PORT

ENGINEERING

Lecturer:
Ir. H. Isnugroho, CES

( 11)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM STUDY
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
 FENDER and MOORING EQUIPMENT
Two method when ship is approaching to berth:
Smal ship→ use its machine
→ Impact Energy
Big ship→ towed by tug boat
1 2
Even the berthing velocity is done as much slow as possible,
E mV but since the mass is very big, the impact energy is still high.
2
Impact energy could make damage both the ship and the quay → should
be equipped with a bolster for absorbing the ernergy → called FENDER

When ship berthing, the ship received the blow of wind or sea current/
wave impulse → can be shifted or moved→ should be tied by Mooring
Equipment
Mooring Equipment should be able to withstand the possibility of ship
movement due to the blow of wind or sea-current/wave impulse.
 FENDER
Fender is installed in the sea side of the quay in function as a to absorb
the ship impact energy.
The energy that should be supported by quay depend on the fender
type and allowed quay deflection.
Fender is also protect the ship body paint when ship crash the quay.
Fender is mounted along the dock and made in such a way that it can
serve different types of boats at either high or low tide.
Types of Fender
Wooden Fender Wooden Fender can be formed either horizontal or
vertical wooden beam arranged at the edge of the quay.
 Rubber Fender
The rubber fender is very popular. The most
simple and applied rubber fender is derived
from used tires.

Many different types and form of rubber

fender, such as: cilinder rubber fender,
rubber block (formed as cubic, triangular),
Raykin type , Seibu type etc.
Dimension and capacity of cylinder rubber fender

Source: Bambang Triatmodjo

 Rubber Fender Raykin type Rubber Fender Seibu Single V type

Rubber Fender Seibu Double V

Fender Gravity Type
 Fender Design
Ship impact on the quay is received first by the fender

Energy absorbed by the fender system is ditermined as ½ E. The

remaining energy will be absorbed by the ship and water.
1 1 E Fd
E Fd
2 2 F = impact force absorbed by fender
1
mV 2 Fd d = fender deflection
2 V = vertical component of ship velocity
1W 2 W = ship displacement
V Fd
2 g
W 2
F V
2 gd
 The position of fender arrangement
Fender should be placed in such a way so can protect various types of
vessels both at high or low tide.

Horizontally, the distance

between the fender should
be made in such a way that
ship never get direct contact
with the quay
The maximum distance between two fender is defined by the formula:

L 2 r 2 ( r h) 2

L = distance between two

fender (m)
r = radius of the bow (m)
h = thicknes of fender (m)
The radius of vessel’s bow is defined as follows:
Cargo ship 500 – 50.000 DWT → log r = - 1,055 + 0,650 log (DWT)
Tanker ship 5000 – 200.000 DWT → log r = - 0,113 + 0,440 log (DWT)
OCDI (1991): Water depth (m) Fender distance (m)
fender distance
may be determined
according to the
water depth
 Mooring Tools
The objectives of mooring tools:
1. For tethering the ship when berthing in order to not move due to
either wind or wave as well as sea current impulse.
2. As the axis for ship turning.
The mooring tools might be installed either on the quay, sea water surface
or sea-bed.
The types of mooring tools: 1. Bollard
2. Mooring buoy
3. Mooring Dolphin

en.wikipedia.org
Bollard:
The berthed ship is moored to the quay by tied ropes to the ship bow,
middle and stern. The rope are tied to the mooring tools called bitt.
Bitt with the big size is named as bollard (corner mooring post).
Bitt is usually use in normal weather. Whereas Bollard is used in storm
condition.
Typical Mooring Scheme
Bitt Placement:

Ship size Max. distance Min. number of mooring

MOORING BUOY
Mooring buoy is not placed on the quay, but in the harbor basin or in
off-shore.
Before getting the berthing permission, the vessels should wait either
in harbor basin or in out-side the harbor. For assuring the ship position
is not drift by wind, currents or waves, the ship is moored at mooring
buoy .
Mooring buoy is also used for ship turning aid facility.
 fishing-nc.com

boatersland.com
globalsecurity.org

thedogpaddler.com offshore-technology.com ingitec,.com.co

Ship mooring can also carried-out with ship’s anchor itself, or mooring
buoy combined with anchor as the following pictures.

