នៅពេលសង្គ្រាមរលត់ទៅ-When the war was over by Elizabeth Backer

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X X
elIkTI1 enAqñaM2005 edaymCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCashkarCamYysßanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMenAkm<úCa rkSasiT§i

X X
Translation Series No.5 X Documentation Center of Cambodia
X Elizabeth Becker: When the War Was Over, Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
X Translated by Tep Meng Khean and Sokha Irene X Edited by Youk Chhang X Graphic by Kim Sovanndany
X Cover and Book design by Youk Chhang and Kim Sovanndany X Published by Documentation Center of
Cambodia and the American Embassy in Phnom Penh X Printed in Cambodia, 2005 X Copyright X
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Searching for the truth.
Documentation Center of Cambodia
P.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875
Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358
Email: dccam@online.com.kh
Homepage: www.dccam.org
DISCLAMER
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.
TsSn³beBa©jenAkñúgesovePAenH KWrbs;GñkniBn§Etmñak;Kt;.
ISBN-10: 99950-60-00-0
lsxG-10³ 99950-60-00-0
ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-00-8
lsxG-13³ 978-99950-60-00-8
Printed in Cambodia
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s®gÁamCacMhmYyRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alRkúgéRBnKr nigvaytbcMeBaHyuT§nakarRbqaMgkumµúynisþrbs;
rbbenH. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr)ancab;epþIm. kñúgRbeTskm<úCaEk,rxag karRbyuT§Kña)anlubelI
kitüanuPaBrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu y:agqab;rh½s ehIy kumÖÚt yl;fa s®gÁamenARbeTs
evotNam nwgkMNt;seRmcGnaKténRbeTsrbs;Kat;Edr.
RbeTskm<úCaBuMEmnsßitenAkñúgtMbn;ekonekaHmYyénGasuIeT b:uEnþ KWenAcMkNþals®gÁam\NÐÚcin

elIkTIBIr. RbeTsevotNamxagt,ÚgenAPaKxagekIt nigRbeTsLavenAPaKxageCIg suT§EtCa
smrPUmiRbyuT§. RbeTséfEdlenAxaglic)ankøayeTACabEg¥keRkayrbs;GaemrikaMg CamUldæan
mYysRmab;ynþehaHRbedjRbtikmµ nigCaTIkmSanþsb,aymYysRmab;kgT½BGaemrikaMgEdlQb;
sRmak. kñúgcenøaHRbeTsTaMgbIenH RbeTskm<úCarebobCnbTrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )an
elceLIgkñúgzan³CaTwkdIGBüaRkwtmYyminKYr[eCO.
enAeBldMbUg s®gÁamhak;dUcCabRgÜbbRgÜmRbCaCnkm<úCa[mUlEtmYy. kumÖÚt emIleXIjPaB
xusKñatictYcrvagCMhrrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigCMhrrbs;sa®sþacarüTaMgLayrbs;Kat;
EdlniymeqVgRCúlsþIBIbBaðas®gÁamenARbeTsevotNam. TaMgGs;Kña)anRbqaMgCMTas; nwgkareFVI
GnþraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMg. TaMgGs;KñaCayuT§ikCnénneya)ayGBüaRkwtmYyrbs;km<úCa. kñúgGMLúgqñaM
dMbUg²énCemøaH GñkTaMgGs;dUc kumÖÚt CaedIm)anekatsresIr nigKaMRTneya)aykarbreTsrbs;
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TukNaCaBYkeKbnþkartv:aRbqaMgnwgGMNacb®gáab EdlRBHGgÁeFVImkelICIvit
rs;enArbs;eKk¾eday.
enAeBlEdls®gÁampÞúHeLIg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RtÚv)aneKsÁal;dwgc,as;kñúgBiPBelak
TaMgmUl cMeBaHkarRbkan;GBüaRkwtniymy:agx¢ab;x¢Ünrbs;RBHGgÁ10. enAqñaM1955 RBHGgÁ)anyag
eTAcUlrYmsnñisITenARkúg)an;Dug edayENnaMbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆkuM[P¢ab;eCaKvasnarbs;xøÜn nwg
mhaGMNacNamYy ehIyRtÚvseRmcpøÚvedIrpÞal;rbs;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg. tamlMnaMCaTUeTAmYyBiPB
kumµúynisþ)anTHédGbGrsaTrcMeBaHesckþIRbkasenH. shrdæGaemrikminrvl;nwgGVITaMgGs;. enAqñaM
bnÞab;KWqñaM1956 shrdæGaemrik)ansakl,gBiesaFn_GBüaRkwtniymrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
edayesñI[RbeTskm<úCa cUlCasmaCikmYyénGgÁkarsn§isBaØaGasuIPaKGaeKñy_ ¬ehAkat; es>Ga>tU¦
CabkSsm<½n§karBarmYy EdlbRgÜbbRgÜmbNþaRbeTsenAeRkambgÁab;shrdæGaemrikTaMgGs;. semþc
)anbdiesF. CakarsgswkrbbRkúgéRBnKr )anseRmcraMgxÞb;Epñkesdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa
nigkMNt;TMnijepSg² EdldwkeLIgtamTenøemKgÁ rhUtdl;RkúgPñMeBjEdlenAeBlenaHCakMBg;EpEt
mYyKt;rbs;RbeTs.
CamYynwgs®gÁamenARbeTsevotNam karbgçitbgçMfµI²eTot)ansgát;mkelIsemþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu kñúgbMNg[RBHGgÁEkERby:agehacnUvneya)ayGBüaRkwtniymrbs;RBHGgÁ. bkçBYkTaMgsg
xag b:gR)afñacg;)anedays¶at;kM)aMgnUvpøÚvpÁt;pÁg;P½sþúPar -smÖar³swkd¾mantémøenARbeTskm<úCa
ehIycg;eRbIR)as;RbeTsenH edIm,ItaMgmUldæanepSg²rbs;xøÜnpg. shrdæGaemrik CaGñkeRbIkar
Kabsgát; dMbUgeKRbkbedayPaBmuWgm:at;bMput edayRbkascMeBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu faeFVIxøÜn
CaRbeTsGBüaRkwt EtEbrCaKaMRTBYkkumµúynisþeTAvij. mundMbUg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eFVItam
karKabsgát;TaMgenH ehIyGHGagfa RBHGgÁRtÚvkarBYkeKedIm,ITTYl)ankarFanad¾rwgmaMmYy xagEpñk
snþisuxBIbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynisþ Ek,rxagrbs;RBHGgÁ KWRbeTséf nigevotNamxagt,Úg. b:uEnþ
BYkGaemrikaMgbdiesFminTTYlsÁal; ehIysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRtÚvjúaMg[eCOfa shrdæ
GaemrikCaGñkTajExSBIeRkaykarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy sMedApþÜlrMlMRBHGgÁkalBIqñaMmun KWqñaM1959.
¬RBHGgÁmanbnÞÚlRtÚv¦. dUecñHGBüaRkwtniymrbs;emdwknaMkm<úCa eRkaymk)anRtÚvlablnedaykar
minTukcitþpÞal;xøÜny:agxøaMgmYy -nigmanbgðajP½sþútagpg- cMeBaHBYkGaemrikaMg.
qñaM1963)ankMNt;nUvrbt;mYysRmab;RbeTsevotNamRbeTskm<úCakumÖÚt RkúmniymsþaM nig
niymeqVgrbs;km<úCa.
qñaMenHCaqñaMcugeRkayrbs;kumÖÚtenAviTüal½y. mitþPkþiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; nigxøÜnKat;nwgRtÚveFVI[
GMBl;munGVI²TaMgGs;kñúgkareRCIserIssaklviTüal½ymYy EdlBYkeKnwgRtÚvcUleron b:uEnþ s®gÁammin
GnuBaØat[eKenAEtCamnusSbrisuT§)aneLIy. s®gÁamk¾minGnuBaØat[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
eFVIGVIekItEdr Edlcab;epþImP½y)armÖcMeBaHrUbRBHGgÁpÞal;RBmTaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCapg. CaGaT×
]tþmesnIy_ KInIm pulesna naykrdæm®nþIGBüaRkwtniymLav )anRtÚvsmøab;enApÞHrbs;Kat;eday
RkúmmnusSniymsþaM Edle)aHbg;rNsirSrYbrYmbegáIteLIgenAqñaMdEdlenaH edIm,ITb;sáat;s®gÁam.
pulesna Camitþmñak;rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigmanTsSn³mYydUcsemþcEdr. ebIsins®gÁam
raldaldl;RbeTsLav etIRbeTskm<úCanwgmanGVIekIteLIg?
mYyExeRkaymk KWenAEx]sPa qñaM1963 )atukmµGhigSamYyrbs;RBHsgÇBuT§sasna Edl
kMBugRbRBwtþeTAenATIRkúgev: evotNamxagt,Úg RtÚv)anb®gáabedaykgT½BenATIenaH Edl)anebIkkar
)aj;RbhareTAelIhVÚgmnusSedaykaMePøIgynþCaeRcInedIm nig)ansmøab;mnusSR)aMbYnnak; EdlkñúgenaH
manekµgR)aMBIrnak;pg. RbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg)anbeBa©j[ eXIjnUvkareRbIkmøaMgedayÉkÉg nig
y:ageXareXA. RBHsgÇBuT§sasnamYyGgÁRBHCnµ 70RBHvsSa)aneFVIGtþXad edaydutxøÜnÉgenA
TIRkúgéRBnKr. GñkbYsbInak; nigdUnCImñak; )ansmøab;xøÜnÉgenAExsIha edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgneya)ay
b®gáabrbs;rbb eg:a Dijeyom. KµanGVImYyGaceFVI[b:HBal;EfmeTot dl;RbeTskan;BuT§sasnamYy
dUcRbeTskm<úCa)aneLIy ehIysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRbkasCasaFarN³fa eyom
CamnusSkan;sasnakatUlik-r:UmuaMg mansmancitþtictYc cMeBaHRBHBuT§sasnaEdlnwgbnþkan;GMNac
minelIsBI BIr-bIExeLIy.
RkúgPñMeBj)anRtÚveFVI[PøwkPøaMgedaysars®gÁam. edayRtÚveFVI[BieraFxøaMg semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu Rbkasfa shrdæGaemrik nig eyom suT§EtCaGñkRtÚvTTYleTas. semþc)ankat;pþac;TMnak;
TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg ehIy)anTayTukCamunBIC½yCmñHmYyrbs;kumµúynisþ ³
{eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsevotNam hak;dcU CaRtÚvkMNt;rcY ehIy. eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTs´ RbEhl
CanwgdUcKñakñúgeBlminb:unµaneTot. b:uEnþy:agehac eyIgmankarlYgcitþxøH²Edr Edl)anRBmanBiPB
xaglicCajwkjy}11.
enAéf¶TI13 Exvicäika qñaM1963 RbFanaFibtI eyom nig eg:aDijjÚ Cab¥ÚnbegáItrbs;Kat; RtÚv)an
smøab;kñúgRkbxNÐénrdæRbharmYy Edlmankaryl;RBmnigCYysRmÜledayshrdæGaemrik.semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu Ca\sSrCndMbUgkñúgcMeNam\sSrCndMbUg²énBiPBelak EdlsmÁal;eXIjkarlUk
édrbs;Rkúgv:asuInetankñúgrdæRbharenH ehIy)anefáaleTasshrdæGaemrikBIkarRbRBwtþGMeBIk,t; Edl
CabT]Rkidæ nigEdlKitTukCamunkñúgzan³Casm<½n§mitþmYy.RBHGgÁ )anRcanecalPøammYyrMeBcnUvCMnYy
TaMgGs;rbs;GaemrikaMg Edlpþl;mk[RbeTskm<úCa. semþcmanRBHT½ycg;Tb;shrdæGaemrik [sßit
enAeRkAkic©karrbs;km<úCaTaMgRsug edIm,IbnßylT§PaBénkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg sMedApþÜl
rMlM b¤eFVIXatRBHGgÁ.
cMeBaHneya)aykñúgRbeTsvij kareqøIytbrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cMeBaHs®gÁamenA
RbeTsevotNammanlkçN³minc,as;las;dUcKña. enAqñaM1963 RBHGgÁ)ancat;EcgeFVIkarpøas;bþÚr
sMxan;² CaeRcInEdlbgá[mankMhwg nigkarExVgeyabl;KñasRmab;RkúmniymsþaM k¾dUcRkúmniymeqVg
ehIyEdlenATIbMput k¾naMeTAdl;kardYlrlMsRmab;rUbRBHGgÁ.
eTaHbICaRBHGgÁmansmancitþcMeBaHBYkkumµúynisþbreTsk¾eday k¾RBHRbmuxrdæExµrminTukcitþ
RkúmniymeqVgrbs;km<úCaEdr. enAqñaM1963 eBlEdls®gÁampÞúHeLIgenAkñúgRbeTsevotNamEk,r
xag RBHGgÁ)anRbkan;ykneya)ayCasRtÚvy:agecjmuxcMeBaHRkúmniymeqVg. karbHe)arRbqaMg
)ancab;epþIm edaykareFVIkUdkmµrbs;kUnsisSkñúgextþmYyenAPaKBay½Bü bnÞab;mk )anraldalmkdl;
raCFanIeTot. edImdMbUg clna)atukmµrbs;kUnsisS eFVIeLIgedIm,Itv:aCasMxan;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIkeRmal
eXareXArbs;bU:lisextþeT b:uEnþbnÞab;mk va)anERbkøayeTACakarvayRbharTUeTA cMeBaHrdæGMNacTaMg
Gs; CaBiess rUbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pÞal;.
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anecaTRbkan;RkúmniymeqVgfa CaGñkjúHjg;[mankarrMeCIbrMCYl
enH EdlCaehtubgçM[BYkemdwknaMeqVgniymcakecjBIRkúgPñMeBj. kñúgcMeNamenaH k¾mansmaCik
sMxan;²énKN³kmµaFikarkNþalExµrRkhm Edl)anbegáItbkSkumµúynisþpÞal;rbs;eKCapøÚvkar enAqñaM
1960 CaqñaMénkarcab;epþIms®gÁamenARbeTsevotNamEdr. PaKeRcInénBYkExµrRkhmTaMgenH
)anEsVgrkTIlak;xøÜnkñúgéRBs,at rt;cUléRBm:aKI nigcab;epþImerobcMbkçBYkRbqaMgnwgsemþcvij.
ExµrRkhmxøHeTot )anecjdMeNIreTARbeTs)araMgCafµI. karcakecjrbs;eK )aneFVI[rBa¢Üyjab;j½r
y:agxøaMg dl;shKmn_nisSit nigbBaØvnþenARkúgPñMeBj. kumÖÚt nwkeXIjBIkarRcbUkRcbl;Edlsßitman
mYyry³kñúgraCFanI enAeBlenaHsþIBIbBaðas®gÁam nig\riyabfEdlRtÚvRbkan;ykcMeBaHGñkniym
eqVg. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GYtxøÜnÉgfa sgÁmniym b:uEnþ RBHGgÁ)anTmøak;eTaselIBYk
GñkTaMgLay EdlRbkasxøÜnÉgfa CaGñksgÁmniymEdr ehIyRbkasBIkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;RBHGgÁ
cMeBaHTMenIbPavUbnIykmµ nigkarcat;Ecg[)anrIkceRmInnUvEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmrbs;km<úCa.
ebIkarvayRbharrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RbqaMgnwgRkúmniymeqVgmanlkçN³Rtg;²
karRbQmmux CamYyRkúmniymsþaMBuMEmnCaerOgcaM)ac;RtÚveFVIeT EdlecjmkBIkarb:unb:gmYy edIm,I
Ekkunesdækic©rbs;RbeTs bnÞab;BIkarbdiesFCMnYyGaemrikaMg. kgT½Brbs;km<úCars;edaysar
CMnYyenH EdlCYyeFVI[manlMnwgdl;CBa¢IgTUTat;cMNUl-cMNayrbs;RbeTskm<úCapg. KµanmUlniFi
TaMgenH kgT½Brbs;km<úCanwgcuHexSay enAeBlEdlkgT½Brbs;bNþaRbeTsCitxagrIkFMFat;. ehIyBYk
em²kgT½Brbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RtÚveFVI[Gs;sgÇwmEdlminGackarBarRbeTs)an kñúgkrNI
EdlmankarvayRbharBIRbeTsevotNam b¤RbeTséf. dUecñH kgT½B KWCasñÚl énGVIEdlRbEhlCa
køayeTACacegáamGñkbHe)arniymsþaMmYy RbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigbgá[manrdæRbhar
mYyenAqñaM1970.
mü:ageTot semþc )aneFVI[eKdwgB¤CasaFarN³nUvkmµviFImYy edIm,IBRgIkCatUbnIykmµ Epñk
esdækic© nigedaHRsaybBaðaepSg²EdlbNþaleLIgedaykar)at;bg;CMnYyGaemrikaMg.RBHGgÁ)aneFVI
CatUbnIykmµshRKasCaeRcIn FnaKar nigRkúmhu‘nGahr½N-nIhr½NTaMgGs;. RBHGgÁ)anTb;témø
TMnijepSg² edIm,IbM)at;karRbkYtRbECgnigbnßykarvinieyaKrbs;breTs. enAeBlEdlRbeTséf
kMBugmansnÞúHrIklUtlas; edaysarkic©karCMnYj nigCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMgP¢ab;nwgs®gÁamRbeTskm<úCa
EbrCamanGRtarIklUtlas;TabmYyRbmaNR)aMPaKryb:ueNÑaH. sRmab;shKmn_GñkrksuItUctac
rbs;RbeTs sRmab;RkúmvrCn nigvNÑ³kNþal enARkúgPñMeBj enHCakarbnøMEPñkmYyehIy KWBYkeK
enHÉg EdledIrtYnaTICaKnøwHmYykñúgrdæRbharenAqñaM1970.
GVI²hak;dUcCaKµann½yTaMgGs;. kumÖÚt nigmitþPkþiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; BitCaBi)akEsVgyl;BI
RBwtþikarN_epSg²Nas;. «Buk-mþay mitþPkþirbs;BYkeK/ BYkGñkneya)ay nigsemþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu pÞal;)anniyaynigmanRBHbnÞÚlpÞúyKñasþIBIs®gÁam nigGnaKtRbeTskm<úCa. RbeTsCatiRtÚv
EbkCabkSCaBYk y:agehack¾enARkúgPñMeBjEdr. kumÖÚt yl;eXIjGnaKtrbs;xøÜnRtÚvKMramkMEhg
minRtwmEtedaysars®gÁamenAevotNamb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ edaykareRCIserIsmankMNt;EdlRbeTs
rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pþl;[Kat;.
enAqñaM1963 KWkñúgkal³eTs³enHehIy EdlkumÖÚt)anecjdMeNIreTAsikSaenAbreTs. Kat;
manbMNgeKc[putBIkarrs;enAceg¥ótcg¥l; nigkan;EttantwgeLIg²enATIRkúgPñMeBj. Kat;)anseRmc
citþeFVIdMeNIreTA[q¶ayBuMEmnenARbeTs)araMgdUcbNþamitþPkiþPaKeRcInrbs;Kat;eT b:uEnþeTARbeTs
kaNada CaTIEdlKat;)anbnþkarsikSadMbUgenAsklviTüal½yLav:al; bnÞab;mk enAsklviTüal½y
m:ak;hSúIl edayenAEtbnþkarTak;TgKña ¬tamsMbuRteqøIyqøg¦ CamYyRKÜsar nigmitþPkþiTaMgLayenA
RbeTskm<úCadEdl. kumÖÚt sßitenARbeTskaNada enAeBlEdlshrdæGaemrikcab;epþImbBa¢ÚnT½B
y:ageRcInmkRbeTsevotNam enAqñaM1965 ehIyEdleFVI[Kat;nwkP½yxøac. BIb:usþ×segátBinitü
rbs;Kat; Kat;)anRbmaNBIkmøaMgrbs;Gaemrik EdlKat;minFøab;vaytémøesaHenARbeTs)araMg ehIy
yl;c,as;BIPaBBuHeBarénkarRbqaMgtTl;nwgkumµúynisþrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg. b:uEnþ CaCMnYseFVI[eKsÁal;
xøÜnkñúgkarCECkBiPakSasþIBIs®gÁam Kat;rkeXIjfa karcab;GarmµN_rbs;Kat;cMeBaHneya)ay )anRtÚv
eFVI[cuHGn;fy.
enARbeTskaNada kumÖÚt)anbgðajKMnitxøÜnEdrfa Kat;manbMNgsikSaxagEpñkesdækic©. Kat;
)anRsavRCavBIRTwsþIepSg²rbs;lT§isgÁmniym nigmUlFnniymedaysmÁal;eXIjkarCECkBiPakSa
¬xagneya)ay¦ kñúgRbeTsrbs;Kat;enAEtmankRmitdUcsm½yedImenAeLIy. bnÞab;mk Kat;ykcitþ
Tukdak;enAxagEpñkesdækic© hirBaØvtßú nigkarRKb;RKgEpñkBaNiC¢kmµvij. kareronsURtrbs;Kat;RtÚv)an
bBa©b; ehIyKat;)anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM1968. Kat;cakecjBIRbeTskaNada
kñúgeBlEdlclnaRbqaMgs®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMgrIkraldal ehIyEdlcMnYnTahanGaemrikaMgsøab;enA
RbeTsevotNamekIneLIg. Kat;cab;epþImeCOCak;kñúgcitþfa meFüa)ayRbesIrCageKkñúgkarCYy
RbeTsrbs;Kat; KWRbwgERbgbegáItesdækic©xøaMgmYy BuMEmncUlrYmkñúgkarCECkBiPakSaneya)ayminecH
cb;enHehIyenaHeT.
b:uEnþenAeBlmkdl;RbeTsrbs;Kat; kumÖÚtdwgxøÜnfa KMnitfµI²rbs;Kat;BuMsUveXIjmaneRbIR)as;
kñúgRbeTskm<úCarbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eT. enAqñaM1968 kmµviFICatUbnIykmµrbs;semþc
)ancUlCaFrmantaMgBIR)aMqñaMmkehIy nig)aneFVImnusSRKb;KñaxkcitþCaxøaMg.semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
)anrwbykshRKasnanaBIBYkGñkCMnYj ehIyRbKl;eTA[BYkGñkeFVIkarEdlmanebovtSr_Tab nigKµan
smtßPaBkan;kab;vij. Kat;)anl,gbegáItrdæ-Gñk]btßmÖmYy (Etat-providence) edayKµanRkdasR)ak;
nigkarKaMRTneya)aycaM)ac;. enAqñaM1967Kat;)anrlas;ecalemdwknaMniymeqVgsMxan;² bnÞab;mk
Kat;EbrmkBwgBak;RkúmniymsþaMvij edIm,I[dwknaMGnuvtþkmµviFIsgÁmniymrbs;Kat;. KµanGñkNamñak;
cg;eFVItamkumÖÚteT enAeBlEdlKat;esñIbegáItshRKasesdækic©cRmúHfµI² ³ s®gÁamenAevotNam nig
sßankarN_neya)aytwgEtgTal;RckenAkm<úCa KWCabuBVehtuEtmYyKt; EdlKYr[eFVIkarBinitüBic½y.
kumÖÚt)anQaneCIgcUlkñúgBiPBFnaKar-enARkúgPñMeBj CaBiPBénFnaKarEdlRtÚveFVICatUbnIy
kmµ. edayminGacRbqaMg)an Kat;RtÚvGUsTaj[cUlkñúgkarCECkBiPakSa ¬xagneya)ay¦ CafµImþg
eTot ehIykñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM EdlmanCabnþ dMeNIrrs;enArbs;Kat; k¾dUcCadMeNIrrs;enArbs;smaCik
PaKeRcInénRkúmvrCnenAraCFanIEdr EdlCaGñkRbmUlnigpSayBaküccamGar:amepSg²GMBIs®gÁam.
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enAeBlenH)anmanRBHbnÞÚlxøaMg²y:agecjmux RbqaMgnwgBYkExµrRkhm
EdlRBHGgÁecaTfa manbMNgGUsTajRbeTskm<úCa[Føak;enAkñúgs®gÁamenARbeTsevotNam.
kumÖÚt nigbNþamitþPkþirbs;Kat; mineCOkarecaTRbkan;rbs;semþcRbqaMgnwgRkúmniymeqVgeT
ehIyGñkxøHkñúgcMeNamenaH )ancakecjBIraCFanI edIm,IeTArYbrYmnwgBYkExµrRkhmrYceTAehIy. GñkxøH
eTot sßitenAkñúgraCFanIdEdl nigrg;caMemIledayxøacERkgfa karvayRbyuT§TaMgGs;GacTak;Taj
shrdæGaemrik b¤evotNammkkan;RbeTskm<úCa-b¤RbeTsTaMgBIrpgk¾mindwg. kumÖÚt CacMENkmYyén
RkúmcugeRkayenH EdlCaRkúmxagPaKeRcIn. eTaHbICaKat;mankMhwgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
k¾eday k¾FnaKarikrUbenH )anbnþGbGrsresIrBaküsnüarbs;semþc EdlnwgeFVI[RbeTssßitenA
edayELkBIs®gÁamenAevotNamEdr.
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RBHneratþm sIhnu )ancgsm<½n§PaBCamYyBYkkumµúynisþevotNam ehIy)anGnuBaØat[BYkenHtaMg
{TICRmk} enAkm<úCa. kñúgtMbn;CnbTnana BYkExµrRkhm)anbgðaj[eXIjPaBecjmuxkan;EtxøaMgeLIg
kñúgkarRbwgERbgrbs;BYkeK edIm,Ibgá[mankarbHe)armYyrbs;ksikrRbqaMgnwgRkúgPñMeBj. TIRkúg)an
RbúgeRbóbxøÜncMeBaHkarRbQmmuxtTl;Kña Edlc,as;Camkdl;kñúgeBlqab;².
enAéf¶TI18 ExmIna qñaM1970 RkúmniymsþaM)anerobcMrdæRbharmYyRbqaMgnwgsemþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu. kumÖÚt nigbNþamitþPkþirbs;Kat; mancitþsb,ayrIkrayCaxøaMg BIeRBaHBYkeKBinitü
eXIjRBwtþikarN_mYy EdlGaceRbóbeFob)annwgkarbegáItrbbsaFarNrdæenARbeTs)araMgEdr.
EmnehIyBYkem²énkarrYmKMnitKñaeFVIrdæRbhar )ansnüabegáItsaFarNrdæExµrmYy EdlnwgmanlkçN³
Tan;sm½yRbCaFibetyü nigGBüaRkwtBitR)akd. TIRkúgPñMeBjeBareBj eTAedaykarsb,ayrIkray
CaxøaMg ³ eKnwgpøas;CMnYsrbbBukrlYymYy ehIyGYtGMBIkarbeNþay[eFVIGVI²tamcitþ edayrdæaPi)al
s½kþisiT§is¥ats¥M nigTan;sm½ymYy. RbkarenHTMngCaéføfñÚrNas; enAeBleTACakarBit -saFarN
rdæmYyeday\tmanbdivtþn_ KµankarRbTaj[Føak;kñúgePøIgs®gÁamenAevotNam.
karyl;RcLMTaMgenH minmanfirevlarhUtdl;qñaMcugqñaMeLIy ehIyminyUrb:unµan vaelceLIg[
eXIjfa rdæRbharRtÚv)andwknaMCasarvnþ edaymnusSBIrnak; KWRBHGgÁm©as; sirimt³ nig]tþmesnIy
ln; nl;. sirimt³ CaTayaTxagExS suIsuvtßi énRBHraCvgSanuvgSExµr Edltamry³mçagenaH BYk)araMg
)anRbKl;raCblø½gáeTA[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eLIgRKgraCü enAqñaM1941eTAvij. sirimt³ CaKU
RbECgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigpÞúyBIRBHGgÁedayehtufaRBHGgÁm©as;sBVRBHT½ynwgBiPB
CMnYj nigshrdæGaemrik.cMeBaHerOgenHRBHGgÁm©as;)ancgsm<½n§nwgBYkGaemrikaMgEdlRbCaCnkm<úCa
mYycMnYnsnµtfa RBHGgÁm©as; RbEhl)anTTYlkaryl;RBmBIBYkGaemrikaMgedIm,IeFVIrdæRbkar nigBakü
snüaKaMRTmYyehIyemIl_eTA. sirimt³ CatMNagPaBTMenIbTan;sm½y PaBbuinRbsb; cMNgCamYynwg
CMnYyGaemrikaMgenH Edlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRcanecal. RBHGgÁm©as;CatYGgÁmYy EdleFVI
[mnusSCaeRcIndUcCa kumÖÚt CaedIm cUlcitþy:agxøaMg ehIybNþasmaCikénGñkmanviC¢aCIv³esrI
enARkúgPñMeBjsmÁal;eXIjRBHGgÁm©as;fa CaGñkeRsacRsg;RbeTsCati.
ln; nl; Ca\sSrCnmñak;EdlmanmuxyUrmkehIy. Caemb:Ulisrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
nigCaemdwk naMkgT½Bkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM Kat;RtÚv)ancat;TukCamnusS\tex©aHTIBIrrbs; sirimt³. KW
ln; nl; EdljúHkgT½B[RbqaMgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. CamnusSEdlecHlM»ntambMNgGñkdéT
Kat;Føab;)andwknaMKN³RbtiPUCaeRcInelIkeTARkúgeb:kaMg edIm,IbegáItTMnak;TMngd¾CitsñiT§CamYyBYk
kumµúynisþcin ehIy\LÚvenH )anecjmuxcat;EcgeFVIkargarsRmab; siirimt³ vijmþg.
kumÖÚt nigbNþamitþPkþirbs;Kat; )ansEmþgeXIjPaBeqatl¶g;bMput eRBaHfardæRbhar)annaMmknUv
s®gÁam BuMEmnnaMsnþiPaBmk[RbeTseT. mü:agvijeTot BuMEmn sirimt³ eT Edlkan;GMNac b:uEnþKW
ln; nl; eTAvijEdlkøayeTACamnusScMbgeKénrbbpþac;karmYy.
BIr-bIéf¶bnÞab;BIkarbegáItrbs;xøÜn saFarNrdæExµrRtÚv)anGUsTaj[Føak;eTAkñúgCemøaH RBMEdn
EdlbgáeLIyPøam²edayBYkkumµúynisþevotNam. Kat;)anGMBavnav[kgT½Bkm<úCaTaMgGs; Edlmin
Tan;manlT§PaBRKb;RKan;rYmKñaRbyuT§Tl;nwgsRtÚv. enAEx]sPa shrdæGaemrik)ancUllukluy
RbeTskm<úCa kñúgeKalbMNgedjtamBYkkumµúynisþevotNam. RbCaksikr)aneFVI)atukmµkñúgextþ
CaeRcInedIm,ITamTar[semþcvilRtLb;mkvij. enATIRkúgeb:kaMg semþc)anTTYlyl;RBmeFVICa
emdwknaMrNsirSmYy kñúgeKabMNgvayRbyuT§Tl;nwgsaFarNrdæExµrfµI EdltamBit RBHGgÁbeRmICa
dMbUl)aMgBYkExµrRkhmesaH.
kumÖÚt RtÚvkarry³eBlCaeRcInEx edIm,IEsVgyl;BIPaBeqatl¶g;rbs;xøÜn. Kat;)anyl;RBm
bMeBjebskkmµxøImYy edayeFVIdMeNIreTAbreTs edIm,ICYyKaMRTbuBVehturbs;saFarNrdæfµI nigbBa©b;
BaküccamGar:amepSg² EdlfardæRbharenaH RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgedayBYkemTahan EdlenAeRkam
bgÁab;BYkGaemrikaMg ehIyEdlRbjab;cg;naMRbeTs[Føak;eTAkñúgePøIgs®gÁamenAevotNam. eKeRCIs
erIsKat; BIeRBaHKat;CaExµrmñak;kñúgcMeNamCnCatiExµrd¾kRm EdlecHniyayGg;eKøs.
BIr-bIExeRkaymk enAeBlKat;RtLb;mkvij eTIb kumÖÚt dwgxøÜnBIdMeNIrxVHKMnit nigesckþIRtiHriH
TaMgRsugrbs;Kat;. ln; nl; )andeNþImGMNac ¬edayeRbI])aykl¦ esÞIrEt TaMgGs;eTAehIy.
edayBit ln; nl; )aneFVI[briyakasenArdæFanIpøas;bþÚr dUcEdlKat;)ansnüa b:uEnþTIRkúg\LÚvenH
rwtEtBukrlYyCagenAeRkamrbbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnueTAeTot ehIyGVIEdlRtÚvelIkykmk
BiPakSa BuMEmnTMenIbPavUbIykmµeT b:uEnþKWs®gÁameTAvij. ln; nl; esñIsuMCMnYyeyaFaBIshrdæGaemrik
ehIyCafñÚreTAvij Kat;dak;eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkNþab;édBYkGaemrikaMg.
kumÖÚt cab;epþImnwkkñúgcitþfa BaküccamGar:amTaMgGs;suT§EtmanmUlehut etIshrdæGaemrik Xub
XitKñaerobcMrdæRbharetI sirimt³b¤ ln; nl; b¤TaMgBIrnak;RtÚvGaemrikpþl;luy[Emnb¤. mitþPkþiTaMgGs;
rbs;Kat;maneyabl;mYy KµanGñkNamñak;mancemøIyeT. edaydwgxøÜnRtÚveKbMBan GMNwHteTA Kat;
bdiesFcMNgTak;TgpøÚvkarTaMgGs;CamYysaFarNrdæExµr edayRbmUlpþúMKMniteTAelIGaCIBrbs;Kat;
ehIyxMeFVIkaredIm,IeLIgbuNüskþienAFnaKarBaNiCkmµExµrvij.
enAxageRkAkEnøgeFVIkarrbs; kumÖÚt TIRkúg)anERbRbÜlEbøkBImun. mhavifITaMgLay suT§Ettub
EtgedayrbgExSlYsbnøa. BYknayTahanEdlmanÉksNæankaKI)ancUlBaseBjhagkaehVnana
ebIkbrLanhSIby:agGs;elOnqøgkat;rdæFanI edaybgðúydIRTelamBIeRkay nigeFVIb£kBadUcesþcRtaj;
s®gÁamtUctac. nayTahanxøHkñúgcMeNamenaH suT§EtCamitþPkþirbs;kumÖÚt EdlseRmccitþRbkbGaCIB
kñúgvis½ymYyEdlrkkéRmeRkA)any:ageRcIn ehIyEdlkMBugrIkraldaleBjTMhwgenAkñúgkgT½B nigrdæa
Pi)alfµI. Kat;enAEtTak;TgCamYyGñkTaMgenaH ehIyeBjry³eBléns®gÁam eK)aneXIjKat;pwkRsa
enA)anIydæansNæaKarLWPñM ¬GtItsNæaKarLWrUy:al;¦ CamYynayTahanmYyRkúm EdlbriePaKGahar
éf¶Rtg;enAetomkarhV ):arIs (Café de Paris) CamYym®nþICan;x<s;énRksYgkarbreTs.
CamnusSKYr[RsLaj; cYlcitþecjedIrelgnigEtgesøókBak;s¥at)atCanic©enaH kumÖÚt KWCaGñk
EdlRtÚveKTTYlsVaKmn_kñúgkarCYbCuMKñaRbePTenaH. Kat;)anbBa©ÚlxøÜneTAkñúgmCÄdæan EdlmanGMNac
CaeRcIn TaMgExµrk¾dUcbreTs ehIyykcitþTukdak;y:ageBjelj cMeBaHeCaKvasnarbs;Kat; edIm,I
niyayeRBakR)aCJKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgesckþIsgÇwmEsVgrkcemøIyepSg². erOgEtmYyKt;Edlpþl;
lkçN³[Kat;xusBIeK KWKat;kRmbeBa©j[dwgeyabl;NamYyNas;. Kat;TukcitþelImnusStictYc
ehIycUlcitþXøaMemIlCag edaymincUlrYmeLIy.
enAeBldMbUg s®gÁamminsUveFVI[rebobrs;enArbs; kumÖÚt pøas;bþÚreT. rhUtdl;mankarERbRbÜl
xøaMgenAqñaM1973 karRbyuT§Kña)anbgðaj[eXIjlkçN³EdleFVI[PJak;ep¥Il cEmøk nigKYr[RBWxøac
mYy. enAxageRkA RbCaCnkm<úCaesIcjjwm eBalBakücMGn;Kñaelgy:agsb,ay. GVIEdlRbCaCn
cat;TukdUckarCECkBiPakSaxagneya)ay CaTUeTAeRcInEbreTArkkarpøas;bþÚrsmþIreGcrGUceTAvij.
