ABSTRACT

Energy is the key contribution to financial development and there is nearby connection
between the accessibility of energy and the development of a country. Since energy is
fundamental to direct the procedure of production, the system of monetary improvement
requires the utilization of more significant levels of energy consumption. The interest for
energy over the world is continually rising. This expanded demand is caused to some
degree by the increase in population and by financial advancement. The measure of
energy a nation utilizes is generally used to show the degree of advancement. In the
meantime, the natural resources of energy is decreasing day by day due to different kind
of reasons. This circumstance challenges the researchers and scientists to find out an
alternate way of getting energy. This study explores coordination and synchronization of
photovoltaic inverter and grid tied system. A new way phase-locked loop (PLL) is used
for matching the frequency of the input signal. Simulation result gives the chance of
synchronizing the output voltage of PV inverter and grid power adequately.

i
 CONTENTS
Chapter-01: Introduction:-

1.1 Literature Review…….

…………………………………………………………..02
1.2 Problem Statement……………………………………………………………….03
1.3 Objectives………………………………………………………………………..03
1.4 Methodology……………………………………………………………………..03
1.5 Thesis Layout…………………………………………………………………….03

Chapter-02: Renewable Energy Generation:-

2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….05
2.2 Renewable Energy…………………………………………………………………..05
2.3 Solar Energy…………………………………………………………………………
05
2.4 Hydroelectric Power………………………………………………………………...05
2.5 Wind Power…………………………………………………………………………06
2.6 Biomass Power………………………………………………………………………
06
2.7 Geothermal Power…………………………………………………………………..07

Chapter-03: Detail about Solar System:-

3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….09
3.2 Grid Tie Solar Electric System……………………………………………………...09
3.3 Parts Of Grid Tie Solar System……………………………………………………..10
3.4 Solar Panel…………………………………………………………………………..10
3.5 Basic Principal Of Solar Panel………………………………………………………
10
3.6 Solar Cell……………………………………………………………………………10
3.7 PV Modules…………………………………………………………………………11
3.8 PV Array…………………………………………………………………………….11
3.9 The Operation Of PV Cell…………………………………………………………..11

Chapter-04: Grid Tie PV Inverter System:-

4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..14
4.2 PV Single Stage Converter……………………………………………..………….14
4.3 PV Two Stage Converter……………………………………………………..……14
4.4 Control Strategies Of Grid Tie Inverter System…………………………..……….15

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4.5 Switching Circuit………………………………………………………….……….16
4.6 Harmonics………………………………………………………………….……...17
4.7 Output Filter…………………………………………………………….…………17

Chapter-05: Simulation and Analysis:-

5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….19
5.2 Proposed Control Method…………………………………………………………...19
5.3 Phase Locked Loop………………………………………………………………….20
5.4 Simulation Overview………………………………………………………………..22
5.5 Simulation Result……………………………………………………………………24
5.6 Analysis From Simulation Result……………………...........................................…25

Chapter-06: Conclusion:-

6.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..27
6.2 Future Work…………………………………………………………………………27

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Number of The Title of The
Figure Figure

Figure 2.1 Hydroelectric Power Plant

Figure 2.2 Wind Turbine Power Plant
Figure 2.3 Biomass Power Plant
Figure 2.4 Geothermal Power Plant
Figure 3.1 Grid Tie Solar System
Figure 3.2 Solar Panel
Figure 3.3 Solar Cell
Figure 3.4 PV Module
Figure 3.5 Photovoltaic Array
Figure 3.6 Construction of PV panel
Figure 4.1 Single Stage PV converter
Figure 4.2 Two Stage PV converter
Figure 4.3 Control Strategy of Inverter
Figure 4.4 Unipolar Switching
Figure 4.5 Bipolar Switching
Figure 5.1 Diagram of Proposed Method
Figure 5.2 Workflow Diagram
Figure 5.3 PLL Block Diagram
Figure 5.4 Phase Detector
Figure 5.5 Simulation Circuit
Figure 5.6 PLL’s Signal Conversion
Figure 5.7 MATLAB Function Block
Figure 5.8 Reference Voltage
Figure 5.9 Inverter Output Waveform
Figure 5.10 Filtered Waveform
Figure 5.11 Unsynchronized Waveform
Figure 5.12 Synchronized Waveform

