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Objectives:

 Distinguish between Materials Science and Materials

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND Engineering
 Comprehend the Four Key Components of Materials Science
ENGINEERING  Explore the Classification of Materials
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. AIVEE ANN H. DIDULO

 Materials science involves investigating the relationships that

exist between the structures and properties of materials (i.e.,
why materials have their properties) Four Components Of The
 Materials engineering involves, on the basis of these structure– Discipline Of Materials Science
property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of
a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
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Materials Paradigm Processing

 Processing  refers to the series of steps and techniques that are applied to
 Structure raw materials in order to transform them into functional
products with desired properties.
 Properties
 Performance
 the structure of a material depends on how it is processed
 Example: Heat Treatment of Steel
 steel can be shaped into various forms using techniques like rolling.
Hot rolling involves heating the steel and then passing it through
rollers to shape it into sheets, plates, or structural shapes.

Structure Structural elements may be classified on the basis of size

 structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its
internal components
 Subatomic structure—involves electrons within the individual atoms, their energies and
interactions with the nuclei.
 Atomic structure—relates to the organization of atoms to yield molecules or crystals.
 Nanostructure—deals with aggregates of atoms that form particles (nanoparticles) that
have nanoscale dimensions (less than about 100 nm).
 Microstructure—those structural elements that are subject to direct observation using
some type of microscope (structural features having dimensions between 100 nm and
several millimeters).
 Macrostructure—structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye (with scale
range between several millimeters and on the order of a meter).

Property
 A property is a material trait in terms of the
kind and magnitude of response to a specific
imposed stimulus.
 refers to any characteristic or attribute of a
material that can be quantitatively
measured, observed, or evaluated.
Performance
 a material’s performance is a function of its
properties
 refers to how well a material or a material
system functions and meets the specific
requirements or objectives of a given
application or environment.
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Six different categories
 Mechanical properties—relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus
(stiffness), strength, and resistance to fracture.
 Electrical properties—the stimulus is an applied electric field; typical properties include electrical
conductivity and dielectric constant.
 Thermal properties—are related to changes in temperature or temperature gradients across a material;
examples of thermal behavior include thermal expansion and heat capacity.
 Magnetic properties—the responses of a material to the application of a magnetic field; common
magnetic properties include magnetic susceptibility and magnetization.
 Optical properties—the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity
are representative optical properties.
 Deteriorative characteristics—relate to the chemical reactivity of materials; for example, corrosion
resistance of metals.
Three thin disk specimens of aluminum oxide
 structures of these three specimens
are different in terms of crystal
boundaries and pores, which affect
the optical transmittance properties
 each material was produced using a
different processing technique
 performance of each material will be
different depending on the application
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Metals

 are composed of one or more metallic elements and often also nonmetallic
elements in relatively small amounts

CLASSIFICATION OF  Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner

MATERIALS  relatively stiff and strong yet are ductile and are resistant to fracture
 extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and are not transparent to
visible light
Metals
Ceramics  a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance
Polymers  some of the metals (i.e., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties

Metals Ceramics

 are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides
 relatively stiff and strong
 very hard
 extreme brittleness and are highly susceptible to fracture
 typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity and are more resistant
to high temperatures and harsh environments
 may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
 some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.
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Ceramics Polymers

 include the familiar plastic and rubber materials

 Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements

 have very large molecular structures, often chainlike in nature, that often have a backbone of carbon atoms

 have low densities

 not as stiff or strong

 extremely ductile and pliable

 inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments

 low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic

 tendency to soften and/or

 decompose at modest temperatures

Polymers Composites

 is composed of two (or more) individual materials

that come from metals, ceramics, and polymers
 fiberglass, in which small glass fibers are
embedded within a polymeric material
 carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP)
composite—carbon fibers that are embedded
within a polymer
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Semiconductors

 have electrical properties that are intermediate between those of electrical

conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e., ceramics and
polymers)
 electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the
ADVANCED MATERIALS presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms
 Semiconductors play a crucial role in modern electronics and technology due to
their ability to control and manipulate the flow of electrical current.
 Example: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs): LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit
light when an electric current passes through them. They are used in lighting,
displays, indicators

Biomaterials

 nonviable (i.e., nonliving) materials that are implanted into the body, so that they
function in a reliable, safe, and physiologically satisfactory manner, while
interacting with living tissue
 biocompatible—compatible with body tissues and fluids with which they are in
contact over acceptable time periods
 Example biomaterial applications include joint (e.g., hip, knee) and heart valve
replacements, vascular (blood vessel) grafts, fracture-fixation devices, dental
restorations, and generation of new organ tissues.
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Smart Materials

 these materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then
respond to these changes in predetermined manners
 Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of sensor
(which detects an input signal) and an actuator (which performs a
responsive and adaptive function).
 Example: Electrochromic materials change color in response to an applied
electrical voltage. They are used in "smart" windows that can be tinted or
darkened electronically to control glare and heat from sunlight.

A detector for fire alarm sprinkler system. Nanomaterials

 possess unique properties and functionalities due to their

When there is a fire the temperature will affect the electrical nanoscale dimensions, typically in the range of 1 to 100
circuit and trigger the sprinkler.
nanometers
 Example: Nanofibers: Ultra-thin fibers with diameters in the
nanometer range, often used in tissue engineering, filtration,
and textiles.