KµanmitþPkþiNamñak;rbs;kumÖÚtyl;BIGtßn½y nigTMhMénCemøaHeLIy ³ ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCa RtÚv
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgs®gÁamevotNam b¤kñúgeKaledA rbs;BYkGaemrikaMgEdlsuT§EtCaKUsRtÚvBitR)akd
G‘Icwg? kñúgeBldMNalKñaEdl kumÖÚt Gacyl;dwgBIerOgenH mnusSTUeTAenARsukERscmáarBuMTan;rgpl
b:HBal;BIs®gÁamenAeLIyeT. PaKeRcInkñúgcMeNamenaH enAEteCOfasemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
RKb;RKgelIépÞRbeTsBITIRkúgPñMeBjeTA. BYkbreTssmÁal;eXIjkñúgPaBxVHkaryl;dwgkic©karepSg²
b¤kñúgPaBmineGIeBInUvP½sþútagmYy EdlminmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r b¤eRKaHfñak; dUckñúgRbeTsevotNam
Ek,rxageLIy.
kumÖÚt eCOtamBaküBYkbreTs-GaemrikaMg nig)araMg-EdlBiBN’naBIRkúgPñMeBj nigs®gÁamfa
CakEnøgEdlekItmanRBwtþikarN_\tn½ymYy. BYknayTahanCan;x<s;GaemrikaMg)anniyayBITahan
km<úCafaCa {kUnxøa} rbs;BYkeK eTaHbICaenAeBlBYkeKcaj;karRbyuT§BIsmrPUmimYy eTAsmrPUmimYy
k¾eday. kgT½Brbs;km<úCaEdlkMBugRbyuT§Bak;pøaksBaØaGkSrrbs;Kat; {KYr[cg;esIc} kgeyaFBl
exrmCati nigrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa. Tahanrbs; ln; nl; suT§EtCamnusScEmøkEdlkMBugecjeTA
vayRbyuT§edayebomrUbRBH/ ExSKafa TahanmYycMnYntUc)anbukTmøúHT½BsRtÚv bnÞab;BI)anCk;kBaäa
mYyexSó. GKÁbBa¢akarkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; Ca]tþmesnIytUctacmñak; edImkMeNItExµr-hVIlIBIn eQµaH
sUEsþn EhVrNg;eds Føab;)ansßabnasRmab;kariyal½yrbs;Kat;nUvGKarFuntUcmYy EdleFVI[cab;
GarmµN_BIGMnYtrbs;Kat; edayerobcM[vaelceLIg[eXIjFMCageKbMput. BakücMGn;RbesIrCageK
sRmab;BYkGaemrikaMg KWeQµaHGñknaMBakükgT½B GaM r:ug (Am Rong: I am wrong: ýl;xus). BYkbreTssuT§Et
RtÚveFVI[rMePIbcitþ edaylkçN³Edlhak;dUcCaBaygay b¤EkøgbnøMenARbeTskm<úCa.
kumÖÚt hak;dUcCadwgxøÜnfa Elgyl;BIRbeTsrbs;Kat;eTotehIy. Kat;dwgfaBYkbreTsminGac
seRmcrk[eXIjc,as;BIkarBitenARbeTskm<úCa)aneT b:uEnþ k¾minGackMNt;edayc,as;las;GMBI
kll,icéns®gÁam)anEdr KWenHehIyCaerOgEdlRbCaCnkm<úCavayRbyuT§Kña. mitþPkþiTaMgLayrbs;
Kat;hak;dUcCaRtÚveFVI[ehghagkñúgcitþ. ln; nl; manb£kBaCaGñkkan;GMNacpþac;karEdleCOCMenO
minsmehtupl ³ tamBaküENnaMrbs;bBVCitCaRKÚsMNBVrbs;Kat; Kat;)an[eK)aceray {xSac;mnþ}
CuMvijTIRkúgedIm,IbeBa©ós[sRtÚveTAq¶ay. mü:ageTot Kat;manGakb,kiriyaerIseGIgCatisasn_Edl
Gacpþl;eRKaHEfmeTot edayeCOCak;BIPaBx<s;elIseKénRbCaCnExµrelIBYkevotNam. kumÖÚt minGac
eKarBmnusSmñak;EbbenaHeT ehIyrwtEtminbeNþay[Kat;dwknaMEfmeTot ehIybNþamitþPkþiKat;mYy
cMnYnk¾manninñakardUcKat;Edr.
cab;BIqñaM1971BYkGñkEdlmanbuBVsiT§ienATIRkúgPñMeBj)ancab;epþImcakecjBIRbeTs.RKÚeBTü
bBaØvnþnigBYkGñkRbkbviC¢aCIv³esrI )anePosxøÜneTARCkenARbeTs)araMg BYkEdlsßitenATIenaHrYcmk
ehIy)ansßitenAbnþeTAeTot. cMENk kumÖÚt minEdlKitcg;cakecjBIRbeTsesaHeLIy. Kat;bBa¢ak;
R)ab;mitþPkþiTaMgLayrbs;Kat;fa {enHCaRbeTs´ ńwgrg;caMTIbBa©b;éns®gÁam}.
ln; nl; )anBüÜresrIPaBkñúgkarsEmþgmtidUcEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Føab;eFVIEdr. kumÖÚt
Føab;dwgerOgenHBImunmkehIy b:uEnþ kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH Kat;minnwksµanfaGMeBIBukrlYy)anekItman
CaTUeTAeLIy. kñúgeBlRbeTsmans®gÁam kgT½B)ankøayeTACakEnøgrkluy)aneRcInCageKrbs;
sgÁm -GñkEdlmanlT§PaBlYcluyrab;landuløarBICMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg- nigCakEnøgEdlRbRBwtþbT
]RkidæxøaMgCageKbMput. BYk]tþmesnIy )annaMmuxdMeNIrrs;enAEbbGnacarmYyy:agecjmux pwk
RsakUjak;laysUdamuneBléf¶Rtg; Tmøab;ksageKhdæaneFVIBIsuIm:g;t_FM² naMcUlrfynþTMenIb² ebIk
KNenyüenAFnaKarRbeTssVIs CamYyluyEdllYc)anBIshrdæGaemrik nigBIkgT½BpÞal;rbs;
BYkeK.
kñúgzan³Kat;CaFnaKarik nigCaGñkEdlmnusSTUeTATukcitþelIKat; kumÖÚt )anRtwmEtdwgeRcInBIerOg
GaRsUvTaMgenHb:ueNÑaH. erOgGaRsUvxøHkñúgcMeNamerOgGaRsUvCaeRcInRtÚv)anbgðaj nigbrihary:ag
EvgkñúgsarBt’manGnþrCati b:uEnþKµanlT§plCaduMkMPYneT. meFüa)aykibekgluyrbs;BYkeyaFa
manRKb;rUbPaB. ]TahrN_dUcCa BYknayTahan)andak;eQµaHTahanexµacCaeRcIn kñúgbBa¢IebIkR)ak;
Ex. BYkeKbeBa©jsmÖar³swkrbs;BYkTahanxøÜneTAlk;enApSarggwt lk;eTA[BYkExµrRkhmnUvRKab;
rMesvEdlshrdæGaemrikpþl;[ ykluysRmab;pÁt;pÁg;PsþúPar dak;ehae):AxøÜnÉg ehIyTuk[kUnTahan
suIGt;suIXøan.
FnFansRmab;karrs;enArbs;kumÖÚt KWBwgEp¥kelICMnYysb,úrsFm’rbs;GaemrikaMgTaMgRsug.
FnaKarrbs;Kat; k¾dUcCaFnaKardéTeTotTaMgGs;Edr )anbMeBjplkéRmtamry³kmµviFIR)ak;CMnYy
mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlpÁt;pÁg;CarUbiyb½NÑsuT§sRmab;karnaMcUlrbs;km<úCa.enAeBlEdlkumÖÚtrYbrYm
KñaCamYynwgFnaKanik nigGñkCMnajxaghirBaØvtßúepSg²ÉeTot² edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgneya)ay
GtiprNa ¬karbeBa©jcayhYyRbmaN nUvFnb½RtCaehtubNþal[témøTMnijeLIgTUeTA¦rbs; ln; nl;
Kat;)ankt;Rtakñúgcitþfa emþc)anCaRkúmrbs;Kat;man\T§iBltictYcemø:H. enAeBlEdlCnpþac;karRtÚv
karluyedIm,ITUTat;TwkR)ak;EdleKéKbM)at; Kat;)anRtwmEtbegáIntémøluyExµrEdldak;[cracrmYyeTV
CaBIrb:ueNÑaH edayKµanR)ab;[dwgCamuneLIy. FnaKarnana)antv:aRbqaMg b:uEnþ ln; nl; nigBYk
GaemrikaMgBuMykcitþTukdak;nwgerOgenHbnþicesaHeLIy.
FnaKarTaMgLay )antbeTAvijedayl,ghamXat;eRKÓgsmÖar³RbNIt² EdlnaMcUleday
ln; nl; nigBYkGñksmKMnit. BYknayTahanrbs;Cnpþac;kar)ansgeTAvijPøam²Edr edayebIk
FnaKarpÞal;xøÜnEdlRTRTg;eday {mUlniFikgT½BEdlmintRmÚv[eRbIR)as;} ehIy)annaMcUlrfynþ
TMenIb² nigm:asuInRtCak;edayxøÜnÉgCamYyFnb½RténFnaKarpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK. karRbRBwtþxusKnøgenH
BuMRtwmEtb:HBal;dl;viC¢aCIv³rbs;kumÖÚteT b:uEnþvaeFVI[RCabsBVeBjTIRkúg nigcMENkénRbeTs EdlenA
RKb;RKgeday ln; nl; enAeLIy.
PaKkan;EtF¶n;F¶rénsßankarN_RbeTs )anekIneLIgbnþicmþg² ehIymkdl;qñaM1973 eTIb
s®gÁamcab;epþImb:HBal;dl;dl;karrs;enArbs;RbCaCnmñak;² TaMgGñkenATIRkúgk¾dUcCaenACnbT xN³
EdlshrdæGaemrikepþImyuT§nakarTmøak;RKab;Ebky:agsem,Imrbs;eK ehIyBYkExµrRkhmcab;epþIm
kñúgeBldMNalKñanUvdMeNIrBIrqñaMrbs;xøÜneq<aHeTArkC½yCmñHpþac;RB½RtEdr.
kñúgGMLúgénkarTmøak;RKab;EbkR)aMBIrEx edayKµanQb;Qrrbs;GaemrikaMg RbCaCnkm<úCa
CagmYylanR)aMEsnnak;)anePosxøÜnmkkan;RkúgPñMeBj EdleFVI[RbCaCnkñúgRkúgekIneLIgeTV12.
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xan. BIr-bIéf¶eTotbgb¥ÚnGacRtLb;mkvijehIy}.
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TaMgGs;. kñúgcMeNameyIg GñkEdlBYkkumµúynisþminsmøab;KWTuksRmab;eFVIkardUcstVFatu}.
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PaBcab;epþIménRbeTskm<úCasm½yTMenIb 33
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viPaKTanmYycMnYn BIrry®hVg; sRmab;BiFIenH ehIyGñkcUlrYmesÞIrEtTaMgGs; )anbMeBjtamsMNUm
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niyayfa {enAeBlenaHBuMmankarEbk)ak;KñarvagCnCatikm<úCaeT. eyIgTaMgGs;rYbrYmKñal¥Nas;}.
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citþ kñúgkgBlkargarmYy EdlkMBugsßabnapøÚvCatiBIhSaeRkbeTARkúg Ebl ®háad (Zagreb-Belgrade).
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k¾eday. edaysPavKtiBYknisSitkm<úCa)anyl;c,as;BIsßanPaBenH.
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lkçN³GaemrikaMg nigkarRbqaMglT§iGaNaniKmniym. enAeBlenaH KNbkSkumµúynisþ)araMg )anyk
tRmab;tamdMENlcugeRkayénlT§isþalInniymEdr. BYkkumµúynisþ)ankat;eTasvIrbursBIrnak;rbs;
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sþalIneXIjfa xøÜnk¾km©at;mnusSminl¥ecjBICYrrbs;eKEdr. karkat;eTasGg;eRdm:arTI (André Marty)
nigsðal TIy:ug (Charles Tillon) CaGtItyuT§CnBIrrUb kñúgs®gÁamenARbeTseGs,:ajenAqñaM1952
)aneTACakarRtab;eFVItamkarkat;eTasepSg²rbs;BYksþalInniym )anTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;
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ecjrUbrageLIgkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMeRkaymkeTotenAeBlEdlkarkm©at;CnRbqaMgrbs; saLút s
)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjlkçN³Biess EdlbnSl;TukedayGñksþalInniymkalBIGtItkal.
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kñúgkgT½Brbs;evotNamxageCIg EdlenATIenaHKat;)aneTACaRKÚbgðat;beRgónTahaneRCIserIsfµI
bnÞab;mk RtÚveKcat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAsalaeyaFasWnét. ehtuenH smaCikCagBak;kNþalén
clnakumµúynisþkm<úCa EdlminrwgbuwgRtÚveKdak;BRgayBaseBjRbeTsevotNamxageCIg edaymin
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kñúgRbeTskm<úCaeLIy.
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sRmaMgsRmab;kic©karneya)ayedaylYclak;mYyenAkñúgRbeTs. enAqñaM1954 eBlEdls®gÁam
putrlt;eTA )anlbcUlmkRkúgPñMeBjCasm¶at; edayEkøgCaGgÁrkSnayTahanevotNammñak;15.
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CamYyGMeBIsahavyg;Xñg émÖqñaMeRkaymkeTot.
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breTsTaMgGs; -kgT½BGaNaniKm)araMgnigevotmij- )anyl;RBmsuxcitþcakecjBIRbeTs tamkic©
RBmeRBógénsnñisITRkúghSWENv. kare)aHeqñatedayesrIRbEhlCaRbRBwtþeTAenAqñaM1955.
tamkarENnaMrbs;RkúghaNUy BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa)anRbmUlpþúMKñaeLIgvijenATIRkúgPñMeBj edIm,IkMNt;
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kumµúynisþPaKeRcIn. knøgmkBYkenH BuMFøab;EdlmanmUldæanenAkñúgraCFanIeT ehIyPaKeRcInCaGñkmin
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nak;b:ueNÑaH EssibCamaCikbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin/ db;nak;mkBIbkSkumµúynisþ)araMg ehIybI b¤bYnnak;
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karkgT½B\sSr³kumµúynisþ)anTTYlkarcat;EcgdwknaMclna nigTTYlkarxusRtÚvtamCnbT. TU samut
mnusSelxbITTYlbnÞúkkargareXasna ksagbkSkñúgraCüFanInigTIrYmextþepSg². GñkTaMgBIrenH
dwknaMRKb;RKgCnCatiExµrCag mYyBan;nak;EdleKGaccat;TukCaGñkedIrtam b¤KaMRTclnab:ueNÑaH.
enHKWCaRkúmkRmittUcmYy EdlGacnwgRtÚvvayRbharbMput.
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rbbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edaypÞal;.
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qñaM1955 ehIynigTTYl)ansmaCikfµI²EfmeTot tamry³kic©RbwgERbgerobcMrcnasm<½n§TaMgLay
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sIhnu EdlCaGñkRKb;RKgelIkgT½B nigb:UlisEdr.
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ehIyePosxøÜneTAenARbeTs)araMgvij EdlKat;)anrs;enATIenaHGs;ry³eBl16qñaMCabnþmkeTot.
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eKarBrab;GankñúgmCÄdæanKhbtIEfmeTot.
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nig\T§iBlTak;Tajcitþrbs;RkúmeqVgniymeTotpg.
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)anBwgEp¥kelImeFüa)ayBImun²mk19cg;dwgfa etIBYkmnusSniymeqVgTaMgenaHCaGñkesñhaCati b¤Ca
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PaBTwkdIeTAvijeTAmk 2¦karminRCótERCkkñúgkic©karépÞkñúgrbs;RbeTsdéT 3¦karminQøanBanKña
4¦kareFVI[mansmPaB nigplRbeyayn_eTAvijeTAmk nig 5¦karrYmrs;edaysnþiviFI-kMNt;rbs;
GñkbkERbRbÜl].
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eTArkCMhrGBüaRkwtniymmYy b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlRkúmenHEføgsresIrsemþcCasaFarN³enaH RBHGgÁ
EbrCaRcanecalkarbeBa©IcbeBa©Irbs;BYkeKeTAvij. tamry³bTvicarNkfaCaeRcIn EdlcuHpSay
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eRkayKNbkSenaHEdreT?. ehIyenAeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GbGrnwgkarsresIrrbs;
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{sucänÞ³}énRbCaCatinana dUcCaRbeTscinb¤ shPaBsUevotCaedImnigGMeBIevock,t;énBYkkumµúynisþ
km<úCa.
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\NÐÚcinmYyeToteLIy eTaHCatUctack¾eday.
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pÞúynwg g:U Dijeyom ¬RbFanaFibtIevotNamxagt,Úg¦ EdlminRBm[mankare)aHeqñatTaMgGs; eRkay
kic©RBmeRBóg qñaM1945 BIeRBaHKat;R)akdkñúgcitþfa hU CImij nwgQñHkñúgkare)aHeqñatenaHCaminxan.
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rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu fa CameFüa)ayeFVI[seRmckic©karsMxan; sRmab;buBVehtuRBHGgÁ.
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karekIneLIgénvtþmaneyaFaGaemrikaMgenAkñúgtMbn;enH b:uEnþk¾)anCYyeFVI[BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCaFøak;eTA
kñúgkarbMePøcecal EdlRbkarenHCaeKaledArbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Edr.
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RkúghaNUyvij nigcUlrYmkñúgkar{ts‘UrMedaHCati}CamYy hU CImij BYkkm<úCak¾cakecjBITIRkúg):arIsmk
matuPUmivijEdr. tamBaküsmþIpÞal;rbs;eKfa vaCa{PaBcEmøk}mYyEpñkneya)ayKW RbeTskm<úCa
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cMNgmitþPaBCamYyrdækumµúynisþCaeRcInenAGasuIeTot.
enAxN³enH semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu dwgy:agR)akdBImeFüa)ayedIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_
EbbNaBI]tþmPaBrbs;xøÜn. BYkGaemrikaMg nigBYk)araMg)anyl;RBmpþl;mk[RBHGgÁnUvCMnYyxag
eyaFa nigesdækic© EdlRBHGgÁRtÚvkarCacaM)ac; ehIyRbeTsCati)ansÁal;nUvPaBsm,Úrsb,aymYy
kRmittUcEdr. semþcykRBHT½yTukdak;karBarCMhrCaesþcGaTieTBEtmYyrbs;RBHGgÁy:aghYgEhg
kñúgcMeNamRbCaksikrTaMgLay RBHGgÁ)aneRCIserIsBYkGñkneya)ayenATIRkúgedIm,I[QreQµaH
CaebkçCntMNagra®sþkñúgTICnbTepSg² ehIybBa¢ak;fa GñkTaMgenaHnwgminkøayeTACaGñkdwknaMCab;
rhUteT. tamry³karTak;TgCasarFaN³epSg² RBHGgÁ)anjaMúg[RbCaCnkm<úCamYyPaKFM nig
BiPBelakeCOfa RbeTskm<úCa)ankøayeTACazansYK’GaBüaRkwtniyml¥s¥atmYy.
kñúgsPaBrMeCIbrMCYlenAedImdMbUgénÉkraCü semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ehIyraCaFibetyüenA
EtCaRKwHmYykñúgcMeNamRKwHTaMgLayrbs;RbeTsCatidEdl nigmandak;kñúgc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØEfmeTot.
RBHbrmraCvaMg enAEtCamCÄmNÐlrbs;sgÁmCati b:uEnþ KWsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigmehsIrbs;
RBHGgÁRBHnam m:Unik semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CaGñkmanzan³d¾]tþúgÁ]tþmCageK KWBuMEmnRBHmhakSRt
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briBar raCsarmnÞIr kareFIVGnþraKmn_kñúgerOgepSg²enARKb;kEnøg rbs;RBHraCa )aneFVI[RBHGgÁdwgfa
man\T§iBlxøaMgNas;. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu manmuxtMENgmYyEdlnwgeFVI[bMNgrbs;esþc
esayraCümun²RBHGgÁpuseLIgPøammYyrMeBc KWekþabkþab;GMNacmYyTaMgRsugelIRbeTs edayKµan
karCYyKaMBarBImhaGMNacbreTsmYy EdlcUlcitþRtÜtRtaelIeKeLIy.
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rbs;eKcUlédcUleCIgCamYynwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Casm¶at;enaH BYkkumµúynisþekµg²enATIRkúg
mankarlM)aky:agxøaMgkñúgkarkMNt;kmµviFI nigkarBarsnþisuxemekayrbs;eKpg. BYkeK)anRbkan;
ykyuT§sa®sþFmµtamYyKW{rNsirSrYbrYm}EdlRkúghaNUyCaGñkENnaM[eFVIedIm,IdeNþImykGñkman
smancitþfµI²eTot tamry³yuT§nakareXasnaneya)ayd¾TUlMTUlaymYyrbs;RkúmniymeqVgEdlnwg
eFVI[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eTaTn;mkrkRkúmniymeqVgvij. b:uEnþ semþc)andwgBIsmtßPaB nig
cMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;BYkKhbtIkñúgraCFanIc,as;las;. RBHGgÁ)anraMgramin[RkúmniymeqVg EdleK
sÁal;CasaFarN³ beRgónenAkñúgsalananarbs;rdæ EdlCaebHdUgrbs;RbeTskm<úCaTMenIbeLIy.
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu k¾dwgEdrfa EtmYyKt; EdlkñúgenaHRkúmniymeqVgGaceRCIserIs
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eday k¾RBHGgÁ)anbRmúgTuknUvsiTi§dak;TNÐkmµBYkGñkniBn§GtßbTepSg² EdlRBHGgÁvinicä½yfa CaGtßbT
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kmµkrTaMgLayk¾RtÚvdwknaM[sþab;sunÞrkfarbs;BYkeKEdr. mü:ageTot kñúgry³eBlEdlsßankarN_Føak;
enAkñúgsPaBGab;GYCaxøaMgenaH BYkemdwknaMekµg²énclna )anBRgIkeTBekaslü CaGñkcat;EcgerobcM
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eTot. BIqñaM1955 dl;qñaM1959 BYkeK)anRbwgERbgerobcMkmµkr enAtameracRkmYycMnYntUc
RkúgPñMeBj edaydwgR)akdfa neya)ayesdækic©rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu maneKaledAraMgxÞb;
karbegáItvNÑ³GFnmYykñúgTIRkúgTMenIb EdlGacbNþal[mankarRCÜlRcbl;epSg². kñúgvis½yenH
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kargarpg22. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nwksgS½yBYkkumµúynisþfa CaGñksßitenABIeRkaykUdkmµenH
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smaCikrbs;RkúmRbCaCnenaH KWCaebkçCnEtmYyKt;rbs;RkúmenHkñúgkare)aHeqñatsRmab;rdæsPaCati
enAqñaM1958. tamTmøab;rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )an[eKbBa¢ak;snøwkeqñatbEnßmeTA
kñúghibeqñat ehIy Ekv mas RtÚvEtcaj;. edaykøayeTACamnusSEdlGacRtÚvrgeRKaHfñak; Kat;)an
rt;ePosxøÜn eTAevotNamxageCIgeRkayenaHbnþic edIm,IeKcBIkarcab;xøÜnmYyEdlR)akdCaman
edayeFVI[clnaenH )at;bg;emdwknaMEdlmanbTBiesaFn_d¾kRmmñak;. edayBit mas Føab;)anRbyuT§
ts‘UkñúgkMLúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy ehIy)anbgá[manTMnak;TMngepSg²d¾l¥RbesIrenAkñúgraCFanI.
émÖqñaM eRkaymkKat;)anvilRtLb;mkvijeday)anRtwmEtkan;tMENgmYy EdlminsUvsMxan;b:ueNÑaH.
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saLút s nig eGog sarI EdlvilRtLb;mkPñMeBjvijkalBIqñaMmun KWqñaM1957ehIycab;BIéf¶enHeTA
GñkTaMgBIr)ankan;kab;TItaMgmYy EdlGnuBaØat[BYkeKeRbI\T§iBlrbs;eKeTAelIRkúmniymeqVgTaMgGs;
enARkúgPñMeBj.
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sm¶at;rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu EdlenATTYlemIlxusRtÚvtMbn;CnbTnanaenAeLIy. PaBEjk
XøatBIKñamankan;EteRCAeTArvagBYkkumµúynisþenATIRkúg nigclnakumµúynisþEdlkMBugrkkldYlrlMTaMg
RsugenACnbT. yuT§sa®sþrbs;RkúmRbCaCnRtÚvbraC½y BYkkumµúynisþenATIRkúgPñMeBj k¾bnßyEdn
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enAkñúgRbeTsCatieXIjfa maneRKaHfñak;xøaMgNas;. eRkayqñaM1958 BYkeK)anerobcMeFVIskmµPaB
tamry³clna nigkaEstKµanc,ab;GnuBaØatTaMgLayrbs;eKvij ehIycab;epþImeRCótcUlkñúgrdæaPi)al
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cab;kMeNItrbs;RBHGgÁCamYybNþamhaGMNackumµúynisþbreTseTotehIy. GMBIcMNuceRkayenH
RBHGgÁmankareRCIserIsmineRcIneT. eyom )ansEmþgxøÜneLIgCasRtÚvmñak; ehIy)anbgá]b,tþiehtu
tUc²CaeRcInenAtamRBMEdn Edltamkaryl;eXIjrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu fa enHCaEpñkmYy
énEpnkarrbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,IGUsTajRbeTskm<úCa[Føak;eTAkñúgbriyakass®gÁam EdlkrCarUbrag
eLIgenAevotNamxagt,Úg. semþc)anBRgwgCMhrRbqaMgcRkBtþirbs;RBHGgÁehIy )anedoletµHkar
b:unb:gTaMgLayrbs;shrdæGaemrik edIm,IRtÜtRtaBiPBelakEfmeTot edayRTg;enAEtbnþTTYlCMnYy
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l,Il,ajCaGnþrCati dUctYGgÁ dun KIqut (don-quicchottesque) nigCaesþc {Edlqab;ejacCageK} )andak;
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CasaFarN³. BYkkumµúynisþk¾CaGñkedIrelIExSBYrdUcKña. etIeKcat;TukmnusSmñak; Edlyl;RBm
TTYlsÁal;saFarNrdæRbCamanitcintampøÚvc,ab; nigcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmµmYy
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eRkaymkeTotfa KWBYkeKCaGñkCMruj[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Rbkan;ykCMhrTaMgenH b:uEnþ
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kumµúynisþ)ancUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)alrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu KW h‘U yn; EdlCaGñksresrniekçbbT
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)ankøayeTACamnusSEdlRkúmniymsþaMcaMEtTmøak;kMhusRKb;Ebby:ageTAelIEdr -CamuxtMENgEdl
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TukRBHT½ypþl;[ RbEhlCaRTg;cg;e)akbeBaäatpgk¾mindwg¦- ehIyBIrqñaM
eRkaymkGñkTaMgBIr )anRtÚvxÞatecjBIrdæPi)al kñúgRkbx½NÐényuT§nakarelIkdMbUgrbs;semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu RbqaMgnwgRkúmniymeqVgCasaFarN³.
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eRKaHfñak;CageBlmuneTAeTot. sMeLgRKab;kaMePøIg EdlkMNt;nUvkarcab;epþIms®gÁamenH )anRtÚv
b:Ulis)aj;eTAelIniBn§naykkaEstkumµúynisþmYyeQµaHRbCaCn enAéf¶TI9 Extula qñaM1959.
buKÁlenH søab;BIréf¶eRkaymkeTot. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anEføgpþnÞaeTasXatkmµenHCapøÚvkar
b:uEnþ rdæm®nþIRsYgeXasnakarrbs;RBHGgÁKW Lúg bUer:t )aneqøótyk»kasenHedIm,ITietonkaEstniym
eqVgmYyeTot edayminbeBa©jeQµaHfa )an{eRbIR)as;}XatkmµenH edIm,IeRsackarsgS½yepSg²
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GñkTTYlxusRtÚvelIkgT½B nigb:Ulis)anbBa¢a[eKeFVIkar)aj;smøab;enHeRkayeBlEdlsemþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu manRBHbnÞÚlR)ab;Kat;fa kaEstenHbgá[mankarlM)akeRcInNas; dUcEdlsßanTUt
GaemrikaMgRbcaMRkúgv:asuInetandwgerOgenHkñúgr)aykarN_sm¶at;mYyenACMnan;enaHEdr24.
yuT§nakareFVIXatedayectna nigkarb®gáab Edl)ansmøab;rgÁalBYkkumµúynisþenACnbT
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ceRmIneLIgedIm,Il,gkarBaresrIPaBepSg² nigefáaleTasdl;GMeBIeXareXAKµanBicarNaTaMgenaH.
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fµI² nigCaniBn§naykkaEstfµImYyCaPasa)araMg KWkaEstGñksegátkarN_ CakaEstEdl Lúg bUer:t
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EtGtßbTbeBa©IcbeBa©Isemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Etm:üagb:ueNÑaH. sMpn )annaMmuxeFVIkarGegáteTAelI
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mYy eTAnwgRBHBuT§sasnaCapøÚvkarteTAeTot. {ehtukarN_EdlniBn§naykkaEstmYy EdlbegáIt
eLIgRsbtampøÚvc,ab; edaymankarGnuBaØatrbs;rdæaPi)alGacRtÚveK vayTat;Fak;tampøÚvfñl;dUcstV
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semþc)ansnñidæanfa sMpn CaGñkkan;lT§ikumµúynisþ ehIymanbnÞÚlBIrUbKat;RBmTaMgbNþasmmitþ Edl
manKMnitdUcKat;EdrenaHfa {l,icklrbs;Kat;dUcFøab;manmkehIyenaH sßitenARtg;fa {ebIsinGñkGt;
eTas[´ BIerOgenH eRbóbdUcCaGñk»befIbf<al;´ edayFak;cMq¥wgsµgeCIgéTAvij>>>27}.
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rbs;BYkkumµúynisþ EdlRtLb;mkBIRbeTs)araMg EdlsEmþg[eXIjCaGñkmansmtßPaBeFVI[ RbCaCn
tamdanGaneRcInCageKenARkúgPñMeBj. eGog FIriT§28 RbBn§ eGog sarI )anbg;R)ak;mYyPaKFM
kñúgkarcMNayepSg²sRmab;dMeNIrRbRBwtþeTAénkaEst edaydkBIR)ak;ebovtSr_rbs;nagCaRKÚ
beRgón Edlkan;muxgarBIe. nag)anniyayerobrab;fa enAsm½yenaHRbBn§²rbs;emdwknaMkumµúynisþ
mankrNIykic©eFVIkarCaeRcInem:agedIm,IciBa©wmRKÜsarpg nigRTRTg;bkSpg enAeBlEdlbþI²rbs;nag
cMNayeBlevlabMeBjPakic©epSg² kñúgkarRbyuT§ts‘UedIm,IeCaKC½yénKNbkSmYy EdlPaKeRcIn
RtÚveKbeNþjecjBIkargar Edlpþl;R)ak;kéRmy:ageRcIn.
nag)anniyayfa {´)anbBaÄb;skmµPaB epSg²rbs;´xagneya)ay edIm,IGacbeRgónenAkñúg
salasaFarN³mYy EdlbgRsIrbs;´ ¬RbBn§ b:ul Bt¦ nig´suT§EtCasa®sþacarüenAviTüal½y.
edayehtufa eKRtÚverobcMCIvPaBrs;enA[)anRbesIrCagmun ´RtÚvEtmankargarmYyeFVI}.
enHCasm½yEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu begáIncMnYnsalasaFarN³y:ageRcInehIymanRKÚ
beRgónEdlmansmtßPaBdUc FIriT§ nigb:uNÑarI tictYcNas;. briBaØab½RtxagPasaGg;eKøs EdlnagTTYl
BIsala sr½e)an )anpþl;nUvGtßRbeyaCn_CaBiesssRmab;FIriT§ edaynaykviTüal½yrbs;nag
)anesñInag[kan;muxgarBIr. nagTTYlyl;RBmPøam³bkSRtÚvkarluykak;enH.
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tamry³rUbnag- edayRbKl;muxtMENgmYyenAkñúgrdæaPi)alnag)anbdiesFtambBa¢arbs;bkS.
eKsgÇwmelIrUbnagfa nagnwgrkR)ak;)any:ageRcInsRmab;RTRTg;kaEst nigskmµPaBepSg²eTot.
{eday´GacbeRgón em:agbEnßm)aneRcInem:ag tamEdlcitþćg; ¬enAviTüal½y¦´rk)anR)ak;Rkas;
ERklNas; lµmRKb;RKan;sRmab;sg;vILamYyb¤TijrfynþmYy)an b:uEnþ ´mineFVIGIVTaMgGs;}.
kñúgeBldMbUg² BYkkumµúynisþ)anesñIsuMluykak;BIBYksUevot. FIriT§)anerobrab;fa {eyIg)an
TTUcsuMx©IR)ak;cMnYndb;Ban;erolb:ueNÑaH BIÉkGKÁrdæTUtsUevotRbcaMRkúgPñMeBj b:uEnþ Kat;)anbdiesF}.
enAqñaM1959BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCaBuMTan;mankarTak;TgCamYyBYkcineT ehIyBYkkumµúynisþenAraCFanIman
GarmµN_fa bNþasmmitþénbkSCabgb¥Ún)ane)aHbg;BYkeKecalCafµImþgeTotehIy.
KWenAkñúgkMLúgqñaMdEdlenaHehIy Edl suIv ehg emdwknaMrbs;eK)ansMucuHcUlCamYysemþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu CasaFarN³ CaGMeBIk,t;EdlBYkeKminEdlKitTukCamunesaH. kalBImun bBaðaepSg²
rbs;BYkkumµúynisþenAtMbn;CnbT hak;dUcCaCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgRbCaRbiyPaBrbs;semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu nigb:Ulisrbs;RBHGgÁCasMxan;. ksikrTaMgLayemIleXIjRBHGgÁBuMRtwmEtCaeTvraCamYyGgÁ
b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ CaGñkesñhaCatimatuPUmidMbUgrbs;RbeTs ehIyb:Ulisrbs;RBHGgÁk¾eFVIGVI²)anseRmc
lT§pll¥Edr. kare)aHbg;ecalbkçBYkrbs; suIv ehg CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvtMbn;CnbT )aneFVI[ekItman
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enARbeTsLav esckþIseRmcdUcKñamYyRtÚv)anRbkan;yk ehIyclna):aeftLav EdldwknaM
edayBYkkumµúynisþLav)anepþImRbLÚkkñúgkarts‘URbdab;GavuFCacMh ehIy)ane)aHbg;ecalkarts‘U
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elIkTI1 BYkLav)anbegáItbkSpÞal;rbs;eK KWbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Lav ehIyRtÚv)anRbkasCa
saFarN³enAéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1955. enAqñaM1960 kgT½BnigmUldæannanarbs;xøÜnkñúgextþBIr
EdlCab;RBMEdnnwgevotNamxageCIg ehIyEdlFanaedaykic©RBmeRBógRkúghSWENv )anrYmviPaKTan
y:agsMxan;dl;kic©karBarpøÚvlM hUCImij RBmTaMgCYydl;kareFVI[seRmcnUveKaledAepSg²rbs;BYk
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GYtGMBIkarts‘URbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edayGavuFeT. Cabzm BYkeKRtÚvEtbegáItbkSmYy
CamYynwgsMNl;EdlenAmanCadMENlrbs;clnaxøÜnsin.
