Patton: Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition

Chapter 15: Axial Muscles

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight.

a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Anatomy of the Muscular System Introduction

2. The connective tissue sheath that envelops bundles of muscle fibers is

the:

a. epimysium.
b. endomysium.
c. periosteum.
d. perimysium.

ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

3. The covering of individual muscle fibers is the:

a. epimysium.
b. endomysium.
c. periosteum.
d. perimysium.

ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

4. Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue

envelope called the:

a. endomysium.
b. perimysium.
c. epimysium.
d. aponeurosis.

ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

5. An aponeurosis could be described as a:

a. flat sheet of connective tissue connecting muscle to other structures.

b. sheath that surrounds tendons.
c. deep fascia that covers muscles.
d. junction between a neuron and a muscle.

ANS: A

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

6. Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover are called:

a. synergists.
b. fixators.
c. antagonists.
d. both A and B.

ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

7. Which of the following is not a component of a lever system?

a. Fixator
b. Bone
c. Joint
d. Pull

ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

8. The type of lever arrangement in which the pull is exerted between the
fulcrum and resistance or weight to be moved is a _____-class lever.

a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Third-Class Levers

9. Muscles may be named according to:

a. function.
b. direction of fibers.
c. points of attachment.
d. all of the above.

ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

10. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named for its:

a. function.
b. number of attachments.
c. size.
d. points of attachment.

ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

11. A muscle that assists with mastication is the:

a. orbicularis oris.
b. buccinator.
c. platysma.
d. masseter.

ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Mastication

12. The muscle that draws the eyebrows together, producing vertical wrin-
kles above the nose (frowning), is called the:

a. epicranius.
b. corrugator supercilii.
c. orbicularis oculi.
d. orbicularis oris.

ANS: B

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

13. Which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane?

a. Rectus abdominis
b. External oblique
c. Transverse abdominis
d. Internal intercostals

ANS: C

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Trunk Muscles

14. Which of the following muscle(s) function(s) to protect the abdominal vis-
cera?

a. External oblique
b. Internal oblique
c. Transversus abdominis
d. All of the above

ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

15. Which muscle(s) form(s) most of the pelvic floor?

a. Levator ani
b. Coccygeus
c. Ischiocavernosus
d. Both A and B

ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

16. Purposeful movement is determined by:

a. the relationship of muscles to joints.

b. how muscles are attached to the skeleton.
c. the manner in which muscles are grouped.
d. all of the above.

ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Introduction

17. Which fibrous connective tissue structures have a lining of synovial mem-
brane?
a. Tendon sheaths
b. Aponeuroses
c. Fascicles
d. Both B and C

ANS: A

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

18. A muscle is attached to the femur and the tibia. When the muscle con-
tracts, the knee bends. That would mean that the:

a. tibia attachment is the origin.

b. femur attachment is the insertion.
c. tibia attachment is the insertion.
d. Both A and B are correct.

ANS: C

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

19. A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to
bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the:

a. antagonist.
b. prime mover.
c. fixator.
d. synergist.

ANS: B

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

20. The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia.
When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true?

a. The knee is acting as a fulcrum.

b. The movement is an example of a first-class lever.
c. The movement is an example of a second-class lever.
d. Both A and C are true.

ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

21. The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia.
When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which
of the following terms might be part of its name?
a. Extensor
b. Abductor
c. Flexor
d. Adductor

ANS: C

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

22. The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia.
When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which
of the following terms might be part of its name?

a. Rectus
b. Oblique
c. Femoris
d. Both A and C

ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

23. There are more than ____ skeletal muscles in the body.

a. 1200
b. 900
c. 600
d. 1000

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Introduction

24. Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n):

a. muscle fiber.
b. fascicle.
c. aponeurosis.
d. fascia.