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternative Current
DC Direct Current
I Current
V Voltage
L Inductor
IGBT Insolated Gate Bipolar Transistor
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
PV Photovoltaic
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
PLL Phase Locked Loop
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
PI Proportional-Integral
LPF Low Pass Filter

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literature Review

1
Economical advancement characterized as living, creating and consuming in a way that
meets the requirements of the present without compromising the capacity of future era to
meet their own needs. This guideline is certified around the world by politicians,
industrialist, naturalist, financial analyst and scholar as they look for worldwide, national
and nearby cooperation.

In addition, the emissions from the fossil fuel utilize progressively decide another crucial
restriction on their continued utilize, so the require for reasonable interchange is required.
The renewable energy is the energy that comes from resources which are normally
renewed on human time scale. Such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydro and tides. Solar
energy is the energy which produced from the sun light that comes to soil surface and
utilized as heat or captured utilizing photovoltaic solar panels[8].

The emission captured is changed over into DC by the panels that can be utilized
straightforwardly in DC applications or changed over into AC by means of a reasonable
inverter to be utilized in AC applications. The inverters can be utilized to change over the
DC into AC power this method is displayed through two sorts of systems either grid tied
or off systems.

The simplest and most cost effective PV design is the “Grid-Tied” system. Solar system
constitutes of load, solar panels and inverter[V]. This system is similar to the stand-alone
system but the only difference is that the inverter which is an electronic device that
converts direct current to alternating current. This system doesn’t use any battery storage
to store the power as the power is used immediately and the excess power is transferred
to the grid [19-20]. The grid is utilized to store power for additional utilization around
night and during overcast days or can be offered to the service organization with “net-
metering” system.
One of the significant pieces of the PV framework is the conversion of the DC power
from the photovoltaic module to the AC source that permits the system to connect with
the grid. This is done by a device called inverter. An inverter has two parts. One is power
circuit which uses MOSFET or IGBT switch and other is control circuit[21]. The output
voltage of Grid-tie inverter must maintain some rules for connecting with the Grid-

I) The voltage magnitude and phase of the voltage must be same to the grid.
II) The frequency of the output voltage must be same to the Grid frequency.

To ensure that the inverter’s output voltage obeys those rules the grid voltage is taken as
samples and used as reference voltage for switching signal. It should be minded that grid
power is always higher than the PV inverter’s power. This reference voltage passes to the
PLL circuit which outputs another voltage signal in accordance to the reference voltage.
PLL compare its output voltage to the incoming reference voltage until the phase and
frequency matches. The PWM 2-level generator can control switching devices. The
reference signal (modulating signal) is compared with a triangle carrier which determines
the value (1 or 0) of pulse according when the reference signal is higher or not than
carrier.

2
1.2 Problem statement
Grid tied PV system is completely utilized when the grid is on. The photovoltaic system
gains its output properties via matching it with the grid properties. However, when the
grid is off, the inverter loses its main function and goes down, which make loss of
generation of PV in useful sun radiation’s duration. The national grid features a problem
of several cutoffs, which is most essential problem in any generation industry. When
phase, frequency, amplitude level of signal doesn’t matches between grid and PV
inverter, causes huge amount of power loss. We have to consider this problem in a small
load and build a PV grid tied connected system for such load.

1.3 Objective
The main objectives of this project are:
- Modeling and simulation of an interface between PV array and utility grid.
- Synchronization of voltage of photovoltaic array with the grid.

1.4 Methodology
The methodology used for solving this problem is to design a circuit that can be suitable
to switch the source from the grid to the photovoltaic array. Synchronization of power
between grid and inverter is the main part of this system. To get the maximum power
synchronization of power is necessary. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation is used to
switch the transistors used in inverter.
The grid uses a phase locked loop system as reference to produce a phase angle for
synchronizing between the inverter and the grid.
The photovoltaic system uses a conversion unit to track the maximum power and
interface system to the grid. The whole system has been simulated using MATLAB
software.

