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• Disclaimer
– All material presented here is solely for non-profit
educational purpose.
Node and Interface in Telco
• What is a Node ?
Node is a network component that is capable of
receiving, sending or forwarding electronic information over
the designated communication link. For example
BSC, RNC, SGSN, MSC, HLR.
Known as Network Element too..
• What is an Interface ?
In telecommunication, an interface is a logical link connection
or a reference point, between two components in
telecommunication infrastructure, for example, Gn interface
is a reference point between SGSN and a GGSN.
MS
BTS Mc
Mc
Nb
MGW MGW PSTN
Abis Other
PLMN
BSC A
SMSC RADIUS Charging Centre
IuCS
HLR DNS NMS / OSS
PCRF DHCP
RNC Gb
Service & subscriber management
MS
Iub
IuPS Gz/Gs/Gr/Gf/Gd
Packet Data Network
Gx/Gz e..g Internet
NodeB
Gi
Gn
SGSN GGSN
Packet Core Domain
Control plane
User plane
Acronym used in Telco..
MS Mobile Subscriber A mobile phone with SIM card
BTS Base Transceiver Station Air interface toward MS in 2G
BSC Base Station Controller Controlling BTS
NodeB n/a Air interface toward MS in 3G
RNC Radio Network Controller Controlling NodeB
MSS Mobile Switching Server Mobility Management for CS Domain
VLR Visitor Location Register Manage temporary subscriber
information within an MSS
HLR Home Location Register Manage permanent subscriber
Database
MGW Media Gateway Manage user plane traffic
SGSN Support GPRS Service Node Mobility Management for PS Domain
GGSN Gateway GPRS Service Node Session Management , IP address
allocation, QoS enforcement, Routing
toward internet.
Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching
• Circuit Switching
–Mostly used in the voice call.
–Whenever a call is being made, a dedicated
logical link needs to be established.
–Network resource is allocated and reserved for
the subscriber for entire duration of the call.
• Packet Switching
–Mostly used in the Packet Data Connection.. .
e.g. internet browsing
–Whenever an MS sends or receives data, data
is organized into packet and each packet has
source / destination ID.
Signaling Plane vs. User Plane
• User Plane is the user traffic that contain the
conversation between 2 or more user peers.
– Carried over the core network as a bearer
– Example. Voice call or Browsing data traffic through GPRS
Abis / Iub
Attach 4 Internet
accepted.. DNS
Note :
All procedures here are simplified for overview only.
Reader should refer to above reference for detail
procedures.
A Simplified 2G/3G PS Call Flow…(2/3)
Reference :
Herewith the IP address TS 23.060
of GGSN
7 TS 24.008
TS 29.060
HLR Gn DNS
MS
BTS / Nodeb
Abis - Iub
9 Internet
8
11 6 Create PDP Context DNS
PDP context activation received Create PDP accepted
from MS, Context
PDP context activation What is the IP address of the Request
accepted, now browse to GGSN that serving this APN ? ?
www.google.com.au
10
Create PDP context
accepted, send this
Note : info to MS
Abis - Iub 12
Gb -IuPS
Packet Data Network
BSC e..g Internet
11 RNC
Gn
PDP context activation
SGSN GGSN Gi
accepted, now browse to
www.google.com.au
13
Internet
DNS
Note :
All procedures here are simplified for overview only.
Reader should refer to above reference for detail
procedures.
Handover
Action of switching a call in
progress from one radio
channel to another to
secure the continuity of an
established call.