ANS: A

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

25. The rectus abdominal muscle is an example of a _____ muscle.

a. convergent
b. parallel
c. fusiform
d. pennate

ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

26. The brachioradialis muscle is an example of a _____ muscle.

a. convergent
b. parallel
c. fusiform
d. pennate

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

27. The pectoralis major muscle is an example of a _____ muscle.

a. convergent
b. parallel
c. fusiform
d. pennate

ANS: A

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

28. The soleus muscle is an example of a _____ muscle.

a. convergent
b. parallel
c. fusiform
d. pennate

ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

29. Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle.

a. spiral
b. circular
c. fusiform
d. convergent

ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

30. The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever.

a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

31. Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would
be:

a. epimysium, perimysium, endomysium.

b. endomysium, perimysium, epimysium.
c. perimysium, epimysium, endomysium.
d. perimysium, endomysium, epimysium.

ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

32. The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle.

a. bipennate
b. convergent
c. spiral
d. fusiform

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

33. Which of the following is not a group of pennate muscles?

a. Bipennate
b. Tripennate
c. Multipennate
d. All of the above are groups of pennate muscles.

ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

34. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move.
b. The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves.
c. When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin.
d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

35. The prime mover can also be called the:

a. antagonist.
b. agonist.
c. fixator.
d. synergist.

ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

36. Which of the following statements about the muscles of the head is incor-
rect?

a. They are paired muscles.

b. They have different actions depending on whether one or both parts of the
pair contract.
c. The splenius capitis muscle is sometimes called the prayer muscle be-
cause it causes the head to bow.
d. All of the above statements are correct.

ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Head

37. Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is in-
correct?

a. When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic

cavity and expels air from the lungs.
b. The muscles of the thorax assist in respiration.
c. The internal and external intercostal muscles have opposite effects on the
ribs.
d. All of the above statements are correct.

ANS: A

DIF: Memorization
REF: p. 327
TRUE/FALSE
TOP: Muscles of the Thorax

1. There are more than 600 muscles in the body.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Anatomy of the Muscular System Introduction

2. When a muscle contracts, the bone moved is the bone of insertion.

ANS: T
DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

3. The insertion is that point of attachment that does not move when the
muscle contracts.

ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

4. Tendons are continuous with the layer of connective tissue called the
epimysium.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

5. The direction of the fibers composing a muscle is not significant to its

function.

ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

6. Tipping the head back on its atlas is an example of a third-class lever.

ANS: F

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems
7. Convergent muscles are said to be “featherlike” in appearance.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

8. Muscles usually act singly as a prime mover.

ANS: F

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

9. In a lever system, the fixed pivot around which the rod moves is called the
fulcrum.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

10. A set of scales and a pair of scissors are both examples of second-class
levers.

ANS: F

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Second-Class Levers

11. The gluteus muscles are examples of muscles that are named by loca-
tion.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

12. In muscle terminology, the term rectus means straight.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

13. Muscles usually originate distal to the point of insertion.

ANS: F

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Hints on How to Deduce Muscle Actions

14. The muscles of facial expression are unique in that at least one of their
points of attachment is to the deep layers of skin over the face or neck.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

15. Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles elevates the ribs.

ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Thorax

16. Just as individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system, individual
muscles are the organs of the muscular system.

ANS: T
DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Skeletal Muscle Structure

17. Muscle cells and muscle fibers are interchangeable terms.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

18. Groups of muscle cells held together by the perimysium are called fascia.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

19. Tendons and aponeuroses are both fibrous tissue extending from a mus-
cle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

20. Fascia is another term for epimysium.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

21. Fascia is a general term for the fibrous connective tissue found under the
skin and around muscle.
ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

22. The skeletal muscles are unique because they are the only organs made
up of one kind of tissue.

ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

23. Most muscles span a joint.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

24. Muscle can have only one origin attachment and one insertion attach-
ment.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

25. That which is considered the origin and insertion of a muscle may change
under certain circumstances.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

26. Agonists and prime movers are interchangeable terms.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

27. Antagonist muscles oppose the movement of the agonist muscle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

28. First- and second-class levers are not as common in the body as third-
class levers.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