1.5 Thesis layout

This study is structured as follows-

Chapter 2 describes different sources of renewable energy such as Solar energy, Wind
energy, Hydroelectric power, Geothermal Power and Biomass power.

Chapter 3 offers detailed about grid tied solar system.

Chapter 4 describes control strategies of grid tied solar inverter system.

Chapter 5 describes about simulation overview and the result of the simulation.

The conclusion of the project in addition to the intended future work is provided in
chapter 6.

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 CHAPTER 2

RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION

2.1 Introduction
4
Power is the set of physical phenomena related to the presence and stream of electric
charge. Power is energy that the method of creating electric energy by changing other
shapes of energy; power gives a wide variety of well-known sources, such as chemical
energy, heat energy, dynamic energy, atomic energy, rotational energy, solar energy,
wind energy and geothermal energy. Here a few sources are renewable and a few are
non-renewable energy. The major parameter choices that must be made for any unused
electric power-generating plant or unit incorporate the choices of energy source, sort of
era system, unit and plant rating, and plant location. These choices must be based upon a
number of specialized, financial and natural factors.

2.2 Renewable energy

Renewable energy is for the foremost part characterized as energy that comes from
resources which are literally recharged on a human timescale like daylight, wind, rain,
tide waves and geothermal. Approximately 16% of worldwide last energy utilization
directly comes from renewable resources, with 10% of all energy from conventional
biomass, basically utilized for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity[1]. Unused
renewable (little hydro, modem biomass, wind, sun powered and geothermal) for an
additional 3% and are developing quickly. At the national level, at slightest 30 countries
round the world as of now have renewable energy contributing quite 20% of energy
supply. National renewable energy markets are anticipated to proceed to develop
unequivocally within the approaching decade and past. Renewable energy is accessible
in several shapes including Wind, Solar and Biomass control. People need to utilize the
require and benefits of using the natural sources of energy. This will be vital because the
Earth's sources of oil and coal are on the skirt of depletion with an enormous increase
within the demand. Therefore, it has become essential that people understand the
necessity of storing these exhaustible sources of energy and find how to control energy
efficiently.

2.3 Solar Energy

Solar energy, effulgent light and heat from the sun, is saddled employing a extend of ever
developing technologies like solar heating, solar photovoltaic's, solar engineering and
made photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either detached sun
powered or dynamic sun powered counting on the way they capture, change over and
disseminate sun powered energy. Dynamic sun powered procedures incorporate the
utilize of photovoltaic panels and solar heat collectors to tackle the energy. A
photovoltaic cell (PV) or solar cell, could also be a tool that changes over light into
current utilizing the photoelectric impact. The primary photovoltaic cell was built by
Charles Fritts within the 1880s[2].

2.4 Hydroelectric Power

In nature, energy cannot be made or annihilated, but its shape can alter. In creating power
no modern energy is made. Really one frame of energy is changed over to another shape.
To create power, water must be in movement. This is often dynamic energy. When
streaming water turns edges in a turbine, the frame is changed to mechanical energy. The
turbine turns the generator rotor which at that point changes over this mechanical energy
into another energy shape- power[3]. Since water is the beginning source of energy, we
call this hydroelectric control or hydropower for short.

5
 Figure 2.1:- Hydroelectric Power Plant

2.5 Wind Power

This strategy can be utilized at where wind streams for a impressive length of time. The
wind energy is utilized to run the wind process which drives a little generator. To get the
electrical energy from a wind source constantly, the generator is organized to charge the
batteries. These batteries provide the energy when the wind stops. This strategy has the
points of interest that support and production costs are negligible[4].