Sumber:
Bambang Triatmodjo
Different types of anchor:

waymarking.com

lassco.co.uk
commons.wikimedia.org
practicalboating.com
 greenpeace.org fooyoh.com

en.m.wikipedia.org en.m.wikipedia.org
 Dolphin
Dolphin is used for mooring a big ship, such as tanker ship, bulk carrier
ship, etc.
Dolphin is designed for supporting horizontal forces caused ship impact,
wind blows, thrust/drag/drift of wave or sea current at the time the
ship is moored.
The structures typically consist of a number of piles driven into the
seabed or riverbed and connected together above the water level to
provide a platform or fixing point.
The piles can be untreated azobé wood, pressure treated pine wood
poles, or steel or reinforced concrete beams, blocks or tubes.
Smaller dolphins can have the piles drawn together with wire rope, but
larger dolphins would typically be fixed using a reinforced concrete
capping or a structural steel frame.
Dolphins are generally divided into two types, namely:
-breasting dolphins and
- mooring dolphins.
 Breasting dolphins serves the following purposes:
i. Assist in berthing of vessels by taking up some berthing loads.
ii. Keep the vessel from pressing against the pier structure.
iii. Serve as mooring points to restrict the longitudinal movement of
the berthing vessel.
Mooring dolphins, as the name implies, are used for mooring only and
for securing the vessels by using ropes. They are also commonly used
near pier structures to control the transverse movement of berthing
vessels
weeksmarine.com
Mooring and Berthing System

www.nusantararegas.com
Dolphin Types

Source: Plastic Design of Breasting Dolphins, Delft University of Technology

(A) Rigid dolphin
Rigid dolphin is used for a big ship (> 10,000 DWT)
Rigid dolphin could be made of wooden piles, concrete piles or cell of
sheet piles.
Rigid Dolphin fitted with a platform to install the mooring tools and
fender

Rigid dolphin consist of timber piles

Rigid dolphin made of cell of sheet piles

Concrete Rigid dolphin Source:Bambang Triatmodjo
The impact energy of vessel is absorbed mainly by fender. As such, the
dolphin itself is designed as a rigid structure with a group of piles. The
piles serve to transfer the reaction force from fender system to the
foundation soils. The design of rigid fender is similar to other structures
and the strength and stiffness of rigid dolphin should be sufficient to
withstand berthing forces without causing excessive deformations.

flickr.com
scotlights.com
 (B) Flexible Dolphins
The impact energy of vessel is absorbed by lateral deflection of piles.
The dolphin itself performs both the functions of fender and berthing
structure. Flexible dolphin is particular suitable in deep water region
because the energy absorption capacity is a function of pile length.

Source:Bambang Triatmodjo
Images of Flexible Dolphin

mjhengineering.com

boatus.com waterway.com.au
 Exercise:
General Cargo ship of 10.000 DWT berthed at the fender as fig. L

Please Define : 0,40

10. Radius of curvature of the ship’s bow (r)

11. Fender distance L

General Cargo Ship of 20.000 DWT berthed at the fender as the following figure
Sea water density 1,03 A B
g= 9,8 m/s2

2,00 2,00 4,00 2,00 2,00

Please define:
12. Overall ship length, ship width, draft of the ship
13. Length between perpendicular
14. Block coefficient(Cb)
15. Radius of curvature of the shp’s bow
16. Excentricity coefficient (Ce)
17. Mass coefficient (Cm)
18. Impact Energy
 Solving:
10. General Cargo ship log r 1,055 0,65log104 1,545 r 35,075m

11. L L 2 35,075 2 (35,075 0,40 ) 2 L 10,56m

2 r 2 ( r h) 2
12. Table 1.1 Loa= 177 m ; B= 23,40 m ; d= 10 m
1, 0193
13. General Cargo ship Lpp 0,846Loa Lpp= 165,48 m
W 20000 Cb 0,50
14. Cb
Lpp Bd 165,48.23,4.10.1,03
15. Fig. 6.15 r
0,205 r 36,285
Cb 0,50 Loa
1 1
16. l = ¼ Loa= 44,25 Ce Ce 0,402
1 ( l )2 1 (44,25 )2
r 36,225
.d .10 Cm 2,3386
17. Cm 1 1
2Cb .B 2.0,5.23,4
o
18. v v sin 10 0,15.sin 100 0,026
W .v 2 20000.0,0262
E .Cm .Ce .2,34.0,402 E = 0,65094 Tm
2g 2.9,8