29. The two parts of the epicranium are connected by an aponeurosis.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

30. No muscles are both muscles of facial expression and muscles of masti-
cation.

ANS: T
DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression, Muscles of Mastication

31. If one of the sternocleidomastoid muscles contracts, it causes a different

movement than if both of them contract.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles That Move the Head

32. The two muscle layers of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall have
fibers running in different directions.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

33. Movement is one of the most distinctive and easily observed “character-
istics of life.”

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Introduction

34. The fascia found on the surface of the muscle is called the superficial fas-
cia.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components
35. Tendons anchor muscles to bone by attaching to the periosteum of the
bone.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

36. The difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis is that a tendon is

composed of connective tissue and an aponeurosis is composed of muscle
tissue.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

37. If a muscle causes the knee to bend, the insertion point is above the
knee and the origin point is below the knee.

ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

38. If a muscle causes the knee to bend, the origin point is above the knee
and the insertion point is below the knee.

ANS: T

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

39. Fixator muscles would most likely be found at the origin points of mus-
cles rather than at the insertion points of muscles.
ANS: T

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles, Muscle Actions

40. In a first-class lever, the fulcrum lies between the pull and the load.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

41. In a second-class lever, the pull is exerted between the fulcrum and the
load.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

42. There are more than twice as many muscles as there are bones in the
body.

ANS: T

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Introduction

43. Circular muscles are sometimes called sphincter muscles.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement
44. The rectus abdominis is an example of a bipennate muscle.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

45. The deltoid muscle is an example of a multipennate muscle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

46. The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a fusiform muscle.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

47. The epimysium is deep to the perimysium.

ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

48. A fixator muscle can be seen as another type of synergist muscle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions
49. The deltoid is an example of a muscle named by its shape.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

50. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named by the

number of heads.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

51. Muscles make up about 30% to 40% of our body weight.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Introduction

52. A group of skeletal muscle fibers is called a fascicle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

53. Tendon sheaths that surround certain tendons have a lining of slick ep-
ithelial membrane that reduces friction.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

54. The pectoralis major is an example of a convergent muscle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

55. The sartorius is an example of a unipennate muscle.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

56. To stabilize a joint, the antagonist must contract while the prime mover
contracts.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

57. A synergist muscle can be defined as a muscle that facilitates or comple-

ments the prime mover.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

58. When a muscle contracts, the part of the body that moves is directly un-
der the belly of the muscle.

ANS: F
DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

59. When a muscle contracts, the part of the body that moves is usually dis-
tal to the belly of the muscle.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

60. Muscles are sometimes named to reflect their function.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

61. The occipitofrontalis muscle is actually three muscles.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

62. The orbicularis oris surrounds the eye and allows you to blink.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

63. The masseter and temporalis muscle are muscles of mastication that
have opposite functions.
ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Mastication

64. The muscles that move the head are paired muscles on opposite sides of
the body.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles That Move the Head

65. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, which increases
the size of the thoracic cavity allowing air to enter the lungs.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Thorax

66. The internal oblique muscle is the deepest muscle in the abdominal wall.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

67. The linea alba is a band of connective tissue that runs over the rectus ab-
dominis from the xiphoid process to the pubis.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

68. Both the interspinales and the multifidus groups are muscles of the back.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Back

69. The two levator ani and coccygeus muscles form most of the pelvic floor.

ANS: T

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

70. Four muscles, the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor,
make up what is called the rotator cuf around the shoulder.