Figure 2.2 :- Wind Turbine Power Plant

2.6 Biomass Power

Biomass is a kind of fuel which is generated from organic materials is a renewable source
of energy. Materials like dumped in landfills, forest debris, crops, waste residues etc.
These wastes are burned to generate steam which makes a turbine to produce electricity,
supplies heat to home and factories[6]. Biomass can be utilized in its strong shape or
gasified for heating applications or power production, or it can be changed over into fluid
or vaporous powers. Biomass transformation alludes to the method of changing over
biomass feed stocks into energy that will at that point be utilized to produce power and

6
heat. Furthermore, a rising class of biomass transformation technologies is getting to be
accessible that changes over woody biomass feed stocks to useable fuel through
gasification forms. Secluded versions-smaller than 5 MW-of both direct-fired evaporator
and gasification technologies are moreover being created, in spite of the fact that they are
at prior stages of commercialization.

Figure 2.3: Biomass Power Plant

2.7 Geothermal Power

Geothermal power plants use hydrothermal power resources which have both water and
heat. This plant needs high temperature(300 0F to 7500F) resources which come from
either dry stream or hot water wells[5]. Geothermal control plants can be partitioned into
two primary bunches, steam cycles and twofold cycles. Regularly the steam cycles are
utilized at higher well enthalpies, and parallel cycles for lower enthalpies. The steam
cycles permit the liquid to boil, and then the steam is isolated from the brine and
extended in a turbine. More often than not the brine is rejected to the environment, or it is
flashed once more at a lower weight. Here the Single Streak and Twofold Streak cycles
will be displayed. A parallel cycle uses a auxiliary working liquid in a closed control era
cycle. A heat exchanger is utilized to exchange heat from the geothermal liquid to the
working liquid, and the cooled brine is at that point rejected to the environment or re-
injected.

7
 Figure 2.4 :- Geothermal Power Plant

CHAPTER 3

DETAIL ABOUT SOLAR SYSTEM

8
3.1 Introduction
Photovoltaic cell is an electronic device that converts directly solar energy into electrical
energy [14]. The other name of solar cell is the photovoltaic cell or PV cell. Here, photo
means light and voltaic means electricity. When many PV cells are combined together
then it makes a solar panel. In solar panel, every cell is connected with each other. These
solar cells are act as the function of battery because battery generates electricity from
chemicals and solar cells generates electricity from light. PV cell is made from silicon
materials. When light of sun falls on the PV cell then some light energy is absorbed by
the PV cell. This energy separates electron and helps to move freely. The main objectives
of PV system is to generate electricity and this is done in two ways. One is ON-Grid solar
system and other is OFF-Grid solar system. In On-Grid solar system, there is no battery
used to store the energy but in OFF-Grid solar system, a battery is used to store the
energy when sun is present in day and this power can be used in night or in the time of
load-shedding [16-17]. The power that generates from photo-voltaic system is used for
various types of operation. Photovoltaic systems, which use arrays of PV system which
convert solar energy into electrical energy. It is more cheap, reliable and handy than other
generating systems. The applications are of PV system are battery storage, backup
generator power, utility-scale power production, hybrid power systems etc. The
photovoltaic cell generates DC power and this power is converted to AC by a DC-AC
converter and finally this AC power operates the AC load [18]. This system can be
utilized on little just as for residential use to satisfy the customer interest for power.
When load on the power station increases then this system can be utilized as a backup
source. For this reason, we need to synchronize inverters AC power with the Grid power.
Synchronization method use voltage, frequency, phase as parameter. These parameters of
both Grid and inverter need to be equal for efficient synchronization.

3.2 Grid Tied Solar Electric Systems

Grid tied Solar Electric systems create power noiselessly and without any moving parts.
Daylight falls on the solar cluster (blue, on the roof), creating DC power. That DC power
is changed over into family 120V AC power by the inverter .The AC power is nourished
into your electric meter and circuit breaker panel. The power either goes to your
machines and lights, or to the grid, or a few to each. This all happens noiselessly and
naturally each day. Grid intertied control systems are for people who are associated to
utility company control lines . They arrange to utilize the Grid to supplement what they
are able to create with renewable energy sources just like the sun or wind.

Figure 3.1:- Grid Tie Solar System

9
3.3 Parts of Grid Tie Solar System
- Solar Panel.
- Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
- DC to DC Converter.
- DC to AC Converter (Inverter).
- Utility Grid.