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edayRkúghaNUyy:agR)akd. BYkevotNamxageCIgnwksgÇwmTTYlC½yCmñHTaMgRsug kñúgRbeTs
evotNamTaMgmUlmunry³eBl10qñaMy:agyUr. enHCaeKaledAEdltamBYkeKfa TamTar[manyuT§
sa®sþmYykñúgkRmit\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. b:uEnþ zan³naTIrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgEpnkarTaMgenHeXIjfa
CabBaðaGcié®nþy_mYysRmab;RkúghaNUy.
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emaHmut edIm,IBRgwgGMNacrbs;xøÜn nigcat;karedaHRsaybBaðaBYkkumµúynisþkñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;
RBHGgÁ. RBHmhakSRt EdlCaRBHbitarbs;RBHGgÁ)anesayTivgÁtenAqñaM1960 ehIyGMNwHteTA
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu R)afñadwknaMRbeTsCati kñúgzan³CaRBHRbmuxrdæmñak;vij. edIm,IerobcMerOgenH
tamkareQVgyl;rbs;RBHGgÁ KWetagEtb®gáabRkúmniymeqVg[s¶at;es¶ómsin. enAeBlenaH kar
ecjpSayrbs;kaEst GñksegátkarN_rYmCamYykaEstPasaExµrniymeqVgbIeTot KWkaEstRbCaCn
mitþPaB nigÉkPaB )anekIneLIgdl;db;Ban;c,ab;. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )ancab;epþImeFVIyuT§nakar
mYyRbqaMgnwgBYkGñkkaEstrbs;eK EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaBbMput. éføTI13 Exkkáda qñaM1960 Rkúm
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ehIy)anvaydMKat;Tal;EtRTmxøÜn. bnÞab;mk BYkeK)anftrUbKat; ehIy)anEckpSayrUbftTaMgenaH
kñúgRkúgPñMeBjTaMgmUl.
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mUldæanc,as;las;esaH. semþccg;deNþImykRkúmniymeqVgBImUldæanrbs;xøÜn EdlmankñúgvNÑ³
bBaØvnþy:agCak;c,as; b:uEnþ eKmindwgfaehtuGVI)anCaRBHGgÁyl;eXIjfa RtÚvBwgelIkareRbIkmøaMg)ay
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eLIy. Kat;RtÚveK edaHElgmkvijenAéf¶TI21 ExkBaØa qñaM1960 edayKµankarbBa¢ak;bMPøWNamYy
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vtþmYy. enHKWCaTMenomTmøab;mYysRmab;ekµgRbús² enAtamCnbTEdlRtÚvqøgkat;kareronsURtmYy
ry³eBlenAtamvtþnana edayKµanbMNgERbkøayxøÜnCabBVCiteLIy.
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nigniymsþaMrbs;semþcTaMgGs;. bBa¢IenH rYmmaneQµaHbNþasmaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS
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nigRbúgeRbóbkm©at;BYkeKecaldUc EdlBYkenaH)ankm©at; TU samut Edr.
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edIm,IbegáItRkúmGñkts‘UmYyenATIenaH. mundMbUg BYkeK)antRmg;eq<aHeTAkan;RBMEdnCab;CamYyRbeTs
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gayRsYleRcInCag. pat RtÚv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAPaKxagekItRbeTskm<úCadUceKEdr CamYynwgBYk
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FMeLIg² enAeBlEdlKat;)ane)aHTItaMgenACnbT. manmnusSCaeRcInRtÚv)aneRCIserIs[cUlbkS
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ln; nl;. KWkñúgéRBm:aKIenaHehIy EdleK)ansakl,g[yuvCnnigyuvnarImYycMnYntUc hat;
RbyuT§Kñakñúgry³eBlxøI² ehIy)anBRgwgsµartI[rwtEtsVahab;eLIgeTot edaykareronedIrkñúgeBl
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kñúgTItaMgCYrmuxfµIenACnbTrbs;Kat; saLút s cab;epþImdwgBIkarenAdac;q¶ayBIeKénclnarbs;
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evotNamxagt,Úg )anbgçaMgnUvkarykcitþTukdak;TaMgGs;BIxageRkA ehIyBYksm<½n§mitþkumµúynisþrbs;
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rbs;Kat; KW semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ehIy)ansgát;bBa¢ak;BIcMsNgmitþPaBepSg² EdlkMBugbRgÜb
bRgÜmRbeTsTaMgBIrrbs;eKEfmeTot. TnÞwmnwgenaH RkúghaNUy)anTTYlsÁal;siT§iepSg²rbs;
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semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CaCagCYyKaMRTBYkkumµúynisþ EdlkMBugbgáehtunwgrbbrbs;RBHGgÁ. enA
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sasnaenAevotNamxagt,Úg k¾)annaMKñaeFVI)atukmµEdr ehIyeRkaybnþiceBlEdlBYkkumµúynisþerobcM
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bInak;enH EdleKTukCaeRKÓgBiesaFn_enaHBinitüeXIjfa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anEbreTArkBYk
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BYkeK)anGYtxøÜnfa )anrujsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu [Føak;kñúgsßanPaBTal;RckmYy edIm,IeFVI[elc
ecjnUv{PaBmincuHsRmúgKñaepSg²} EdlGacmanenAeBlenaH. BYkeKGHGagfa )anbeB©j{clna
ts‘Urbs;Cati}[eKdwgB¤RKb;Kña EdlbgçitbgçM[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu {bdiesFCMnYyd¾manBisBul
rbs;BYkcRkBtþiGaemrikaMgkñúgqñaM1963 nigkat;pþac;cMNgTak;TgxagpøÚvTUtCamYyBYkenaHeTotpg}36.
tamkarBit enAeBlenaHBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa)ancab;epþImdkxøÜnkan;EteRcIneLIg²ecjBIqakneya)ay
enARkúgPñMeBj edIm,Irg;caM[r)aMg)aMgpøÚvdYlrlM nigedIm,IerobcMmUldæanmYykñúgcMeNamksikrTaMgLay
EdlBYkGñksEmþgtYTaMgb:unµankñúgerOgenH )anbMePøcecal.
kñúgeBlEdlerOgenHekItmankñúgry³eBlénRbvtþisa®sþTaMgmUlrbs;km<úCa RBwtþikarN_epSg²
enAeRkARbeTs k¾naMbNþal[mankarvinashinehacenAxagkñúgRbeTsEdr. edayminRBmTTYlCMnYy
rbs;shrdæGaemrik edIm,IbgáarkareFVIGnþraKmn_mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu k¾)at;bg;
sac;R)ak;EdlFøab;CYyTb;Tl;fvikarbs;RBHGgÁ kñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy. edIm,ITUTat;karxat
bg;enH RBHGgÁ)ankat;bnßyR)ak;\NTanepSg² sRmab;kgT½BEdlnaM[mankarGak;Gn;RsBn;citþ
BIsMNak;kgT½BrwtEtxøaMgeLIg. RkúmniymsþaM)antbtvij edayeFVI[eKyl;RBmeFVItamkmµviFImYy
kñúgkarbBa©úHtémøTijRsUvBIRbCaksikr. rdæaPi)alGacnwgbnþlk;RsUveTAbreTsteTAeTot kñúgtémøx<s;
dEdl ehIyGacbegáInR)ak;cMeNjy:ageRcIn eTAkñúghibR)ak;rbs;rdæEfmeTot. edayBit rdæaPi)al
)anbeBa©jR)ak;y:ageRcInkñúgnaménRbtibtþikarenHb:uEnþ edayEp¥kelIkarminsb,aycitþxøaMgmYyrbs;
ksikr. minyUrb:unµan BYkGñkTTYlCYldI)anbeB©ajRbtikmµeTAtamrebobCaRbéBNI edayrkSaTuk
pldMNaMepSg²rbs;BYkeK ehIykñúgcMeNamenaHmanGñkxøH)anbdiesFElgdaMRsUvteTAeTot EdleK
daMsRmab;EtciBa©wmRKÜsarrbs;eKb:ueNÑaH.
enAqñaM1966 CaqñaMEdlmankaee)aHeqñatnItibBaØtþi semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu esÞIrEtRtÚvbg¥ak;
min[eFVIGVIekItedaysRtÚvTaMgLayenAkúñg nigeRkARbeTs EdlkMBugRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ. kalBI
qñaMmun RBHGgÁFøab;)anTTYlerobcMeFVIsnñisITRbCaCn\NÐÚcinmYyenAPñMeBj eday)anGeBa¢IjrNsirS
rMedaHevotNamxagt,Úg rdæaPi)alevotNamxageCIg nig):aeftLavkumµúynisþkñúgzan³CaGñkcUlrYmEt
mñak;Ég. RkúmniymsþaM BuMsb,ayrIkraynwgerOgenHeLIy. semþc)anseRmcRBHT½yminQmmux
ttaMgedayecjmuxeT ehIy)anRbkasCaelIkdMbUgfa RBHGgÁnwgElgcat;taMgebkçCnpøÚvkarrbs;
KNbkSsgÁm kñúgkare)aHeqñateTotehIy.
CaelIkTImYyehIykñúgRbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTskm<úCaÉkraCü EdlGñkNa² k¾GacQreeQµaH
[eKe)aHeqñatcUlkñúgrdæsPaEdr. enHCakare)aHeqñatEdlmantémøbMput EdlRbeTsCatiminFøab;)an
CYbRbTHesaHBImunmk ³ ebkçCnGPirkSniymEdlmanluyeRcIn )anedIrTijsnøwkeqñat ehIy)anTTYl
C½yCmñHy:agelIslb;mYykñúgmNÐle)aHeqñatPaKeRcIn elIkElgEtmNÐlmYycMnYnecj EdlCn
kumµúynisþbInak;)anCab;eqñatcUlkñúgrdæsPadEdl KW exov sMpn/ h‘Uy yn; nig h‘U nwm EdlRtÚvCab;eqñat
edaygayRsYlkñúgmNÐlCnbTrbs;Kat; ebITukCamankartameFVITukçbukemñjrbs;b:Ulisk¾eday.
rdæsPafµIrbs;RkúmniymsþaM)anEtgtaMg ln; nl; [kan;tMENgCardæm®nþITI1 nigpþl;[RBHGgÁ
m©as; suIsuvtßi sirimt³ EdlCaKURbECgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nUvzan³CamnusSTI2rbs;rdæa
Pi)al. ln; nl; enArkSaekrþ×eQµaHmYyCaembBa¢akarkgT½BRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;mñak; b:uEnþ enAman
esckþIesµaHRtg;cMeBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. k¾b:uEnþ sirimt³ EdlRtÚvcat;TukCamnusSCitsñiT§nwg
BYkGaemrikaMgbMputenaH hak;dUcCamanlkçN³KMramkMEhgmYyy:agBitR)akdcMeBaH semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu eTAvij.
semþcenAEtCaRBHRbmuxrdæ b:uEnþ RBHGgÁRtÚvRbECgkñúgkarrt;RbNaMgmYy b®Ba©asnwgRTnic
naLikaedIr. RBHGgÁ)anerobcMbegáItxuTÞkal½yexµacmYy EdlmansuT§EtBYkGñkneya)ayesµaHRtg;
ehIy)ancab;epþImBRgwgEfmeTotnUvGVIEdlRTg;)anRbkan;yk sRmab;CameFüa)ayGacseRmc
lT§pleRcInRbkarrbs;RBHGgÁ KWmitþPaBrbs;RBHGgÁCamYyBYkkumµúynisþevotNam. edayeTarTn;
tamkarKabsgát;rbs;RkúghaNUy RBHGgÁ)anyl;RBmpþl;siT§i[BYkevotNamqøgkat;RbeTsrhUt
dl;RkúgRBHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CakMBg;EpsmuRT EdlRBHGgÁ)an[eKsßabnaenAelImat;QUg
smuRTesom edIm,IraraMgBYkGaemrikaMg min[raMgxÞb;RbeTskm<úCa edaykareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;RbeTs
evotNamxagt,Úg EdlRtÜtRtaTenøemKgÁ nigkMBg;EpPñMeBj)aneLIy. BYkkumµúynisþevotNam
RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[navapÞúy GavuFrbs;eKcUlctenARkúgRBHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu bnÞab;mkGavuF
TaMgenaH RtÚv)andwktamLankaMmIj:úgCaeRcIn rhUtdl;PaKxagekItRbeTskm<úCaeTot. enAqñaM1967
BYkevotNamxageCIg)anerobcMrYcCaeRsc nUvkarvaylukeBlbuNücUlqñaMcin-yYnenAqñaMbnÞab; KWqñaM
1968. ebIsinCa{karbHe)ar}Edlsnüa )anseRmceCaKC½y semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu k¾Elg
)armÖBIkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMgEdr. s®gÁamnwgcb;eTAkñúgnaménC½yCmñHmYyrbs;kumµúynisþ.
semþc)ancat;taMg[ ln; nl; GKÁembBa¢akarT½Brbs;RBHGgÁCaGñkRtÜtBinitüelIkardwkCBa¢Ún
eRKÓgsBVavuFTaMgenaHBITIRkúgRBHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eTAevotNamxagt,Úg. ln; nl; )ankat;
ykmunnUvGavuFmYycMnYnFMedaymankaryl;RBmBIBYkevotNamxageCIgpg Catémøénkic©eFVIshRbti
btþikarrbs;Kat;. tamPaBTMngCaBit BYkevotNam)anpþl;[nUvbrimaNGavuFeRcInCagGavuF EdlKat;
)anTTYlBIRbeTscineTAeTot. CaÉkCn ln; nl; )ansEmþg[dwgBIkarP½yxøacrbs;Kat;fa BYkkumµúy
nisþevotNamman eKalbMNgcUllukluyRbeTskm<úCa kalebIBYkeKTTYl)anC½yCmñHenAPaK
xagt,Úg dUecñHKat;KitEt eFVIy:agNa[kgT½Brbs;Kat;manGavuFyuT§PNÐRKb;RKan;sin kñúgRBwtþikarN_
EdlGacekItmanCayfaehtuenH.
KN³rdæm®nþIrbs; ln; nl; )anriHrkesñótRKb;Ebby:ag CamYynwgkarGnuvtþn_edIm,IeFVI[kmµviFI
neya)aykñúgRbeTsrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eTACarbs;EdleKminRtÚvkar. kalBIqñaMmun
brimaNRsUvnaMecjCitBIrPaKbI )anrbUtputBIkarbg;Bn§d¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;rdæaPi)al tamry³karlk;dUr
minRsbc,ab;CaeRcIn mYyEpñkFM KWlk;eTA[BYkkumµúynisþevotNam. ln; nl; )andwgerOgenHy:ag
c,as; BIeRBaH b:Ulisrbs;Kat;)anpþl;Bt’manBIkarlk;dUrTaMgenH. Kat;)anxitxMraMgxÞb;bBaðaenH min
RtwmEtedIm,IeFVI[sac;R)ak;hUrcUlfvikaCatib:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ k¾edIm,Ibn§ÚrcMNgepSg²rbs;km<úCaCamYy
BYkkumµúynisþevotNam.
bnÞab;mk rdæaPi)al)anEkERbebobRKb;RKgkñúgkarRbmUlRsUv ³ RbCaksikrEdlrkSaTukpl
RsUvmYycMENkrbs;Kat; nwgRtÚvbgçitbgçM[lk;RsUvCUnrdæaPi)altamtémøpøÚvkarmYy eRkamkarKMram
kMEhgedaycugGavuF EdlenAEtefakdEdl37. edIm,IeFVI[R)akdRbCakñúgkarGnuvtþbTkBa©aKat; ln;
nl; )anpøas;bþÚrm®nþIrdækarextþTaMg b:unµan EdlEtgtaMgeday semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ecjTaMgGs;
edaydak;mnusSpÞal;rbs;Kat;CMnYsvij.
embBa¢akarT½BrUbenH min)anbgáarTukCamuncMeBaHRbtikmµxøaMgkøaRbqaMgnwgrebobRKb;RKgfµIkñúg
{karRbmUlRsUv}enHTal;EtesaH. extþ)at;dMbg EdlenAeBlenaHCaCRgúkRsUvrbs;RbeTs )an
køayeTACaeKaledAsMxan;bMputkñúgyuT§nakarRbmUlRsUvenH.ln; nl; Føab;eFVICaGPi)alextþenHkalBI
sm½ys®gÁam \NÐÚcinelIkTI1 ehIyKat;sÁal;Rbvtþirbs;extþnigdwgnUvGVI² EdlRkúmniymeqVg nigBYk
GñkCatiniymFøab; eFVIskmµPaBenATIenHc,as;Nas;. ln; nl; )anbgÁab;bBa¢a[Tahanrbs;Kat; ykcitþ
Tukdak;[RbCaksikrenAextþ)at;dMbg lk;RsUvCUnrdæaPi)al ehIyminEmnlk;[BYkkumµúynisþevotNam
eT. BYkGñkmanRsUv)anrwgTTwg mineFVItameLIy eRBaHBYkevotNam)an[éføRsUvelIsBItémørdækMNt;
BIrdg. Pøam²enaH enAkñúgextþmanelcecjesovePAesþIg²CaeRcIn EdleFVI[eKcab;GarmµN_fa BYk
kumµúynisþCaGñktak;EtgeLIg. esovePAesþIgTaMgenaH )anGuCGal[RbCaksikrbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYk
Tahanrbs; ln; nl; ehIyRbCaksikrxøH )anGMBavnav[pþÜlrMlMrbbenHEfmeTot.
bBaðaCak;EsþgénkmµviFIrbs;BYkkumµúynisþenAqñaM1960 KWkarKµansmtßPaBrbs;eKkñúgkarriHrk
meFüa)ayepSg² EdlsMxan;esµIGayuCIviteedIm,IekNÐRbmUlksikrTaMgenH. kñúgPaKeRcInéntMbn;
epSg² karlM)akrbs;RbCaksikr TamTar[manEkTRmg;edaykarbdivtþn_mYy dUcEdlBYkbBaØavnþ exov
sMpn/ h‘U yn; nigh‘U nwm Føab;)anBnül;EvkEjkkñúgsñaédRsavRCavKat;dUecñaHEdr. ehIysemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu )ansakl,gGnuvtþn_karEkTRmg;TaMgenH edaybegáItRbBn½§shkrN_mYyrbs;
rdæaPi)alEdlr:ab;rgpþl;\NTanmYy[RbCaksikrx©I edayykkarR)ak;efak². b:uEnþ dUckarepþImKMnit
sgÁmniymepSg²eTotrbs;semþcEdr shkrN_enH)anFøak;eTAkñúgkNþab;édBYkkariyaFibetyü
EdlKµan smtßPaB nigEdlBukrlYyeTAvijehIyvak¾køayeTACabraC½ymYy.
kareRCIserIsykextþ)at;dMbg sRmab;yuT§nakard¾sMxan;kñúgkarRbmUlRsUvenaH )anekItman
eLIgedayBYkkumµúynisþmin)andwgxøÜnCamuneLIy. enHCaextþEtmYyKt; EdlPaKeRcInCageKén
RbCaksikrExµr minsRmbxøÜneTAtamkl³eTs³ ehIyEdlksikrTaMgLaysßitenAeRkamGMNacén
m©as;kmµsiT§idIFøIFM². eRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI2 karkan;kab;mþgmáal rbs;éf)anRtÚvbBa©b; ehIy
extþ)at;dMbg)anRtÚvbgá[manRbCaCneLIgvij edayBYkGñkcMNUlfµI KWBYkGñkEdl)anTijdIERs
cmáard¾FMlVwgelVIy ehIyEdl)anTajykplkéRmBIdITaMgenaHedayCYlRbvas;[RbCaCnenATIenaH
EdlRtÚvRbKl;ePaKplrbs;xøÜncMnYnBak;kNþalmk[m©as;dITukCa{karR)ak;} b¤ {QñÜldI}. BYkGñk
cMNUlfµITaMgenH suT§EtBYkExµreRkam Edlrt;eKcBIs®gÁamenAevotNamxagt,Úg ehIy)anmktaMgTI
lMenAkñúgextþenHcMnYnrab;Ban;nak; ehIyEdlBYkeKRtÚveFVIkarRbkYtRbECg CamYynwgksikrenAmUldæan
enaHxagdIFøI nigkargar. ehtudUecñHehIy)anCamankareQøaHRbEkkKñarvagRbCaCnEdlrs;enA
enAtMbn;enaHCaerOy².
tamkarBit bkSrbs; saLút s nig nYn Ca BuMEmnCaGñktak;EtgRbePTesovePAesþIg²mYyQut
dMbUgenaHeT esovePAenH KWEtgsresredayGgÁkarkumµúynisþenAmUldæanenaH EdlrYmmansmasPaB
CaGtItGñkRbyuT§kñúgsm½ys®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI1 esÞIrEtTaMgGs; EdlbnSl;Tuk[enAnwgkEnøg edIm,I
RTRTg;clna manCIvitteTAeTot. saLút s )anTUnµan[mankarRbúgRby½tñ b:uEnþ BYkkumµúynisþ nig
RbCaksikrmUldæanenaH mineCOBIRbsiT§iPaBénkarGt;Fµt;eLIy. BYkeK )anseRmceFVIskmµPaBy:ag
eXaeXARBmKñaEtmþg.
rdæaPi)al)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½By:ageRcIn edIm,IeTARbmUlRsUvGgár bNþal[ekItman]b,tþiehtutUc²
EdlekIteLIgÉg²CaeRcIn ehIykgT½BxøH)anRtÚveKvayRbhar. enARkúgPñMeBj exov sMpn )ankþab;
Cab;bBaðaenH ehIy)anerobcM)atukmµmYy edm,IbgçitbgçM[rdæaPi)al ln; nl; bB©ab;karRbmUlRsUv
niglaElgBImuxtMENg edaysarkMhusEdlKat;)anRbRBwtþ. enHCaKMnitepþImd¾køahanGs©arümYy
ehIy sMpn k¾eRtómTTYlkarsgswkvijEdr. pÞúyeTAvij karsgswkenH)anelcecjBIRbPBmYy
d¾KYr[PJak;ep¥IlmYy KW semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anTmøak;eTaseTAelI exov sMpn rYmTaMg h‘U yn; nig h‘U
nwm pg edayecaTRbkan;fa CaGñksßitBIeRkayxñgkarRcbUkRcbl;epSg²enAextþ)at;dMbg.
enAsm½ymYy karriHKn;CasaFarN³rbs;semþc Føab;)an bgçM[GñkTaMgbIsMulaElgBImuxtMENg
mþgrYcmkehIy. elIkenHBYkeK)anseRmccitþenAesommineFVIGVITaMgGs; edIm,Isakl,gcg;dwgBIehtu
EdlnaM[RbCaCneCOsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ehIyBYkeK)anQñHsemþcEmn. BYkeKenArkSaekAGI
kñúgrdæsPaCatidEdl kñúgeBlEdldMNagra®sþBIrnak;eTot EdlTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarRKb;RKgextþeday
pÞal; RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIrdæsPa. mUldæanGMNacEdleRTteRTatrkkl;nwgrlMdYlrbs;semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu Føab;RtÚv)anbriharRBm²KñaedayRkúmniymsþaM nigRkúmniymeqVg bnÞab;BIsemþc
eFVI[Pøat;esñótEtmþgKt;. mü:ageTot edayvayRbharTaMgqÁgeTAelIRkúmniymeqVg semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu )anraMgramin[RkúmenHCYyRBHGgÁ[sßitenAkñúgGMNaceLIy. ehIykart¥ÚjEt¥repSg²rbs;
RBHGgÁ EdlmaneRkaymkeTot )an[sBaØafa Kµan)ankarGVITaMgGs;edaysarRkúmniymeqVgbgá[
RBHGgÁbraC½y.
karpÞúHerOgBitR)akd )anekItmaneLIgy:agqab;rh½s. kñúgeBlRBlwmGuréf¶TI2 Exemsa qñaM
1967 TahanBIrnak; EdlkMBugcat;EcgRbmUlRsUv)anRtÚveKlYcsmøab;enAsMLÚtkñúgextþ)at;dMbg.
BYkGñkPUmiEdlcUlrYm kñúgRbtþibtþikarenH )andeNþImykGavuFBITahanEdlsøab;edayesckþIkøahan
y:agemaHmut ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkEnøgdEdlvij enAeBlresolCamYyGavuFbEnßm nigbda
CaeRcInEdlsresrefáaleTasrdæaPi)al ln; nl; nigcRkBtþiniymGaemrikaMg. BYkeK)anRtÚvRbCa
ksikrCaeRcIneTotmkcUlrYmCamYyeTot ehIyenAeBlEdlmnusSRbEhl 200nak; CYbCuMKña BYkeK
)anedIrtRmg;eTAkan;mNÐlnItikmµ b¤rdæ)alCnbTmYy ehIyvaykemÞcbMpøajTIenaHrabdl;dI.
edayKµanGVIEdleFVI[RBÜy)armÖ BYkeK)anbnþeFVI)atukmµteTAeTot edayeFVIkarvaylukbnÞaykgrkSa
extþeTotpg.
émÖBIrqñaMeRkay karedIrcUlRkúghaNUyRbkbedayeCaKC½yrbs; hU CImij nigkarEføgRbkas
BIC½yCmñHénkarbdivtþn_ExsIharbs;evotmij karbHe)arRbqaMgedayGavuFrbs;BYkkumµúynisþ)an
cab;epþImenARbeTskm<úCaEdr.
dMNwgénRBwtþikarN_epSg²enAsMLÚt )anlan;B¤eTAdl; saLút s Edlrs;enAPaKxagekItkm<úCa
Ek,rRBMEdnevotNam CaTIEdlKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)ane)aHTItaMgeFVIkarenATIenaH. CafµImþgeTot
BYkkumµúynisþ)an bBa¢ak;fa BYkeK)anvaytémøxusGMBIskþanuBlbdivtþn_rbs;km<úCa b:uEnþ mþgenH
bkSmanGtßiPaB ehIyelIkenHBYkemdwknaMrbs;xøÜnk¾RbúgeRbóbqøgeTAdMNak;kalbnÞab;CaeRscEdr
KWkarts‘UedayGavuFRbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.
enARkúgPñMeBj smaCikrbs;bkSbInak; Edlrs;enAkñúgraCFanIenaHGaceBIbRbTHeRKaHfñak;y:ag
FM. éf¶TI22 Exemsa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anecaTRbkan; exov sMpn/ h‘U yn; nig h‘U nwm
CasaFarN³fa )anjúHjg;[ekItGMeBIbHe)arenAsMLÚt ehIy)anKMramdak;GñkTaMgbI[tulakarswkCMnuM
CRmHeTaseTotpg. BIréf¶eRkaymk exov sMpn nig h‘U yn; )ancakecjBIraCFanIedaybnøMlak;xøÜnkñúg
rTHeKarbs; RbCaksikrkñúgsPaBG‘UGrRThwgGWugGab;naeBléf¶erobGsþgÁt. h‘U nwm )anrs;enAkñúgRkúg
PñMeBjrhUtdl;ExkBaØa edIm,IXøaMemIlrdæaPi)al bnÞab;mk bkSvinicä½yfa rUbKat;k¾RtÚvmaneRKaHfñak;dUcKña
ehIyKat;k¾eKcxøÜnrt;cUléRBedays¶at;kM)aMgEdr.
eRkaym ln; nl; )anGHGagfa mnusSTaMg3nak;enHRtÚv)aneKsmøab;ecalTaMgGs;. enAeBl
EdlelcmuxeLIgvijkñúgzan³CaemdwknaMExµrRkhm eK)anehAGñkTaMgefa {bisacTaMgbI}. BYkeK)an
edIrtYnaTImYykñúgerOgeTvkfarbs;km<úCasm½yTMenIb.
bkSetagEtekNÐRbmUlkmøaMgrbs;xøÜnedayqab;rh½sbMput. pat CacMENkmYyénRkúmdMbUg
EdlCaGñkepÞrTIbBa¢akarRkúmµúynisþBItMbn;xagekIt EdlGacRtÚveKvayRbhareTAtMbn;éRBPñMBi)akcUl
dl;enAPaK|sanvij. kñúgzan³CakgkarBar pat )anbMeBjmuxgarCanirsarvagTIbB¢aakardæan nigRkúg
PñMeBjEfmeTot. enAExkáda Kat;)anGmkarBar saLút s enAkñúgextþrtnKirI ehIyKWBIéRBPñMRkMfµTaMgenH
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esaHeLIydUc EdlBYkkumµúynisþ)anTTYlsÁal;erOgenH eRkaymkfa {KµantMbn;NamYyGaceTACYy
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{Edlmansmta}eTotehIy. enHCaPaBGs;sgÇwm ehIyKµanGñkNamñak;yl;dwgBIerOgenHRbesIr
Cag ln; nl; eT EdlenAExsIha qñaM1969 Kat;)anerobcMbegáItKN³rdæm®nþIfµImYyedaydak;[sßitenA
eRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;Kat;TaMgRsug. Kat;)anlubRkwtüc,ab;cugeRkayénkmµviFICatUbnIykmµrbs;
exov sMpn ecalTaMgGs; ehIy)anbegáIns®gÁamRbqaMgnwgBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCakan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg eday
Tmøak;eTasRBmKñaeTAelI{TICRmk}TaMgLayrbs;BYkevotNamEfmeTot.
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)aymYy.
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niTaXrdUvxagmux edIm,IerobcMeFVIrdæRbharmYy.
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b:ueNÑaH manEtsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu mYyGgÁEdlRtÚvpþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)alTaMgmUlenAkan;GMNac
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CMnYskarRbkan;BaküsmþIrbs;eK BYkenHEbrCasRmúktRmg;eTArks®gÁamedayKµangakeRkayeTAvij.
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ke®Ba¢ale)ak)acenAtamRBMEdneLIy. RBHGgÁk¾BuMdwgEsVgrkCMhrkNþalmYy edIm,IraraMgRkúmniym
sþaM b¤RkúymniymeqVg min[RtÜsRtaypøÚvfµImYyeTArks®gÁamEdr. pÞúyeTAvij neya)ayrbs;
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pgk¾mindwg.
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KWminpÞal;RBHGgÁeT. enAqñaM1963 RBHGgÁCaRBHRbmuxrdæmanGMNacswgEtdUcesþcEdr CamuxtMENg
EdlRBHGgÁbegáIteLIgsRmab;RBHGgÁÉg eBlEdlRBHbitarbs;RBHGgÁcUlTivgÁt. rIÉrdæaPi)al
KWdwknaMeday ln; nl; Canaykrdæm®nþI nigGPi)almedayRBHGgÁm©as; suIsuvtßi sirimt³ nigBYkniymsþaM
b¤niymkNþaldéTeTot EdlRbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.
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EdlenATIenaH RBHGgÁmanbMNgsRmaklMEhkay munnwgyageTAkan;shPaBsUevot nigRbeTscin.
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stVRkeBI s 157
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rbs;km<úCa nigkgT½BkumµúynisþevotNamkñúgtMbn;TaMgenaH. R)aMbYnéf¶bnÞab;BIrdæRbhar BYkevotNam
)anbiTsßanTUt nigvilRtLb;eTAkan;matuRbeTsrbs;eKvij.
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CamYy ln; nl; edayéllk[mansm<½n§PaBmYyrvag semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigExµrRkhmpg.
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kñúgesckþIsgÇwm\t)ankarfa BYkenaHnwgdkfyeTAvij edayminRbyuT§tbteLIy. b:uEnþ eKkMBug
sßitenAkñúgqñaM1970 ehIypøÚvlM hU CImij kan;EtmanRbeyaCn_xøaMgeLIg² sRmab;BYkevotNam Edl
mankgÉkPaBCaeRcInRbúgnwgvaybkmkvijCaeRsc. RbEhlCaedaykarCYyTak;Tgrbs;shrdæ
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(Rangers) rbs;evotNamxagt,ÚgbIkgvresnatUc )anmkcUlrYmCamYykgT½Brbs;km<úCa edIm,IeFVIkar
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evotNam)ancab;dMeNIrkarvayRbhar dac;edayELkKñaCaeRcInRbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; Edl
enAq¶ay²BIRBMEdnKWkñúgPaKxagt,Úg nigPaK|sanRbeTs enAEk,rTIRkúgPñMeBjEfmeTot.
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kic©RBmeRBógEdl)anseRmceFVIeLIgrvag ln; nl; nigRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. RbeTskm<úCa )an
cUlRbLÚkkñúgs®gÁamenHy:agskmµ ehIyBYkevotNamxageCIgyl;eXIjfa xøÜnmansiT§ieBjeljkñúg
karvayRbhartbeTAvij.BYkeK)ancab;epþImeFVIkarvaysRmúkeTAelIkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; EdlsßitenA
ray):aydac;²BIKña ehIykgT½BevotNamcMnYn mYyryhasibnak; )anvaykan;kab;TIRbCuMCns¥ag
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enHeTA BYkevotNam KWCa{sm½<n§mitþ}rbs;emdwknaMRsbc,ab;rbs;RbeTskm<úCa KWsemþc RBHneratþm
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nl; ehIyenArkSaTuksßanTUtrbs;xøÜnenAPñMeBj eBjry³éns®gÁameTot. BYkExµrRkhm)anbk
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stVRkeBI s 159
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RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTA[KN³kmµaFikarEdlbegáItedaysnñisITRkúghSWENvqñaM1944 eTIbRtwmRtÚvCag.
meFüa)ayedaHkuntampøÚvc,ab;enH )anbgðaj[eXIjnUvPaBTal;RckmYy. kalBIqñaMmun KWqñaM1969
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anbBa©b;GaNtþiKN³kmµaFikarenH Elg[manenAkm<úCateTAeTot KWBIrEx
bnÞab;BI)ancuHkic©RBmeRBógGnuBaØat[BYkevotkugtaMgmUldæanCaeRcInenAkñúgTwkdIExµr2.
bnÞab;BI)anTTUcsuMGgÁkarGnþrCatinanaGs;ry³eBlBIrs)þah_rYcmk ln; nl; )aneFVIkarGMBavnav
CasaFarN³[RbeTsTaMgGs;CYykm©at; {lT§ikumµúynisþevotNam} pg. enAéf¶TI30 Exemsa rdæa
Pi)alGaemrikaMg nigevotNamxagt,Úg)aneqøIytbnwgkarGMBavnavenH edaycab;epþImeFVIkarqµk;vay
lukkñúgRTg;RTayy:agFMmYy RbqaMgnwg{TICRmk}nana rbs;BYkkumµúynisþevotNam enAPaKxagekIt
RbeTskm<úCa edayKµanR)ab;[ ln; nl; )anwgBt’manCamuneLIy. mindl;BIrExpg BYkemdwknaMRkúg
PñMeBj )anRCmuCxøÜnrebobKµanBiesaFn_ nigrebobpSgeRBgeTAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2nwgeKEdr.
