Jeff Bryan A.
Himor
XII - Biology
LG 3.1 – Selected Animal Diseases
Chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus
Disease
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza,
colloquially known as bird flu, is a
contagious viral avian disease caused by
the Influenza A virus subtype H5N1. The
disease is spread through infected birds’
bodily discharges such as their saliva,
nasal secretions, and feces. Zoonosis has
also been observed, with the human
mortality rate at approximately 60%.
- Symptoms for this disease in birds
typically present suddenly, with infected
birds exhibiting swollen heads, blue
coloration of the comb and wattles,
dullness, loss of appetite, respiratory
signs, diarrhea, and reduced egg
production.
- Infected humans may exhibit
conjunctivitis, flu-like symptoms (e.g.,
fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches),
nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
vomiting, severe respiratory illness (e.g.,
shortness of breath, difficulty breathing,
pneumonia, acute respiratory distress,
viral pneumonia, respiratory failure),
neurologic changes (altered mental
status, seizures), and the involvement of
other organ systems.
Fowl Cholera
- Caused by Pasteurella multocida, Fowl
cholera is a contagious bacterial disease
spread through the bodily secretions of
the infected, with wild birds and
mammals known to be the primary
sources of infection in most cases.
- While acute fowl cholera usually results
in sudden death, depression, anorexia,
mucoidal discharge, ruffled feathers,
Control and Management
- A vaccine has been developed to prevent
this disease; however, its efficacy in birds
is still up for debate.
- Other preventive measures include
vaccinating poultry workers against
human flu, limiting travel in areas where
H5N1 is found, increasing farm hygiene,
reducing contact between livestock and
wild birds, reducing open-air wet
markets, limiting workers' contact with
cock fighting, and reducing purchases of
live fowl.
- Due to its high virulence and the
possibility of a bird-to-human
transmission, the treatment of isolated
infected birds is usually forgone in favor
of mass slaughters.
- Treatment in humans is usually done
through isolation and the administration
of neuraminidase inhibitors such as
zanamivir and oseltamivir.
- With instances of Fowl cholera frequently
traced back to rodents, wild birds, pets,
and other animals, ensuring that the
poultry houses are free from these
potential carriers should be the utmost
priority. Additionally, the poultry houses
should be regularly cleaned via the use of
disinfectants.
-
Jeff Bryan A. Himor
XII - Biology
diarrhea, and increased respiratory rate
can be seen in more protracted cases.
- On the other hand, chronic fowl cholera
is characterized by the presence of
localized infections all over the bird’s
body, lameness, exudative conjunctivitis,
and pharyngitis.
Coryza
- Induced by Avibacterium paragallinarum,
infectious corzya or simply coryza is an
acute respiratory disease spread through
direct contact, airborne droplets, and
contamination of drinking water. While
all chickens are susceptible, susceptibility
increases with age.
- Listlessness, nasal discharge, and facial
swelling can be seen in mild forms of
coryza. For more severe cases, edema in
the face and other areas, dehydration,
loss of appetite, conjunctivitis, tracheitis,
bronchitis, and airsacculitis may be
present.
Pig/Philippine Native Swine, Sus scrofa domesticus/Sus philippensis philippinesis
Disease
African Swine Fever
- African Swine Fever is a contagious viral
disease caused by the DNA virus African
Swine Fever virus from the Asfarviridae
family. The disease is mainly spread
through ticks, but swine can also get
infected by eating pork products that
contain the virus.
- In acute cases, pigs may develop a high
fever suddenly, seemingly out of
nowhere, after which they gradually lose
their appetites and become depressed.
- There also are attenuated live vaccines
that are available for administration. It is
recommended that these only be used on
healthy flocks
- While a number of drugs such as
sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine
certainly lower the mortality rate, deaths
will inevitably resume as soon as
treatment is discontinued. Thus,
quarantining, isolation, depopulation,
and persistent cleaning and disinfection
should be emphasized.
- Attenuated live vaccines are
commercially available.
- Biosafety measures such as isolation,
slaughtering, quarantining, sanitation,
disinfection, and depopulation must be
upheld.
- Erythromycin, oxytetracycline,
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,
flouroquinolones, and macrolides are all
effective and can be used as treatment.
Control and Management
- With no vaccine nor treatment
commercially available yet, upholding the
needed biosecurity measures such as
quarantining, isolation, mass slaughters,
only allowing essential visitors,
selectively picking the pigs’ food, and
persistent disinfection is the only way to
mitigate the effects of African Swine
Fever or even prevent an outbreak from
occurring.
Jeff Bryan A. Himor
XII - Biology

Hemorrhages all over the pigs’ bodies are

also bound to occur and are more
noticeable in white-skinned pigs, with
their extremities turning blueish-purple;
gummed up eyes, vomiting, diarrhea,
abnormal breathing patterns, shivering,
and tremors are also common. Within
just a few days, they enter a comatose
state and eventually die.

- In milder infections, the pigs will

experience weight loss and develop signs
of pneumonia, skin ulcers, and swollen
joints.