3.4 Solar Panel

The sort of solar panel you have got likely seen on people's rooftops are called
Photovoltaic Sun powered Panels photo meaning light, and voltaic meaning to do with
power. As the title recommends, Photovoltaic (or PV) panels change over light
straightforwardly into electrical energy.

Figure 3.2- Solar Panel

3.5 Basic Principal of Solar Panel

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell may be a gadget that changes over daylight specifically
into electricity by the photovoltaic impact. Photovoltaic may be a strategy of producing
electrical control by changing over solar radiation into coordinate current power utilizing
uncommonly planned p-n intersections that show the photovoltaic impact. When
electromagnetic light falls on such a intersection, it exchanges energy to an electron
within the valence band and technologies it to the conduction band thus making an
electron-hole match. The electrons and holes made can presently act as versatile charge
carriers and hence a current is produced.

3.6 Solar Cell

Figure 3.3: Solar Cell

10
A solar cell (too called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical gadget that changes over the
energy of light straightforwardly into power by the photovoltaic impact. It could be a
frame of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics such as current, voltage, or
resistance shift when light is occurrence upon it) which, when uncovered to light, can
create and back an electric current without being connected to any outside voltage source,
but do require an outside stack for control consumption. The term "photovoltaic" comes
from the Greek phos meaning "light", and from "volt", the unit of electro-motive
constrain, the volt, which in turn comes from the final title of the Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta, innovator of the battery electrochemical cell)[7]. The term "photo-
voltaic" has been in utilize in English since 1849. Photovoltaic is the field of innovation
and inquire about related to the commonsense application of photovoltaic cells in
creating power from light.

3.7 PV Modules

Figure 3.4: PV Module

PV modules comprise of PV cell circuits fixed in an naturally defensive cover and are
the basic building block of PV systems. A single solar cell cannot supply useful output.
To increase power level of photovoltaic system, it is need to connect many PV cells
together. A module is a series connected solar cells that provide voltage and power. One
solar module is measured from 3 watts to 300 watts.

3.8 PV Array
A PV array is the total power-generating unit, comprising of any number of PV Modules
and panels. A complete PV system uses a PV array as main source of generating electric
power supply. The solar power generated by single PV module is not enough for use. For
this, many single photovoltaic panels are arranged in series and parallel to make PV array
which will produce desired output power.

Figure 3.5:- Photovoltaic Array

3.9 Operation of a Photovoltaic (PV) Cell

For operating PV cell requires-

11
-The retention of light, producing either electron-hole sets or exactions.
- The division of charge carriers of inverse types.
- The partitioned extraction of those carriers to an outside circuit.
In differentiate, a solar heat collector supplies heat by retaining daylight, for the reason of
either coordinate heating or backhanded electrical control era. "Photo electrolytic cell"
(photo electro chemical), on the other hand, alludes either to a sort of photovoltaic cell or
to a gadget that parts water specifically into hydrogen and oxygen utilizing as it were sun
powered illumination.

th

Figure 3.6:- Construction of Photovoltaic Solar Panel

12
 CHAPTER 4

GRID TIE PV INVERTER SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction
Grid tied PV systems are designed to operate in parallel with the utility grid. The main
component in a grid tied photovoltaic system is the inverter. It converts DC into AC

13
power consistent with the voltage and power of the grid. There are different techniques
of switching and control of the inverter power stage. The generation of SPWM with
unipolar voltage switching schemes is that the key switching technique in this thesis is
explained in details.

4.2 PV Single Stage Converter

The primary era of the grid associated PV system was executed by interfacing a cluster of
PV modules to the grid through a DC/AC inverter. The PV modules are associated in
arrangement know as PV strings to supply adequate yield voltage. The PV strings are at
that point connected in parallel through string diodes in arrange to attain tall control
generation. In this setup, the inverter is subjected to handle, most extreme control point
following (MPPT), grid current control and voltage intensification in the event that
fundamental. This proposal utilizes the single stage converter topology.