KWedayrebobKµandwgxül;enHehIy EdlBYkeKRtÚvCab;édkñúgs®gÁam ehIyRtÚvcaj;s®gÁamtTl;nwg
BYkExµrRkhmenaH.
enAdMNak;kalenH ln; nl; )anykeRbóbelIBYkemKMniteFVIrdæRbharmuneK ehIy)andeNþImyk
RbPBGMNacepSg²kñúgrdæFanImkkan;kñúgédTaMgGs;. sirimt³ EdleBldMbUgepþateskþIsgÇwmelI
BYkGaemrikaMg ehIyEdl)anTTYlkaKaMRTBIBYkKhbtIenARkúgPñMeBjbgðaj[eXIjfaKµansmtßPaBnwg
bBaÄb; ln; nl; min[eFVIdUecñaH)aneLIy. CamnusSRkGWtRkeGag rUbragsgða nigl¥itl¥n;Cagsemþc
suIhnu Cabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;EdlmanrUbragFat;RkGaj nigTabRTnab; sirimt³ )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlBYk
GaemrikaMgfa Kat;GaceFVITMenIbkmµRbeTskm<úCa)anCamYynwgCMnYyrbs;Gaemrik nigeFVI[RbeTsgak
eTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. ebIvinicä½yBITegVITaMgLayrbs;Kat;EdlmaneRkay²mkeTot eKGacsnñidæan
fa CafñÚrnwgshRbtibtþikarbs;RbeTskm<úCa sirimt³ sgÇwmfashrdæGaemriknwgkarBarRbeTsKat;
BIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkevotNam KWBuMEmnRbTajRbeTsKat;[Føak;eTAkñúgs®gÁammYyEdlmanTMhM
y:agFMeLIy. tamk,Ünc,ab;neya)ay sirimt³ )ansEmþg[eKeXIjfa Kat;CamnusSEdlniym
niyayEtkarBit Caneya)ayEdlKµankarBiesaFn_ BuMRtwmEtkñúgTMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;Kat;CamYy
shrdæGaemrikb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ cMNucsMxan; BIeRBaH Kat;)anvaytémøKuNsm,tþi ln; nl; TabCag
KuNsm,tþiBitR)akdxøaMgeBk.
xusEbøkGMBI sirimt³ ln; nl; hak;dUcCaKit)armÖEtBIkarQmmuxttaMgedayemaHmutnwgBYk
evotNamxageCIgb:ueNÑaH EdlKat;)anecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIefakTabRKb;Ebby:agrbs;RbeTsevot
Nam Edl)aneFVI[RbeTskm<úCaTTYlrgeRKaHkñúgkMLúgCaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy. Kat;CamnusS
buraNmñak;kñúgcMeNamsmaCikdwknaMRbeTsTaMgbI rUbnigCaRbPBedIménBaküccamGar:amepSg² BIerOg
stVRkeBI s Edllan;B¤muneBlmanrdæRbhar nigmnusSmanbgáb;Gaf’kM)aMgmYy kñúgBiPBGñkneya)ay
enARkúgPñMeBj. CamnusSmancritmYyCaGñkksikrBIkMeNIt nigmaneTBekaslübnþicbnþÜc Kat;)an
eLIgbuNüskþiedaysarEtKat;CamnusSsMNBV beRmIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu y:agesµaHRtg;
b:ueNÑaH. semþc)anvaytémø ln; nl; cMeBaHcritminecHGt;»n nigkarrevosrévrbs;Kat;kñúgkar
bMeBjkic©karefaTabmYy kñúgzan³Kat;CaemRksYgb:Ulis nigeFVIGVI²edayKµanecHf¶Úrt¥ÚjEt¥r nigecH
lak;karsm¶at;mYy Edlmin eTogTat;. mü:ageTot semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )ancat;Tuk ln; nl;
CamnusSmñak; EdlmanR)aCJaGn;bMput minGackøayxøÜneTACaGñkKMramkMEhgmYycMeBaHRBHGgÁeLIy
CaTsSn³EdlBYkGñksmKMnitKñakñúgkarerobcMeFVIrdæRbharyl;eXIjdUecñHEdr. RkúmGñkEhhmKat;
RbEhlCa[Kat;xusdUcKña.
kñúgvis½yenHnigvis½yepSg²eTotCaeRcIn ln; nl; manlkçN³dUcKñay:ageRcInCamYynwgmnusS
Edlnwgbgá[mankarvinasrbs;Kat;enAeBleRkaymkeTotKW saLút s.kñúgyuvPaBrbs;Kat; Kat;)an
sEmþg[eXIjfaCaGñkeFVIkargareRcIn nigRbkbedaymhicätaEfmeTot. ekItenAqñaM1913 ln; nl;
manemaTnPaBGMBIedImkMeNItCaExµrrbs;eKy:agRCúlhYsehtu ehIyebI saLút s eRCIserIseQµaH
{ExµredIm} CaeQµaHniBn§rbs;Kat; ln; nl; )anelIkTwkcitþ[BYkTahanrbs;Kat;ehAKat;fa {):a):aexµA}3
Edr edaysarEtBN’Es,ksm,úretñatrbs;Kat; EdlCalkçN³smÁal;BUCsasn_Exµr y:agBitR)akd.
ln; nl; )aneLIgzan³tamlMdab;lMedaybuNüskþikñúgzananuRkmkgT½B b:uEnþ )andwknaMCIvPaB
neya)aymYyy:agRbesIrEdr. Kat;)anbegáItKNbkSneya)aymYy edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñat
Cati CaelIkdMbUgenAqñaM1946 ehIydak;eQµaHfa KNbkSexmrbunkþar (La Rénovation Khmer) edIm,I
sEmþg[eXIjesckþIsgÇwmfa RbéBNITaMgLayrbs;RbeTsCatiGacRtÚveKykmkGnuvtþCaCagEk
TRmg;lkçN³edImrbs;va. Kat;RtÚvsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cat;taMg[eTAvayRbharBYk]TÞam\sSr³
nigBYk evotmijenAPaBBay½BüRbeTs kñúgry³eBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI1. enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatqñaM
1955 ln; nl; )anrMlaybBa©ÚlKNbkSneya)ayd¾tUcrbs;Kat;CamYynwgKNbkSsgÁmrbs;
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.
kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1950 nig1960 manRbCaCnkm<úCatictYcb:ueNÑaH Edlmanmhicäita Kit
stVRkeBI s 161
cg;RbkbGaCIBeyaFamYy. ln; nl; RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCanayGKÁesnaFikarkgT½Bkm<úCaenAqñaM1955
ehIyKat;)aneRbIR)as;muxtMENgenH eFVICaQñan;mYyeq<aHeTArkGMNaceTot. kaleNaH kgT½BmYy
PaKFMRtÚv)aneRCIserIsBIkñúgcMeNamRbCaksikr BuMEmnBIkñúgcMeNamvNÑ³GñkecHdwgeLIy. ln; nl;
GackarBar\riyabfCaksikrCamYynwgmnusSrbs;Kat;TaMgenH nigraraMgmin[Gñkneya)ayepSg²
eTotdeNþImykkEnøgrbs;Kat;)an. mü:ageTot eKrk)anR)ak;tictYcNas;enAkñúgkgT½B CaBiess
eRkayeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )andak;kMNt;mYyBIerOgCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg ehIy ln;
nl; edaymankarKaMRTBIsemþcpg )ankan;kab;bBa¢IbuKÁlikkgT½BTaMgmUlkñúgkartemøIgzannþr skþi.
BitehIy munrdæRbharkgT½BCakmµsiT§irbs; ln nl; BuMEmnrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eT.
semþcRBHRbmuxrdæ )anCYyeFVI[GaCIBrbs; ln; nl; rIkceRmInelIseKelIsÉg CafñÚrnwgesckþI
esµaHRtg;xagneya)ay k¾dUcsmtßPaBxagxageyaFarbs;Kat;Edr EdlenHCaerOgnwgeTACaerOgCak;
EsþgbnÞab;BIrdæRbhar. BYkTahaneCIgcas;EdlmanviC¢aCIv³RtwmRtÚv)ant¥ÚjEt¥rCajwkjab;BIkarxVH
smtßPaBrbs;emekayxøÜn b:uEnþ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BuMykRBHkaN_sþab;tamBaküGñkTaMgenaH
eLIy. b:uEnþ ebIsemþcsBVRBHT½y[témøsmtßPaBepSg²xagEpñkneya)ayrbs; ln; nl; k¾eday
k¾RBHGgÁRbmaNxusedayEpñknUvsmtßPaBepSg²rbs;Kat;Edr BIeRBaHmhicätarbs;]tþmesnIy_enH
manRbPBedIm EdleKminsUvsÁal; b¤minGacyl;)an.
ln; nl; BuMlak;kM)aMgKMnitrbs;Kat;Edlcg;eFVI[BUCsasn_ vb,Fm’ nigRBHBuT§sasnaExµrs¥at
brisuT§ R)ascakBIkarbMBulrbs;breTs EdltamKat;fa)anbMpøajfamBlrbs;RbeTsCati suIrUg
GtþsBaØaN nigTwkdIrbs;xøÜneLIy4. kñúgmCÄdæanvrCnEdlecHdwg eK)ancat;TukKMnitrbs; ln; nl;
CaKMnitcEmøkmYyKYr[q¶l; RbEhlCaKMnitEdlnaMrMxandl;eKÉgeTotpg b:uEnþ BitNas;BuMEmnCaerOg
elgesIceT. KWCamnusSGPirkSniymRCúlmñak;EdleKarBeCOsasnahYsehtueBk edayepþkpþÜleTA
kñúgmnþGaKmKafa nigCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna manBak;esn ExScegáHCab;nwgxøÜn Edlcas;TuMenAPUmirbs;
Kat;bMBak;[kñúgeBlEdlKat;CayuvCnenAeLIy. Kat;)anykBYkehara nigBYksnþrbuKÁlmkdak;CuMvij
xøÜnKat; b:uEnþ Kat;R)akdkñúgcitþfa mnþGaKm RtÚvEterobcMenATIs¶at;kM)aMg edIm,IkarBarb£T§iGMNacrbs;va
Kat;minEdlsEmJg[eKeXIjBIkarRbtibtþirbs;Kat;eLIy. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GaceFµc
RBHenRteFVICamindwgminB¤ rhUtdl;TIbBa©b;GMBIKMnitRbqaMgnwgkareCOnelOnrbs;nayGKÁesnaFikar
RBHGgÁ.
bIExmunmanrdæRbhar ln; nl; )anbegáItviTüasßanExµrmn edIm,IpSBVpSayTsSn³TaMgLayrbs;
Kat;. semþcEdleGIeBInwgerOgenH)anseRmcGnuBaØat[Kat;erobcMmCÄmNÐlKYr[sgS½yenHkñúgpÞHFM
nigcMNas;mYy nigCarbs;CnCati)araMgenAkñúgraCFanI. enATIenaH ln; nl; sgÇwmfa nwgCYyeFVI[bNþa
sBaØaNEbøkxuseKrbs;Kat;xagEpñkciryaFm’ nigmrtkCaRbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTskm<úCa manrUbrag
CafµIeLIgvij. b:uEnþ karykcitþTukdak;rbs;Kat; manlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagGVIEdlsemþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu b¤Gñkneya)aysm½yTMenIbdéTeTotFøab;)anKiteTAeTot. Kat;Føab;dwknaMkgT½BCaeRcIn
TsvtSr_mkehIy ehIyKat;GacdwgBI\T§iBlénKMnitepSg²rbs;Kat;EdlmaneTAelImnusSsamBaØ
CaeRcIn EdlCasmasPaBénkgT½Brbs;km<úCac,as;las;Nas;.
kñúgvis½yenHk¾dUcvis½ydéTeTot ln; nl; )aneRbIR)as;rUbPaBemaTnPaBCatidUc saLút s CaKU
RbECgEpñkmenaKmviC¢arbs;Kat;Edr. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdl saLút s gakeTArkGVIEdlKat;vinicä½yfa Ca
dMeNaHRsaymYyTan;sm½y KWkarbdivtþkumµúynisþenaH ln; nl; EbrCaemIleXIjkareRsacRsg;
RbeTsCatikñúgkalknøgeTAehIy enAkñúgkarbBa¢ak;karGHGagBImrtkrbs;RBHBuT§sasnaeTAvij.
RbeTskm<úCa)anelceLIgCaEdndIEdl[plmYysRmab;KMnitTaMgBIrenH EdlkMBugelIktemáIgBUC-
sasn_ nigRbCaCatiExµrEdlRtÚveKRbmafmak;gay. CaeRcInstvtSr_énbraC½y nigPaBGam:as;mux
taMgBIsm½yGgÁr Gakb,kiriyavayb£kFMrbs;BYk)araMgcMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa {Edlx¢ilRcGUs} eday
pÞúyKñaRsLHnwgBYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;kargar} nigkarxøacrEGgfa BYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;
kargar} TaMgenaHdeNþImykRbeTskm<úCaedayeRbIkmøaMg )anbnSl;TuknUvlkçN³Biessrbs;Kat;
rhUtmk.
enAeBlEdlRbeTsCaticab;epþImcuHTn;exSay nigeRTteRTatrkkldYl GñkTaMgBIrnak;enHEdlCa
tMNagKMnitRCúlhYsehtu nigEdlpÞúyKña nigneya)ayCabnþbnÞab;enaH )antRmg;eq<aHeTArkeKaledA
EtmYykñúgkarpøas;RTg;RTayRbeTskm<úCa eTACardæhVasuIsmYy tamn½yR)akdRbCarbs;Bakü5
KWfarbbmYyEdlelIktemáIgRbCaCati nigBUCsasn_rbs;xøÜn EdlGYtGMBIrdæaPi)alGtþaFibetyü Edl
RbmUlpþúMGMNacmkEtmYykEnøg edaymanemdwknaMeRbIGMNacpþac;karmñak;dwknaMEdldak;[manbTbBaØti
d¾twgruwgmYyxagEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© nigsgát;sgáineTAelIKNbkSRbqaMg.GñkTaMgBIr)anCYyCMruj
RTwsþIbnÞab;bnSMénlT§ihVasuIs k¾dUckarRbkan;BUCsasn_ nigkars¥b;ex<ImCnbreTs.
b:uEnþ bBaðaTaMgGs;enH)anelceLIg[eXIjenAkñúgry³eBléns®gÁamqñaM1970-1975.
KµanRkúmNamYyTTYlsÁal;edayecjmuxfa karRbRBwtþirbs;xøÜnEdlkan;EtsahaveLIg²enaH mankar
Rbkan;BUCsasn_CaRKwHeLIy. sm<½n§mitþGaemrikaMgrbs; ln; nl; )anRtÚveFVI[xVl;xVaycitþ edaysar
stVRkeBI s 163
{Pasasþab;min)an} rbs;Kat; EdlCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasnamñak; b:uEnþ BYkenaHBuMsUvCaeCOb:unµaneT
elIkElgEtGñkTTYlxusRtÚvneya)aymñak;eQµaH vIløIy:a hab‘Ín b:ueNÑaH. enAqñaM1972 Kat;)an
bBa¢ÚnTUrelxsm¶at;mYyeTARkúgv:asuInetan EdlmancMNgeCIgfa TsSn³Tak;TgeTAnwgsavtarFmµCati
rbs;mnusSsþIBI ln; nl; eday)anGFib,ayerobrab;BI\T§iBlEdl ln; nl; Føab;manlIRbCaCnExµr
nig)anTayTukCamunGMBbI BaðaepSg² Edl\T§Bi lTaMgenaHnwgbegátI [maneLIg RbkbedaylkçN³RtwmRtÚv
eTotpg ³
{ln; nl; CamnusSEdlyktameyabl;eK ¬eday\tBicarNa¦ munnwgkøayeTACamena
seBa©tnamYy KWmenaseBa©tnad¾RCaleRCA EdlKitmémBIPaBGn;fyCageKrbs;RbCaCnExµr cMeBaH
BYkevotNamenAEk,rxagBYkeK nigcMeBaHvNÑ³GñkCMnYjCaticin EdltamerOgeTvkfa)anbMPøW[dwgfa
CnCatiExµrCaGñkmanBUCBgStBIBYkGñkksagR)asaTesþcCMnan;edIm. edaybM)at;mnþGaKmGUmGam
rbs;xøÜnecal BYkeKGacnwgbUkbEnßmmenaseBa©tnaénemaTnPaBCatimYyeTAnwgn½yd¾RCaleRCA
Tak;TgnwgGtþsBaØaNCatisasn_mYykñúgcitþrbs;RbCaCny:ageRcInenH enAeBlEdlRtÚveR)as
ecalkñúg{tMbn;sVy½t}NamYy rebobCnCatirusSI [CakarniyaybBaäitbeBaäógeTArkGVIEdlBYkrusSúI
)anRbRBwtþeTAelIrdæeGsþúnI] kñúgépÞéncRkPBmYyrbs;evotNam ehIyEdlTn;exSayy:agxøaMg edIm,I
eFVI[eKsÁal;xøÜnkñúgkareFVIsBaä½ymYyenAbreTs6.
harb‘Ín BuM)andwgfa Cnkm<úCamñak;EdlsßitenARkúmmçageTot EdlRbQmmuxKñakñúgs®gÁamsuIvil
mYyEdlkMBugEtrIkFMeLIgenaHCa ln; nl; mñak;EdlKµancaM)ac;eRbImnþGaKmKafaeLIy. saLút s
cg;[RbeTskm<úCamanzan³naTIeBjc,ab;rbs;xøÜn EdlCaGñkTTYlmrtkBIraCaNacRkGgÁr mansPaB
rugerOgdUcedImeLIgvij nigeFVI[RbeTsCati)ans¥atbrisuT§cakputBI\T§iBlrbs;breTsTaMgRsug
dUcKña. ln; nl; nig saLút s suT§EtCalT§plénRbvtþisa®sþfµI²rbs;RbeTsTaMgBIrnak; b:uEnþ kñúgBak;
kNþalTIBIr énstvtSr_TI20b:ueNÑaH. lT§ikumµúynisþ)anbeBa©j[eXIjr)aMgmYybiT)aMgneya)ay
hVasuIs RbesIrCagBaküeRbónRbedArbs;RBHBuT§Cam©as;. saLút s)antubEtgKMnitepSg²rbs;Kat;
edayvaküs½BÞm:akSelnInEbøk² mkeFVICaLb;EL CaBiess KWTsSn³kñúgkarrMedaHCati. dUcbNþamit
þrbs;Kat;enARbeTscin nigevotNam saLút s enHecHerobsRmÜlRTwsþI{TMenIb nigEdlmanlkçN³
viTüasa®sþ} rbs;lT§im:akSelnIn edIm,Ipþl;nUvviBaØtþiFmµanurUbmYycMeBaH\riyabfRbkan;Catisasn_
EdlmanCab;taMgBIyUrmkehIy nigsm¥b;xagvb,Fm’. s®gamkñúg{karrMedaHCati}CaeRcIn )ancab;epþIm
mundMbUgKW RbqaMgnwgBYkmhaGMNacGaNaniKmGWr:ub ehIybnþRbqaMgnwgsRtÚvsYBUCEk,rxageTot.
vi)akepSg²mansPaBnaM[vinashinehacy:agxøaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa. kñúgry³eBlénkareFVI
s®gÁamrbs;eK saLút s nig ln; nl; )anecaTRbkan;KñaeTAvijeTAmkfa CaGay:gsuIQñÜl[mha
GMNacbreTsmYy ehIyGñkTaMgBIr)anepþImclnabM)at;Catisasn_ breTsy:agsahav edIm,Ibgðaj[
eXIjPaB {brisuT§} rbs;eK. s sÁal;citþBYkGñksþab;rbs;Kat; RKan;ebICag ln; nl; ehIydwgfa RbCa
ksikrCamnusSmanevTyitPaBCagvNÑ³KhbtI cMeBaHesckþIGMBavnav[CYykarBar nigeFVI[QamRBm
TaMgTwkdI)ans¥atbrisuT§. mü:ageTot bNþasm<½n§mitþrbs;Kat; KWRbeTscin nigevotNam k¾Rby½tñ
RbEyglak;)aMgnUvkarvivaTepSg² nigkarminTukcitþrbs;BYkeK rhUtdl;eBlEdl s TTYl)anC½yCmñH
EfmeTot.s)anbgðaj[eXIjenAeBlenHfakarTsSn_TayEpñkTI2rbs; harb‘Ín BitCaRtwmRtÚv Emn
³RbCaCnkm<úCaCaRbCaCnTn;exSayxøaMgNas;edIm,IeFVI[eKsÁal;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁammYyenARbeTs.k¾b:uEnþ
karBukrlYyrbs;evotNam manlkçN³pÞúynwgKMnitrbs;GaemrikaMgEdltamry³enaHfa RbCaCnExµr
mancMnYneRcInhYseBk enAeBlRtÚvelbRt)ak;edaycRkPBevotNammYy.
ln; nl; )ancab;jat;bMeBjkgT½Brbs;Kat;nUvmnusSEdlmanlkçN³dUcrUbKat;Edr CaBYk
mnusSEdlKµanTaMgkarbNþúHbNþalxagviC¢aCIv³eyaFa KµanTaMgedImkMeNItR)akdRbCaEdlRtÚvEtman
CacaM)ac; sRmab;eFVICapøÚvrbs;eKkñúgcMeNamRbCanCnsuIvilTaMgLay ehIyEdlCamnusSEdlbUCaxøÜn
TaMgRsugcMeBaHKat;.
b:unµanéf¶eRkayrdæRbhar ln; nl; )anTTYlkan;muxgarCaGñkdwknaMeFVIcm,aMg ehIymindMGk;
bgðaj[eXIjBIPaBxVHxatR)aCJaQøasévEpñkyuT§sa®sþrbs;Kat;eLIy. Kat;KitEteFVIy:agNa[
s®gÁamenHeTACabUCnIykic©RbqaMgnwgBYkTmiLCatievotNam nigkarebþCJarbs;Kat;kñúgkareFVI[kitiþs½BÞ
RbeTskm<úCa nigRBHBuT§sasnamansPaBdUcedImeLIgvijb:ueNÑaH. kñúgbNþaExdMbUg²énkarRbyuT§Kña
)anbNþal[manmhnþrayy:agxøaMg7 ehIykgT½Brbs;RkúgPñMeBj )anRtÚvvinas b¤e)aHbg;eTA[BYk
evotNamnUvkarRtÜtRtarbs;xøÜnCagBak;kNþalRbeTs. PUmiPaKxagekIt nig|san )anFøak;kñúg
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vamanbnþmknUvrebobeRbIl,ickl nigkarbeBaäatmYy rvagRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg nigsPa mYy
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tMNagGaemrikaMgRbcaMenARbeTskm<úCa RtÚv)ancat;TukCaGñkkan;GMNacpþac;karEdr BIeRBaHRkúgPñMeBj
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témø nigTMhMénkic©snüarbs;GaemrikaMgeLIy edaysabeRBaHedayectnanUvPaBminc,as;las;sþIBI
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RKb;RKgshkrN_enaH emdwknaMPUmiPaK -elxabkSRtÚv)anEtgtaMgedayKN³elxamCÄim- CaGñk
TTYlxusRtÚvelIkgT½B bkS nigRbCaCnsuIvilenAtMbn;rbs;eK. GñkTaMgenH TTYlbBa¢aepSg²BIKN³
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maK’aFM²TaMgenH nigmansiT§iGMNacy:agsemI,mmYy edIm,IseRmcQan[dl;eKaledATaMgLay
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suIvil k¾dUcsRmab;kgT½B CasMeLgbBa¢a nigkat;esckþI. kRmitmuxgarEdlenAcenøaHrvagemdwknaM
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cemøIyEdlnaMmkkñúgkMLúgeBlbIqñaM EdlmanCabnþmkeTot KWsMGagedayEpñkelIRbvtþerogxøÜn
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elxabkSTaMgenaH suT§EtmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIKña GMNacrbs;eKKWGaRs½yeTAtamsarsMxan;én
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bMNuleKeRcInelIslub. dUecñaHBYkeKsßitkñúgcMeNammnusScMNUlfµIdMbUgeKnigesµaHRtg;bMputrbs;
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k¾edaysarsñaédviesskñúgs®gÁamrbs;Kat;Edr. emdwknaMExµrRkhmmñak;)anelIktemáIgKat;CaRbePT
esþcNab:UeLGugtUcmñak; ³ CamnusSEdlvayb£kRkGWtRkeGagGYtek¥gk¥ag nigcitþRsal qab;xwg
RceLat ehIyEdlecHsßabnamUldæanénGMNacpÞal;rbs;Kat;)an. Kat;KWCamnusSEdlKµanecH
GaNitGasUrmñak;Edr ³ RbEhlCaenAcugbBa©b;éns®gÁam Kat;)an[eKeFVIXadKURbECgy:agsMxan;rbs;
Kat;BIrnak; edIm,IKat;)ankøayCaelxabkSPUmiPaK.
tamkareKarBrab;GanCaeRcIn eKyl;eXIjfa tam:uk CamnusSman {b£kBaqÁg} CagbNþaelxa
bkSPUmiPaKnana CamnusSEdlminsUvecHKitKUreTANaq¶ayeRkABIesckþIRtÚvkarpÞal;rbs;Kat; nig
PUmiPaKKat;eLIy. Kat;)ankarBary:agcecsnUvkareRCótERCkRKb;Ebby:agBImCÄim b¤BIPUmiPaKdéT
eTotmkelIEdndIrbs;Kat; EdleFVI[mnusSCaeRcInGak;Gn;citþCaxøaMg. Kat;CasmaCikfµImñak;kñúgcMeNam
smaCikfµI²bMputrbs;KN³elxamCÄimbkS ehIytaMgBIedImdMbUg Kat;)andak;xøÜnenAeRkACemøaH nigkar
XubXitKñabRmúgbMpøajGñkNamñak; EdlrIkraldalFMeLIg² enAeBlEdlmCÄimcab;epþImsgS½yGMBI
esckþIesµaHRtg;rbs;emdwknaMPUmiPaKxøH². eTaHbICaPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;CaPUmiPaKman\T§iBl manskþa
nuBlxagesdækic©eyaFaxøaMk¾eday k¾Kat;mankRmitneya)aymYyTabEdr ehIymCÄim)anvinicä½yBIrUb
Kat;fa BuMEmnCamnusSEdl[ekItmankar)armÖmñak; BuMEmnCabBaðamYy EdlTamTar[mankarykcitþTuk
dak;rbs;xøÜnCabnÞan;enaHeT TaMgk¾BuMEmnCa\sSrCnsMxan; Edls½kþsmnwgpþl;rgVan;mantémømYyEdr.
PUmiPaKbUBa’CaPUmiPaKTIBIr ebIKiteTAtamTMhMépÞdI nigRtÚvdwknaMeday esa Pwm EdlenAqñaM1975
CaGñkkan;muxtMENgmYyekokbMputnwgk,alm:asuIndwknaMRbeTs. EdndIrbs;Kat;latsn§wgcab;BIxag
ekItTenøemKgÁ EdlrYmmanTaMgGs; b¤edayEpñkbNþaextþCayuT§sa®sþepSg² dUcCa éRBEvg sVayerog
kMBg;cam nigRkecH. KWPUmiPaKenHehIy EdlBYkkumµúynisþevotNam)antaMg{TICRmk}y:ageRcIn
ehIyEdlshrdæGaemrik)anxMRbwgkemÞcbMpøajTaMgGs;sgÇwm KWenATIenHEdr EdleKeXIjmancmáar
ekAs‘Urab;muWnhikta Edlpþl;kéRmy:agRkas;ERkl nigCatMbn;plitRsUvd¾sMxan;bMput. b:uEnþ CaBiess
PUmiPaKbUBa’k¾CacMNucEdleFVI[TMnak;TMngExµr-evotNamqabeqHeLIg.
PUmiPaKbUBa’manRBMRbTl;Cab;nwg {EdndIkm<úCaeRkam} PaKxagt,ÚgevotNam EdlCakmµsiT§irbs;
raCaNacRkExµrkñúgry³eBlmYyy:agxøI. PUmiPaKnirtIk¾manRBMRbTl;mYyCab;CamYyEdndIkm<úCaeRkam
Edr b:uEnþ PUmiPaKenHsßitenAxaglicTenøemKgÁ CatMbn;EdlminsUvrgkaresAhµgedaykareFVIGenþa
Rbevsn_CaRbéBNIrbs;CnCatievotNamb:unµaneLIy. PaKxagekItTenøemKgÁ EdlsßitenAkñúgPUmiPaK
bUBa’ KWCacMNucsMxan;kñúgkarTak;TgrvagevotNam-km<úCarvagBYkkumµúynisþ nigminEmnkumµúynisþkñúg
eKaledAepSg²xagEpñkeyaFa neya)ay b¤BaNiC¢kmµ. KWCaGaNaExRtRBMEdn EdlmanCemøaH Tas;
ETgKña nigEdlrMeCIbrMCYlxøaMgCageK. taMgBICMnan;Edlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CMruj[BYkkumµúynisþ
evotNam TTYlsÁal;RBMEdnbc©úb,nñCafñÚrnwgshRbtibtþikarrbs;RBHGgÁ edIm,IRTRTg;s®gÁamrbs;eK
tMbn;enH )anRtÚvcat;TukCaEdndImYyEdlBYkevotNamnwgcUlmktaMgTIlMenAminxan ebIsinCaBYkeKman
»kas.
esa Pwm15 RtÚv)aneKsÁal;eRcIncMeBaHrebobedaHRsayd¾buinRbsb;rbs;Kat; CamYyBYk
evotNam edayminRbKl;bUrNPaBTwkdIkm<úCaeLIy. Kat;CaGñkbdivtþeCIgcas;mñak;enACMnan;s®gÁam
\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy dUc m:uk Edr b:uEnþ PaBdUcKñamanRtwmEtb:uNÑwg. Pwm ecHsEmþgecjnUvkarKµanGaNit
GasUrrbs;Kat; b:uEnþBuMEmndUc m:uk eT ehIyKat;CamnusSmanlkçN³QøasévCagelxabkSPUmiPaKnirtI
EdlCamnusS {manb£kBaqÁg} EfmeTot. Kat;RtÚv)anekatsresIry:agxøaMgkñúgbkS ehIyRtÚv)an
cat;Tuk CaGñkkan;vin½ymuWgm:at;CageK. bnÞab;BIsnñisIThSWENv Kat;)anseRmccitþeFVIdMeNIreTARbeTs
evotNamxageCIg b:uEnþKat;)anRtLb;mkvijeRkayBIrs;enAkñúgPaKxageCIgBIr-bIEx edIm,IerobcM
cat;EcgRkúmGñkbdivtþkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’[manskmµPaBeLIg.
Kat;Føab;)anTTYleCaKC½yy:agRKb;RKan;kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_1950 enAeBlRtÚv)aneRCIserIs
CasmaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimkñúg»kasmhasnñi)atqñaM1960. nasm½yRbCuMmYyenAqñaM1963
enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt RtÚv)aneRCIstaMgCaGKÁelxabkS Pwm k¾)anQaneLIgcUlkñúg KN³elxamCÄim
dUc b:ul Bt Edr. kalenaH Pwm )ankøayCaemGeNþIkd¾sMxan;mñak;kñúgkarTak;TgepSg² CamYyBYk
evotNam. mYyPaKFMénskmµPaBepSg²kñúgkarbNþúHbNþalbkçCn kgT½B nigTMnak;TMngTaMgLayrvag
BYkkumµúynisþénRbeTsTaMgBIr)anRtÚvsRmbsRmÜl tamry³PwmnigtMbn;rbs;Kat;TaMgGs;. PUmiPaK
bUBa’)ankøayeTACa {RckTVar} rbs;clnaTaMgBIr ehIyenAqñaM1969 enAeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu epþImkarvaylukrbs;RBHGgÁCaTUeTARbqaMgnwgBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCaenaH Pwm )anrt;ePosxøÜneTA
enAÉRbeTsevotNamÉeNH. Kat;)anRtLb;mkkm<úCavij bnÞab;BIrdæRbharqñaM1970. kñúgsm½y
s®gÁamPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;CaPUmiPaKdMbUgeK EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtaTaMgmUlrbs;BYkkumµúynisþ
km<úCa edaymankarCYy]btßmÖrbs;BYkevotNampg.
b:uEnþ Pwm CamnusSEdlGacEbrk,alRbqaMgnwgsm<½n§mitþcas;rbs;Kat; )anTaMgRsug. CaGñk
TTYlemIlxusRtÚvelIBYkkm<úCa EdlkMBugvilRtLb;cUlmatuRbeTsvij eRkayBIkarnireTsxøÜnd¾yUrmYy
enAevotNamxageCIg Kat;)anbeBa©j[eXIjsmancitþtictYcNas; taMgBIkarecjdMeNIrmk ehIy
)anyl;RBm[GñkTaMgenaHkan;tMENgepSg² eRkambgÁab;eKTaMgGs;. enATIbMput kñúgcMeNamenaH
manPaKeRcIn)anRtÚvKat;cab;XuMXaMgkñúg {CMrMGb;rMEkERbCafµI} EdltamkarBitCakEnøgEdlBYkeKRtÚv
)ansmøab;ecaleRkayBIkarCab;XMumYyry³mk. eK)anrYmbBa©Úl Pwm Ca{søabmçag} rbs;bkS Edl
yl;eXIjfa RbeTsevotNamGacCasm<½n§mitþd¾éføføamYykñúgry³eBleFVIs®gÁam b:uEnþ minRtÚvcUl
eRCótERCkkñúgkardwknaMrbs;bdivtþkm<úCaeT ehIyCaBiessminRtÚveRCóttamry³ {kmøaMgTIR)aM} Edl
CaBYkExµreTIbnwgvilRtLb;mkBIRkúghaNUyeLIy.
Ehm samin CaGñkmatuPUminivtþn_mñak;kñúgbNþaGñkmatuPUminivtþn_CatiExµrd¾kRmCaeRcIn Edl)an
rs;ran {BYkemdwknaMrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ )ansgát;bBa¢ak;mþgehIymþgeTotfa BYkeKeBjcitþNas;
Edl)an dwknaMeFVIkarRbyuT§ts‘UkñúgRbeTs>>> )ansÁal;nUvkarGt;Xøan nigkarxVHxatsBVEbby:ag
rYmsuxrYmTukçCamYyRbCaCn enAeBlEdleyIgTaMgGs;Kñart;eKcxøÜneTArs;enAkñúgRbeTsmYyepSg
eTotk¾eday16} {enHRKan;EtCasmþIcMGk CakarRbmafRtg;²b:ueNÑaH -karcab;fñak;RbqaMgnwgBYk
{k,alyYnxøÜnExµr}TaMgenH>>> eyIgBuMGacniyaytbt)aneT d,itGIeyIgdwgfa ebIeyIgeqøIytbteTAvij
cemøIyrbs;eyIg k¾dUcxøÜnBYkeyIgpÞal;Edr nigmanCIvitxøIminxan>>>. BYkeKGackemÞcBYkeyIg)anRKb;
eBlevla minfaeBléf¶ b¤k¾eBlyb;eLIy}.
esa Pwm CaGñkBinitüRtÜtRtaelIkarkab;smøab;minRtwmEtBYkmatuPUminivtþn_b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ
elIBYkCnCatiPaKtickan;sasnaGuIsøamkñúgPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;Edr eRBaHfa PUmiPaKenH )anpþl;TICRmk[
CnCaticamrs;enAy:ageRcIn EdlBuMEdldak;bBa©ÚlRbéBNIrbs;xøÜnkñúgsgÁmrbs;km<úCamþgNaesaH
eLIy ehIykñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyük¾enAEtG‘ÍcwgdEdl. karkm©at;rbs;Kat;elICnCaticam Edl
esÞIrEtrlayGs;TaMgRsugenaH KWCavKÁerOgmYykñúgcMeNamvKÁerOgEdlKYr[RBÜy)armÖrbs;kar
bdivtþ. samin GHGagfa {esa Pwm CamnusSmanlkçN³kacsahavEdlmannisS½yxags¥b;QñanIs
eKÉg. ebIsinCayuT§Cnmñak;eFVImin[Kat;TukcitþeT Kat;KµanrYjranwg)aj;smøab;GñkenaHecaleLIy}.
eK)andMNalfa Pwm )ansmøab;GñkebIkLan nigRKÚeBTüpÞal;rbs;Kat;ecal eRkayeBlcb;
s®gÁambnþic BIeRBaHGñkTaMgBIr)an{RbRBwtþGMeBIxusqÁg}epSg².
edayKat;)anTTYlTMnukTukcitþBIbkS ehIyedayKat;CaGñkdwknaMPUmiPaKsMxan;mYykñúgbNþa PUmi
PaKsMxan;²bMputenaH esa Pwm )anRbkan;CMhrÉkraCümYysþIBIbBaðamYycMnYnFMkñúgry³eBls®gÁam.
CaBiess Kat;)anerobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKgEbbpþl; {rgVan;} mYy edayGnuBaØat[RbCaksikrrkSaTukpl
mYyPaKFM Edlplit)anFM CaeKalkarN_EdlKat;cg;Tuk[mandEdlkñúgeBlEdl)ansnþiPaBehIy.