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of the Back

MATCHING

The following features are used in the naming of muscles. Match each fea-
ture with the muscles named by that feature.

a. Location
b. Function
c. Shape
d. Direction of fibers
e. Number of heads or divisions
f. Points of attachment
1. Triceps

2. Rectus

3. Adductors

4. Brachialis

5. Deltoid

6. Sternocleidomastoid

1. ANS: E

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

2. ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

3. ANS: B

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

4. ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

5. ANS: C

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

6. ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

Match each muscle with the corresponding description of its action.

a. Buccinator
b. Corrugator supercilii
c. Epicranius
d. Orbicularis oculi
e. Pterygoid
f. Sternocleidomastoid

7. Draw(s) the eyebrows together, producing vertical wrinkles (frowning)

8. Cause(s) sideways movement during mastication

9. Create(s) smile expression

10. Raise(s) the eyebrows (surprise)

11. Flex(es) the head (prayer muscle)

12. Close(s) the eye

7. ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

8. ANS: E

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Mastication
9. ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

10. ANS: C

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

11. ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles that Move the Head

12. ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscles of Facial Expression

Match each term with its corresponding description.

a. Antagonists
b. Fixators
c. Prime movers
d. Synergists

13. Muscles that directly oppose prime movers

14. Muscles that play the major role in accomplishing a particular movement

15. Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover, producing a
more effective movement

16. Muscles that help maintain posture or balance during contraction of mus-
cles acting on joints in the arms and legs

13. ANS: A

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

14. ANS: C

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

15. ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

16. ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

Match each body location with its corresponding muscle.

a. Neck
b. Back
c. Chest
d. Abdominal wall
e. Shoulder
f. Arm
g. Forearm
h. Buttocks
i. Thigh
j. Leg
17. Gluteus maximus

18. Biceps brachii

19. Trapezius

20. Pectoralis major

21. Adductor magnus

22. Pronator teres

23. External oblique

24. Deltoid

25. Sternocleidomastoid

26. Gastrocnemius

17. ANS: H

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

18. ANS: F

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

19. ANS: B

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

20. ANS: C
DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

21. ANS: I

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

22. ANS: G

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

23. ANS: D

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

24. ANS: E

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

25. ANS: A

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

26. ANS: J

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named
Match each term with its corresponding description.

a. Endomysium
b. Tendon
c. Epimysium
d. Aponeurosis
e. Fascia
f. Perimysium
g. Tendon sheath
h. Fascicles

27. Tube-shaped structure of fibrous connective tissue

28. Delicate connective tissue that covers muscle cells

29. Connective tissue that bonds fascicles together

30. Tough connective tissue cord connecting muscle to the periosteum of a

bone

31. Below the skin, it is called “superficial”; surrounding the muscle, it is

called “deep”

32. Broad, flat sheet of tendonlike connective tissue

33. Coarse connective tissue that covers the entire muscle

34. Groups of skeletal muscle fibers

27. ANS: G

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

28. ANS: A

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components
29. ANS: F

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

30. ANS: B

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

31. ANS: E

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

32. ANS: D

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

33. ANS: C

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

34. ANS: H

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

OTHER
1. Differentiate among the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Connective Tissue Components

2. Define the terms insertion and origin, in relation to muscle movement.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Attachment of Muscles

3. What is the “optimum angle of pull”?

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Memorization
REF: Box 11-1
TOP: Assessing Muscle Strength

4. Name and describe three of the six muscle shapes discussed in this chap-
ter.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: Size, Shape, and Fiber Arrangement

5. Explain how muscles and the movement of the body help maintain stabil-
ity or homeostasis.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: Introduction

6. Name and explain the three types of levers. Which type is the most com-
mon in the body?

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Lever Systems

7. Explain the way in which you could deduce the action of a muscle.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Hints on How to Deduce Muscle Actions

8. Describe or explain the following terms describing muscle action: prime

mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Memorization
REF:
TOP: Muscle Actions

9. Name four features that are used in the naming of muscles. Give an exam-
ple of each.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Application
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named

ESSAY
1. Imagine that a new, unnamed muscle has been discovered. It inserts into
the posterior aspect of the tibia and originates from two points in the center
of the femur. Its fibers run parallel to the femur. Give a name to the muscle,
and explain its function.

ANS: Answers will vary.

DIF: Synthesis
REF:
TOP: How Muscles Are Named