Figure 4.1. Single Stage PV converter connected to the grid

4.3 PV Two- Stage Converter

In arrange to progress the control capabilities and plan, DC/DC converters, which
perform MPPT for each PV string can be associated within the center between the PV
modules and the DC/AC inverter. The system appeared has its point of common coupling
at the AC terminal. The two organize converter encompasses a DC/DC converter can be
utilized for venturing up or venturing down the yield voltage from the PV yield on the off
chance that fundamental based on the application of the system. The yield from the
DC/DC converter in this setup can be either a low ripple DC voltage, or a modulated
current that takes after a amended sine wave.

Figure 4.2 Two stage PV converter connected to the grid

4.4 Control Strategies of Grid tie inverters

The common strategies for output control of single phase VSI are the predictive,
hysteresis band PWM, and sinusoidal pulse width modulation control (SPWM).

14
Predictive control uses a calculation supported the possible values of voltage then
switching state that creates the closest predictive current to the chosen reference current.
It produces fast dynamic response, easy inclusion of nonlinearities and constraints on the
system[9]. Hysteresis band current controller uses a variable switching frequency control
method in which carrier frequency varies with the output waveform to generate an output
current at the inverter. This control method has good accuracy, faster response and
unconditioned stability but could have unwanted features such as uneven switching
frequency that causes noise and difficult designs for input filters[10]. The rate of change
of the current vary the switching frequency, which is not constant throughout the
switching operation. The output voltage of the inverter is regulated by comparing the
upper and lower limit of the reference current with the output current. The voltage is
increased, when the output current is less than the reference lower limit and decreased
when the output current is above the upper limit reference current[11-12]. It can be seen
that the dynamic response of the hysteresis current controller is better than the adaptive
hysteresis current controller. The disadvantage of this method is that the switching
frequency mainly depends on the load.

Figure 4.3 Control Strategy of Inverter

In SPWM, the power switching control are usually implemented with semiconductor
devices. A reference signal is compared with a carrier wave signal that controls the
switching frequency. The ratio of the amplitude of the modulating wave, 𝑉𝑚,𝑟eference to the
amplitude of the carrier wave 𝑉𝑚,𝑐arrier is defined as the amplitude modulation ratio
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎which is given as
𝑚𝑎=𝑉𝑚,𝑟eference/𝑉𝑚,𝑐arrier.

The relationship of the fundamental frequency output of the voltage is proportional to

𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎, the relationship is given as
𝑉1,𝑜utput=𝑚𝑎·𝑉𝑑c

However, during the ON/OFF switching, little power is lost due to the voltage and
current being non-zero at transition between the states. The power lost is small compared
to the output power delivered by the inverter. Devices such as MOSFETs or insulated
gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are suitable for higher efficiency and high power
applications in comparison to other switches. The main goal of the PWM is to supply a
mean output like its reference signal.

15
SPWM is a form of PWM switching control is easy to implement. It uses proportional-
Integral (PI) controller to in a feedback loop to regulate the output current of the inverter.
Both the inverter output and load current are transformed into the frame, which are input
to a PI controller to eliminate the error between them. The output PI controller output is
then used to command the PWM generator by changing the amplitude and phase of the
command signal. The thesis uses the SPWM PI control technique to implement the
current controller.

The advantage of this control structure is that the control of the instantaneous power
injected into the grid from the solar module and therefore the synchronization of the
current signal with the grid voltage which guarantee a better power factor and improve
the MPPT dynamic.

4.5 Switching Circuit

A full Widespread bridge inverter with SPWM exchanging procedure was utilized for the
exchanging strategy for the inverter plan in this proposal. The inverter employments
IGBTs as the exchanging gadgets. The two PWM exchanging plot are unipolar and
bipolar exchanging. The yield of a unipolar inverter is appeared in Figure 4.4. In this
proposition, bipolar exchanging method was utilized since of less spillage current from
the inverter yield. The harmonics within the bridge yield start around mf, where mf is the
modulation proportion of the carrier frequency to the reference signal.