Kat;CaemT½Bd¾Gg;Gacekøóvkøa nigmuWgm:at;mñak; EdleKcat;cUlkñúgcMeNamGñk Edlkan;vin½yRtwmRtÚvCag
eKbMputrbs;RbeTsCati. Kat;)an[kgT½BTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;esøókBak;ÉksNæan BN’RbepH edIm,IeFVI
[xusEbøkBIBYkExµrRkhmepSgeTotEdlesøókBak;exaGavBN’exµACaRbéBNI. ¬BYknayTahan)andak;
smµitnam[kgT½BPUmiPaKbUBa’fa {BYktµatRbepH} ehIyehABYkExµrRkhmdéTeTotfa {BYkEk¥kexµA}¦.
kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’mancritkaceXareXAEmn b:uEnþ eKminsUvniyayBIerOgkab;smøab; RCúlhYs
ehtu b¤karcab;cgEdleFVIedayGMNaccitþpgeT fVIebICnCatiPaKticCaeRcIn nigBYkxµaMgsRtÚvBitR)akd
b¤RKan;Etsnµt; RtÚv)aneKkemÞcecalGs;sn§wksn§ab;k¾eday. esa Pwm kgT½B nigshkrN_TaMgGs;
rbs;Kat; )anelceLIgCaKMrUKYr[eBjcitþrbs;ExµrRkhmenAcugbBa©b;s®gÁam.
ehIy Pwm RtÚv)anpþl;rgVan;elIkTwkcitþ edayeKGnuBaØat[Kat;rkSaTukkgBlFMBIr kñúgcMnYnkgBl
FMTaMgbIrbs;Kat;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ ehIyRbKl;EtmYykgBlFMb:ueNÑaHeTA[mCÄim. Kat;k¾RtÚv)anEtg
taMgCaGnuRbFanKN³RbFanrdæ enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alRtÚveKbegáItenAqñaM1976. tamkarBit
Kat;)anTTYlcMENkKuNRbeyaCn_rbs;Kat; bnÞab;BIkarkm©at;elxabkSPUmiPaKmñak; EdlCaKURbECgrYc
mk. Pwm CamnusSCitsñiT§nwgRkúmmnusSd¾Gaf’kM)aMgbMputrbs;bkS CagbNþaelxabkSPUmiPaKÉeTot²
ehIy b:ul Bt TukcitþelIKat;sRmab;GUsTajPUmiPaKepSgeTotkñúgkic©RbwgERbgsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij
nigkarBarRbeTsTl;nwgBYkevotNam EdlsßitenAmçageTotCab;RBMEdnCamYyPUmiPaKbUBa’.
elxabkSPUmiPaKmYynak;eTot EdlmankitüanuPaBdUc Pwm Edr KW jwm rs; CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvelI
PUmiPaKBay½Bü. CakUnRbúsrbs;RKÜsarksikrRk Kat;Føab;)aneFVIkarvayRbyuT§kñúgkMLúgs®gÁam
\NÐÚcinelIkTImYyEdr. Kat;)aneTArYbrYmCamYyBYkExµr\sSr³ bnÞab;mk)ankøayxøÜnCaCnkumµúynisþ
eday)anrs;enACamYyBYk\sSr³ÉkraCTaMgLay Edl)aneFVI[PUmiPaKBay½BükøayeTACamUldæan
rbs;eKpg. Kat;)anerobcMcat;Ecg nigdwknaMPUmiPaKenHkñúgsm½ykald¾KYr[P½y)armÖCaeRcInqñaM.
sRmab;BYkkumµúynisþyl;fa tMbn;Bay½Bü )anEsþgeLIg[eXIjCatMbn;lM)akRKb;RKg -EdlminGac
KitTukCamun)an nigERbRbÜlmineTogTat;- b:uEnþmansarsMxan;kñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_TaMgmUl edayehtufa
dIERsTaMgGs;sm,ÚrCICatiNas;.
PUmiPaKenH BYkkumµúynisþminFøab;EdlykeFVICamUldæanbEg¥kmYyesaHeLIy b:uEnþ KWedaysar
RbCaksikrenAsMLÚténPUmiPaKBay½Bü egIbbHe)arRbqaMgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig ln; nl;
enAqñaM1967enaH ehIy EdlCMruj[BYkkumµúynisþdMeNIrkarts‘UedayGavuFkñúgkRmitxøaMgmYy17. b:uEnþ
RbCaCnTUTaMgtMbn;BuM)anedIrtamclnaEdlxøÜnbgáeLIgeT ehIyeBjry³eBléns®gÁamsuIvil PUmiPaK
Bay½BüehIy edayELkextþ)at;dMbg enAEtesµaHRtg;y:agbþÚrpþac;nwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrCanic©.
enAqñaM1975 BYkExµrRkhmenAEtBuMTan;seRmceCaKC½yerobcMbegáItRbB½n§shkrN_d¾rwgmaMmYy b¤
kgT½Bd¾xøaMgBUEk mYykñúgPUmiPaKenHenAeLIy. jwm rs; yuT§CneCIgcas; EdlKYr[eKarBekatxøacmñak;
RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaGnuRbFanTI2énKN³RbFanrdæeRkam esa Pwm mYyfñak;. eTaHCaeCaKC½yEdlTTYl
)ankñúgry³eBls®gÁammansþÜcesþIgy:agNak¾eday k¾PUmiPaKrbs; jwm rs; RtÚv)ancat;TukCatMbn;d¾
manskþanuBlrbs;km<úCabnÞab;BIsm½ys®gÁamEdr. munkarbdivtþ tMbn;enHCaCRgúkRsUvrbs;RbeTs
ehIyeKvaytémøfa enAeBlEdlbkSBRgIkkmøaMgRbCaCnrbs;xøÜnEfmeTot tMbn;enHnwgseRmc)an
lT§pll¥RbesIr CagPUmiPaKdéTeTotCaminxan. esckþIsgÇwmy:agmutmaMTaMgenHehIy EdlRbEhl
CanaMmknUvkarvinasrbs; jwm rs; enAeBleRkaymk.
kñúgry³eBls®gÁam elxabkSPUmiPaKBiess enACuMvijRkúgPñMeBj KW v:n ev:t EdlRtÚv)at;bg;
muxtMENgrbs;Kat;PøambnÞab;BIC½yCmñH enAeBlEdlKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimekþabkþab;karTTYlxusRtÚv
elIrdæFanI. enAsm½ys®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy v:n ev:t CanisSiteronenAPñMeBj ehIy)anrt;cUléRB
eFVIkarts‘U mYyqñaMmunTIbBa©b;énkarc,aMgKña. bnÞab;mk Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkraCFanIvij ehIyenATIbMput
Kat;)anTTYltMENgCaelxaKN³kmµaFikarbkSTIRkúgPñMeBj Edl b:ul Bt CaGñkbegáIteLIg. enAqñaM
1963 Kat;)aneLIgzan³cUlkñúgKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmk Kat;)aneTACamnusS
sMxan;mñak;kñúgcMeNamRkúm emdwknaMCan;x<s;mYyRkúmtUc. v:n ev:t )ancMNayeBlevlaeTAkñúgkar
RbyuT§y:agGg;GackøahanmYy b:uEnþ \t)ankar edIm,IkarBarExSbNþajkumµúynisþmYykñúgTIRkúgeRkay
qñaM1969 enAeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig ln; nl; edjtamcab;Pñak;garrbs;xøÜn nig)an
smøab;BYkenaH kNþalpøÚvGs;mYycMnYnFM. kñúgGMLúgs®gÁam Kat;)aneFVI[bkSmanesckþIeBjcitþCaxøaMg
ehIyeKRtÚvkar[Kat;sßitenAkñúgFanIbnþeTot edIm,IdwknaMkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarsþarRbeTsCatieLIgvij
ehIyenATIbMput Kat;)anTTYlbnÞúkemIlxusRtÚvxagEpñk]sSahkmµ nigEpñkesdækic©mYyPaKFMrbs;
RbeTs.
elxabkSPUmiPaKsMxan;²déTeTotkñúgry³eBls®gÁamKW kuy FYn emdwknaMPUmiPaK]tþr EdlKN³
kmµaFikarmCÄimFøab;manTIsñak;karrbs;xøÜnenATIenaH. CaGtItRKÚbeRgónenAextþkMBg;camPaKxagekIt
km<úCa Kat;CabBaØvnþecHdwgx<s;CageKkñúgcMeNamelxabkSPUmiPaKTaMgGs;. KWmuxcm¥wg eramcieBa©Ij
Ggáaj;enHehIy EdleKRbTHeXIjkñúgesovePAesþIgqñaM1972 EdlbgðajrUb b:ul Bt -kalenaHRtÚv
eKsÁal;eRkameQµaHfa saLút s- nig nYn Ca [BiPBelak)ansÁal;. RbEhledaysarEtKat;sßit
enAeRkamkarsegátBinitüy:agykcitþTukdak;CaerOy² BIsMNak;emdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkS nigeday
PUmiPaKrbs;Kat;GacRtÚvtamBinitü edayl¥itl¥n;CagPUmiPaKepSg²eTot kuy FYn )ankøayeTACa
emdwknaMPUmiPaKdMbUgbg¥s; EdleKeRCIserIsTukCamunkñúgzan³CasRtÚv.
EdndIrbs;Kat; )anRtÚvEbgEckrvagPUmiPaK]tþrfµImYy nigPUmiPaKkNþalmYy.kuy FYn RtÚv)an
ehAmkRkúgPñMeBjvij ehIycat;taMg[TTYlbnÞúkRksYgesdækic©Cati EdlCaParkic©lM)aksµúKsµaj
bMputmYy kñúgsPaBRCÜlRcbl;KYr[RBWxøac eRkayeBlEdlBYkExµrRkhmdeNþImGMNac)an ehIy
cab;epþImRtÚvkarBIRbCaCnnUvGVI²EdlKat;BuMGaceFVI)an.
hñwgehIy CaemdwknaMPUmiPaKsMxan;² enAeBlEdlRbeTsCatieRtómepþImeFVIkarbdivtþdMNak;
kalTIBIr. bNþaelxabkSPUmiPaKdéTeTot -Ek Bk énPUmiPaKkNþal Em:n san énPUmiPaK|san
eRkaymk kg cab kan;PUmiPaK]tþrfµI nig CU eCt kan;PUmiPaKfµI KWbs©im- )ansEmþgtYnaTIKaMRTepSg²
kñúgkarts‘UdeNþImGMNac EdlRbRBwtþeTAkñúgbNþaEx nigbNþaqñaMCabnþbnÞab;mkeTot.
eRkamemdwknaMTaMgenH manExµrRkhmpÞal;erog²xøÜn CaBYkburs nignarI EdlmYyPaKFM manedIm
kMeNItCaksikr nigmanbTBiesaFn_Ebøk²BIKña. GñkxøHmanb£sKl;ecjBIclnaTamTarÉkraCü Edl
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cas; BYkemdwknaM nigbNþa\sSrCnKYr[eKarBrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlcaj;s®gÁam. nagRbEhlCaRtÚv
cab;xøÜn eRBaHEterOgEdlekItmanedaymindwgxøÜnCahUrEhrmYy b:uEnþ vaTMngCamantictYcNas;Edlfa
narIepSgeTot)anBuHBarts‘UCamYynwgPaBsVitsVajmYyEbbenaH edIm,Irs;enACamYybþIrbs;xøÜn GacenA
rs;ranmanCIviteRkamrbbExµrRkhmNas;.
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dl;éf¶ExEdleK)aneRKagTukCamun eTIbykeTAkb;. eBlenaH mnusSmYyRkúmrbs;Bn§naKar )anyk
exµacTaMgenaHecjputBITIRkúg. Duc eRcInEteRCIserIséf¶ExEdlmanPaBCanimitþrUb edIm,IeFVIkarkb;exµac
TaMgenH dUcéf¶TI18 ExmIna qñaM1977 CaedIm CaxYbelIkTI7énkareFVIrdæRbharrbs; ln; nl; RbqaMgnwg
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. enAéf¶enH manmnusSRbmaNCagdb;nak;RtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚvkarfa søab;
edIm,Inwg[ Duc GacbMeBjreNþAmYy CarebobR)arB§BiFIbuNüxYbenaH. valM)aknwgeCOfa bu)öaNa enA
rs;CIvitenAeLIy enAéf¶Edl Duc carfa yuvnarImñak;EdleKsÁal;eRkameQµaHfa sIta Edt eTIbnwgRtÚv
kemÞcCapøÚvkar.
dMeNIrrbs;bgb¥ÚnRbúsRsI énRKÜsarRtkUl ém:

karbMpøajCIvPaBRKÜÜsar
RbCaCnkm<úCay:ageRcIn RbEhlGacRTaMRTnwgkarKMramkMEhgmkelIGayuCIvitrbs;xøÜn RbEhl

minsUvlM)akdUcCakarvayRbharrbs;karbdivtþn_ mkelI«Bukmþayrbs;xøÜneLIy.tamlkçN³vinicä½y
rbs;CnCatiGasuI CnCatiExµrCamnusSEdlCab;CMBak;citþnwgRKÜsarxøaMgCaTIbMput. R)akdNas; kar
CMBak;citþenH CaFatupSMbgáCakarKMramkMEhgy:agF¶n;F¶rcMeBaH {GgÁkar} ehIymtiENnaMesÞIrEtTaMgGs;
rbs;BYkkumµúynisþ )antRmg;eTArkkarrMlayRKÜsarecal tammeFüa)ayRKb;Ebby:ag. CMgW kar
briePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; b¤BUefArbs;eBCÄXat )ansmøab;y:agrgÁalRKÜsarTaMgLay munbdivtþ
minTan;begáItkmµviFIedayELktamRbePT edIm,IbMpøajTmøab;CaRbéBNIrbs;RKÜsarkm<úCaeTAeTot.
viFankarmYykñgú cMeNamviFankardMbgU ² sßti enARtg;lbu bM)at;kareRbIR)as;eQµaHrbs;RKÜsar.
eBjkMLúgkarbdivtþn_ RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;)aneRbIR)as;eQµaHEtmYyb:ueNÑaH CaTUeTA eRcInbMRBÜj
bktinamCaeKaRtnam bNþasmaCikrbs;bkS k¾RbDiteQµaHedayxøÜnÉgEtmYym:at;Edr CaTUeTA
eRcInEtÉkBüagÁeTot dUcCa kmµaPi)al hYt lIsuIfa eTACa s>m Edt CaedIm. k¾b:uEnþ GtItFnaKarik muI
kumÖÚtRKan;EtbMRBÜjbktinam ¬eQµaHkMeNIt¦ rbs;Kat;[xøIedayehARtwm pUt b:ueNÑaH.
karlubbM)at;RKÜsar EdlCaekasikasMxan;rbs;sgÁm )anbgá[manviFankarsMxan;mYyepSg
eTot. eRkABIkarerobcMRbCaCnCabIRbePTRsbtamc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ -kmµkr ksikr nigkgT½B- BYkExµr
Rkhm)anerobcM[manRbePT sib,nimµitepSg²eTot edaybegáItCaRbB½n§vNÑ³fµImYy KµanRsbtam
RTwsþIesaH EdléltamRKÜsaredayniyayfaCaRKÜsarminBit. RbePTTaMgenH RtÚvkMNt;GtþsBaØaN
nig\riyabfc,as;las;CafµI RtÚvCRmúHecalkarCMBak;citþnwgRKÜsar CMnYsedaykaresµaHRtg;cMeBaH
bdivtþn_vij b¤y:agehac BYkExµrRkhmnwgsgÇwmdUecñH.
karEbgEckdMbUgEdleKdak;[Gnuvtþ)anEjk {BYkGñkcas;} edayELkBI {BYkGñkfµI}. {BYkGñk
cas;} KWBYkGñkEdlFøab;rs;enAtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgeBlmans®gÁam nigCaGñkEdlFøab;rYm
cMENkCYydl;karbdivtþn_. eKehABYkenHfa{BYkmUldæan}eyaleTAtamkarrs;enArbs;GñkTaMgenHkñúg
mUldæannanaenAsm½ys®gÁam nigeyaleTAtamvNÑ³edImrbs;BYkeKpg ³ PaBcUlrYmrbs;eKnwgvNÑ³
kmµkr nigksikr KWkñúgnamGñkTaMgenHehIyEdlBYkkumµúynisþerobcMeFVIbdivtþenaH. {BYkGñkfIµ} KWGñkTaMg
LayEdlFøab;rs;enAxagEb:kmçageTotkñúgry³eBls®gÁam ehIysRmab;BYkenH yl;fabdivtþn_ nig
KMnitrevIrvayrbs;ExµrRkhmsuT§EtCarbs;fµITaMgRsug. CaerOy² eKeRcInsmÁal;GñkTaMgBIrenH eday
sarExéf¶EdleK)andak;[ KW{BYkGñkcas;} eKehA{BYk18mIna}Caéf¶ ln; nl; eFVIrdæRbharTmøak;semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu. {BYkGñkfµI} eKehA{BYk17emsa} Caéf¶EdlBYkExµrRkhmTTYlC½yCmñH.
lkçN³kt;smÁal;enH EdlmanRbCaRbiyenAeBldMbUg² RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚleTAkñúgPasaKMrUrbs;
bkS. ehIy{BYkGñkcas;} )anseRmccitþBuHBarmYyCMhaneTAmuxeTot. BYkeKdwgxøÜnfaRtÚveFVI[)armÖ
nigRTaMRTmin)anedaydwgc,as;fa {BYkGñkfµI}cUlmkkuHkrkñúgtMbn;TaMgLayrbs;BYkeK enATIbBa©b;én
s®gÁamminxan. bkS)anRbKl;Parkic©[TTYlxusRtÚvrwtEteRcInCagmun EdlBYkeKmincg;)anTal;Et
esaH eRBaHKµanpþl;[eKnUvmeFüa)aycaM)ac; TaMgk¾min[rgVan;sRmab;Parkic©fµI²rbs;BYkeKpg. {BYk
Gñkcas;} seRmccitþsEmþg[eXIjnUv {citþbuNü} Etmü:agb:ueNÑaH edayRsuHRsYlpþl;[{BYkGñkfµI}
nUvkEnøgsmlµmsRmab;edkBYn mðÚbGaharbgÁÜr edIm,IRKan;nwg[rs;sin. RbFanshkrN_mYyenA
PUmiPaKnirtI)anniyayfa {enAeBlEdlBYkTaMgenaHeTIbmkBIPñMeBj KWBYkeKKµanykGVImkCab;nwgxøÜn
TaMgGs; BYkeKKµanecHeFVIGVIeT eyIgetagEtbeRgónBYkeK[ecHsÞÚg nigRcÚtRsUveTot eyIgCaGñk;pÁt;pÁg;
[BYkeKRKb;Ebby:ag. enAqñaMdMbUg BYkenHKµanecHeFVIGVI[)anRtwmRtÚvesaH17}.
enAqñaM1975 minTan;manmtiENnaMfµI²EdlmanlkçN³BiesstamRbePTeT. bkSsgÇwmelI
{BYkGñkcas;} edIm,ICYyeRsacRsg;sßankarN_ ehIyplitmanplelIsmYyCaFmµtaenAcugqñaM.
{BYkGñkcas;})aneqøótTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIrdæaPi)alenHtamkaryl;RBm edIm,IbegáItzananuRkm
fµImYyenAshkrN_ edaydak;[BYkeKeFVICaRbFandwknaM edaykarBarnUvÉksiT§iepSg²rbs;BYkeK ¬RBm
TaMgRTBüsm,tþipg¦ ehIycat;Tuk{BYkGñkfµI}enAfñak;eRkambMput.
edaybEnßmParkic©[shkrN_cat;EcgbBa©ÚlmnusScUlbkS BYkGñkcas;)anTTYlsiT§ikñúgkar
seRmc BYkNamYyEdlnwgGackøayeTACasmaCikshkrN_18. dUcKñaEdrBYkeK)anbegáItRbePT
epSg²edaycmøgtamRbePTepSg²rbs;bkS edIm,IEbgEckBYkGñkfµI EdleTIbmkdl;. enAfñak;eRkam
bg¥s; KWmanRbePTmnusS{beBaØI}. PaKeRcInén {BYkGñkfµI} )anTTYlkRmitenHÉg Edlmann½yfa eK
RtÚvEtsRmbxøÜnTTYlyk edayxitxMbeBa©jsmtßPaB nigxMRbwgERbgeFVIkar[eBjTMhwgEfmeTot
ehIyhUbbnþicbnþÜc.
bnÞab;mkeTot KWRbePT {smaCikeRtóm}. man{BYkGñkfµI}tictYcNas; EdlQaneLIgPøam²
dl;kRmitenH EdlGnuBaØat[eKmansiT§icUlrYmkñúgkarcat;Ecgkic©karxøH enAk,alm:asuIndwknaMsh-
krN_ nigTTYl)annUv]bkrN_eRbIR)as;l¥² RBmTaMgmðÜbGaharkan;EteRcInCagmun. eKRBmsRmÜl
edaygaybMput cMeBaHerOgEdlekItmanBIkarminTukcitþ ebIsinCaBYkeKeFVImin)anseRmckñúgkic©kar
rbs;xøÜn BYkGtItGñkFak;suIkøÚ RbCaksikrRkIRketaky:ak EdlePosxøÜneTAenAPñMeBjkalBIsm½y
s®gÁam nigBYkGñkRkIRk enATIRkúgnana manP½BVsMNagRtÚv)aneKGnuBaØat[cUlkñúgRbePT {smaCik
eRtóm} enHeRcInCageK.
RbePTx<s;CageK KWRbePTsmaCikeBjsiT§i Edl{BYkGñkcas;}rg;caM»kasyUrmkehIy BIeRBaH
RbePTenHpþl;[eKmansiTi§EbgEckes,ógGahar smÖareRbIR)as; TICRmk semøókbMBak; nig]bkrN_
epSg²eTot. manEtBYkGñkeBjsiT§ib:ueNÑaH EdlCaGñkkMNt;neya)ayrbs;shkrN_ EbgEck
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epSg² EdlmanÉksiT§. BYkeKk¾CaGñkcat;taMgkumarakumarI BYkGñkenAlIv TaMgburs nignarI edIm,IbBa¢Ún
eTAeFVIkarkñúgkgkargarEdr. enATIbMputBYkeKCaGñkkat;esckþI b¤eFVICMnYseK. BYkemdwknaMshkrN_
Etgsþab;smþIniyayrbs;BYkeK enAeBlEdleKraykarN_BIb£kBaRbtikiriyaBIkarPaBb:kelVIykñúgkar
gar nigTmøab;GaRkk;epSg²eTot EdleKsmÁal;eXIjEbbenH b¤EbbenaH. BYkGñkeBjsiT§iCaGñkcaM
tamdan CaecARkm nigCaTIRbwkSatulakar. BYkeKCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvxagbBaðasnþisuxEfmeTot
ehIyesckþIraykarN_TaMgGM)alm:anrbs;BYkeK Edl[karN_BIkarRbRBwtþminesµaHRtg;rbs;GñkNa
mñak; GacnaMeTArkkarcab;xøÜndak;Kuk nigesckþIsøab;)an.
tamBYkExµrRkhmfa bu)öaNa )anTak;TajcitþBYkemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;nagedayEpñk² BIeRBaH
karQaneLIgPøam²rbs;nageTAdl;kRmitCaRbBn§kmµaPi)al nigCakUnRbsaRsIénRKÜsar{BYkGñk
cas;}mYyenaH )anGnuBaØat[nagelatepøaHBIelIRbePT EbgEckTaMgGs; nigmanÉksiT§iepSg²Ca
smaCikeBjsiT§imñak;TaMgRsug EdlnagminsikþsmnwgTTYl)andUecñHesaH.
muneTAdl;shkrN_mYy munGacesñIsuMcUlCasmaCikshkrN_enaH {BYkGñkfµI} )anRtÚvsRmit
sRmaMgeRCIsedaykgT½B nigBYksnþisuxExµrRkhmEdldak;TItaMgRbcaMkarenAtampøÚvrYcCaeRsc. BYk
ExµrRkhmTaMgenH )aneFVIkarsRmaMgmYyedayQrelImUldæanlkçN³vinicä½yepSg²eTot EdlkMNt;
edayc,as;las;enAExemsa qñaM1975. BYkeK)anRsavRCavrksRtÚvvNÑ³BitR)akdrbs;kar
bdivtþn_ KW{sRtÚvyuT§sa®sþTaMgbI 19} EdlGacbgákarKMramkMEhgCabnþbnÞab; cMeBaHkarbdivtþn_xøaMg
CageK ³ BYkcRkBtþi BYkskþiPUmi nignayTunkuMR)ad½r. RbePTsRtÚvTaMgenH nigkareRbIR)as;Bakü
{yuT§sa®sþ} suT§EtTTYldMENlBIBYkkumµúynisþcin b:uEnþ BYkkm<úCa)ankMNt;Gtßn½ymYyTn;Pøn;Cag
nigminsUvc,as;las;Cag{RKÚedIm}eTAeTot.
{cRkBtþiniym} KWGVI²TaMgGs;EdleKcat;TukfaCatidéT GaNikCnevotNam CYnkalcin cam
kan;sasnaGuIsøam nigCatisasn_breTs d¾kRmmandéTeTot EdlkunxøÚnkñúgbdivtþ -CaTUeTA eRcInEtGñk
manQamC½rCa\NÐa. PasabreTs dUcCa )araMg Gg;eKøs evotNam nigcin RtÚvhamXat;. sasna
epSg² semøókbMBak;breTs KWGIV²TaMgGs;EdlmanlkçN³Cavb,Fm’breTs rYmTaMgesovePACaPasa
Gg;eKøs b¤)araMg k¾RtÚvhammin[manEdr eRBaHeKvinicä½yfaCarbs;{BYkcRkBtþi}.
BYk{skþiPUmi} KWBYkGñkEdlman\T§iBl niGñkTaMgLayEdlkan;GMNacénrbbsgÁmcas; -rbs;
EdlminGaccab;yk)anenHehIy EdlBYkkumµúynisþxMRsavRCavTaMgGs;sgÇwmenaH. RBHsgÇ bBaØvnþ
buKÁlikrdækar CaBiess BYkGPiCnRtÚveKcat;Tukfa suT§EtRtÚvcat;TukCaBYkskþiPUmi. KWkñúgnaménkar
rMlMrbbskþiPUmi EdlBYkExµrRkhm)anvaykemÞcRKwHBIrrbs;sgÁmkm<úCa KWraCaFibetyü nigRBHsgÇ
tMNagsasnaRBHBuT§.
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EdlmanRTBüsm,tþieRcIn nigkan;kab;elIePaKRTBüTaMgGs;rbs;RbeTs. cMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCayl;fa
RbePTenHmansmasPaBmYyPaKFMCaGaNikCncin -vamanmUlehtumYykñúgcMeNammUlehtuepSg²
EdlBYkcinTaMgenH BuMRtÚv)aneKcat;Tukfa {BYkcRkBtþi} Canic©enaH. sm¥b;y:ageRCArbs;CnCatiExµr
cMeBaHBYkGñkekgRbv½Ba©Caticin )ankeRmIkrMeBIkeLIgkñúgry³eBleRkays®gÁamenHÉg. CnCaticin
CaeRcIn )anRtÚvsmøab;y:agrgÁalPøam²GñkdéTeTotEdleKcrYcBIkarcRmaj;elIkdMbUg enAeBlecjBI
TIRkúgPñMeBj )ansßitenAeRkamkarKMramsmøab;Cab;CaRbcaMEdr BIeRBaHBYkeKCacMENkmYyénBUCsasn_
PaKticmYy b¤vNÑ³nayTunkuMR)ad½r. manEtkarcgsm<½n§PaBd¾CitsñiT§CamYyRkúgeb:kaMgmü:agb:ueNÑaH
EdlmineFVI[BYKcinvinasBIkarkm©at;ecalTaMgRsugmYy dUckarkm©at;RBHsgÇ b¤BYKcamkan;sasna
GuIsøam.
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CafñÚrmkvij {BYkmUldæan} TMngCaesñI[bkSyl;RBmBIRbePTsRtÚvTaMgbIenH edIm,IRsYlkt;smÁal;
smaCikTaMgLayenAtamshkrN_.
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TaMgGs;min[kMNt;vNÑ³xøÜneRkABIvNÑ³ksikreLIy. tamTsSn³BYkeKyl;fa RbeTskm<úCaRtÚvEt
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begáInplitpl]sSahkmµ[kan;EteRcInEfmeTot. dUecñH eKRtÚvkarEtBYkmµkr nigksikrb:ueNÑaH ehIy
BaküesøakEdlBYkExµrRkhmRtÚvcitþCageK KW{KµankargarGVIRbesIréføføaCagkardaMRsUveLIy}.
fVIt,itEtsarsMxan;EdleKpþl;eTAelIeKalkarN_epSg² nigkarEbgEckRbePTRbCaCnTaMgenaH
k¾eday k¾qñaMdMbUgenaHmansPaBRcbUkRcbl;BitR)akdEmn. {BYkGñkfµI} )anepþImeFVIbdivtþn_dUcCaGñk
edIrpSgeRBgkñúgvalrehazan EdlpøÚvRtÚvedIrnigeCaKvasnarbs;eK EtgERbRbÜleTAtamstiGarmµN_
rbs;RbCaCntamtMbn;EdlBYkeKRtÚvcUleTArs;enAEdr. GñkxøH rk)anTIkEnøgmYysRmab;xøÜnPøam²
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nig»BukmþayEdlsøab;edayRKab;kaMePøIgrbs;BYkeBCÄXat b¤søab;kñúgry³eBlénkarCemøósecjBIpÞH
sEm,g. GñkxøHeTot yk)anmktamxøÜnnUvGgár nigmasR)ak;bnþuicbnþÜcEdleFVI[eKrs;enA)aneday
gayRsYlkñúgbNþaExdMbUg². GñkxøHRtÚveKTTYl[sñak;enATaMgesaHGegÁIy RtÚveKeFVITaruNkmµcMeBaH
kMhusTaMgLay EdleK)aneFVIxuskñúgkarhat;eroneFVIERscmáar GñkxøHeTot RtÚv)anTTYlsVaKmn_y:ag
RbesIr BIeRBaHBYkeKecHBüa)alGñkCMgW b¤ecHkan;bBa¢Ikt;RtaepSg².
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manGMNacCagRKwHNa²TaMgGs;. bTbBa¢a[hUb)ayrYmCMnYskarhUb)aytamRKÜsar bTbBa¢a[
bBa¢ÚnekµgCMTg;eTArs;enAkEnøgedkrYmepSgedayELkBIBYkekµgRsI² nigkMNt;[RKÜsarnImYy²man
enAEt«Bukmþay nigekµg²EdlmanGayuticCagR)aMmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH. edayminTuk[mancMNgTak;Tgkñúg
RKÜsarteTAeTot eKk¾eqøótTajykplRbeyaCn_)anBIerOgenHEdr. eKjúHjg;[ekµg²ykkarN_BI
«BukmþayÉg. enAeBlEdlGñkNamñak;RtÚvkat;eTasRbharCIvit eKeRcInEtcab; nigsmøab;smaCik
RKÜsarenaHTaMgmUl.
enHCaRbvtþiRKÜsarkm<úCamYy EdlRtÚvnirasRBat;R)as; kñúgkMLúgPaKerOgmYyénbNþaPaKeRcIn
d¾eRkómRkMexøacpSabMputrbs;karbdivtþn_ -karCemøóselIkTIBIr nigkare)assm¥atrbs;PUmiPaK
Bay½Bü- ehIyGñkEdlenAmanCIvitrs;tmkeTot manminsUveRcInEmn b:uEnþ CaGñkRbkbedaykar
ebþCJacitþmYyx<s;bMput.
BIExkBaØadl;Exvicäuika qñaM1975 mCÄim)anecjbBa¢afa RbCaCnkm<úCarab;Ban;mWunnak; Edl
beNþjecjBIRkúgPñMeBjkalBIeBlCemøósenAExemsa RtÚvpøas;TIkEnøgrs;enAmþgeTot elIkenHKW
ecjBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAtMbn;epSgeTot CaBiesseTAPUmiPaKBay½Bü. tam:uk elxabkSkPaKnrtI)an
t¥ÚjEt¥rfa PUmiPaKrbs;Kat;manRbCaCneRcInhYscMNuH ehIyKN³mCÄwmbkS)anKitbRmúgEpnkar
EdlmaneKalbMNgeRcInenAeBlEtmYy sRmab;PUmiPaKBay½BüEdr.
mCÄimR)afñabegáItPaBrugerOgénraCaNacRkGgÁrenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHeLIgvij. rUbR)asaTGgÁr
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emdwknaMPUmiPaKnirtIpg nigBay½Büpg.
karcakecjTaMghVÚgTaMghVayenAelIkTIBIrenH mansPaBerobcMmin)anl¥dUcCaelIkTImYyEdr.
mnusSrab;rynak;)ansøab;enAtampøÚv. CafµImþgeTot BYkExµrRkhm)anlak;min[RbCaCndwgBIeKaledA
BitR)akdénkareFVIdMeNIrenHeLIy. BYkkmµaPi)alExµrRkhm)anniyayR)ab;{BYkGñkfµI}fa BYkeKRtÚv
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PaKnirtI ehIysµ½RKcitþcakecjeTAPaKxageCIg EdlCakEnøgxVHxates,ógGahar nigTICRmktictYc.
kñúgextþtaEkv PaKxagekItPUmiPaKnirtI ®sþICYyEfTaMGñkCMgWmñak; GayuémÖBIrqñaM eQµaH ém: suIsUpa
)ansµ½RKcitþCamYybþI nigkUn²rbs;nageFVIdMeNIreTA)at;dMbgEdrkñúgRkbx½NÐénkarCemøóselIkTIBIr
enH. nagCasmCikRKÜsarmYy26manbgb¥ÚnRbús-RsIcMnYnR)aMbYnnak; KWmnusSeBjv½yR)aMmYynak;
nigekµg²bInak;. mþaynagminEdleXIjvilmkvijesaHbnÞab;BIkareFVIdMeNIrmYyeTAbreTs munkar
bBa©b;eTAéns®gÁam. «Bukrbs;nag)anRtÚvBYkExµrRkhmsmøab;enAExmifuna. Kat;CaRKÚeBTüenAPñMeBj
nigFøab;cat;EcgerobcMkarecjdMeNIrrbs;RKÜsarKat;enAeBlmankarCemøóselIkTImYy. RKÜsarém:
)anedIrGs;ry³eBlBIrEx munnwg)antaMglMenAkñúgshkrN_mYyrbs;extþtaEkv. db;éf¶eRkay
EdlBYkeKRtÚv)anTTYlyl;RBm[rs;enAkñúgPUmienH manmnusSbYnnak;)anmkbgðajxøÜnenApÞHrbs;eK
ehIyesñIyk«BukeKeTA)at;.
suIsUpa )andMNalfa {BYkeyIgFøab;niyayR)ab;eKfa eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaGñkRkIRkeT b:uEnþýl;
faQñÜlRsIrbs;eyIgc,as;CaniyayBIRKÜsareyIgR)ab;eKminxan. GñkTaMgbYnnak;enaH )anR)ab;
eyIgfa eKnaM«Bukrbs;eyIgeTAmNÐlGb;rMEkERbmYy nigeFVIkarenAkñúgéRBEtBIr b¤bIéf¶b:ueNÑaH}.
«Buk)anniyayR)abkUn²fa kuMRbqaMgCMTas;nwgeK ehIy)ancakecjeTAedaymanCnRbdab;
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eFVITaruNkmµrhUtdl;søab;eTAehIy.