R7 DT Gn Gn
BTS BSC 2G SGSN Gx
R8 2G Gb SGi
Internet
S11 HSS
SGSN
S1-U S3 S6a
eNodeB
LTE S1-MME
MSC
SGs
MME
S10
TDM HLR
SGSN IP / MPLS
GGSN
Internet
ATM RNC
TDM HLR
SGSN IP / MPLS
GGSN
Internet
ATM RNC
HLR
SGSN IP / MPLS
GGSN
Internet
RNC
SCCP M3UA
SCTP
MTP Layer 3
IP
MTP Layer 2
Data Link Layer
Diameter Application
M3UA
SCTP SCTP
IP IP
Gr Interface
Between SGSN – HLR S6a Interface
Using MAP Application Between MME – HSS
SS7 protocol transported Using Diameter Application
over IP RFC 3588
TS 29.272
IP is here…
UE eNB S-GW P-GW
Uu S1-U S5/S8
GTP-Cv2 GTP-Cv2
RRC RRC S1AP S1AP PMIP PMIP
User Plane
UDP UDP UDP UDP
IP IP IP IP
L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
S3/S4/S10/S16 S4/S12
MME HSS/EIR
Control Plane
Diameter Diameter
SCTP/TCP SCTP/TCP
IP IP Reference :
L2 L2 TS 29.281
L1 L1 TS 23.401
S6a/S6d/S13
…and everywhere…
Example : VRF Concept
VRF A
•IP addressing scheme ? Private/public ?
VRF B •Running OSPF between Node and PE
VRF C •Area 0 or non-backbone ?
VRF D
•Stub or totally stub ? NSSA ?
•or should BGP being used ??
P-GW PE
VRF S5
VRF S1u
VRF OAM
VRF SGi
ISP B
8
Create Session Request with
IP Address of P-GW
7 Create Session Request
Create Session Request response (Accept)
response (Accept)
9
Note :
All procedures here are simplified for overview only.
Reader should refer to above reference for detail
procedures.
A Simplified PS Call Flow with 4G… (2/2)
Reference :
TS 29.281
HSS DNS TS 23.401
MS
eNodeB
TS 29.274
S1
I am attached to MME
the network and Packet Data Network
want to browse to S1u
S11 e..g Internet
www.google.com.au
11 12
S-GW P-GW
SGi
S5/S8
13
Internet
DNS
Note :
All procedures here are simplified for overview only.
Reader should refer to above reference for detail
procedures.
LTE QoS Concept Overview
• Admission Control
– Prioritize bearers based on QoS parameter
– Protect network element in case of congestion or overload.
• Traffic Control
– Traffic classification (queuing, scheduling)
– Traffic policing and shaping
EPC Project Delivery
• Client : one of live mobile operator
• Duration : Jan 2012- November 2012
• Involving 3 areas of expertise :
– PS Core
– CS Core
– IP Prepare
Optimization Plan
Operate Design
Implement
Network Assessment : Current 2G/3G Mobile Packet Core
Project Delivery: EPC Node Commissioning and Integration
Network Target : LTE & 2G/3G interworking
BTS/NodeB SGSN
BSC/RNC
Gb
Iu
R7 DT Gn Gi
Gn
Pre R8 GGSN
Gr
2G/3G
HLR/HSS Internet
SGW PGW
Operator services
S6a
S5 SGi
LTE
S11
S1-U
eNodeB
S1-MME
MSC
SGs
MME
S10
Control plane
User plane
Lessons learned and Challenges...
• It is a new technology..
– New network elements, protocols and
procedures.
– Everyone involve may have their own
interpretation during planning,
commissioning and integration.
– Limited reference from available
production network.
– Always refer to International Standard.
3GPP, RFC and GSMA.
It is all IP..
– A complexity of client MPLS network.
– Design and Planning is taking an
important step.
– Requires an intensive collaboration
work with IP team.
– Things worth to note…
• L1 implementation. Wrong cable positioning
• VLAN and IP addressing, public/private ??
• Pay attention into any node limitation : port
type, MTU, active/standby behavior, Load
Balance concept, Client-Server role
Diameter Routing Planning..
Without DRA
DRA=Diameter Routing Agent With DRA
DRA
DRA Roaming
Partner /GRX
Further discussion
• Parakontel
• Indocisco
…ready to ‘take-off’ now ?
Thank You….
Images Credits
http://wallpoper.com/wallpaper/board-circuit-253188
http://forzamotorsport.net/en-US/fm4/tracks.aspx?t=Circuit_de_Catalunya
http://www.certshelp.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ip-address.jpg
http://coachgiorgio.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/teamwork4.jpg
Further discussion.