Figure 4.4 Unipolar switching

16
 Figure 4.5 Bipolar switching

The frequency of the carrier wave leads to the inverter switching frequency with
amplitude Vcarrier and switching frequency fs. The reference signal Vreference is at a
frequency of the desired output of the inverter. Using a bipolar PWM output technique,
the switch S1 and S2 are on when V reference > Vcarrier , S3 and S4 are on when V reference <
Vcarrier. The output of a bipolar inverter is shown in Figure 4.5. The PWM output can be
filtered to obtain a sinusoidal AC output.

4.6 Harmonics
Numerous electrical system output quality is based on the consonant components within
the output voltage and current. The harmonics can be from a stack or a source which are
caused by nearness of non-linear loads or non-sinusoidal voltage or current sources.
Harmonics can be prevented by utilizing channels from entering the system. Accepting
no, DC component within the yield of the inverter, the quality of a non-sinusoidal wave
can be communicated in terms of add up to consonant twisting.

4.7 Output Filter

An inverter causes high-order harmonics which cause failure within the system and
insecurity to other gadgets associated to it. Due to the bipolar exchanging conspire, the
consonant on the yield voltage of the inverter showed up close the mf. The yield current
of the grid side inverter has swell due to the effect of exchanging within the inverter. A
channel is required in arrange to get a cleaner yield with lower add up to consonant
mutilation. A filter can be utilized to decrease the harmonics close the exchanging
frequency for the inverter.

17
 CHAPTER 5

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction

18
This chapter explains the details of the synchronization of voltage between grid and
inverter. The circuit for this synchronization is shown in figure 5.5. This circuit is
implemented using MATLAB for control and interface. The inverter output voltage is
obtained and filtered to a AC voltage and compared to that of the grid.

5.2 Proposed Control Method

Figure 5.1-: Diagram of proposed synchronization technique

19
 Figure 5.2: Workflow of proposed technique

5.3 Phase Locked Loop

The phase-locked loop comprises of a phase detector, a voltage controlled oscillator and,
in between them, a low pass channel is settled. The input voltage signal ‘V i’ with an input
frequency ‘Fi’ is conceded by a phase detector. Essentially the phase detector is a
comparator that compares the input frequency fi through the frequency fo. The yield of
the phase finder is (fi+fo) which could be a DC voltage. The out of the stage finder, i.e.,
DC voltage is input to the low pass channel (LPF); it removes the high-frequency noise
and produces a relentless DC level, i.e., F i-Fo. The Vf is additionally a energetic
characteristic of the PLL.

Fig 5.3: PLL Block Diagram

The yield of the low pass channel, i.e., DC level is passed on to the VCO. The input
signal is straightforwardly proportional to the yield frequency of the VCO (f o). The input
20
and output frequencies are compared and balanced through the input circle until the yield
frequency is rise to the input frequency. Consequently, the PLL works like free running,
capture, and stage bolt. When no input voltage is provided, then it is called free-running
stage. When the input frequency is provided to the VOC changes and produces an output
frequency for differentiating, it is called a capture stage.
The input and output frequencies are sent to the phase detector. To get the output high a
minimum of one input should be low and therefore the other conditions of output are low
which is shown in the below truth table. Let us consider the waveform, the input and
output frequencies, i.e. fi and fo have a phase difference of 0 degrees. Then the DC output
voltage of the comparator are going to be a function of the phase difference between the
2 inputs.

The functions of the phase difference between the fi and f o is as shown in the figure 5.4.
When the phase detector is 180 degrees, then the output voltage becomes maximum. In
case of both the input and output frequencies are squared shape this kind of the phase
detector is employed.

Figure 5.4: Phase Detector

21
5.4 Simulation Overview

Figure 5.5-: Simulation Circuit

There are two sources, one is power grid and other is PV array. These sources are
connected with each other directly without any switch. We consider, 220V, 50HZ for
power grid and 400V DC for PV source. This 400V DC need to convert to AC voltage to
match with the grid. For this a reference AC voltage is needed. This action is performed
by phase locked loop (PLL). PLL is used to control the phase angle and frequency of the
system. PLL is widely used in signal re-construction, clock recovery, frequency
synthesizers etc. PLL operation is based on the phase of signals. It detects the phase
difference between signals. When phase difference between signals changes this means
they are on different frequencies. When phase difference remains constant frequencies
equal. PLL constitutes of phase detector, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and loop
filter. Phase detector takes two input signal and produce a signal proportional to phase
difference. VCO control terminal to which control voltage applied. Loop filter attenuates
reference signal level on output, shapes phase noise characteristic of output.