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RKÜsarém: )anrs;enAbnþmkeTotedaykaredaHRsayes,ógGaharrebobpSarggwtenAkñúgPUmienH.
shkrN_hak;dUcCaGnueRKaHcMeBaHBYkeKEdr. CYnkal eKRbKl;kic©kard¾enOylM)akmYy[eFVIenAÉ
ERs CYnkaleBlevlaeRcInéf¶)anknøgputeTA edayeKKµanpþl;bTbBa¢amYy[eFVIeLIy. BYkeKRtÚvdak;
[rs;enAdac;ELkBI {BYkmUldæan} edayminEdlRtÚvbBa©Úl[eTArs;kñúgPUmi b¤rcnasm<½n§epSg²rbs;
shkrN_esaHeLIy. BYkkmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhm k¾rs;enAeRkAPUmidUcBYkeKEdr b:uEnþ BYkenaH
rs;enAkñúgpÞHl¥² edaymanmðÚbGahar nigfñaMeBTüsm,ÚrhUrehor.
enAeBlEdlshkrN_ebIkeFVIkarRbCuMFMmYy edIm,IsaksYrrkBYkGñksµ½RKcitþeTArs;enAPUmiPaK
Bay½Bü KWeKTukcitþeTAelI {BYkGñkfµI} y:agc,as;sRmab;[elIkéd. smaCikeBjv½yrbs;RKÜsarém:
rYmmanyuvkBaØaviTüal½ymñak;Gayudb;R)aMqñaM kUnePøaHBIrnak;Gayudb;R)aMBIrqñaM EdleronsURtcb;mFüm
sikSa nisSiteBTümñak;Gayudb;R)aMbYnqñaM suIsUpa nigbþIrbs;nag RBmTaMgRsImñak;eTotGayuémÖR)aMmYyqñaM
nigbþIrbs;nag. kñúgenaHmanEfmkUnR)aMmYynak;eTot. enACMnan;enaH PaBminc,as;kñúgcitþrbs;mnusS
mñak;² KWmanlkçN³dUcKña. BYkeK)ancakecjBIsm½yRbCuMCamYynwgGarmµN_xus²Kña sþIBIkareFVI
dMeNIrEdlmanenAeBlxagmux. suIsUpa Kitfa BYkExµrRkhmnwgdwkykBYkeKeTAPñMeBj kñúgeBlPøamenH
bu)öa kUnePøaHmñak;kñúgcMeNamkUnePøaHTaMgBIreCOCak;fa mundMbUgBYkeKnwgeTAkan;extþ)at;dMbgkñúgPUmiPaK
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eBlyb;BYkeK)annaMKñaerobcMGIv:an;ehIyeRkaktaMgBIRBlwmRsag² GnÞHGEnÞgcg;cakecjBIPUmiPaK
nirtIPøam². LankamIj:úgRbmaNCaémÖeRKÓg)anmkdl; BYkkgT½B)andkhUtbegVcexaGavBIGñkTaMg
enaHEdlBYkeKs<ayCab;nwgxøÜn bnÞab;mkeTIbGnuBaØat[eLIgCiHLan RbeRCótKñaeLIgENnkþn; dUceK
dak;RCÚknaMykeTAlk;ÉTIpSarEdr. k¾b:uEnþ RKÜsarém: BuMman)at;bg;esckþIkøahaneLIy. épÞemX man
sPaBRsLHl¥Nas; KWCardUvekþAhYtEhg ehIykareFVIdMeNIrenHnwgnaMykBYkeKeTAhYsq¶ayBIzannrk
eTAeTot.
rfynþTaMgenaH)anebIkmkdl;PñMeBjenAeBlresol. RKÜsarém: )anemIleXIjTIRkúgkMeNIt
rbs;eKmþgeTotCaelIkdMbUgbg¥s; taMgBIeBlEdlkarPan;ERbrbs;karbdivtþn_cab;epþImemø:H. b:uEnþ \LÚv
enH eXIjmankgT½B nigkmµaPi)alesøókBak;exaGavBN’exµA rs;enABaseBj. BYkeKnaMKñasmøwgemIl
kILadæanGULaMBicBIcm¶ay bnÞab;mk rfynþ)anbegáInel,ÓncakecjBITIRkúg sMedAeTATisxageCIgEt
mþg. GñkTaMgLayEdlFøab;eCOfa BYkeKc,as;Ca)anRtLb;cUlPñMeBjvijenaH )ancab;epþImRBÜy)armÖ
kñúgcitþ. suIsUpa )anerobrab;fa {mnusSenAelILanTaMgGs;)ansaksYrKñaBIbBaðaepSg² etIeKnaMyk
BYkeyIgeTANa? eKykeyIgeTAsmøab;ecalb¤? ´KµandwgerOgGVITaMgGs; ehIy´seRmckñúgcitþfa
erOgenHvaKµanGVICasMxan;eLIy. b¥ÚnRbúséQµaH sUem:t enAes¶ómKµanniyaysþImYym:at;. minyUr
b:unµan GñkTaMgenaHk¾enAes¶óms¶at;Elgmat;k eRBaHvaKµanGVIsRmab;niyay}.
eKBuMEmnykGñkTaMgenaHeTAsmøab;ecaleT. bnÞab;BIkareFVIdMeNIrGs;ry³mYyéf¶knøH edayKµan
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bnÞab; eK[BYkenaHedIrrhUtdl;XøaMgTuksmÖar³Gysµ½yyanexteBaFisat; CaTIEdlBYkeK)anCYbnwg
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suT§Et {BYkGñkfµI} ehIyRtÚv)aneKedaHRsaydUcBYkGñkmkdl;munEdr. Gacm_mnusSmanenArayEt
BIsEtBas nigmanstVmUseRcIn\tKNna. BuMmanGVIRKan;ebIsRmab;hUbeT ehIyk¾KµankEnøgsRmab;
TeRmtxøÜnEdr BuMmanTwkpwk[RKb;RKan; edayminTan;Kitdl;TwksRmab;muCpg.
kñúgGgÁRbCuMenAshkrN_ eKKµanniyayR)ab;BImUlehtuEdleKesñI[GñkTaMgenaHeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;
PUmiPaKBay½BüeT. eKk¾mindwgfa mCÄimmaneKaledAd¾FMeFgkñúgkarepÞr {BYkGñkfµI} rab;Ban;nak;[eTA
rs;enAtamdIvalEdlminsUvmanmnusSrbs;PUmiPaKBay½BüEdr. BYkeKenAsÁal;bkSEteRkameQµaH
{GgÁkar}b:ueNÑaH ehIyKµanyl;BImhicätad¾sem,ImhYsehturbs;bkSbnþicesaHeLIy. tamkaryk
citþTukdak;CaeRcIn kareFVIdMeNIrelIkTIBIr enHmansPaBlM)akxøaMgCagkalBIeBlCemøósecjBITIRkúg
PñMeBjeTAeTot.taMgBIenaHmkry³eBLCaeRcInExknøgeTA{BYkGñkfµI})ancuHfmfykmøaMg ehIymanTwk
citþRTaMRTnwgPaBxkbMNgepSg²eTotehIy.
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cMGñkbeRmIkargares,ógmYyRkúmsRmab;EckcayrbbcugGgárerogral;bIéf¶mþg. saksBmnusSman
enArayEtBaskñúgCMrM køinGaesacénGacm_mnusS nistVVBahN³ )aneFVI[GñkenATIenaHRTaMRTswgBuM)an.
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kMBugQrBImuxTUrfePøIgnana )anehAeQµaHBYkGñkCemøós[eLIgrfePøIgmþgmYy². kalebIdl;evnrbs;
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TTYlxusRtÚvTUenaHRbkasfa TUenHeBjENnGs;ehIy edayraraMgbgRsIc,g bþI nigkUn²rbs;Kat;min[
eLIgCiHeLIy ehIybBa¢a[BYkeKrg;caMrfePøIgeRkayeTot. KµankarGgVrkNamYy GacjúaMg[GñkTTYl
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beBaäHm:asuInecjdMeNIr bgRsIc,g)anelIkédCasBaØalabgb¥Únrbs;Kat; EdlrUbnagRtÚvRBat;R)as
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cMeNamlkçN³smÁal;TaMgLayrbs;karbdivtþn_. BYkExµrRkhm)aneRbIR)as;karCemøós mnusSTaMg
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{BYkGñkfµI} CavNÑ³Taskr EdleKGacdwknaMeRscEtcitþ EdlcaM)ac;cMeBaHsgÁmnana EdlkMBuge)aH
CMhancUleTAkñúgdMNak;kalTImYyénTMenIbkmµrbs;eK. karpøas;RbCaCnBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy k¾
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nUveRKaHfñak;mYykñúgtMbn;kMeNItrbs;eK. karCemøósRbCaCnecjBIRkúgPñMeBj RtÚv)anerobcMeLIg
sRmab;ehtuplmü:ag²enaHÉg.
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mþayrbs;xøÜnsßitenATINaeLIy «Bukrbs;xøÜnRtÚveKykeTAsmøab;ecalehIybgRsIc,gnigbþIrbs;Kat;
EdlBYkeKcat;TukCa«BukmþayenaH k¾enACab;ÉeBaFisat;eTAeTot. b:uEnþ BYkeKebþCJacitþmincuHj:m
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[)anrs;CIvit kñúgeKalbMNgCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigGacvilRtLb;cUlRkúgPñMeBjvijTaMgGs;Kña}.
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kñúgrebobtv:aminecjsþImYyEdlekIteLIgÉg² ehIy)anriHrkmeFüa)aymYyedIm,Iecj[putBI
sßanPaBenH.
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cMeNamBYkGñkEdleTIbnwgmkdl;enHb¤eT? bu)öa kUnePøaHmñak;kñúgcMeNamkUnePøaHTaMg2 )aneqøIyfa man
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dMeNIreTAvtþmYyEdlenACitenaH. dUcPUmiPaKdéT²eTot PUmiPaKBay½Bük¾)anTTYlbBa¢a[beNþjRkúm
GaNikCnevotNameTAkan;RbeTsedImrbs;BYkeKvijEdr b¤smøab;BYkenaHecalk¾)an.
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ecjdMeNIrmYyfµIeTot b:uEnþ BYkeK)aneTAdl;TIenaHedayyWteBlbnþic ³ k,ÜnrfynþEdldwkCBa¢ÚnBYk
evotNam )ancakecjBIvtþ)at;eTAehIy. BYkkmµaPi)alExµrRkhm )anbBa¢a[RKÜsarém:vilRtLb;
mkkEnøgedImvij. BYkeKeFVIhak;dUcCaRtLb;mkshkrN_ b:uEnþ kalebIputBIEPñkBYkenaH RKÜsarém: k¾
eFVIclnaeq<aHeTATismYyepSg ehIyGgVrrksuM[PUmimYyTTYl[BYkeKrs;enACamYypg. suIsUpa )an[
dwgfa {enAtMbn;50 ExµrRkhm)ansmøab;mnusSecalGs;eRcInNas; BYkenaHbgçM[BYkeyIgeFVIkar
eRbóbdUceyIgCaGñkeTas]Rkidæ edayKµan[GVIhUbbnþicesaH. eyIgTaMgGs;Kña k¾eFVIdMeNIreTA ramKn;
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kemÞcsmasPaB{Rbtikiriya}ecalEdr. b:uEnþ RKÜsarém: )anjúaMg[BYkrdæGMNaceCOfa BYkeKsuT§Et
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mnusSmñak;²mkKiteT eTaHNaCaGñkenaH)aneKarB eFVItambTbBa¢aepSg²eRcIny:agNak¾eday. Gñk
xøHeTot CaBiess kñúgtMbn;EdleKminTan;)anerobcM[rwgmaMnaPUmiPaKBay½Bü )anRbwgERbgRsavRCav
rkCnTaMgLayNaEdl {manninñakarBak;B½n§nwgvNÑ³minl¥} RbkbedayPaBgb;gl;RCúlhYsehtu.
karkMNt;n½yBakü {Bak;B½n§nwgvNÑ³minl¥} )anebIkéd[eKGaceFVIGVI²)anRKb;Ebby:ag.
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xan. ebIsineKmanbgRbúsmñak;eFVInayTahankñúgkgT½B ln; nl; eKGaceTACamnusSEdlKYr[sgS½y
ebIsineKmanbgRsImñak;)anerobkarCamYynayTahanmñak;rbs;kgT½B ln; nl; eKGaceTACaGñkman
eTasedaysarkarcgsm<½n§PaBenH. ebIniyaytamrebobmü:ageTotfa enAeBlEdlRbFanshkrN_
mYy b¤RbFansnþisuxcg;km©at;RKÜsarNamYyecal BYkenHEtriHrkPsþútagmYyEdlmanenAkñúgeKal
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bnÞab;mYyrbs;bdivtþn_.
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hYt bu)öaNa enAmnÞIrs-21

éf¶cab;xøÜn 12-tula-1976
éf¶kemÞc 18-mina-1977
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sresrcas;²rbs;sala RtÚvExµrRkhmykmkeRbIR)as;sRmab;karkt;RtaÉksar kþarexonsRmab;
biTbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;mNÐl EdlbBa¢adac;xat min[GñkeTasERskkñúgeBleKeFVITaruNkmµ RtÚveqøIy
nwgsMNYrepSg²[cM² mincaM)ac;KitEvgq¶ay ehIyRtÚvtamvin½y EdlBi)akRTaMCaeRcIneTot munnwgRtÚv
ykeTARbharCIvit.
Duc )andwknaMCMrMmrN³mYyEdlmankarerobcMy:agl¥\tex©aH. BYksnþi)al )anftrUbBYkGñk
eTas enAeBlEdleKnaMmkdl; bnÞab;mk ftkñúgeBlEdlBYkenHCitsøab; b¤munsøab;bnþic EdlsuT§Et
manbMBg;-kry³edayeKGar xøÜnR)aNRtÚveKkat;Gv³yv³ecj b¤RtÚveFVI[cuHsÁmkMRBwg edaykareFVI
TaruNkmµ nigkareRskXøan EdlBMuGacemIlsÁal; CaGñkNamñak;eLIy. rUbftTaMgenH CaEpñkmYyén
sMNMulixitepSg² EdleK)ancgRkgeLIgCaPsþútag edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjfa BYksRtÚvrbs;rdæ RtÚv)an
eKsmøab;rYcBitR)akdEmn. Duc k¾)ankMNt;eRCIserIséf¶edayELktamBYksRmab;GñkeTas dUcCa
éf¶mYysRmab;smøab;BYk®sþI²Edl{CasRtÚv} éf¶mYyeTotsRmab;kumar éf¶mYyepSgeTotsRmab;BYk
kmµkreragcRkCaedIm3.
esckþIkgVl;d¾l¥itl¥n;mYyEbbenaH)ankøayeTACanimitþrUbBiesselxmYyrbs; Duc kñúgry³eBl
énkarQaneLIgzananuRkmbkSrbs;Kat;. CaGtItRKÚbgeRgónenAextþkMBg;cam EdleTACaPUmiPaKbUBa’
pÞúyeTAvijKat;)ancUleFVIkarenAPUmiPaKnirtI enAeBlEdlKat;seRmceTArYbrYmkñúgCYrGñkbdivtþ ehIy
enATIbMput k¾)anbMeBjmuxgarxagEpñksnþisuxrbs;PUmiPaKenH. kñúgkMLúgqñaMdMbUg²éns®gÁam Kat;
maneQµaHl,ICaGñkeFVI[rebobRKb;RKg kare)assm¥atepSg²rbs;ExµrRkhm kan;EtviessCagmun
nigs¶at;kM)aMgKYr[kt;smÁal; kñúgeBlEdlKat;dwknaMEpñksnþisuxrbs;PUmiPaKnirtIenH.
enAqñaM1972 Kat;RtÚveKepÞr[mkeFVIkarenAPUmiPaKBiess EdlenACMuvijTIRkúgPñMeBjvij kñúg
eKalbMNg[Kat;erobcMsnþisuxenAPUmiPaKenH EdlCaPUmiPaKmYygayrgkarb:HTgÁic nigTn;exSay
bMput kñúgcMeNamPUmiPaKnanaeBjry³eBléns®gÁam. enAeBlEdlKN³kmµkarmCÄimTTYlkan;kab;
kgT½B nigGMNacEpñkrdæ)alCMnYsPUmiPaKBiess enAqñaM1975 Duc )ankøayeTACaRbFansnþisux
sRmab;RbeTsTaMgmUly:agRsYl GaRs½yedaysiT§uiGMNacrbs;Kat;BImunmkpg. b:uEnþ Epñksnþisux
enH CaGgÁPaBmYyrbs;bkS BMuEmnsßitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;rdæaPi)aleT ehIy Duc RtÚvepJIr)aykarN_
epSg²eTA[ b:ul Bt pÞal; nigsmaCikKN³elxamCÄimbkS BIr-bInak;b:ueNÑaH. sun esn EdlCardæ
m®nþIRksYgkarBarRbeTspg nigCaGKÁembBa¢akarkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFpg KWCaemekaypÞal; -b¤CaKU
RbECg- rbs; Duc. kñúgRbeTsmYyEdldwknaMedayGMeBIePrvkmµ mnusSEdl{Evkmux} nigsmøab;xµaMg
sRtÚvrbs;bdivtþn_ )ankøayeTACamnusSkan;EtmanGMNacxøaMgeLIg kñúglMdab;EdlkarP½y)armÖrbs;
BYkemdwknaMbkS karKitmémBIsRtÚvépÞkñúg nigeRkARbeTsecHEtrIkFMeLIg².
dUecñH Duc )ancUlkñúgRkúmemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;ReTs EdlmanKñaEt R)aM b¤R)aMmYynak;b:ueNÑaH
enAeBlEdlTYlEsøgkøayeTACamCÄmNÐl{xYrk,al} énRbB½n§cat;EcgGMeBIePrvkmµ. enAeBlEdl
mnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgcab;epþImdMeNIrkarenAqñaM1976 )anbnþic karRBmeRBógKñaEdlsßitmanmYyry³
kñúgCYrKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)aneRbHRsaM ehIy b:ul Bt )ancat;taMg[ Duc tamdanrkBYksRtÚvkñúg
épÞbkS k¾dUckñúgRbCaCnEdr. minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaH Duc )ancab;XMuxøÜnBYkGñkEdlRtÚvsgS½yCaeRcInnak;
eTottamkarcg¥úlR)ab;rbs; b:ul Bt b:uEnþ Duc k¾CaGñkCYyRbDitPsþútagepSg² RbqaMgnwgGñkTaMgenaH
EfmeTot. edaymanGMNaccat;kareTAelIcemøIysarPaBepSg²rbs;CnrgeRKaH EdlCa{Psþútag}
énbT]Rkidænana Duc )anseRmceKaledA{bgVil}BYkemdwknaMbkStamcMNg;rbs;Kat; nigeRCIserIsTuk
CamunnUv{xµaMgsRtÚv} EdleKBuMsg;sgS½yEfmeTot.
Duc nigRkúmsnþi)alrbs;Kat; )anTTYlsiT§iGMNacepSg² CaecARkmpg CaTIRbwkSatulakarpg
nigCaeBCÄXatpg. enATIbMput TYlEsøgk¾køayeTACakEnøgd¾KYr[es,ImmYy EdlrYcputBIkarRtÜtBinitü
TaMgGs;.
KN³dwknaMbkS )ancab;epþImmnÞilsgS½ykmµaPi)al nigGñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;mYycMnYntUc enA
eBlEdlxøÜnRtÚv)anpþl;Bt’man sþIBIkareFVImin)anseRmclT§pltamEpnkar enAtamCnbTnana kñúg
kMLúgqmasTImYy qñaM1976. esckþIraykarN_rbs; eGog FIriT§ GMBIPUmiPaKBay½Bü KWCar)aykarN_
mYykñúgcMeNamesckþIraykarN_TaMgLay EdleFVI[mCÄimGMBl;KMnity:agxøaMg. mCÄim)anbkRsay
braC½yTaMgenHfa CaskçIPaBénkarmincuHsRmúgKñakñúgCYrrbs;BYkkumµúynisþehIy. b:uEnþ ebIsinCakMuman
kmµaPi)almYycMnYntUc minRbtibtþitambTbBa¢axøH²enaH k¾RbEhlCamCÄimKµandwgfa xøÜnRtÚvKMram
kMEhgedaymnusSpÞal;rbs;xøÜnEdr.
PsþútagCaeRcInEdleKRbmUl)an bgðaj[eXIjlkçN³pÞúyeTAvij. RbFanPUmiPaKTaMgLay
)anrYmshkary:ageBjelj kñúgkarCemøósRbCaCnecjBIrdæFanI eKarBeFVItambTbBa¢aepSg²
edayEkERbBYkGñkTIRkúgeFVI[køayeTACaksikrEtkñúgmYyéf¶b:ueNÑaH lubbM)at;siT§iCabuKÁlTaMgGs; rwb
GUsRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs;kñúgnaménrdæ kab;smøab;bNþaCnCatiPaKtic nigeRbIGMeBIePrvkmµ edIm,ItRmÚv[
mankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH. vak¾mankarRBmeRBógKña sþIBIkarkMNt;TisedACamUldæan nigeKalkarN_
epSg²rbs;bdivtþn_Edr CakarRBmeRBógKñaedIm,IerobcMdMeNIr {mhaelatepøaH} mYyBIelIxñgRbCaCn
sRmab;CMnan;eRkay.
b:uEnþ vak¾ekItmanbBaðaepSg²BIerOgGMNacEdr. mankarvayRbyuT§KñatUctacmYy)anekIteLIg
enAtampøÚvfñl;nana kñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj rvagkgT½B PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigkgT½BPUmiPaK]tþr edIm,Ie)asm¥atGñkmin
l¥ecj. karrg;caMd¾GnÞHsaGMBIlT§pld¾Gs©arü xagvis½yesdækic©kñúgcMeNamBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; )an
ERbkøayeTACakarvk;EsVgrkxµaMgsRtÚv EdlCaGñkdeNþImeCaKC½yrbs;xøÜneTAvij. enAqñaM1976
bnÞab;BIkarRbCuMCabnþbnÞab;mYy edIm,IvaytémøBIsßanPaBRbeTs KN³dwknaMbkS )anseRmccitþdak;
ecjnUvEpnkaresdækic©bYnqñaMmYy km©at;bNþasmaCikbkS EdlkøayeTACamnusSKYr[sgS½y eday
GnuelameTAtamRbB½n§esuIbGegátfµImYyehAfa {karRsavRCavExSbNþaj} bgçMel,ÓnbdivtþsgÁm
niym nigbBa©b;erOgTaMgenaH CamYynwgkarsRmbsRmÜlCaRbvtþisa®sþ sþIBIbBaðaedImkMeNItbkS
EdllM)aktRmÚvcitþ nigTMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;xøÜn CamYyRbeTsevotNam.
kñúgPasarbs;bkS eKElgniyayBakü km©at; b¤EkERbcritvNÑ³KhbtIeTotehIy b:uEnþ eK
niyayfa km©at;ninñakarKhbtIkñúgépÞbkSpÞal;. tamkarBit KN³dwknaMbkS)anRtÚveFVI[pøas;bþÚrCMhr
edayesckþI)armÖGMBIGMeBIk,t;mYyrbs;bNþamitþPkþi nigsm<½n§mitþrbs;xøÜn. Edlcak;b£sy:ageRCAtaMg
BImunmk edImdMbUgénkarbdivtþ BYkkumµúynisþExµr)anTTYlrgkarQWcab;bnþicbnþÜc eRBaHEtbNþasRtÚv
k¾dUcsm<½n§mitþrbs;BYkeK ³ BYkevotNamEdlcg;RtÜtRtaRbeTs emdwknaMxøÜnxøH )ankøayeTACaGñk[
karN_eTAsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BYkcin)anKaMRTsemþc edayeFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;BYkkumµúynisþExµr
nigBYkevotNam CafµIkñúgCemøaHEdndIdMbUg² bnÞab;BIsm½ys®gÁam.
BYkExµrRkhm )ankarBarxøÜnnwgGMeBIk,t;fµI²edaymeFüa)aykarBarBIrdUcKña ³ BYkeK)ancgsm<½n§
PaBeday\teGonxµas;mYy CamYynwgBYksRtÚvrbs;BYkeKedaydwgfa BYkeKnwgbMpøajsm<½n§PaBenH
enAéf¶NamYy ehIyBYkeK)anRbkan;ykyuT§sa®sþmYy sMedA{kemÞc} b¤km©at;bNþasRtÚv Edlmin
Tan;ecjCak;Esþg[Gs;munBYkenHman»kask,t;nwgbkS. sm<½n§PaBCabeNþaHGasnñkñúgsm½y
s®gÁam EdlmanTRmg;Ca{rNsirSrYbrYm}enaH TTYl)annUveCaKC½ymYy elIsBIesckþIsgÇwmTukeTA
eTot edayehtuEtrNsirSenH )anbRgÜbbRgÜmRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;taMgBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
rhUtdl;RBHsgÇ RbCaksikr nigbBaØvnþ.
b:uEnþenATIbMput GVIEdleFVI[rbbenHvinasGnþray KWCMgWminTukcitþeKÉgrbs;xøÜnenHÉg BuMEmn
vinasedayBYksRtÚvrbs;xøÜnenaHeT. kalebIeKvinicä½yKYrdl;kalevlaehIy bkS)ankat;pþac;sm<½n§
PaB b¤kareFVIrNsirSenHPøamedayrebobeXareXA. enAeBlEdleKhammin[mansasna eK
minlµmcitþnwgbiTvtþGaram min[RbCaCneFVIbuNüTanb:ueNÑaHeT eKEfmTaMgsmøab;RBHsgÇ nigERbkøay
vtþTaMgenaHeTACaCRgúkRsUvEfmeTot. enAeBlEdlBYkkumµúynisþElgRtÚvkar semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu BYkeKBuM)anpþl;muxtMENgEdlRKan;EtCakitþiysNamYyfVayRBHGgÁeLIy BYkeK)ankRmit
[RBHGgÁsßitenAkñúgEtRBHraCdMNak;naRBHbrmraCvaMg edaycat;TukRBHGgÁCaGñkeTasrbs;eKeTot.
bnÞab;BI)aneRbIR)as;BYkExµrEdlRtLb;mkBITIRkúghaNUy [CYybNþúHbNþalkgT½Brbs;BYkeKrYcmk
BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;GñkTaMgenaHecalesÞIrEtTaMgGs;.
edayRtÚvRbQmmuxnwgP½sþútagepSg² EdlminGacbdiesF)ancMeBaHbraC½ydMbUg²rbs;kar
bdivtþ mCÄim)anTmøak;karTTYlxusRtÚveTAelI kuy FYn nigPUmiPaK]tþr EdlCasBaØaepþImeFVIkare)as
sm¥atfñak;PUmiPaK4 CaelIkdMbUg. mCÄim)anbBa¢a[kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigPUmiPaKkNþalEdl
eTIbnwgbegáItfµI eTAkemÞcBYkkmµaPi)alenAGtItPUmiPaK]tþr enAqñaM1976. kgT½BTaMgenaH)ancab;xøÜn
nigsmøab;kmµaPi)alRbmaNCadb;nak; ehIydak;CMnYsGñkTaMgenH edayemdwknaM{esµaHRtg;} tamkar
ENnaMmCÄimvij. viFIsa®sþenHmanlkçN³eBjeTAedaykarbuinRbsb; BIeRBaHvarYmbBa©ÚlemdwknaM
PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigPUmiPaKkNþal CamYyKñanwgBYkemdwknaMRkúgPñMeBjEdr. viFIsa®sþenH )anCMruj[man
karsgS½ykñúgépÞbkSEfmeTot. erOgenH RbEhlbkRsay[dwgBIedImehtuEdlelxabkSPUmiPaK
bUBa’ )anRBmeRBógerobcMGaBah_BiBah_mYyrvagkUnRsIKat; nigkUnRbúsmñak;rbs;elxabkSPUmiPaK
Bay½Bü -enHCakarCYyKaMBarKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgkrNIEdlPUmiPaKNamYy kñúgcMeNamPUmiPaKTaMgBIr
nwgRtÚvcat;taMg[eFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKdéTeTot ¬lk])ayenH KµanplRbeyaCn_GVITaMgGs;¦.
enAqñaM1976 dEdlenaH bkS)anRbkas[dwgBIkarCMrujeFVIbdivtþn_sgÁmniym nigbBa¢a[eFVI
karlubbM)at;sm<½n§PaBvNÑ³ -enHCakarlubbM)at;vNÑ³epSg²rbs;xøÜnÉgpÞal;. karbgÁab;bBa¢aenH
)aneTACakmµvtßúénkarbkRsayEbøk²BIKña. ksikrmanRTBüsm,tþieRcIn EdlFøab;rYmRbyuT§tsU‘
CamYyBYkExµrRkhmkñúgry³eBls®gÁam k¾RtÚveKsmøab;ecalEdr BIeRBaHCavNÑ³sRtÚv. eKk¾)an
smøab;{BYkGñkcas;} smaCikbkS nigkgT½B edayRkúmRKÜsarCamnusSEdlRtÚveKsgS½y eRBaH
EtmanCab;Bak;B½n§nwgsmaCikénvNÑ³mYyEdlpþl;eRKaHfñak;dl;bdivtþn_. eRkaymk eGog sarI
)anerobrab;BIkartsU‘vNÑ³ b¤{karpøas;bþÚrRTg;RTaysgÁm}enHfa CaeRKaHmhnþraymYyedayKUs
bBa¢ak;fa enAkñúgtMbn;xøH BYkkmµaPi)al nig{BYkGñkcas;} )anRbRBwtþxusKnøgmaKa’edayeFVITukçeTas
nigsmøab;mnusSy:ageRcIn EdlKñaminsmnwgTTYleTasdUecñHesaH5.
edaytRmÚveTAtamsßankarN_enaH bkS)anbiTTVarElgerIsmnusScUl nigbeNþjsmaCikrab;
Ban;nak;rbs;xøÜnecjEfmeTot. kgT½Bk¾RtÚv{e)assm¥at} CYrrbs;xøÜnEdr nig)ansmøab;yuT§CnmYy
cMnYntUc EdlmanvNÑ³edImminl¥.
kñúgsPaBRcbUkRcbl;enH kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;tMbn;RBMEdn edIm,ITb;Tl;
nwgkarT®nÞanTIrbs;kgT½BevotNam. bnÞab;BIkarb:HTgÁicKñaRsal²CaeRcInelIk mCÄim)ansþIbenÞas
esa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa’ edayecaTRbkan;fa )anvayBYkevotNamedaysnÞúHxøaMgkøaRCúleBk
ehIy)anbgÁab;Kat;edaydac;xatfa RtÚvElgeFVI[l¥k;kkrdl;{sßirPaBpuyRsYy} EdlseRmcehIy
enAtamRBMEdneLIy.
lT§plcugqñaM )annaMmknUvtYelxsþIBIkarRcÚtkat;enAExFñÚ nigkarRbmUlplminl¥rbs;PUmiPaK
Bay½Bü EdleFVI[bkSxkcitþy:agxøaMg. enAeBlEdlmCÄimseRmcfa kMhusRtÚvFøak;eTAelIBYkkmµa
Pi)alrbs;PUmiPaK BuMEmnmkBIneya)ayelaPln;hYsehturbs;RkúgPñMeBj bkS)anbBa¢a[eFVIkar
e)assm¥atfñak;PUmiPaKCaelIkTIBIreTot. b:uEnþdMbUg² snþisux)anTmøak;kMhuseTAelI kuy FYn edIm,I
bBa©b;kare)assm¥atelIkTImYy7. kuy FYn RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnkalBImYyry³mun b:uEnþ RtÚvedaHElgmYy
vij. enAExmkra qñaM1977 mCÄim)anykKat;eTAdak;KukenATYlEsøg Edlman Duc CaGñkRtÜtRta
BinitüBIelIkareFVITaruNkmµ nigkarsmøab;rUbKat;edaypÞal;. kuy FYn RtÚv)anecaTRbkan; nigrkeXIjfa
Kat;CaPñak;garmñak;rbs; es>GuI>Ga> taMgBIGMLúgTsvtSr_1960BitEmn. eKk¾ykcitþTukdak;RbqaMgnwg
rUbKat; edayelIkBIvNÑ³PaBedImrbs;Kat;CavNÑ³KhbtI.
eKRtÚvkar[BYkGñkmansVamIPkþirbs;bkSeCOelIP½sþútagdak;bnÞúk cEmøkxuseKEdlepþatRbqaMg
nwgemdwknaMmñak; kñúgcMeNamemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;BYkeK ehIyBYkeKk¾smøab;GñkEdleKecaTenaHEmn.
GMeBIhigSa)ancak;b£sy:ageRCAkñúglkçN³pÞal;rbs;bkS rhUtTal;EtelxabkSPUmiPaKnana emIlBuM
eXIjGVIEdlCaP½sþútagCak;EsþgdUcerOg kuy FYn eLIy KWdwgRtwmEtfa mCÄimGacTmøak;eTaskMhusmk
elIGñkNamñak;k¾)anEdr kñúgcMeNamBYkeKTaMgenH.
bnÞab;BI)anerobcMkare)assm¥atGtItPUmiPaK]tþrmuneKCamYykarsmøab; kuy FYn rYcmk mCÄim
)ancab;epþImeFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKmYyeTot KWPUmiPaKBay½Bü. mþgenH bkS)anehArkkmµaPi)al
rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI edIm,Ikac;bM)ak;kic©snüakarBarKñaeRkApøÚvkarmYy EdlseRmceLIgedayemdwknaM
PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigBay½Bü. mCÄim)anTukelxabkSPUmiPaKBay½BüeQµaH rs; jwm [enAkan;muxtMENgmYy
ry³sin.
KN³dwknaMrbs;bkS )ancat;Ecg[mankaresuIbGegátmYyepSgeTot edayEp¥kelIlkçN³
vinicä½yCahUrEhmYy GMBITwkcitþesµaHRtg;TIéT²BIKña. sBaØadMbUg²énpøas;bþÚrenH RBmTaMgsBaØaepSg²
eTot eKGacrkeXIjenAkñúgsMNuMÉksarCaeRcInEdlmanenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg8. enAqñaM1976
mnusSEdleK)ansmøab;TaMgb:unµan suT§EtCamnusSenAkñúgrbbcas; ³ kmµkr164nak; nisSit61nak;
sa®sþacarü 35nak; RKÚeBTünigKilanubdæak20nak; visVkr49nak; Gñkrdækar55nak; Tahan209nak;
nigman 47nak; CanisSitnig\sSrCnEdlFøab;rs;enAÉbreTs9. kñúgcMnYnGñksøab; 750nak;
EdlmancuHkñúg bBa¢IenATYlEsøgnaqñaMenaH eKrab;eXIsmaCikbkSEtRbmaNCagdb;BIrnak;b:ueNÑaH.
KWCaqñaMEdlExS bNþajrbs; bu)öaNa RtÚveKeFVITaruNkmµ nigsmøab;ecal.
qñaM1977 )ankMNt;nUvkarpøas;bþÚrmYy bnÞab;BIbkS)andak;ecjmtiENnaMfµI²eTot. cMnYnén
karRbharCIvitBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþ )aneLIgdl;44nak; ehIycMnYnGñkEdlRtÚvcab;dak;Kukman 61
nak;. kmµkrcMnYn 142nak; RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal ³ BYkkmµkrkMBugrYmbgáCaRbePT EdlRtÚvrgeRKaH
eRcInCageKBIkarkab;smøab;TaMgenH. tYelxTaMgenH )anbgðaj[eXIjBIkarseRmccitþrbs;bkS
edIm,ICMrujkareFVI]sSahUbnIykmµ nigBinitüBic½yBIRbvtþiedImrbs;BYkkmµkredayl¥itl¥n; edIm,IsÞab
sÞg;BI{PkþIPaB}rbs;BYkeK. karseRmccitþenH )annaMeTAdl;karsmøab;vNÑ³GFneTot Edlkñúgnam
énvNÑ³enHehIy EdlkarbdivtþRtÚv)anerobcMeFVIeLIgenaH.
bnÞab;BIBYkkmµkr RbePTEdlRtÚvrgkarb:HBal;xøaMgCageKKW RbePT\sSrCn nignisSit Edlvil
cUlBIbreTsmkvijcMnYn 82nak; -CaRkúmcRmúHEdlFøab;mansmancitþ nwgbuBVehtubdivtþ nigCa
smaCikénrbbsgÁmcas;. enAqñaM1977 sa®sþacarü64nak;epSgeTot RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.
tmkeTot CaevnBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþcMnYn61nak; EdleKcab;dak;KukenAkñúgqñaMenaH. kñúgcMnYnGñkEdl
RtÚv)ansmøab;enAkñúgqñaM1977 minsUvmanBYk nisSit buKÁlikrdækar evC¢bNÐit visVkr nigTahaneT.
