CHAPTER III.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
(CENTRAL TENDENCY)

1. Index and summation

N

a.  x  x  x  x  ....  x   x
i 1
i 1 2 3 N

b.  x y  x y  x y  x y  ....  x y   x y
i 1
i i 1 1 2 2 3 3 N N

N N

c.  ax  ax  ax  ax  ....  ax  a  x
i 1
i 1 2 3 N
i 1
i

N
a( x1  x2  x3  ....  xN )  a  xi  a  x
i 1

N N N N

d.  (ax  by  cz )  a  x  b y  c z
i 1
i i i
i 1
i
i 1
i
i 1
i

2. Average = Mean = x

A. Ungroup Data
x
a. Conventional method  x  N
where x = data observation
N = number of data
example : compute the x of a set: 3, 5, 4, 8, 2, 10
x
 x  2  3  4  5  8  10  5.333
N 6
b. Assumed mean method (A)
d
x  A
N
where A = assumed mean
d= x–A
N = number of data
example : compute the mean of a set of data: 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12
using assumed mean method (A) = 9

1 Centre of Tendency
 d = 3 – 9 = -6; 4 – 9 = -5; 8 – 9 = -1; 9 – 9 = 0; 10 – 9 = 1; 12 – 9 =
3
∑d = -6-5-1+0+1+3 = -8
8
x 9  7.667
6

c. ungroup data with frequency

f x  f x  .....  f x  Fx
x 1 1 2 2
 N N

F F

Example:
Determine the mean of a following data:
5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 4, 6, 2, 7, 3, 6, 3
Penyelesaian:
x
 Fx  2(2)  3(3)  2(4)  2(5)  2(6)  1(7)  50  4.167
F 2  3  2  2  2 1 12

B. Group Data
a. Conventional method
 Fx
x where F = frequency
F
x = data / class mark
∑F = Total frequency

b. First of all, one needs to understand that this is another method of finding the
Mean of a list of data. Sometimes the data is presented in a form which makes
the calculation of the mean by the usual method impossible. Such a situation
would involve a frequency table where the data is presented as an interval.
Assumed mean method (A)
 ( Fd )
x  A where d= x–A
F

c. Advance assumed mean method (“penyandian”)

  ( F .u ) 
x  A c
  F 
x A d
Where u
c
 ;
c
c = class width/class size

2 Centre of Tendency
 note: this method only suitable if each class has a similar c (class
width)

Example:
The following data is taken from the compressive strength test on
several cylindrical concretes.
b (kg/cm2) Frequency
150 – 160 3
161 – 171 4
172 – 182 10
183 – 193 6
194 – 204 7
∑F = 30
Calculate the mean by 3 methods
(Use any assume mean)

Solution:
b (kg/cm2) x F Fx
150 – 160 155 3 465
161 – 171 166 4 664
172 – 182 177 10 1770
183 – 193 188 6 1128
194 – 204 199 7 1393
∑F = 30 ∑Fx = 5420

a. Conventional method
 Fx  5420  180.667  
x
 F 30
b  180.667 kg/cm2

b. Assumed mean method (A)

let, A = 166

x F d= x–A Fd
155 3 -11 -33
A 166 4 0 0

3 Centre of Tendency
 177 10 11 110
188 6 22 132
199 7 33 231
∑F = 30 ∑Fd = 440

 ( Fd )  166  440  180.667  

x  A
F 30
b  180.667 kg/cm2

c. Advance assumed mean method

c = 166 – 155 = 11
= 199 – 188 = 11 ......similar…. OK!
x A d
x F u  Fu
c c
155 3 -2 -6
166 4 -1 -4
A 177 10 0 0
188 6 1 6
199 7 2 14
∑F = 30 ∑Fu = 10

  ( F .u ) 
x  A c  177  10 11  180.667   b  180.667 kg/cm2
 F  30
 

3. Median = centre value of data

A. Ungroup data
The method of calculating median is given below.

Step 1: Arrange the given values in ascending or descending order.

Step 2: Find the middle value of the resultant of the step 1.

Step 3: If there are two middle values, then find the average between that two values.

Step 4: The resultant is considered as the median

4 Centre of Tendency
 n 1
The median location = 2
example:
Calculate the median of the following data :
3, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 8
Solution:
2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 10
8 1
Median position = 2
 4 .5
46
Median = 2
5

B. Group Data

 N  ( F1 ) 
Median = L1   2 c
 f median 
 
Where:
L1 : actual lower limit of class median
N/2 : F/2
F1 : sum of frequency all class that lower than class
median
fmedian: frequency of class median
c : class width/class size

4. Mode
The mode is the value with the greatest frequency

A. Ungroup data
Example:
a) The mode of a following data: 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 9, 10 is 5 (unimodal)
b) The mode of a following data: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12 is none
c) The mode of a following data: 2, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 9, 10 is 5 and 7 (bimodal)

B. Group data

5 Centre of Tendency
  1 
Mode = L1  

 1  
c
2 

where
L1 : actual lower limit of class mode
∆1 : the difference of class mode frequency and the former
(the class before class mode)
∆2 : the difference of class mode frequency and the next
class frequency

Example: Determine median and mode of the following data:

b (kg/cm2) Frequency
150 – 160 3
161 – 171 4
172 – 182 10
183 – 193 6
194 – 204 7
∑F = 30
Solution:
Class b (kg/cm2) F
I 150 – 160 3
II 161 – 171 4
III 172 – 182 10
IV 183 – 193 6
V 194 – 204 7
∑F = 30

Median:
30  1
Median position = 2
 15.5  class III
 N  ( F1 )   30  7 
 2  c  171.5   2 11  180.3
Median = L1 
 f median   10  kg/cm2
   

Mode

The mode is in the class III (f = 10)

6 Centre of Tendency
  1   6 
Mode = L1   c  171.5  
 1   2 
11  178.1
6 4
kg/cm2

7 Centre of Tendency