POWER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN EV AND HEV

By ARPatel
29th July 2021
Production of H2
Energy management strategies
• Energy management strategies are the algorithms that decide the power split
between engine and motor in order to improve the fuel economy and optimize the
performance of HEVs. ... A lot of research work has been conducted
for energy optimization and the same is extended for Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (PHEVs).
Sources of Energy in EV and HEV
• Energy source technology is a core technology in EV since it provides all the on board energy
requirements
• There are four main types of energy sources used in EVs and HEVs
• They are
1. batteries,
2. ultra-capacitors,
3. ultra-flywheels
4. and fuel cells
• So battery is a electrochemical device which stores energy in electrical form
• On the other hand, ultra-capacitors store the energy in electrostatic form
• Essentially, ultra-capacitors use very high value of capacitances to store energy
• Ultra-flywheels is essentially a electrical machine spinning at very high speeds thus storing the
energy in kinetic form
• Fuel cells uses hydrogen as a fuel and stores the energy in electrical form
Sources of EV and HEVs

• While batteries, ultra-capacitors and ultra-flywheels have the capacity of doing

bidirectional power flow, it can both support charging as well as discharging but
fuel cell cannot support charging the energy
• Therefore, it requires support of batteries to store the energy available during
regenerative braking
Different Sources of Energy
Power Flow Control
• Power Flow Control Due to the variations in HEV configurations, different power
control strategies are necessary to regulate the power flow to or from different
components
• All the control strategies aim satisfy the following goals:
1. maximum fuel efficiency
2. minimum emissions
3. minimum system costs
4. good driving performance
The design of power control strategies for HEVs involves different considerations such as:

• Optimal ICE operating point:

• The optimal operating point on the torque-speed plane of the ICE can be based on
maximization of fuel economy, the minimization of emissions or a compromise
between fuel economy and emissions
• Optimal ICE operating line:
• In case the ICE needs to deliver different power demands, the corresponding
optimal operating points constitute an optimal operating line
• Safe battery voltage: The battery voltage may be significantly altered during
discharging, generator charging or regenerative charging
• This battery voltage should not exceed the maximum voltage limit nor should it
fall below the minimum voltage limit
What does Ragone plot predict?

• The Ragone plot is widely used for energy device's development for comparing, combining,
and predicting for future devices
• The Ragone plot provides intuitive and systematic information of devices. ... A new
categorization for every types of energy devices are included in the same one chart to be
compared to each other
• So this plot is a chart of specific energy which is a watt hour per kg on X-axis and specific
power which is watts per kg on the Y-axis
Ragone Plot
• Ragone plot is a popular plot used for comparing the performance of energy sources
• So this plot is a chart of specific energy which is a watt hour per kg on X-axis and
specific power which is watts per kg on the Y-axis
• Why such a graph is very important because the measure of specific energy determines
the driving range per charge
• So this is directly related to the stored energy in energy source. While the specific
power determines the acceleration rate possible in an EV
• So a graph which is depicting both the energy and power in the same graph is very
useful for designers to select the type of energy source that can be used for a required
performance
Ragone plot
• A Ragone plot is a plot used for comparing the energy density of various energy-
storing devices
• On such a chart the values of specific energy (in W·h/kg) are plotted
versus specific power (in W/kg)
• Both axes are logarithmic, which allows comparing performance of very
different devices
• Ragone plots can reveal information about gravimetric energy density, but do
not convey details about volumetric energy density
• The Ragone plot was first used to compare performance of batteries
• However, it is suitable for comparing any energy-storage devices, as well as
energy devices such as engines, gas turbines, and fuel cells
• The plot is named after David V. Ragone
Ragone Plot
• Conceptually, the vertical axis describes how much energy is available per unit
mass, while the horizontal axis shows how quickly that energy can be delivered,
otherwise known as power per unit mass
• A point in a Ragone plot represents a particular energy device or technology
• The amount of time (in hours) during which a device can be operated at its rated
power is given as the ratio between the specific energy (Y-axis) and the specific
power (X-axis)
• This is true regardless of the overall scale of the device, since a larger device
would have proportional increases in both power and energy
• Consequently, the iso curves (constant operating time) in a Ragone plot are
straight lines
Energy and Power
Role of Energy Management Strategies

How to split the control?

How to develop efficient Energy Management Systems?
Considering a Multi Source EV
Organization of Vehicle Control
Organization of Vehicle Control

Energy Source Power Split

Organization of Vehicle Control