GñkEdlrYcputBIkarkab;smøab; elIkdMbUgsuT§EtecHsRmbxøÜneTAtamkal³eTs³ edaylak;)aMg
GtþsBaØaNrbs;eKCaerOy².
enAqñaM1978 mankarERbRbÜlfµIeTot ³ elIkenH RbePTBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþ EdlnaMmuxeK
CamYynwgGñkrgeRKaH107nak;.
bBa¢IrayeQµaHmnusS EdlRtÚvsmøab;enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg )anebIk»kas[eKRbmaNBI
lkçN³elOnrh½s EdlmitENnaMepSg²rbs; mCÄim RtÚv)anfñak;eRkameKarBy:agBitR)akd. BIr-bI
ExbnÞab;BIbkSseRmccitþTmøak;kMhuseTAelIRbePTfµImYy KWBYkGñkEdleKsgS½y rYcmkeKk¾eXIjman
GñkTaMgenaH Cab;enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlXuMXaMgEdr. ehIyerogral;elIkEdlbkSseRmcrMlaysm½<n§PaB
mYy b¤bMePøcBaküsnüamYy CnTaMgLayEdlkarseRmcenH eFIV[xÞatecjBItMENg enATIbMput )anmk
CYbKñaCafµI edayédeCIgCab;Rcvak;enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgpg.
sMNMuÉksarrbs;mCÄmNÐlenH k¾bgðaj[eXIjBIkars¥b;ex<ImCnbreTs EdlKµanERbRbÜl
rbs;BYkExµrRkhm Edl)ansmøab;BYkbreTsEbbCaRbB½n§EdleKRsavRCaveXIj enAkñúgRbeTs.
ÉksarepSg²enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgbgðaj[dwgfa CnCatiéfCaeRcInEdlcab;)anenAkMBg; esam
RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgmnÞIrXuMXaMgenHenAEx]sPa qñaM1976. RbEhlCaenACMnan;enaH BYkGñkCMnYj
nigBYknisSitCati\NÐa nig):aKIsßank¾RtÚveKRbharCIvitenATIenaHEdr. enAqñaM1978 BYkTahanm:arIn
GaemrikaMg GU®sþalI Gg;eKøs nignUEv:lehSLg; EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜn)anenAkñúgQUgsmuRTéf b¤enAtMbn;
ekaHnanaEk,reqñrsmuRT k¾RtÚveKdwkykmkdak;XuMenATYlEsøg nigRtÚvsmøab;ecalTaMgGs;.
cMnYnGñkrgeRKaHbgðaj[eXIjfa rbbenH)anBwgEp¥kelImnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgkan;EteRcIneLIg²
fVId,itEtcMnYnenHenAEtminTan;eBjeljk¾eday. eKRtÚvkar[ Duc nigRkúmeBCÄXatrbs;Kat; bgðaj[
eXIjBImUlehtuBiténbraC½yTaMgLayrbs;karbdivtþn_. enAqñaM1976 GñkeTasRbEhlBIrrynak;
)anRtÚveKnaMeTAdak;KukenAmNÐlXuMXaMgenH. enAqñaM1977 mnusSCagR)aMmYyBan;nak; k¾RtÚvnaMeTA
dak;KukenATIenaHEdr ehIyeKvaytémøfa manmnusScMnYndb;BIrBan;nak; )anRtÚveKcab;dak;KukenAqñaM
1978.
ebIsinCabBa¢Ismøab;mnusSR)ab;[dwgBIkarekIneLIgmYynUvcMnYnsmaCikbkS EdleKnaMykeTA
dak;KukenATYlEsøg manEtkarGancemøIysarPaBTaMgLayEdlcRmaj;)anBIBYkCnrgeRKaHmYymux
b:ueNÑaH EdleFIV[eKdwgBIkarKitmémfµI²rbs;bkS. bnÞab;BImnÞIrbkSecjbBa¢a[eFIVkarpøas;bþÚrTisedA
rbs;karbdivtþn_kñúgsm½yRbCuMepSg²enAqñaM1976 BYkeBCÄXatenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg )ancab;epþIm
sYrcemøIyGñkeTascMeBaH\riyabfrbs;eK cMeBaHRbeTsevotNammþg. BYkemdwknaMx<s;)aneRCIs
erIsbBaða CaBiess enHedIm,Ivinicä½yBIesckþIesµaHRtg;rbs;bNþasmaCikbkS nigEvkmux{sRtÚvbgáb;}
ecjBICYrbkSpg.
bkS)anepþImCECkGMBIbBaðaTak;TgnwgevotNam sþIBIéf¶ExénkarbegáItbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCaeLIg
vij. enHBuMEmnCaerOgmYyEdlminsUvsMxan;enaHeT. kñúgRbvtþisa®sþpøÚvkarEtmYyKt;rbs;bkS Edl
e)aHBum<pSaykñúgry³eBls®gÁamqñaM1973 eK)ankMNt;ykéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1951 TukCaéf¶Ex
begáItbkS. éf¶ExenH CakarlayLÚkLMmYyrvagninñakarBIrCaEpøpáaénkarsRmúHsRmÜlEpñkneya)ay
mYy sMedAbRgÜbbRgÜmkmøaMgTaMgGs;rbs;bkS kñúgkic©RbwgERbgeFIVs®gÁam.
enAqñaM1976 bkS)anykcitþTukdak;RbKl;[BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa nUvKuNbMNac;TaMgGs;én
eCaKC½y nigkareFVIbdivtþ eday)anbBab;erOgenH CamYynwgkarRsuHRsYlKñamYyGMBIéf¶ExkMeNItbkS
Edlyl;RBm[RbeTsevotNam nUvtYnaTId¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarksagclnakumµúynisþenAkm<úCa. mCÄim
manbMNgbdiesFecal]bkarKuN TaMgGs;rbs;BYkevotNam nigcMNgTak;TgTaMgGs;CamYyGtIt
bkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin ehIy)anseRmccitþkat;ecalPaKxøH énRbvtþisa®sþrbs;xøÜn edayykqñaM
1960 CaqñaMénkarbegáItbkS edayeFVI[RkúghaNUyCaGñkeFVIGMeBIl¥eTACaGñkKMramkMEhgvij.
karsRmbsRmÜlKñaGMBIéf¶ExkMeNItbkS kic©RBmeRBógKñaEdlKµanEcgc,as;las; sþIBIRbPB
edImrbs;bkS )anRtÚvbM)at;)anedaygayRsYldUcKñanwgsm<½n§PaBepSg²eTot EdlbegáIt[maneLIg
kñúgsm½ys®gÁamEdr enAeBlNaEdlbkSRtÚvkarkic©KaMRTBIninñakarTaMgGs; nigBIRbeTsevotNam.
edayRbeTsmansnþiPaB mCÄim cg;sakl,geFVIkarbgáehtumYy ¬edayemIlgayfa KURbqaMg Kµan
smtßPaBeFVIGVImYyekIt¦ cMeBaHBYkevotNam edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjBI]tþmPaBrbs;bdivtþkm<úCaCafµI nig
{bnSúT§} bkS[putBIsmasPaBTaMgGs; EdlsñiT§nwgBYkevotNam.
KWBuMEmn {BYkGñkfµI} eToteT EdlBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþepþatkarsgS½yeTAelIenaH ehIyRbCaCn
km<úCaEdlFøab;rYmcMENkCYyksagkarbdivtþ )ankøayy:agqab;rh½seTACaGñkrgeRKaHvij. Rbvtþi
sa®sþénkarbdivtþrbs;km<úCa BIeBlenHteTAmanlkçN³dUcRbvtþisa®sþrbs;bkSmYy EdlERbRtLb;
mkRbqaMgnwgsmaCikpÞal;rbs;xøÜnvij -nigRbqaMgnwgmnusSrab;Ban;nak;epSgeTot EdlRtÚv)ansmøab;
kñúgvibtþidUcmnusSqáÜtellaenH.
Duc )ancab;epþImdMNalKñakñúgkarEsVgrkedayx¢ab;x¢ÜneTA elICnEdleKbgS½yBIrRbePT KWBYk

bBaØvnþCasmaCikbkS b¤sac;saelahit nigRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlRtÚvvinicä½yfa CMBak;citþnwgBYkkumµúynisþ
evotNamxøaMgeBk. tamRbEhl eK)ankMNt;kalbriecäTd¾Cak;lak;mYy sRmab;DucedIm,IbegáInel,Ón
RsavRCavrkBYkkumµúynisþ EdlFøab;Tak;TgCamYyBYkevotNam munR)arB§buNüxYbéf¶kMeNItbkSbnþic
EdlRtÚveFVIenAéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976. sm<½n§mitþd¾CitsñiT§bMputrbs;km<úCa KWRbeTscin)anetOn
bgçM[ b:ul Bt Tmøak;r)aMgmuxcuHtaMgBIeBlknøgmkminCayUrb:unµan nig[TTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³fa
RbeTskm<úCa KWdwknaMRKb;RKgedaybkSkumµúynisþmYy.
éf¶TI9 ExkBaØa qñaM1976 em:A esTug )anTTYlmrNPaB. kñúgzan³xøÜnCanaykrdæm®nþIrbs;km<úCa
RbCaFibetyü b:ul Bt )anEføgekatsresIrcMeBaHemdwknaMcinrUbenH tamviTüúCati enAéf¶TI18 Ex
dEdl. karyWtyUr R)aMbYnéf¶enH BuMmankarBnül;bMPøW[dwgeLIy b:uEnþGtßbTénesckþI Eføgrbs; b:ul Bt
)anbgðaj[eXIjP½sþútagmYy ³ CaelIkdMbUgbMput b:ul Bt )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa menaKmviC¢arbs;GgÁkar
BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIlT§im:akS-elnIn. BYkExµrRkhmminEdldak;xøÜn TTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³ GMBIzan³
CaCnkumµúynisþrbs;eKeT b:uEnþ CaesckþIRbkasenHenAEtBuMTan;Cak;lak; nigc,as;las; EdlbNþa
mitþPkþibreTsrbs;Kat;cg;)anBIKat;eT.
sarsMxan;énkarTTYlsarPaBEtBak;kNþalenH RtÚv)aneFVI[elceLIgc,as;RkELtEtBIréf¶
eRkaymkb:ueNÑaH edayRBwtþikarN_BIr KWmYyCaRBwtþkarN_EdleKdwgB¤RKb;Kña mYyeTotsm¶at;. b:ul
Bt )ansuMlaElgBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;Canaykrdæm®nþI sRmab;mUlehtusuxPaB -tamKat;Rbkas[
dwg- ehIy)ancat;taMg[ nYn Ca eLIgCMnYsKat;CabeNþaHGasnñ EdlCamnusSKYr[eCOTukcitþEtmñak;Kt;
nigCamnusSTIBIrrbs;bkS. enAeBlenaH GtIt saLút s manesrIPaBy:ageBjelj edIm,IKitKUr
BIRBwtþikarN_sMxan;mYyeTot KWkarcab;xøÜn Ekv mas CaemdwknaMkumµúynisþ CaemdwknaMCan;x<s;mñak; kñúg
cMeNamemdwknaMkumµúynisþCan;x<s; EdlkMBugCab;KukenATYlEsøg. enHCaeKaledAvayRbharmYykñúg
kartamEsVgrk nigkemÞcbkSBYkRbqaMgxagneya)ay EdlbkScab;dMeNIrkaredIm,IRbqaMgnwg {bNþa
smmitþ} rbs;evotNam10.
Ekv mas CaGtItGñkRbyuT§ts‘UeCIgcas;mñak;kñúgsm½ys®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy enAeBlEdl
Kat;)ansuMcUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlRtÜtRtaedayBYkevotNam. KWrUbKat;enHEdr
EdlCaGñkerobcM cat;EcgBYkbuKÁlikenAsßanIyrfePøIgRkúgPñMeBj [mandMeNIrkareLIg bnÞab;BIs®gÁam
enaHputrlt;eTA ehIyKat;)andwknaMKN³kmµaFikarbkSRbcaMraCFanIeTot. enAqñaM1958 Kat;)ancak
ecjBITIRkúg edIm,IePosxøÜnenATIkEnøgEdlmansnþisuxRKb;RKan; ehIymuxtMENgrbs;Kat;RtÚv)an b:ul
Bt kan;CMnYsvij. kñúgmhasnñi)atbkSqñaM1960 Ekv mas )anCab;eQµaHcUlkñúgKN³kmµkarmCÄim
bkS ehIyebITukCaKat;BuMRtÚv)aneRCIserIseLIgvij bnÞab;BImankarerIruHenAqñaM1963 k¾eday
k¾Kat;enAEtCa\sSrCnd¾sMxan;mñak;rbs;bkSdEdl.
vasMxan;Nas; nigéføfñÚrNas; EdleKeCOTukcitþ[Kat;r:ab;rgbnÞúktak;EtgRbvtþisa®sþbkS
kumµúynisþkm<úCaelIkdMbUgmYy EdlGaclµmTTYlyk)an. kñúgmuxgarenH Kat;)anRbmUlskçIPaB
TaMgGs;rbs;BYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; rYmTaMg b:ul Bt pg ehIy)anyl;c,as;BIplEdleKGacQaneTA
dl;karRsuHRsYlmYyGMBIéf¶ExbegáItbkSEfmeTot11. KWeRBaHEtmUlehtuenHehIy EdlKat;RtÚv)an
cab;xøÜn nignaMeTAdak;KukenATYlEsøgry³eBlCagdb;BIrqñaMeRkaymk ³ edIm,IbMPøWBIkarRsuHRsYlKña
kñúgcemøIysarPaBCabnþbnÞab;mYy edIm,IecaTRbkan;xøÜnÉgEdl)ancrcaBIerOgenH edIm,InwgGUsTaj
bkS[Føak;kñúgkarXubXitKñaCasm¶at;mYy sMedAbiT)aMgGtßiPaBénbkSsm¶at;RsbKñamYy EdlRKb;RKg
edayRbeTsevotNam.
karecaTRbkan;TaMgenH RtÚv)anerobcMy:agl¥itl¥n;edaykarRbDithYsRbmaNmYy b:uEnþ Rbkb
edayeKaledACak;lak;mYy EdlkøayeTACaCak;EsþgeRkayBIenHbnþic. kñúgcemøIysarPaBdMbUg²
rbs;Kat; EdlKat;sresrmuneBleKminTan;bgçM[Kat;TTYlsÁal;BiruT§PaBrbs;xøÜn eRkamkareFVITaruNkmµ
Ek mas enAEtniyaykan;eCIg b:ul Bt nigRkúmkumµúynisþ EdlsßitenAEtkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeRkayqñaM
1954Canic©. {mhasnñi)atqñaM1960enAkñúgRbeTs RtÚv)aneKsnµtfa CaqñaMénkarbegáItbkS>>>.
ebIsinCaeKBinitübBaðaenH[ditdl; eKkt;smÁal;fa BImunmk BuMEdlmanebIkeFVImhasnñi)ateT ehIy
eKGaccat;Tukmhasnñi)atqñaM1960 faCamhasnñi)atbkSdMbUgeK.
kñúgcemøIysarPaBrbs;Kat;cuHéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976 Ekv mas )anbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;BI
Rbvtþi énkarRsuHRsYlKñaGMBIkalbriecäTenHfa {eK)anseRmcRbkan;ykéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa ¬Caéf¶Et
mYyEdlmhasnñi)atqñaM1960ebIkRbCuM¦ ehIyqñaM1951 KWCaqñaMEdlmancat;taMgbegáItKN³kmµa
Fikar ekNÐRbmUlkmøaMgedIm,IbegáItbkS}.
Ekv mas )anbBa¢ak;fa karsRmbsRmÜlKñaenHBuMmanpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikNamñak; b¤
clnaNamYyrbs;bkSeLIy b:uEnþ edIm,IbRgÜbbRgÜm {BYkqñaM1951} nig{BYkqñaM1960}Etb:ueNÑaH
niyaymü:ageTot KWBYkGñkEdlecjdMeNIreTAhaNUy bnÞab;BImankic©RBmeRBógRkúghSWENv nigBYkG
ñkEdlsßitenAEtkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. Kat;)anerobrab;tamlMdab;lMeday GMBImUlehtuepSg² Edlfa
mhasnñi)atqñaM1951 BuM)anbegáItbkSenAeLIyeT b:uEnþ RKan;EtbegáItKN³kmµaFikarmYy b:ueNÑaH.
erOgTaMgGs;enH RbEhlCaGacrkeXIj edaykartamdany:agykcitþTukdak;rbs; b:ul Bt b:uEnþ
bkSBuMEmnEsVgrkkarBitCaRbvtþisa®sþeT KWbkScg;rk[eXIjkarrYbrYmKMnitk,t;mYy.
enATIbMput edayRtÚveFVI[QWcab;kñúgcitþ Ekv mas )anniyayeLIgvijBIesckþIEføgmun² ehIy
)anGHGagfa karsRmbsRmÜlKñaenH BuMEmnCakarRbwgERbgeTogRtg;mYy edIm,IpSHpSaninñakarTaMgBIr
enaHeT b:uEnþ KWCakarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy edIm,IbMpøajPaBRtwmRtÚvtamc,ab; rbs;bkSkumµúynisþrbs;km<úCa
eTAvij. CamYynwgcemøIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas kñúgédRsab; b:ul Bt nigKN³dwknaMbkSGaccat;Ecg
[eFVIkarpøas;bþÚrkalbriecäTéf¶begáItbkSCafµI. bnÞab;mk Ekv mas )anRtÚveKykeTAsmøab;ecal.
edIm,IRbkasBIGtþsBaØaNkumµúynisþrbs;eK -dUcEdlRbeTscin)anesñI[eKeFVIdUecñH- BYkem
dwknaM bkS RtÚvkarEvkmux nigkemÞcbNþasmaCikEdlsßitkñúgkarrYmKMnitk,t;rbs; Ekv mas [Gs;Ca
munsin. ÉksarmYyrbs;bkS )anniyayGMBIkarekobsgát;CaeRcInrbs;bkS{Cabgb¥Ún}Edr enAeBl
RbkasCasaFarN³BIGtßiPaBrbs;bkS. {enAExkBaØa nigExtula qñaM1976 eyIgehobnwgseRmccitþ
beBa©j[eKdwgBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;eyIgeTAehI. b:uEnþeRkaymk ÉksarepSg²)anbgðajfa BYksRtÚv
rbs;eyIg)anb:unb:gvayRbharmkelIeyIg edayeRbImeFüa)ayRKb;Ebby:agTaMgGs; EdlBYkeK
erobbRmúgCaeRsc12}.
CamnusSGaf’kM)aMgedaysarcritBIkMeNIt nig b:ul Bt RbEhlCaeRbIR)as;cemøIysarPaB
TaMgGM)anm:anrbs; Ekv mas sRmab;eFVICaeKalbEg¥kkñúgkarseRmccitþlak;muxrbs;Kat;BIeRkay
{GgÁkar}teTAeTotehIyemIleTA. eKGacsnñidæanfa GtIt saLút s nigBYkemdwknaMÉeTot² énbkS
kumµúynisþkm<úCaBuMcg;beBa©jmux[eKdwgeT ehIyecaTRbkan;BIcMNgTak;Tgrbs;BYkeK CamYyevotNam
eLIgvij muneBlEdlTukcitþR)akdfaRbeTscinbnÞab;BI em:A nwgenAbnþkarKaMRTRbeTskm<úCadEdl.kñúg
kMLúgry³kalenH BYkGñktMNagrbs;rbbenH )anykcitþTukdak;BRgwgCMhrrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
enAkñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. exov sMpn EdlkøayeTACaRbFanKN³RbFanrdæ )aneTAcUlrYmsnñisIT
kMBUlRbeTsmincUlbkSsm<½n§ enATIRkúgkULMúbU ¬rdæFanIRbeTsRsIlgáa¦ CaTIEdlKat;)anRbkan;
b£kBaCaGñkkarTUtrbs;RbeTsmYy EdlRbqaMgdac;xatmincUlrYmkñúgbøúkNamYyeLIy. Kat;BuM)anrYm
édKñakñúgkarefáaleTasrbs;RbeTsLav nigevotNam cMeBaHsMeNIrbs;{Gas‘an} [KWsmaKmRbCaCati
GasuIGaeKñy_kalbegáItdMbUgmanR)aMmYyRbeTsKW éf m:aeLsuI sigðbUrI hVIlIBIn \NÐÚensuI nigRbúyNI -
kMNt;rbs;GñkERbsRmÜl] edIm,IbegáIttMbn;snþiPaB esrIPaB nigGBüaRkwtmYyenAGasuIGaeKñy_eLIy.
ehIyKat;EbrbBa¢ak;edayRbúgRby½tñBIkarKaMRTrbs;Kat;cMeBaH ÉkraCüénekaHTIm½r (Timor) PaKxaglic
EdlsßitenAeRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;RbeTs\NÐÚensuIeTAvij.
enAÉmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati eGog sarI )anEføgnUvkarcab;GarmµN_mYyrebobdUcKña
edayRbkasfa km<úCaRbCaFibetyüCaRbCatimYyEdlmincUlbkSsm<½n§dac;xat. Kat;)anCMruj
edayTTUc[bNþaRbeTsRkIRkPaKeRcInenAGgÁkarshRbCaCatibBa©b;nUvkarRtÜtRtamYy EdlbNþa
RbeTsGñkmanPaKticRbRBwtþmkelIGgÁkarkMBUlenH. KN³RbtiPUmYyrbs;km<úCa )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©
enAtamRbeTskumµúynisþCaeRcIn dUcCa Gal;)anI kUer:xageCIg evotNam nigLav. RbeTsevotNam
nigkm<úCa )anRBmeRBógKñaerobcM[mankarTak;TgtampøÚvGakasCaRbRktI rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. enAkñúg
kMLúgqñaMdMbUgénkarkan;GMNacrbs;eK BYkExµrRkhmhak;dUcCacg;kMNt;edayc,as;las;nUvCMhrEpñk
karTUtpÞal;rbs;eK EdlCaCMhrÉkraCümincMNuHRbeTscin nigevotNam b:uEnþ k¾KµanRbqaMgnwgRbeTs
NamYykñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgBIrenHEdr. RbEhlCabkSkarBarxøÜnCamun Tl;nwgGMeBIk,t;Cayfaehtu
mYyrbs;cin bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs; em:A enaHehIyemIleTA.
KµanGñkNamñak;nwkeXIjfa b:ul Bt )anCab;édRbLÚkkñúgkarts‘UmYyedIm,IdeNþImGMNac b¤fa
bkSehobnwgEbk)ak;KñaGMBIbBaðaTMnak;TMngCamYynwgRbeTsevotNameLIy b:uEnþ eKrksµanminRtÚv etI
GñkNamYyh‘anRbqaMgCMTas;nwg b:ul Bt enAkñúgkal³eTs³enH. elxabkSPUmiPaKd¾manGMNacbMputKW
esa Pwm énPUmiPaKbUB’a )anrYcshkary:ageBjTMhwg kñúgkare)assm¥atGtItPUmiPaK]tþr Edl
seRmcedaymCÄim. tam:uk énPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCaelxabkSd¾manGMNacsMxan;Nas;Edr bnÞab;BI esa
Pwm k¾Føab;)ancUlrYmkñúgkarCemøós {BYkGñkfµI} y:ageRcInecjBItMbn;rbs;Kat;eTAkan;PUmiPaKBay½Bü
Edr. tamcemøIysakSICaeRcInEdlykCakar)an KN³elxamCÄimbkS )anGnum½tyl;RBmmtiENnaM
TaMgGs;rbs; b:ul Bt rhUtmkdl;kalbriecäTenH. [smaCikénKN³elxaénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS
munkare)assm¥atqñaM1978 rYmman b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ tam:uk/ esa Pwm/ eGog sarI/ v:n ev:t/
sun esn nigtakW ¬énbBa¢akardæankgT½BPUmiPaKBay½Bü¦. enAcugqñaM1978 takW/ v:n ev:t nig esa Pwm
RtÚv)ansmøab;tambBa¢arbs;smmitþxøÜnkñúgKN³elxamCÄim].
ebIBinitüemIltamsPaBxageRkA TMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyRbeTsevotNam mansPaBl¥RbesIr
³ pøÚvGakasmYy )anP¢ab;TIRkúgPñMeBjeTATIRkúghUCImij ¬GtItRkúgéRBnKr¦ ehIy]b,tþiehtuepSg² enA
tamRBMEdn k¾minsUvmanjwkjab;Edr. RbeTsTaMgBIr )ancat;TukshrdæGaemrik CasRtÚvsMxan;bMput
ehIy eGog sarI )aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYyenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgn½yenHEdr edayecaTRbkan;
shrdæGaemrikfa enAEtbnþnaMmuxeFVI{skmµPaB]Rkidæ}epSg² RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnkm<úCaeTot. BYkevot
NameTIbnwgRtÚveKTTYlsÁal;[cUlGgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati fVIebImankarRbqaMgBIGaemrikaMg
k¾eday.
ehtuenH vaBuMmanmUlehtusmRsbNamYy edIm,Icat;EcgeFVIkarRsavRCav nigkemÞcbkSBYk
RbqaMgxagneya)ayCasm¶at;enAkñúgépÞbkSeLIy. RbeTsevotNamminsEmþg[eXIjlkçN³KMram
kMEhgxøaMgCageKeT ehIymü:ageTot k¾BuMmankarExVgKMnitedaycMhkñúgépÞbkSEdr. tamdMeNIrsmCaBit
TaMgGs; dMNak;kalenH KWCa]TahrN_mYyeTot énkarKitGMBl;BIerOgGMNac nigkarlak;karN_ Edl
eFVI[mCÄimekItTukedaysarva. bkS)ansmøab;PaKeRcInén{BYkkumµúynisþqñaM1951} enAeBlEdl
BYkenHvilRtLb;BIevotNamxageCIgmkvij kñúgry³eBls®gÁam. ehtuenH b:ul Bt nigRkúmemdwknaM
mYykþab;tUc KµaneXIjmUlehtuNamYy edIm,IkSanUvkarsRmbsRmÜlKña ¬EdleKRKan;Etsnµt¦
sþIBIkarkalbriecäTénkarbegáItbkSeToteT. ehIyedaypøas;bþÚrkalbriecäTenH bkS)anRbkas[dwg
CasaFarN³fa mCÄim )anekþabkþab;GMNacpþac;karrbs;xøÜnelIkarbdivtþn_y:agBitR)akdehIy.
Duc )aneRbIeBlGs;mYyqñaMeTot tamry³kareFVITaruNkmµedIm,ITTYl)an {P½sþútagepSg²}
GMBIbkSsm¶at;rbs;km<úCaEdlRKb;RKgedayBYkevotNamenH. Duc RbmUl)anP½sþútagkñúgcMnYnmYy
y:agRKb;RKan; sRmab;karR)arB§buNüxYbkMeNItbkSenAqñaM1977 Edlkñúg»kasenaH b:ul Bt
)anRbkasCapøÚvkarfa bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa KWCaGñkkan;GMNacenARbeTskm<úCa.
kardak;[GnuvtþnUvKeRmagkard¾FMmYyeTotrbs; Duc -Evkmux nigkemÞcsmasPaBKhbtI nig
bBaØv½n kñúgCYrbkS-)anTTYleCaKC½ydUcKña.
PaKeRcInénKMnit nigskmµPaBepSg²rbs;KN³dwknaMbkS eRcInEtminsmehtupl cEmøkKYr[

q¶l; ebIKittamlkçN³vinicä½yFmµta nigEdlTak;TgnwgmnusS. b:uEnþ karRbRBwtþxusKnøgenH manrebob
Gnuvtþmü:agedayELkrbs;va EdleKrkeXIjkñúgÉksarepSg²enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg nigÉksar
sm¶at;rbs;bkS. b:uEnþ kñúgRkbx½NÐénrebobGnuvtþeTAmü:agedayELk Edlsmøab;mnusSedayectna
enH edayRtÚvkar[CnCatikm<úCaEdlrs;enAÉnaysmuRT vilRtLb;cUlmkRbeTsvijtamBaküsuM
rbs;mCÄimhak;dUcCaminTMngTal;EtesaH.
enAqñaM1975 nig1976 \sSrCnCaeRcIndUcCa CYn RbsiT§i CaedIm )ansEmþg[eXIjkarRbwg
ERbgCaeRcInkñúgeKalbMNgeFVIGVImYy edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©Úl[CnCatikm<úCaEdlkMBugrs;enAÉbreTs
RtLb;cUlmkRbeTsvij nigrYmcMENkCYykarbdivtþn_. BYkbBaØvnþ nigGñkmanviC¢aCIv³esrI EdlFøab;
KaMRTsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigExµrRkhmkñúgsm½ys®gÁam )aneqøIytbnwgkarGMBavnavenH. GñkxøH
kñúgcMeNamenaH Føab;)anB¤karniyayBIkarkab;smøab;mnusSedayRBav² nigkarGt;Xøan kardMNal
rbs;RbCaCnCaeRcIn Edlrt;ePosxøÜneTARbeTséfEdr b:uEnþBYkeKminRBmeCOeT edaycat;TukfaCakar
eXasnae)akR)as;. PaKeRcInénCnCatikm<úCaTaMgenH BuMEmnCasmaCikbkSeT b:uEnþ CaGñkmansman
citþFmµta EdlmanbMNgfa karbdivtþsgÁmniymc,as;CaeFVI[RbeTseKpøas;sPaBRTg;RTay nigeFVI[
eCaKvasnarbs;xøÜn)anRbesIrCagmunminxan.
BYkeK)anlHbg;muxrbr nigRKÜsarrbs;eKEdlrs;enAshrdæGaemrik RbeTs)araMg kaNada b¤
bNþaRbeTsGWr:ubxagekIt ¬eBlenaHCaRbeTsenAkan;lT§ikumµúynisþenAeLIy eTIbmkdl;qñaM1990
erogrhUtmk eTIbRbeTsTaMgenaH )anpøas;bþÚrRbB½n§neya)ayrbs;xøÜn CaRbeTskan;lT§iRbCaFib
etyütamEbbbs©imRbeTsvij¦. BYkeKsuxcitþe)aHbg;muxtMENgTUtrbs;eKenAmCÄwmbUBa’ b¤enAGasuI
nigbNþaRbeTskumµúynisþ nigminEmnkumµúynisþ EdlBYkeKFøab;eFVICatMNagbuBVehturNsirSrYbrYmCati
km<úCakñúgsm½ys®gÁam. ehIyBYkeK)anvilRtLb;mkRkúgPñMeBjvij sRmab;Et[eKcat;TukCa
\sSrCnEdleKsgS½y b¤CamnusSk,t;b:ueNÑaH.
GñkkarTUtmYyRkúm EdleKehA[RtLb;mkRkúgPñMeBjvijenAqñaM1976 RtÚv)aneKdwkBIGakas
yandæaneBacintug eTAkan;mnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgCabnÞan; CaTIEdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚveKeFVITaruNkmµ nig
RbharCIvitecal. BYkeKRtÚvkat;eTassmøab;ecal BIeRBaHEtBYkeKFøab;rs;enAÉbreTs dUecñH
{KWenAedayELkBIclnaehIy13} BYkeKsuT§EtmanTmøab;epþspþasedaykaresBKb;. kars¥b;Cn
breTsrbs;ExµrRkhm)anekInrwtEtxøaMeLIgKµanQb;Qr.
BYkbBaØvnþ nigGñkmanviC¢aCIv³esrI rYmbgáCaRkúmCnCatikm<úCaCaeRcInCageK EdlRtLb;BIbreTs
mkmatuRbeTsvij ehIy)anTTYlkareFVIbdisNæarkic©y:agRbesIrmYyenAeBlmkdl;dMbUg. kñúg
cMeNamenaHman RTI em:gh‘Yt14 mñak;Edr EdlFøab;)anrYmcMENkeFVIskmµPaBneya)ayy:agskmµ edIm,I
buBVehtu{sgÁmniym} enATIRkúg):arIskñúgeBlRbeTsmans®gÁam edaylHbg;karsikSa nigsuxPaB
rbs;Kat; edIm,Ikarbdivtþn_mYy EdlnwgnaMmknUvyutþiFm’ nigesrIPaBsRmab;RbeTsKat;. Kat;)anvil
mkRkúgPñMeBjvijenAcugqñaM1975 eRBaHRtÚveFVI[eRsIbcitþxøaMgedayTsSnvis½ymYy edIm,IksaglT§i
sgÁmniymenARbeTskm<úCa. Kat;yl;c,as;BIkarPan;RcLMrbs;Kat; taMgeBlKat;mkdl;Gakas
yandæaneBacintugemø:H.
{BYkeyIgRtLb;mkRbeTsvijCuMKñaTaMgGs; -BYkbBaØvnþmkBIRbeTs)araMg rUm:anI Gg;eKøs
nigGaemrik>>>. BYkeK ¬BYkExµrRkhm¦ )anGnuBaØat[KUsVamIPriyaCatibreTsEtmñak;Kt; tammk
CamYybþIrbs;nag edaysarkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pg ¬EdlenAEtCaemdwknaM
rdæaPi)alrNsirSmanEteQµaH b:uEnþ\tGMNacenAeLIy¦}.
TIRkúgPñMeBjEdl h‘Yt )aneXIjeLIgvij bnÞab;BIkarrs;enAR)aMbYnqñaMenAbreTs ElgCaTIRkúg
EdlKat;Føab;rkSaGnusSavrIy_eTotehIy. {TIRkúgmansPaBERbRbÜlxøaMgEmnETn rhUtdl;eFVI[´
Rsyutcitþy:agxøaMg. tamńwkKit TIRkúgEdlpøas;bþÚreRcIndUecñH RbEhlBIeRBaHrbbfµImincg;[man
PaBxusKñaxøaMgeBkrvagBYkGñkman nigBYkGñkRkehIyemIleTA}.
h‘Yt manGayusamsibqñaM. tamBaküsmþIpÞal;rbs;Kat;fa Kat;Ca{skmµCn}mñak; énclna
sgÁmniym CanisSitRkIRkmñak; Edlts‘UTb;Tl;nwgCIvPaBy:agRtdabRtdYs edIm,IbuBVehtubdivtþ
eTaHbICaRklM)aky:agNak¾eday. erOgGs;enH dUcCaKµan)anplRbeyaCn_GVIbnþicesaH kñúgkarsak
l,grbs;Kat;knøgmk eBlEdlKat;cab;epþImnwkRBÜy)armÖtaMgBIkarmkdl;rbs;Kat;kñúgrdæFanIemø:H.
exov sMpn RtÚv)ancat;taMg[mkeFVIkarGb;rMxagneya)aymYy dl;BYkbBaØvnþEdleTIbnwgcuHBI
ynþehaHTaMgenH. kñúgcMeNammnusSTaMgbIrynak; BYkeKRtÚv)an[sñak;enAtambnÞb;epSg² énGtIt
sklviTüal½ybec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUevot. exov sMpn )anniyayeTAkan;BYkenHfa {eyIgsuT§Et
esµIPaBKña. mnusSTaMgGs;RtÚvEteFVIkar. kñúgRbeTsBuMmanRsUvGgáreRcIneT. karbdivtþn_ CakatBVkic©
rYmKñanwgBYkcin.
exov sMpn BuMmanelIkniyayBIRbeTsevotNameT. karGb;rMneya)ay)ancb;RtwmenH ehIy
kargar)ancab;epþImPøamedayKµanbEg¥bg¥g;eLIy. h‘Yt )andMNalfa {BYkbBaØvnþ RtÚveKdak;[sñak;enA
kñúg{eragbeNþaHGasnñCaeRcIn EdlmanmnusSeBjENn dUcCMrMBYkGñkePosxøÜnEdr} ehIyeK[GñkTaMg
enHeFVIkardb;BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ edaydaMRsUv nigbEnøbgáarepSg². BYkeyIgsuT§EtRtÚveKeFVI[
xUcTwkctiþTaMgRsug. eyIgTaMgGs; suT§EtmanbBaðaxagsuxPaB nigpøÚvcitþ. ´minEdlnwkKitfa erOgenH
GacekItmancMeBaHrubésaH. ´Kitfa nwgeFVIGVI²RKb;Ebby:ag edIm,IRbeTsrbs;´ b:uEnþ BuMEmndaMRsUv
b¤daMés<eBj²mYyqñaMG‘ÍcwgeT}.
h‘Yt )ansnñidæanfa enAcugqñaM1976 manBYkbBaØvnþBIR)aMryeTAR)aMmYyrynak; enAeFVIkar nigrs;
enACamYyKña kñúgtMbn;CuMvijTIRkúgPñMeBj dac;ELkBIRbCaCnTaMgGs;. h‘Yt enAnwkeXIjfa BYkGñkEdl
RtLb;BIshrdæGaemrikmkvij RtÚveKykeTAdak;[rs;rwtEtq¶ayBIeKBIÉgeTAeTotnaqñaMdEdlenaH. KW
enACMnan;enaHehIy Edl h‘Yt nigBYkbBaØvnþdéTeTot RtÚveKcat;[eTAenAeFVIkarkñúgEpñkmYyenAeRkamkar
RKb;RKgpÞal;rbs;RksYg]sSahkmµ ebItamKat;sµan KWedIm,ICMnYskmµkrRbmaNCadb;nak;EdlRtÚveK
smøab;kñúgeBlfµI²enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgenaHehIy. h‘Yt enAeFVIkarkñúgeragcRksøEdkelx7 tam
mat;Tenø)asak; ehIy)anemIleXIjBIcm¶aynUvrebobrbbrs;enArbs;bNþasmaCikénvN³Gñkman
ÉksiT§ieTotpg.
