Chapter 1

Introduction to Materials Science

and Engineering

Structures Properties Processing

Souphanouvong University
Faculty of Engineering
Mr. Pem PHAKVISETH
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
pempvs@gmail.com
1
 objective of Learning

• Understand the meaning of materials and engineering

• can explain types of materials used in the field of engineering as
well as their properties and applications.

2
 Topic

What is Materials ?
What is Materials Engineering ?
What is Materials Science ?
1.Structure 5. Smart Materials
2. Properties 6. Nanotechnology
3. Processing Example Apply materials
4. Classification to work 3
 Topic

What is Materials ?
• Materials is

o Substances that humans have assembled or produced as products,

appliances, inventions, various constructions.

• We have Known that basic materials such as concrete, steel, glass,

rubber, aluminum, copper, paper, plastic.

4
 Topic

What is Materials Engineering?

• Materials Engineering is
o Materials is used in field work of engineering
o Or is a material that has been used through design and
engineering calculations concerning the structure or production
process of that material In order to obtain the desired properties
or according to defined in the engineering design process.
o Requires knowledge of materials science

5
 Topic

What is Materials Science ?

• Materials Science is

o Basic knowledge about the relationships between internal

structure and properties including processing of materials

6
 Topic

Material evolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology#18th_century

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_materials_science#Early_modern_period7
 Topic

Sample Apply materials to various applications

Beverage containers

8
 Topic

Materials Science and Materials Engineering

Results of
knowledge of
Is a basic structure, properties, Applied
knowledge of manufacturing knowledge of
materials processes and various materials
efficiency of
Materials Science engineering Materials Engineering
materials
Materials Science and Materials Engineering
Properties Produce
Basic science materials that
and Structure efficiency
support to needs
understanding Processing of society.
9
 Topic

the effectiveness and behavior of each material will depend on three factors

10
 Topic

1.Structure
The structure can be divided into 4 levels :
• Structure of Atomic including of Nucleus (Proton + Neutrons)
Surrounded by electronic orbitals.
• Structure of Crystal is Array characterization of atoms or molecules.

Crystalline structures are

Amorphous structures are Atoms
arranged in a metallike
arranged in disorder like polymers
order 11
 Topic

1. Structure (continues)
• Microscopic Is a type of Inside the material which can be viewed
through a microscope.

Optical Micrograph SEM Micrograph

• Macroscopic Can be seen with the eyes.

12
 2. Properties
Topic

The material's properties respond to the environment. The 7 main

engineering properties are:
• Chemical properties, such as the structural features and composition of the
compounds that make up the material...
• Physical properties such as material adhesion, density, melting ...
• Mechanical properties such as shrinkage, stiffness, hardness ....
• Thermal properties such as heat conduction efficiency ...
• Electrical properties such as electrical conductors ...
• Magnetic properties such as the magnetic field of the material.
• The optical properties such as the scattering of the light, the transparency of the
material ... 13
 Topic

3. Processing
• The production process is the process of processing material by either
heat or mechanical force.
• The result can be microstructural changes that can directly affect the
material properties of a material.,
appearance built

Casting
furnace

Rolling
machine

The structure varies according to the Strong and hardness

characteristics of casting and cooling.
The structure is compressed and thin. 14
 Topic

Optical Properties of Ceramic are controlled

by “Grain Structure”

Alumina (Al2O3): Depending on the structure of the material, it may be transparent, transparent or illuminated.

Grain Structure is a function of “Solidification” processing

15
 Topic

Rolling of Steel

Structure determines Properties but Processing determines Structure16

 Structure relationship Properties Process
Topic

Performance of engineering materials

Molecular structure
Crystal structure
Micro-structures The level of competence that
is suitable for the conditions

Physical properties, chemical

Synthesis and forming properties, physicochemical
properties ...

At view of engineer ---> What is the required performance capacity that must be supported? And the said
properties are the properties of the structure of which materials And what to do In order to obtain that
structure, what process must be produced or processed?
17
 Topic

• Selection of materials from the

available options is limited to which
material is most appropriate from its
specific characteristics.

• Understand the relationship between

the structural components of the
material and the properties of the
material, allowing the development
of specific characteristics of the
material in order to meet the needs of
modern society.
18
 4. Classification of Materials
Topic

Materials can be divided into 3 main groups based on chemical

properties and atomic arrangement.

3 Group Materials

1.Metals 3
4.Composites groups
that
2.Polymer have
5.Semiconductor
Enginee
ring
3.Ceramic signific
6.Biomaterials
ance
19
Topic

4.1 Metals

• Consists of metal objects Or maybe a little non-metal mixed

with valence electrons surrounded like 'an electron sea' that
holds the positive charges together
• Properties: good heating and electric power, impermeable light
Strong and tough Positive Ion (+)

• Example:

• Ferrous Metals and Alloys

Including iron and cast iron
• Nonferrous Metals and
Alloys Such as aluminum,
An electron sea ( - )
zinc, copper, brass etc.
20
 Topic

4.2 Polymer
Polyethylene

• Consisting of plastic and gesture most of them are organic. (Organic)

Contains carbon, contains molecules in a chain.
• Properties: good electrical insulation Some types are heat insulation.
High flexibility, light weight, low strength
• Examples: Plastic, Rubber, PVC, Epoxy

Polymerization process Occurs by the small

molecules connected to a large molecule.

