EFFECTIVENESS OF GRAPHICAL LANGUAGE

y Write a description of this object in your own language.

y Test it by having someone to make a sketch from your

description.

EFFECTIVENESS OF GRAPHICAL LANGUAGE… INTRODUCTION

y The word languages are inadequate for describing the y An
A Engineering
E i i D Drawing
i iis a ttype off T
Technical
h i lD Drawing,
i
used to fully and clearly define requirements for
engineered items and is usually
s all created in accordance
with Standardized connections.
SHAPE - Communicate shape of an object y Its purpose is to actually define all the geometric features
of a p
product components.
p
SIZE - Dimensions communicate size of a object y The end goal of an Engineering Drawing is to convey all
the required information that will allow manufacturer to
produce that component.
FEATURES - Non
N graphical
hi l iinformation
f ti about
b t manufacturing
f t i
y Engineering Drawing is a precise International Language.

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 DRAWING STANDARDS STANDARDS
y Standards are set of rules that govern how
Engineering Drawings represent.
USA - ANSI American National Standards Institute
y Drawing Standards used so that drawings
J
Japan – JIS Japanese
J I d t i l Standards
Industrial St d d
Convey The Same Meaning To Every One
h reads
who d th
them. UK - BS British Standards

Sri Lanka - SLS Sri Lanka Standards

ISO International Standards Organization

5 6

EXAMPLES OF CHARACTERS SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

y Refer
R f DRG.
DRG NO.
NO ED / 01
y Refer DRG. NO. ED / 02
y Text on Drawing
g is used
y To communicate Non Graphic Information. y Symbols and Abbreviations are used on drawings to
y As a substitute for graphic information
information, in those save space and time whilst giving precise and clear
instance where text can communicate the needed description.
information more clearly and quickly
quickly.
y Only commonly used and understood symbols and
y It must be written with
abbreviations should be used.
y Legibility - Shape
- Space between letters and words Diameter in a Note - DIA Dimension - φ
y Uniformity - Size Dimension - R
Radius in Note - RAD
- Line thickness
Long - LG Drawing - DRG Number - NO.
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 TYPES OF LINE TYPES OF LINE

y Refer DRG. NO. – ED / 03

A F
y All lines should be uniformly black and dense.

y Lines should be all in pencil or all in black ink.

y Two thicknesses of line are recommended: Thick

P Q
andd Thin.
Thi Thick
Thi k lilines should
h ld bbe ttwice
i as thi k as thi
thick thin
lines.
A -Visible Outlines / Edges Continuous - THICK

F- Hidden Outlines / Edges Dashed - THIN

9 10

G
PROJECTION THEORY
G G
y The projection theory is used to graphically
represent 3
3-D
D objects on 2
2-D
D media
media.
Drawing Paper
Paper, Computer Screen

y The projection theory is based on two variables:

G - Centre Lines
Lines, Chain - THIN
Lines of Symmetry, y Line of Sight
Loci Pitch Lines
Loci, Lines, Pitch
Circles and Trajectories. y Plane of Projection

Refer DRG NO. ED / 04 for Applications of Type of Lines

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 y Line of Sight is an imaginary ray of light between Plane of Projection is an imaginary plane which the image
an observer’s eye and an object. is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where the
Parallel Projection
Line of sight pierce the projection plane
plane.
Line of sight

Plane of projection

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Refer DRG. NO. – ED / 05 Refer DRG NO. – ED / 05
VP - Vertical Plane
AUXILIARY VERTICAL PLANE

HP - Horizontal Plane

FRONT ELEVATION END ELEVATION

SYMBOL FOR FIRST

PLAN ANGLE PROJECTION

1ST QUADRANT - FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

15 Refer DRG NO. – ED / 06 for more examples 16
 FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION FREE HAND SKETCHES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
y The Object is kept in the First Quadrant.
y The Object lies between the Observer and the Plane
of Projection.
EYE OBJECT IMAGE

y The Plane of Projection is assumed to be Opaque.

y Plan is drawn below the Front Elevation.

y The view observed from left side is drawn on the
right side of the Front Elevation.

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FREE HAND SKETCHES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

SETTING OUT AN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
Refer DRG. NO. – ED / 07
Refer
SETTING OUT AN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING – DRG NO. ED / 08
B A B B A B
C W
X W X L X
C

Y
H
ELEVATION END ELEVATION L

B
END ELEVATION ELEVATION

Y
PLAN

W
X = [A-(W+L)] / 3

Y
PLAN A
19
Y = [B-(W+H)] / 3 20
 STEP 2 STEP 3

D
Draw allll CIRCLES and
d ARCS
Faintly draw outlines of the Views.
21 22

STEP 4 - A STEP 4 -B
B

Add hidden lines and rub out unnecessary construction lines.

After checking the drawing darken all outlines
outlines. Add Di
Dimensions.
i
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 SOLIDS
STEP 4 - C

Add Sub
S b Titles,
Titl Notes,
N t Main
M i Title
Titl and
d Symbol
S b l off Projection.
P j ti
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LAYOUT OF DRAWING PAPER MAIN TITLE,  SCALE & SYMBOL OF PROJECTION

594 5
10
MAIN TITLE

7
3

5
SCALE - 1 : 1

10
A2 = 420x 594
420

50
12 15 15
25
50 100 R6
50

φ12
5

25 10 RUBBER STAMP
PROJECTION SYMBOL
MAIN TITLE & SCALE

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 DRAWING  PAPER SIZES
DRAWING SCALES
A4
Trimmed paper of
Every Drawing
E D i should
h ld bbe d
drawn iin proportion,
ti tto a uniform
if
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3 scale. The Scale used should be stated on the drawing as a
ratio – SCALE 1 : 2
Standard sheet size
A2
A4 210 x 297 SIZE IN DRAWING ACTUAL SIZE
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594 A1

A1 594 x 841
1 : 2
A0 841 x 1189

A0
(DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS) 30

29

RECOMMENDED SCALES ASSIGNMENT CLASS

Th
These are as follows
f ll
y FULL SIZE - 1 : 1
y Freehand
F h d Sk Sketches
t h off Orthographic
O th Views.
hi Vi
y On drawings smaller than the full size – Reduction Scales
y 1:2 15
1:5 1 10
1:10 1 20
1:20 1 50
1:50 1 100 1:200
1:100 1 200 1:500
1 500 y Sketch Orthographic Views of SOLIDS shown in
y On drawings
g larger
g than the full size – Enlargement
g Scales
DRG NO. - ED / CW/ 01.
y 2:1 5:1 10:1 20:1 50:1
y Add overall Heights, Widths & Lengths of each
y Choice of Scales view.
view
y The scale to be chosen for a drawing depends on the size of
the drawing sheet and the size of the object to be drawn
drawn. y A2 size Drawing Paper and Instruments
Instruments.
y The scale should be large enough to permit easy and clear
interpretation of the information
information.
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