Unit-2

E&HV
Electric Vehicles
• Electric vehicles (EVs) use an electric motor for traction, and chemical batteries,
fuel cells, ultracapacitors, and/or flywheels for their corresponding energy
sources.
• The electric vehicle has many advantages over the conventional internal
combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), such as an absence of emissions, high
efficiency, independence from petroleum, and quiet and smooth operation.
• Drawbacks such as its heavy weight, lower flexibility, and performance
degradation have caused the use of this type of EV to fade out.
• The drive train consists of three major subsystems: electric motor propulsion,
energy source, and auxiliary.
• The electric propulsion subsystem is comprised of a vehicle controller, power
electronic converter, electric motor, mechanical transmission, and driving wheels.
• The energy source subsystem involves the energy source, the energy
management unit, and the energy refuelling unit.
• The auxiliary subsystem consists of the power steering unit, the hotel climate
control unit, and the auxiliary supply unit.
EV configurations
Performance of Electric Vehicles
• A vehicle’s driving performance is usually evaluated by its acceleration time,
maximum speed, and gradeability. In EV drive train design, proper motor.
Traction Motor Characteristics
• Variable-speed electric motor drives usually have the characteristics shown in
Figure.
• At the low-speed region (less than the base speed as marked in Figure 4.4), the
motor has a constant torque.
• In the high-speed region (higher than the base speed), the motor has a constant
power.
• This characteristic is usually represented by a speed ratio x, defined as the ratio of
its maximum speed to its base speed.
• In low-speed operations, voltage supply to the motor increases with the increase of
the speed through the electronic converter while the flux is kept constant.
• At the point of base speed, the voltage of the motor reaches the source voltage.
• After the base speed, the motor voltage is kept constant and the flux is weakened,
dropping hyperbolically with increasing speed.
• Hence, its torque also drops hyperbolically with increasing speed.
Vehicle Performance and energy
consumptoin
• Check text book.
Operating Principles of Fuel Cells
• A fuel cell is a galvanic cell in which the chemical energy of a fuel is converted
directly into electrical energy by means of electrochemical processes.
• The fuel and oxidizing agents are continuously and separately supplied to the two
electrodes of the cell, where they undergo a reaction.
• An electrolyte is necessary to conduct the ions from one electrode to the other as
shown in Figure.
• The chemical reaction in a fuel cell is similar to that in a chemical battery. The
thermodynamic voltage of a fuel cell is closely associated with the energy
released and the number of electrons transferred in the reaction.
Fuel cell operation