Fig 5.6-: PLL’s Signal Conversion

22
 Fig 5.7-: MATLAB function block

Fig 5.8: Reference voltage

This block is a MATLAB function that uses MATLAB code and takes three input. One
input comes from the PLL output and other two are constant value of modulation index
and phase shift angle. Using these inputs, MATLAB function produces reference signal
as-
rad = phase shift angle*pi/180.
Reference voltage = modulation index*(sin(x)+rad)).
Where,
x=PLL output.
When the reference voltage (modulating signal) comes to the PWM generator is
compared to the carrier signal. If the reference voltage is higher than the carrier, pulse of
the upper switch is high (1) and if lower the pulse of the lower switch is low (-1).
According to these pulses PV array’s DC voltage is converted to AC voltage in universal
bridge. The converted voltage waveform-

23
 Figure 5.9: Inverter Output Waveform

This waveform passes through the filter and after filtering makes a AC voltage
waveform. But there remains little bit noise in the waveform.

Figure 5.10: Filtered Waveform

This voltage is used for synchronization with the grid voltage.

5.5 Simulation Result

The synchronization process takes voltage, frequency and phase angle of both Grid and
inverter and run them in parallel and multiplex for justification. If power from Grid and
inter are not synchronized and they mixed together then they will affect the whole system
like current flare and sage etc. If these two waves are combined together then they form a
new wave as fig.-

Figure 5.11-: Combined Unsynchronized waveform

24
 V

Time--------

Figure 5.12: Synchronized Waveform

When the phase shift angle block shows value zero then the phase of two waveforms lies
in opposite position and when this block shows value 1 then the phase of two waveforms
becomes matches. Modulation index block is used for matching the amplitude of
inverter’s output wave and Grid’s wave. When these two waves are combined by a
multiplexer then they lie in the same line with different amplitude because inverter’s
output voltage is greater than the Grid voltage. When modulation index is 1 then their
amplitude doesn’t change and when modulation index reduces to 0.778 both waves
matches in amplitude and frequency.

5.6 Analysis From Simulation Result

From above figure 5.12 it is seen that when two power from PV system and the Grid
combines together by a multiplexer in this synchronization technique phase difference
becomes zero, frequency matches and the voltage amplitude become same. The output
voltage and variation of current and power is due to the insolation variation of sun.

25
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion

26
Power is the fundamental need for the financial matters of a nation. The mechanical
improvement and the increment of living standard of individuals are specifically related
to the more utilize of power. Solar power is associated to the National grid at that point
increment add up to era power. So, we consider how to put through sun powered energy
to the national grid. That system is exceptionally complex but solar source free from
fetched too, there has no environment impact and reliable.

Synchronization of photovoltaic system with Grid gives monitoring of both the system.
From synchronization result it is seen that synchronization is used to deliver or to add
power with the electrical power system. Due to synchronization, harmonic generates
because of disturbance reduces to a great extent and improves the quality of the system.
In everywhere throughout the world, crisis of energy is increasing day by day because of
different reasons. In this regard, to overcome such a major problem we can use
photovoltaic system because it is more economical, reliable and easy to handle. This
system can be used to hold power as backup source and can be used where demand of
power increases. The efficiency of photovoltaic system is better than other systems
because it takes only microseconds to synchronize inverter’s AC output with the Grid.

6.2 Future Work

This proposition was proposed for applications in single stage inverters, but applications
of the control method utilized in this proposition can be advance examined in 3-phase
inverter systems and multi-level inverters. Moreover, extra plans can be incorporate
within the inverter control system with an versatile control approach for the inverter, to
be able to control the grid voltage inside a indicated extend of the ostensible grid voltage.

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