Swine Dysentery

- Caused by the bacteria Brachyspira - A patented and tested prototype vaccine

hyodysenteriae, Swine dysentery is a
severe, contagious disease spread mainly
through the ingestion of infected feces,
whether directly or indirectly. Aside from
carrier swine, the disease can also be
spread by birds, flies, and fomites.
- Symptoms for this disease include
mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, tail
twitching, sunken eyes, visible weakness,
hollow flanks, weight loss,
gastrointestinal lesions, and erratic
appetite. Sudden death is also
occasionally observed.
is currently commercially available.
- Instances where biosecurity and
sanitation such as quarantining, isolation,
killing infected swine, and persistent
disinfection are difficult to implement,
complete depopulation may be utilized.
- Salinomycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, tylosin,
and monensin may be used as treatment.
Some veterinarians also recommend
using carbadox on high-risk animals.

Colibacillosis

- Caused by enterotoxigenic strains of - Vaccines made from bacterial pili, toxins,

Escherichia coli, Enteric colibacillosis or
simply colibacillosis is a common disease
of nursing and weanling pigs. With
potentially pathogenic E. coli present in
the intestinal tract and feces of many
normal swine, particularly dams, poor
sanitation can lead to bacteria
contaminating the skin and mammary
glands of dams. The disease is further
spread via the fecal shedding of infected
piglets. The severity of the disease is
or both can be utilized, with pilus-specific
vaccines for gestating sows and vaccines
utilizing live attenuated F4 and F18
strains lacking enterotoxins for weaned
pigs. Prior to farrowing, pregnant dams
are often vaccinated twice at two- to
three-week intervals.
- In order for them to develop immunity to
endemically-occurring pathogens and
produce an adequate amount of
antibodies in colostrum and milk, dams
Jeff Bryan A. Himor
XII - Biology
proportional to the dose ingested and
the level of immunity.
- Diarrhea is the primary symptom of this
disease, with the other symptoms such as
progressive dehydration, hair coat
roughening, and shivering being
resultants.
Itik Pinas (Philippine native mallard layer duck), Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.
Disease
Duck Viral Hepatitis
- Duck viral hepatitis is an acute, highly
contagious, viral disease typically
affecting ducklings less than six weeks of
age. This disease is caused by duck
hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) under
the genus Avihepatovirus and is spread
via parenteral or oral transmission of
infected tissues.
- This disease is diagnosed through its
distinctive symptom of sudden onset,
rapid spread, and short course liver
lesions. Other symptoms that are
resultant of these lesions include
lethargy, loss of balance, spasmodically
paddling, and death within minutes.
Duck Viral Enteritis
- Induced by Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1,
Duck viral enteritis is an acute and often
severe disease spread via parenteral,
intranasal, or oral transmission of
infected tissues.
- Depending on the strain’s virulence, the
mortality rate varies from 5% to 100%,
with adult ducks usually dying in higher
proportions than young ones. Its
symptoms include the inability to stand,
weakness, depression, photophobia,
appetite loss, weight loss, dehydration,
should be acclimatized together for three
to six weeks prior to breeding and during
gestation.
- All facilities must be thoroughly and
persistently cleaned and disinfected.
- Infected piglets must be isolated from
the rest and treated with antibiotics and
oral electrolyte replacement solutions to
help alleviate dehydration.
Control and Management
- Breeder ducks can be vaccinated with
modified-live virus vaccines; the DHAV-1
vaccine is administered at 16, 20, and 24
weeks of age and every 12 weeks
thereafter throughout the laying period.
Day-old progeny of nonimmune breeders
can be vaccinated via a single dose foot
web stab.
- Strict isolation for infected must be
observed, and contact with wild
waterfowl must be minimized. With rats
having been reported to be a reservoir
host of the virus, pest control, along with
persistent and stringent sanitary
operations, must be administered.
- Ducklings older than two weeks can be
vaccinated with a chicken-embryo-
adapted, modified-live virus vaccine;
breeding flocks should annually be
revaccinated. Since it elicits rapid
protection after vaccination, the vaccine
can be used in an outbreak.
- While no treatment exists as of the
moment, mitigatory methods include
depopulation, isolation, slaughtering,
quarantining, sanitation, and disinfection.
Jeff Bryan A. Himor
XII - Biology

droopiness, ataxia, nasal discharge, soiled

vents, diarrhea, gastrointestinal lesions,
prolapsed penis in males, and decreased
egg production.

Riemerella anatipestifer Infection

- Riemerella anatipestifer infection is a - Ducks and ducklings can be vaccinated

highly contagious bacterial disease
induced by the bacteria Riemerella
anatipestifer affecting one- to seven-
week-old ducklings. Although the
epidemiology and pathogenesis of this
disease is poorly understood, it is
believed that ducks are infected via the
respiratory route or the lesions of the
webbed feet.
- The symptoms of this disease include
ocular and nasal discharges, coughing
and sneezing, tremors, depression,
spasmodically paddling, necrotic
dermatitis, fibrinous meningitis, swollen
spleen and liver, and pneumonia.
Mortality ranges from 2% to 50%.
using a bacterin and a live vaccine, both
including the most common serotypes of
R. anatipestifer.
- Quarantining, isolation, persistent
cleaning and disinfection, rigid sanitation,
and depopulation are all vital.
- Drugs such as sulfaquinoxaline, penicillin,
and streptomycin can be used for initial
treatment. Additionally, enroflaxin can be
utilized to prevent death in ducklings
when administered in drinking water.