustical : Sound transmission or absorption
 Optical : Color

Classification of 1. According to Their State

Civil Engineering Materials  Gases (CO2, O2)
Classification can be done in so many different  Liquids (Water, Chemical Admixtures)
ways:  Solids (Concrete, Steel)
 According to their state
 Semi-solids (Fresh Pastes, Mortar, Concrete)
 According to their chemical composition and
internal structure
 According to their intended use

 According to their mechanical behavior

2. According to Their Chemical 2. According to Their Chemical

Composition and Internal Structure Composition and Internal Structure
 Metals → Metallic bond  Composite Materials → combination of several
 Ferrous (Iron, steel) materials
Non-ferrous (Aluminum)
 Concrete

 Polymers → Long chain molecules
 Natural (rubber, resin, wood)  Cement sandstone
 Artificial (plastics)  Polymer nanocomposites
 Ceramics → Alumino silicates
 Structural clay products
 Porcelains
 Composite Materials → combination of several materials  Reinforced Composite Materials
Concrete
 Reinforced concrete

 Cement sandstone
 Reinforced Composite Materials  Fiber reinforced plastics
 Reinforced concrete  Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers
 Fiber reinforced plastics

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 3. According to Their Intended Use 4. According to Their Mechanical
 Structural Materials (concrete, steel, wood) Behavior
 Elastic Materials
 Architectural Detailing Materials (glass, paint,
They deform under some load and when the
heat and sound insulators) load is removed they return back to their
 Preservatives (paint) original position

 But some materials fall into all of the above

groups for example wood.

Load
• Load carrying member
• Architectural
• Coating of chipboard
Deformation

 Plastic Materials  Elastoplastic Materials

They deform under some load, but when These materials exhibit both elastic and
the load is removed there will be some plastic behavior depending on the level of
permanent deformation loading.
P

Elastic
Limit

δ
Plastic Elastic
deformation deformation
δ
δperm: Permanent Deformation

 Viscoelastic Materials
The load-deformation depends on the rate of
Material Selection
loading  Wood - Lumber,  Asphalt - Hot-mixed,
Plywood, OSB, Cold-mixed, Composites,
Composites Emulsions, Cutbacks
 Steel - Shapes, Rebar,  Aluminum - Shapes,
Pipe, Cold-Formed, Pipe, Cold-Formed
Cable  Stone and Masonry -
Load

 Concrete - Cast, Precast, Clay, Concrete Block,

Grout, Cellular, Mortar Cut-Stone

Deformation

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Material Selection
 Composites - Cable,
Rebar, Plate, Fabric
 Polymers - Pipe, Liners,
Coatings, Filters
 Soil – Foundations, Fill,
Embankment, Liner
Measurement of Properties and
Testing Standards
 Architectural Materials  Consensus Standards
- Tile, Fascia, Glass,
Acoustic Tile  Government Standards
 Aggregates – Base,  Industry Standards
CLSM, Drains, Concrete,
Asphalt  Research Standards

Accuracy and Reliability of

Engineering Materials
Why do we have to know the accuracy of our
numbers and materials?
 Design Safety

 Performance

 Durability

 Liability