21
Topic

4.3 Ceramic

• Consists of metals and non-metals (non-metals)

• Most of the ceramics are in the form of oxides, carbides, nitrides and
nitrides.
• Properties: insulating heat and electricity high temperature resistant
more durable in a toxic environment than metals and polymers Is
strong but fragile

• Examples: Glass, Brick, Alumina, SiN,

SiC, Zirconia, Clay

22
Topic

4.4 Composites

• Is a composite material from 2 main groups or more Which the

composite material must not dissolve each other
• Properties: It is a combination of good properties of materials that are
together
• Example: Fiberglass
(obtaining the hardness
of glass fibers mixed
with the flexibility of
polymers), steel fiber
reinforced concrete
Silicon Fiberglass Reinforcement
(With both strength and
longevity)
23
Venn Diagram of three basic material types
Topic

plus composites

reinforced concrete Automobile steel

reinforcing steel lines

Fiber glass

24
Topic

4.5 Semiconductor
• The semi-conductor material has electrical properties in the middle
between the body. Electrical and electrical insulation, such as pure
silicon, which are created in different ways
• Properties: when the temperature rises, the conductivity of the
semiconductor Will be better (as opposed to metal)
• Example: Silicon chip and micro-electronic devices (microelectronic
devices), which is the Important in the production of satellites,
computer, calculator, digital watch, robots etc.

Satellites 25
Intrinsic Semiconductors PN Junction
Topic

4.6 Biomaterials
• It is a material that That has a medical role. Biomaterials include All
types of materials that can be used in biological Can be implanted into
the human body to change or replace the damaged organ It does not
cause toxic substances and can be compatible with the tissues in the
human body such as prosthetics, artificial bones, prosthesis. Hip joint,
implants, etc.

Femoral implant stem Ti get screwed to implant 26

 Topic

Properties Comparison

• Hardness :
Polymer < Metals < Ceramic
• Toughness :
Ceramic < Metals < Polymer
• Melting point :
Polymer < Metals < Ceramic
• Heat conduction :
Ceramic < Polymer < Metals
• Electrical conductivity :
Ceramic < Polymer < Metals

27
 5. Smart Materials
Topic

• Materials can be aware of changes in the environment (where they

operate). And responding to those changes in the form of Set
beforehand For example, Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy is made from
Titanium and Nigel alloys that are used in Muscle Wires and applied in
robotics or "Smart Shirts" (clothing that interacts with the wearers.
body temperature).

Shape Memory Alloy Shirt and Jacket (2010) Smart fabrics and power laces 28
Sharp Memory Alloys

29
 5. Smart Materials) (continues)
Topic

There are also sensors and actuators that can be used to detect changes in
the environment, temperature, color change, light intensity or response
when receiving electricity.

30
 Topic

6. Nanotechnology
• Nanomaterials Nano Materials Is a small material Diameter not over
100 nm
• Has a high ratio of surface area to volume, resulting in physical
properties Different from large materials Entirely
• With different shapes and dimensions from the big cube (0,1,2,3
dimensions)
• Engineering benefits, especially electronics, sensors, magnets and
medical.

31
 Topic

Example Apply materials to work

1. Car industry 2. Computer electronics industry 3. Construction industry

4. Water industry 5.Aircraft industry 32

 Topic

1. Car industry

✓ Steel
✓ aluminum
✓ cast iron
✓ rubber
✓ plastic
✓ titanium

33
 Topic

2. Computer electronics industry

✓ plastic
✓ glass
✓ copper
✓ crystal
✓ Silicon
✓ Magnesium
✓ Semiconductor
✓ LCD, LED, OLED
34
 Topic

3. Construction industry

✓ concrete
✓ cement
✓ Steel
✓ glass
✓ The wood
✓ brick
✓ Polymers
✓ Aluminum alloys
35
 Topic

4. Water industry

✓ Fabric
✓ aluminum
✓ steel
Fishing boats, speed boats and sailboats ✓ rope
✓ The wood
✓ plastic
✓ Fiberglass

36
http://fishing-speed-boats-sailboats.blogspot.com/
 Topic

5.Aircraft industry

✓ Titanium
✓ Ceramics
✓ Aluminum alloy
✓ Nickel alloy
✓ Fiber glass fiber
✓ Silicon
✓ Molybdenum alloys
✓ Composites
37
 Thank you for your attention !!!

감사합니다 !!!

Next Chapter is Atomic

Souphanouvong University Structure
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
38