BYkGñkRtÜtkar nigBYkkmµkarsuT§EtCakmµaPi)alExµrRkhm. h‘Yt erobrab;fa {enAPñMeBjBYkeK
sñak;enAEk,rkEnøgrs;enArbs;eyIgEdr. BYkeKeFVIkarCamYyeyIg b:uEnþ briePaKy:agRKb;RKan;enA
eBlEdleyIghUbEtbbrravb:ueNÑaH. enHBuMEmnCasmPaBeT EdlBYkkmµaPi)alrs;enA nighUbcuk
RbesIrCageyIgeTAeTot. erOgenHvaminsMxan;b:unµaneTkalebI´mindwgsøab; b¤rs;enaH. etI´GacGYtxøÜn
beRmIRbeTs´dUcemþceTA?.
RTI em:gh‘Yt nigbBaØvnþdéTeTot )ancMNayeBlevlad¾sMxan;bMputkñúgCIviteBjv½yrbs;eK
edIm,IsikSaBIbBaðaepSg²Edl\LÚvenH RbeTskm<úCakMBugRbQmmux -etIRtÚveRbIR)as;[Gs;lT§PaB
nUvRbPBFnFand¾sþÜcesþIgrbs;xøÜn RtÚveFVITMenIbkmµksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ edayminBwgEp¥kshRKas
cRmúHCati b¤mhaGMNacbreTsnanaedayrebobNaeTA?. etIRtÚveRbImeFüa)ayEbbNa edIm,IjúaMg
[RbCaCneCOfa kargar nigkareFVIBlIkmµepSg² Edlpþl;[kñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkarbdivtþn_ c,as;Ca
TTYl)anlT§plkñúgkarEklm¥CIvPaBrs;enARbesIrCagmunmYy nigeFVI[manÉkraCüeBjeljdUcemþc
eTA?. b:uEnþ eK)anhamXat;min[eRbIR)as;karecHdwgrbs;eKeLIy. karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;BYkeK
)ankøayeTACarbs;EdleKsgS½yeTAvij. BYkeKetagEtlublageTasedayTTYlTNÐkmµ eFVIkargar
bBaØvnþCaeRcInqñaM EdlBYkeKRtÚvbMeBjedIm,IBYkExµrRkhm. h‘Yt EdlFøab;eCOfa GackøayeTACa
smaCikbkSkan;GMNacenaH enAeBlenHeTIbdwgxøÜnfa CaTaskrrbs;bkSeTAvijesaH. manEt
RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlmanvNÑ³PaBedImRtwmRtÚvmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH EdleKcat;TukCamuxsBaØal¥kñúgkar
eRtómbBa©ÚlkñúgbkS. tambBa¢arbs;KN³elxamCÄim sun esn nig Duc )anykcitþTukdak;km©at;
smasPaBKhbtIecjBIkñúgépÞbkS BuMEmnbegáIncMnYnsmaCikbkSeT.
enAqñaM1977 BYkkumµúynisþ)ancab;epþImdak;Kuk nigsmøab;BYkbBaØvnþ BYkm®nþI EdlRtLb;mkBI
breTsGs;mYycMnYn -bBaØvnþ148nak; EdlmaneQµaHkñúgsMNuMÉksarenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg
nigGñkdéTEdlRtÚveKsmøab;Pøam²taMgBIdMbUg b¤Edl{)at;xøÜn}.
GñkrgeRKaHfµI²TaMgenH RtÚvsresrerobrab;BI {ExSbNþaj}rbs;eK EdlCaGñksmKMnit -enH
Carebobcat;EcgfµI edIm,Irk[eXIj {sm,úkcarburs} kñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIytam sarI fa bBaðaenH
RtÚv)anGnum½tyl;RBmtaMgBIqñaM1976emø:H. TsSn³GMBI{ExSbNþaj}enH KWCarebobmYyEdlepSg
BIrebobcat;Ecgrbs; sþalIn edaysarfa bNþamitþPkþi «Bukmþay nigshkarIrYmkargar Edlman
ninñakardUcKña RtÚv)anvinicä½yCaGñkmaneTas BIbTsmKMnitCamYynwgGñkCab;ecaT.
rebobcat;EcgrkExSbNþajrYmKMnitk,t; )aneTACabBaðasñÚlrbs;mNÐlsnþisux EdlerobcM
eLIgeday Duc nigbkS edIm,Icab;epþImeFVIkare)assm¥atepSg² TaMgmUl. BYkemdwknaMbkS xitxM
RsavRCavrkrebobcat;Ecgd¾l¥\tex©aH EdlBYkxµaMgsRtÚvbiT)aMg edIm,IbMpøaj[dl;b£sKl;nUvkic©Rbwg
ERbgrbs;RbCaCn ehIyenATIbMput bMpøajkarbdivtþn_EfmeTot. tamkar[dwgrbs; eGog sarI15 fa
ebIsinCamnusSbInak;ecaTRbkan;mnusSTIbYn mñak;fa)anrYmKMnitRbqaMgnwgrbb nigCasmaCikén{ExS
bNþaj}mYy CnenHnwgRtÚveKsnµtfaCaGñkmaneTasehIyGacRtÚvcab;xøÜneTot.sarI )anbBa¢ak;fa³
ebIsinmnusSbInak;GHGagfa mñak;kñúgcMeNamBYkeKCaPñak;gar es>GuI>Ga> b¤ ka>ehS>eb> Gñkmñak;enaH
k¾RtÚvcab;xøÜnEdr}.
Duc nigRkúmsnþi)al)anKitKUrBIkarrYmKMnitk,t; nigExSbNþajd¾saMjúaMCaeRcIn ehIybgðajCafµI
elIbBa¢IrayeQµaHerOgepSg². BYkeKBuMh‘anbgðajxøÜn CaeBCÄXatsamBaØ EdlkMBugsmøab;KURbECg
b¤xµaMgsRtÚvy:agKµanrMePIbenaHeT. BYkeK)ancat;Ecgkarsmøab;Etm:üagKt; KWbnÞab;BIBYkGñkeTasTTYl
{sarPaB}fa xøÜnCaedImehtuénbBaðaepSg² EdlecaTeLIgcMeBaHkarbdivtþn_. kareFVITaruNkmµ nigkar
smøab; RtÚv)aneKcat;Tukfa CaviFImYyEdlmanlkçN³caM)ac;xanmin)an edIm,IRsavrkExSbNþaj
epSg². mnusSPaKeRcInénmnusSEdlmanerobrab;kñúgcMnYnExSbNþajbBaØvnþTaMgenH suT§EtCabuKÁlik
eFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs kñúgenaHmanTaMg CYn RbsiT§i pg. RksYgenH CaeKaledAFMmYy kñúgcMeNam
eKaledAsMxan;²énrlke)assm¥atCaelIkdMbUg RbqaMgnwgvNÑ³GnuFn BIeRBaHfa KµanRksYgNamYy
epSgeTot manGtItbBaØvnþeRcIndUcRksYgenHeT. PaKeRcInénBYknisSit nigsa®sþacarü RKÚbeRgón
EdlRtLb;mkBIbreTseRkayqñaM1975 suT§EtsÁal;rab;GanmnusSEdleFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs
CaBiess RbsiT§i nig eGog sarI ehIyGñkTaMgenaH )anrYmeFVIkarCamYyGñkTaMgBIrnak;enHeTotpg.
\sSrCnbkSmñak; kñúgcMeNam\sSrCn dMbUg²rbs;bkS EdleKykeTAdak;KukenATYlEsøg naExkumÖ³
qñaM1976 KWCam®nþICan;x<s;mñak;enARksYgenH.
mü:ageTot RksYgkarbreTs )anRtÚveKcRmaj;ykBYkGñkminl¥ecjCab;CaRbcaM eBjzir³evla
énsm½ykalExµrRkhm fVIebI eGog sarI CaemdwknaMenARksYgenHk¾eday. edayBiteTA eGog sarI )an
lak;bMBYnbBaØvnþ EdlmancMeNHviC¢ax<s;² BYkmnusSRbúsRsI EdlFøab;cMNayeBlevlaCaeRcInqñaM
enAbreTs k¾dUcenAkñúgéRBPñMEdr. sarI )ansEmþg[eXIjfa Kat;KµansmtßPaBkarBarBYkGñkTaMgenaH
)aneT ehIyk¾BuMGacbBa¢ÚnBYkenaHeTAbreTsvijEdr. nYn Ca )anbdiesFminRBmpþl;Tidæakar[ecj
sRmab;kmµaPi)almYycMnYn Edl sarI )anesñIsuMsRmab;muxtMENgkarTUtmYyenAbreTseLIy16. kñúg
r)aykarN_dMNac;qñaM1976 emdwknaMmñak; )anniyayt¥ÚjEt¥rBIkarBuMmankmµaPi)alecHdwgRKb;RKan;
sRmab;bBa¢ÚneTAbreTsfa ³ {karxVHxatEtmYyKt;rbs;eyIgenAbreTs KWkarKµankmµaPi)alEdlGac
eFVIkarkñúgvis½yTMnak;TMngenAeRkARbeTs. GñkxøHEdlvilBIbreTs RtÚveyIgdkecjBIclnabdivtþ.
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enHminEdlB¤GñkNaniyayesaH. Kat;RtÚvecaTRbkan;fa CaPñak;gares>GuI>Ga> CamnusSmanKuNvibtþi
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edayecaTRbkan;fa CaPñak;garrbs;evotNam}.
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-GtItm®nþIbuKÁlikrbs;rdæaPi)alcas; nigBYknayTun. enHBuMEmnCaKMniteFVI[rwtEtl¥CagmuneT}.
enAqñaM1976 kumÖÚt RtÚvEtsresrCIvRbvtþirbs;xøÜnCafµIeTot. Kat;)anniyayfa {erogral;
eBlEdleKsresrCIvRbvtþirbs;xøÜn eKEtgRBÜy)armÖBIkar)at;xøÜnCanic©}. CafµImþgeTot GtIt
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)at;ElgeXIjEtb:ueNÑaH}.
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GaharkMNt;kan;EtfyticeTA²sRmab;mYyéf¶²Edr EdlenHCasBaØaminl¥mYysRmab;BYkeK. kar
RbmUlplRsUvenAqñaM1975 RtÚv)anEbgEckrvagRKÜsarTaMgGs;ehIykarRbmUlplRsUvqñaM1976
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{BYkGñkcas;}. KWenAExkkáda qñaM1977 eTIbekItmaneLIgnUvkarsmøab;rgÁalBitR)akd enAshkrN_
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TaMgmUleTA TaMgkUnekµg TaMgTarkpg. RKÜsarR)aMBIr b¤R)aMbI RtÚveKsmøab;ecalrYmKñaEtmYy elIk.
eyIgmindwgfa bNþalmkBImUlehtuGVIeT}.
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103 kñúgextþRBHviharEdlsßitenAPaKxageCIgbMput. Kat;)anerobkarenAeBlEdlKat;sßitenAkñúg
PaKxagRbeTsenAeLIy ehIy esa Pwm EdlCaelxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa’Føab;eFVICaem)akñúgBiFIenHpg.
pat; EdlRtÚvrab;cUlkñúgcMeNamyuT§Cnv½yekµg nigBUEkcMNanrbs;kgT½B )anEbkecjBIRbBn§ nig
kUn²rbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVIdMeNIeTAkan;tMbn;103. Kat;)anTTYlsÁal;fa kñúgeBls®gÁam Kat;)ankøay
eTACaeBCÄXatmñak;. BYkkumµúynisþExµrTaMgGs; EdlvilBIRkúghaNUymkvij eRkayqñaM1970 ehIy
EdlsßitenAkñúgtMbn;rbs;Kat;RtÚv)aneKsmøab;ecal edayectna b¤eRbIBaküfa{CnKYr[emIlgay
TaMgGs; EdlRtLb;BITIRkúghaNUymkvij)an)at;xøÜnenAqñaM1974}.
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btþikarvayTmøúHmYy ehIyrMedaHykRbCaCnsuIvil)anCitbImuWnnak; EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH.
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kñúgtMbn;nanarbs;ExµrRkhm ehIykarerobrab;rbs;BYkeK BuMEmnCaerOgEdlKYr[rIkrayTaMgRsugeT.
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mYyEbbenH BuMGaclublagRtwmEtsm½yRbCuMsV½yTietonmYy)aneT}.
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karkm©at; kuy FYn.
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es>GuI>Ga> taMgBIqñaM1958emø:H ehIy)aneRCótcUlbkSenAqñaM1960. BitehIy kuy FYn CaGñkman
FatuvNÑ³ {KhbtI} CagbNþaelxabkSPUmiPaKÉeTot² ehIyEdlGac[eKeRCIserIsCa {Cnk,t;}
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bnÞab;mk Kat;)anniyaymkkan;´fa {manCnk,t;CaeRcIn )anbBa©ÚleQµaHÉgeTAkñúgcegáameKEdr}.
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xøa nigRkeBI 387
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karN_epSg² Edlc,as;CaekItmankñúgeBlqab;². \riyabfenH )anpþl;nUvkareBjcitþcMeBaHBYkcin
EdlFøab;)anesñI[RkúgPñMeBjbeBa©jPaBc,as;las; nigcab;epþImeFVI[rUbPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgBiPBelak
RbesIrCagmunpg CaBiess ebIsinCaBYkExµrRkhmeRtómxøÜnvayRbhareTAelIBYkevotNamenaH.
enAkñúgRbeTs rbbenH)anseRmceFVIkarpøas;bþÚrTaMgRsugmYy b¤EkERbmtiENnaMepSg² kalBI
qñaMmunedIm,Il,geCos[putBImhnþrayEpñkesdækic© nigelIkTwkcitþRbCaCnkm<úCa sRmab;s®gÁammYy
Edlc,as;Canwgmkdl;kñúgeBlqab;². mCÄim )anbgÁab; bBa¢a[man {kareFVI[manesrIPaBCagmun}
mYy GMBIeBlem:ageFVIkargar karEbgEckes,ógGahar GMBIlMdab;tMENgrbs;shkrN_nana nigrebob
RKb;RKg EdlGnuBaØat[cab;cgmnusSTaMgGs; EdleKsgS½yBIGMeBIk,t;. b:uEnþ karpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH
GacelceLIg[eXIj{manesrIPaB}EtkñúgsgÁmtwgruwgmYy dUcKñanwgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüb:ueNÑaH.
BIcugqñaM1977 dl;cugqñaM1978 edaymankMhuskñúgkarvinicä½y b¤edayPaBs<wkRsBn; BYkExµr
Rkhm)aneFVI[CemøaHRBMEdnmankRmitkMNt; nigmanRbeyaCn_mYyCamYyRbeTsevotNam eTACa
s®gÁamkRmitFMmYyCaBiess edayRbkasfa manEts®gÁamTUeTAmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGacbnSat;kar
KMramkMEhgrbs;evotNam)an. BYkeK)aneFVI[eXIjc,as;las;nUvGVI²EdlCakarP½yxøacbMput rbs;
RbeTskm<úCa. BYkExµrRkhm )anbgá[manCemøaHRBMEdnmYy edIm,IGaceFVI[RbeTsevotNamTTYlxus
RtÚvGMBIbBaðaepSg²rbs;BYkeK ehIybgðajxøÜneLIgCaGñkCatiniymbþÚrpþac; nigCaGñkse®gÁaHRbeTs
km<úCa. CaCMnYsRbkarenaH BYkeKbgðajxøÜneLIgCa mnusSEdl)at;bg;Gs;nUvsµartITTYlxusRtÚvxøaMg
eBk edIm,IRKb;RKgs®gÁam ehIyelceLIgdUcCaBYkk,t;CatieBjFwg EdlCMruj[BYkevotNamcUl
lukluyRbeTskm<úCa nigvaydeNþImkan;kab;edaykmøaMgT½BEfmeTot.
kalBImun BYkkumµúynisþ)anbMpøajsgÁmCatiÉgkñúgeKalbMNgeRsacRsg;sgÁmeLIgvij BYk
eK)anbegáItsgÁmCafµI bnÞab;mkBYkeKsmøab;{sRtÚv}y:agrgÁal edIm,IkarBarTsSn³bdivtþrbs;xøÜn.
\LÚvenH BYkeK)anRbElgelgCamYyeCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsCatiTaMgmUl kñúgeKalbMNgkarBar
RbeTseLIgvijeTot EdltamBit KWBYkeKkMBugrt;eTArkeRKaHmhnþrayy:agFM.
bBaðamYyEpñktUcEdleFVI[BYkemdwknaMRkúgPñMeBjxVl;RBÜy )anrlay)at;enABak;kNþalqñaM
1977. sßitiepSg²3sþIBIkarRbmUlplRsUv)anbgðaj[eXIjfa plitplRsUvmansPaBl¥
RbesIrCagbNþaqñaMmun² -qñaM1976 ³ 1>900>00etan/ qñaM1977 ³ 2>700>000etan dUecñH
eKRtÚvbegáInbrimaNplRsUv[)anmYyeTVCaBIr TukTMnukbRmúgsRmab;karbriPaK. b:uEnþ eKGacmineCO
tYelxTaMgenHfaBitEdr. shkrN_nana RtÚvEtbBa¢Únr)aykarN_epSg² eTAfñak;elIrbs;BYkeKerog
ral;db;éf¶mþg ehIy)andwgy:agrh½sfa shkrN_xøÜnmuxCanwgRtÚvTTYlkmµ ebIsinCar)aykarN_TaMg
enaHBuMsuIKñanwgkareRKagTukCamunrbs;mCÄim.
RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlxMRbwgERbgeFVIkardUcBYkTaskr edIm,IsÞÚgRsUv BuM)anTTYllT§plBIkarRbwg
ERbgrbs;xøÜnenHeLIy. BitehIy minRtwmEtplRsUvmanbrimaNTabCagtYelxrbs;mCÄimb:ueNÑaHeT
b:uEnþ mCÄimenA)anRbmUlykRsUvmYyPaKrwtEteRcIneLIg²KµanQb;Qr sRmab;ciBa©wmkgT½B ciBa©wm
PUmiPaKdéTeTot EdlkMBugCYbRbTHkarGt;Xøany:agsem,Im ehIytamrdæaPi)al[dwgfa RsUvenaH
sRmab;naMecjeTARbeTscin sigðburI nigGa®hVikmYycMnYn. mü:ageTot RbEhlenABak;kNþalqñaM
1977 BYkemdwknaM)anpþl;Bt’maneTARKb;PUmiPaKfa RtÚvEtGnuvtþn_tammtiENnaMEdlmanBImun eday
tRmÚv[mankarhUb)ayrYmTaMgGs; CaviFankarEdlkat;bnßybrimaNes,ógGaharbRmúgTuksRmab;
RbCaCnEfmeTot.
ehtuenH RbCaCnmansPaBkan;EtexSayeTA² qab;rgTTYlCMgWepSg² nigkan;EtRtÚveFVI[xUcTwk
citþxøaMgeLIg²edaysarkarbdivtþn_ enAeBlEdlmCÄimbgÁab;bBa¢aenAExkkáda qñaM1977 [BYkeK
beBa©jkarRbwgERbgeFVIkarCafµIeTotenaH. edaysMGagelItYelxEdlsresredayGMNaccitþmnusS
mñak; nigRbkbedaysuTidæiymsþIBIplitplksikmµenaH mCÄim)anRbkasfa RbeTskm<úCamanes,óg
GaharGac]btßmÖxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg)anehIy² eRtómxøÜnsRmab;karGPivDÆn_dMNak;kalTIBIrCaeRsc KW
karksagksikmµTMenIbmYy. RbCaCn)ankøayeTACam©as;elITwk edaysarkarbegáItRbB½n§Fara
sa®sþfµI². mUldæanrbs;bdivtþRtÚv)anRbkasfa mansßirPaBelIvis½yesdækic© nigneya)ay Edl
Cavis½yBIr EdlminGacbMEbkecjBIKña)ankñúgcitþKMnitrbs;BYkemdwknaM.
EpnkarbYnqñaMfµI4 )aneRKag[shkrN_nanae)aHbg;RbPBFnFanepSg² EdlnwgRtÚvbegáIn
meFüa)ayplitkmµkñúgksidæan nigcmáarFM²rbs;rdæ ehIyEdlplitplnwgRtÚvTuksRmab;eragcRkEk
écñmðÚbGaharBIksiplEdleTIbbegáItfµI. EpnkarenH sgát;F¶n;eTAelIeragcRkcRmaj;sárs/ eragcRk
tm,aj/ eragcRkeFVIEkvnigeragcRksuIm:g;t_/ eragcRkRkecA ekAs‘U nigkþarbnÞH. ksidæan nigcmáarFM²
xøa nigRkeBI 391
rbs;rdæ)anRtÚverobcMeLIgenAedImqñaM1976 edayeRbIR)as;kgcl½tyuvCn. b:uEnþ plitplén
]sSahUbnIykmµenH sRmab;EtkarnaMecjb:ueNÑaH EdlbM)at;ecalCafµInUvEpápáaénkarRbwgERbgrbs;
RbCaCneTot. ekAs‘U RkecA nigsMLIK )ankøayeTACaplitplsMxan;kñúgkarnaMecj edIm,ICYybMeBj
hwbR)ak;rbs;rdæaPi)alEdlKµanmYyesnesaH.
enHKWCadMeNIrERbBIl¥eTAGaRkk;mYyén{PaBÉkraCüm©as;kar} EdlBYkExµrRkhmeFVICaRKwH
sIlFm’ nigesdækic©rbs;bdivtþeK. PaBÉkraCüm©as;karenH KWCaBaküPUtkuhkmYy BIeRBaH ebIKµan
CMnYyrbs;cin k¾km<úCaRbCaFibetyüBuMGacsßitesßr)anyUrEdr. rbbenH)aneRbIR)as;RbCaCnpÞal;
rbs;xøÜn edaycat;TukCahtßBlkrmYyEdlmantémøQñÜlefak ehIy)anlk;plitplrbs;xøÜneTA[
BYkcin edayKµanpþl;plkéRmmkvijesaH. Rtg;kEnøgEdlfa rk[)anBIbreTsnUvplitpl Edl
RbeTsCatiRtÚvkar nigRbmUlpþúMkarykcitþTukdak;elIplitplkñúgRsuk BYkkumµúynisþ)anbgçM[RbCaCn
km<úCaeFVIedayédpÞal;nUvGVIEdlmanlkçN³caM)ac;sRmab;eK. bnÞab;mk BYkemdwknaM)ankat;yk
plitplNaEdll¥elIseK ehIyeFVIkarnaMecjedaybBa©úHtémøeTot. enHBuMEmnCaneya)ayxøÜn
]btßmÖxøÜnedayxøÜnÉgeT b:uEnþ KWCakarbMpøajxøÜnedayxøÜnÉg.
enAqñaM1977 rdæaPi)al)andak;[GnuvtþnUveBlem:ageFVIkarmYykñúgTUTaMgRbeTs edayGHGag[
Qb;sRmakbIéf¶kñúgmYyEx. shkrN_CaeRcIn BuMykcitþTukdak;mtiENnaMenHeT ehIy)aneRbIR)as;éf¶
Qb;sRmaksRmab;eFVIkarRbCuM{eronsURtneya)ay} edayepþateTAelIkalviPaKrdUvRcÚtkat; nig
PaKryEdlRtÚv)aneTAvij ehIykñúgkMLúgénkarRbCuMTaMgenaH eKcat;Ecg[eFVIkarTieton. tamkarBit
eBlem:ageFVIkarenAEtF¶n;F¶r nigtwgruwgdEdl.
edayKµanniyayerOgGVIeRkABIenH BYkExµrRkhmenAEtmanbuernicä½yepSg²¬karvinicä½yedayKµan
KitBicarNa¦cMeBaH{vNÑ³KhbtIRkúg}EdlBYkeKFøab;mak;gay. karRbRBwtþrbs;eKCarebobbkRsay
fµImYynUvKMnitcas;KMrilrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg Edltamry³enHRbCaksikrkm<úCaEdlx¢ilRcGUs
GacseRmceLIgebHEpøpáa enAelIedImeQITaMgLayEdlRKb;RKan;sRmab;rs;enA ehIyminRBmeFVIkar
edaymuWgm:at; nigedIreTAmuxtamEdlGacseRmceFVI)an edIm,Inwg[RbeTskm<úCaTMenIbTan;sm½y.
BYkkumµúynisþ)anriHKn;RbB½n§RKb;RKgcas; BIeRBaH )anGnuBaØat[RsI²sißtenAEtkñúgpÞH nig[BYkv½y
CMTg;eronsURtykcMeNHviC¢a edayKµan)anGVIsRmab;ciBa©wmCIviteLIy. CYn RbsiT§i GñknaMBaküénRksYg
karbreTs )ansegçbkardwknaMenHfa {kñúgsgÁmcas; RbCaksikreFVIERscmáarkñúgmYyqñaM EtbI b¤bYnEx
b:ueNÑaH CamYynwgRkbI 2k,al ehIyTTYlplRsUv)an R)aMetan. \LÚvenH CamYynwgshkrN_nana
eyIg)anerobcMeFVIy:agNa[Tal;EtBYkeKGaceFVIkareBj²mYyqñaM)an>>>. kñúgsgÁmcas; RsI²sßit
enAEtkñúgpÞH manEtbþImñak;b:ueNÑaHEdleFVIkar. \LvenH mnusSTaMgGs;)anecjeTAeFVIkarRKb;²Kña
CaBiess BYkyuvCnEdlkalBIedImKµaneFVIGVIeRkAEtBIedIrraM nigsuICuHenaHeLIy5}.
manEtGtItsmaCikvNÑ³GPiCndUcCaRbsiT§imñak;b:ueNÑaHEdleCOfa RbCaksikr mineFVIkargar
eTeRkamrbbcas; ehIyfakarEdlKat;ciBa©wmRKÜsarmYy XuMRKgvgSRtkUlmYy nigcUlrYmeFVIkic©kar
eRcInelIslb;kñúgkarrs;enACnbT KWBuMEmn{eFVIkargar}eT. PaKeRcInényuvCn k¾mineFVI[)at;bg;
eBlevlarbs;eKedaymineFVIGVIesaHEdr CaBiessenARsukERscmáar eBlEdlBYkeKe)aHbg;sala
qab;CagGñkÉeTot edIm,ICYyeFVIkargarERscmáarrbs;RKÜsareK.
vaCaerOg\tn½yTaMgRsug Edlvinicä½yBIkarGb;rMTMenIb\tRbeyaCn_ kñúgdMeNIrelatepøaHrbs;
RbeTskm<úCaeq<aHeTArkkarGPivDÆn_ nigkareFVITMenIbkmµ. TsSn³enH manb£sKl;menaKmviC¢aenA
RbeTscin nigbegáItrebobsEmþgecjrbs;xøÜny:ageBjeljkñúgkartemþIgPaBGviC¢arbs;karbdivtþn_
vb,Fm’. b:uEnþ enAqñaM1977 rbbenHmanmUlehtumYy kñúgkarbiTsalaeronTaMgGs; nigbBa¢ÚnBYk
yuvCneTAeFVIkartamERs kgT½B nigmnÞIrRksYgepSg². eKElgsUvTukcitþmnusSv½ykNþaleTotehIy
ehIykare)assm¥atTaMgLayeRcInEtsmøab;rgÁalBYkkmµaPi)alv½ycas;²ecal. ehtuenHehIy
BYkemdwknaM)anEbrmkrkBYkyuvCnkm<úCaCanic© edIm,I[ekþabkþab;karbdivtþn_rbs;eK. ehIyRbsiT§i
)anGYtxøÜnfa {Gs;elakGackt;smÁal;fa yuT§Cnbdivtþn_TaMgGs; suT§Etmanv½yekµg>>> karbdivtþn_
begáIt)anCMnan;fµImYyehIy6}.
{yuvCnbdivtþn_} manv½ykan;EtekµgeTA². enAExkkáda qñaM1977 eRkayeBlEdlrbbenH
RbkaseCOTukcitþcMeBaH mUldæanbdivtþrwgmaMBitR)akdehIyenaH bkS)ancab;epþImeRCIserIsmnusS
fµI²EfmeTot EdlsuT§Etmanv½yCMTg;esÞIrEtTaMgGs;.
kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH BYkemdwknaM)anpøas;bþÚryuT§viFI nigeKaledATaMgLayEdlRtÚvvayRbhar
Edr. mCÄimxMRbwgbBa©b; {karts‘UvNÑ³} kñúgépÞshkrN_nanaEdlnaMmknUvkarRcbUkRcbl; karbgðÚr
QamCaeRcIn eRBaHvarbUtputBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;rbb nigkarFøak;cuHy:agxøaMgmYyEpñkplitpl.
\LÚvenH mCÄim)anerobcMkmøaMgrbs;xøÜnTaMgGs;BIeRkaykartamEsVgrknigkarkm©at;bkSBYkRbqaMg
Epñkneya)ayEdlmanenAkñúgépÞbkSpÞal; nigkñúgCYrBYkGñkeFVIkartammnÞIrRksYgnana. RkúgPñMeBj
EdlerobcMxøÜnkñúgCemøaHRBMEdnmYyCamYyRbeTsevotNam BuMcg;rkSaTukmnusSk,t;Namñak;[kan;
tMENgsMxan;²eLIy. enATIbMput Rkúmsnþisux )anRbmUlpþúMkic©RbwgERbgy:agx¢ab;x¢Ünrbs;BYkeK eTAelI
xøa nigRkeBI 393
PUmiPaKbUBa’ Edls®gÁamnwgRbRBwtþeTAenATIenaH ehIyEdlBYkk,t;nwgeTACamnusSEdlpþl;mhnþray
CageK.
KN³elxaénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)ankuhkedaydwgxøÜncMeBaHxøÜnÉgpÞal; b¤BnøicxøÜny:ag
eRCAeTAkñúgKMnitsuTidæiniymEdlKµanmUldæanfa bNþasmaCikrbs;xøÜnmanCMenOcMeBaHGVI EdlBYkeK)an
GHGagkalEdlBYkeKRbkasenAExkkáda qñaM1977 fa karbdivtþmanmUldæanrwgmaMBitR)akdenaH. Tuk
Cay:agNak¾eday mUldæanRKwHTaMgenaH)aneRbHRsaMGs;eTAehIy. BYkExµrRkhmmanRbCaCnRbEhl
rvag db;R)aMeTAémÖPaKryb:ueNÑaH EdlenABIeRkayBYkeKCasMxan; KWBYkksikrRk nigBYkyuvCn. b:uEnþ
enAeBlenH {BYkGñkcas;} mYycMnYnFMEdlnwksµanfa GacTajykGtßRbeyaCn_BIkarbdivtþk¾Gs;
sgÇwmEdr. kareRbIR)as;es,ógGahar)anfycuH. enAeBlEdlkare)assm¥atfñak;PUmiPaK cab;
epþImFøayBImçageTAmçageToténRbeTs {BYkGñkcas;} )ancab;RBÜy)armÖBICIvitpÞal;rbs;eKEdr.
dUcEdlkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKBay½Bübgðaj[eXIjRsab; enAqñaM1977 {BYkGñkcas;} )an
køayeTACaGñkEdlRtÚveKsgS½yxøaMgCag {BYkGñkfµI} eTAeTot. {BYkGñkcas;} RtÚv)ansmøab; b¤)at;bg;
muxtMENg nigsiT§iBiess²rbs;BYkeKkñúgRkbx½NÐénkarpøas;bþÚrCaeRcInelIk. RkúmRKÜsarrbs;GñkTaMg
enaH k¾køayeTACaGñkEdlRtÚveKsgS½ydUcKña ehIyRtÚvRbQmmuxnwgkarsgswkeTAéf¶muxEfmeTot.
KWRbEhlenACMnan;enHEdr EdlKN³elxamCÄimbkSbegáIt[manneya)ayfµImYy {EdlTUlayCag
mun} kñúgnaTIénkarRbharCIvitmnusS. kalBImun karecaTRbkan;cMnYn BIGMeBIk,t;cMnYnbI lµmRKb;RKan;[
eKcab;bBa¢ÚnmnusSmñak;eTAdak;Kuk b¤smøab; Cak;CaR)akd. GMNwHteTA eKRtÚvkarBaküecaTbþwgcMnYnR)aM
eTIbykCakar)an enHCaviFankarEdl eGog sarI yl;eXIjfa {manmnusSFm’} Cagmun.
enAeBlEdlTIedAvayRbharpøas;bþÚr kare)assm¥atTaMgLay ecHEtbnþeTAmuxKµanQb;Qr
nigkan;EteXareXAeLIg². enAExsIha qñaM1977 enAeBlEdlmCÄim vinicä½ykarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy
EdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyEdldwknaMbMpøajkarbdivtþedaysm¶at; bkS)ancab;xøÜnemdwknaM
Can;x<s;CaeRcInnak; Edlkan;kab;muxtMENgepSg² CamuxtMENgEdlGnuBaØat[eKerobcMKeRmagkar
EbbenaH)an.
kalBImun mCÄim)ankm©at;bNþaemdwknaMCan;x<s;CabBaØvnþ nigmanRbPBedImCavNÑ³KhbtI dUcCa
kuy FYn emdwknaMPUmiPaK]tþr Exk Eb:n kmµaPi)aldwknaMPUmiPaKBay½Bü nig h‘U nwm rdæm®nþIeXasnakar
CaedIm. GñkTaMgGs;enH RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTeFVIkar[BYkes>GuI>Ga> ¬kñúgkrNIxøH karecaTRbkan;
epSg² RtÚv)anEkERbCabnþbnÞab;edIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlerOgeFVIcarkmµbeRmI[BYkevotNamk¾man¦. b:uEnþ
karsmøab; Ekv mas smaCikd¾man\T§iBlrbs;bkS EdlcUlLÚkLMkñúgkarTas;ETgKñaBIerOgkalbriecäT
énkarbegáItbkSenaH KWCasBaØaR)ab;[dwgBIkare)assm¥atCaeRcInenAcugqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978.
RbeTsevotNam )anCMnYsshrdæGaemrik kñúgtYnaTICamhaGMNacbreTsmYy EdlRKb;RKgdwknaMExS
bNþajcarkic©CaeRcIn.
rhUtmkdl;Exkkáda qñaM1977 PUmiPaKbUBa’rbs; esa Pwm RbEhlCaPUmiPaKmYykñúgcMeNam

PUmiPaKBIr EdlFøab;CYy[RbeTsCatirIkceRmInxøaMgCageK7. edayPUmiPaKnirtIrYcputBI {CMgWminTukcitþ
eKÉg} rbs; mCÄim PUmiPaKbUBa’ k¾xMkarBarkareRCótERCkRKb;Ebby:agrbs; mCÄim Edr. Pwm )anTTYl
ÉksiT§irenH edayKat;suxcitþeFVItammtiENnaMTaMgLayEpñkneya)ay nigkarTamTarepSg²rbs;
mCÄim -edaykareTIsTal;citþ b¤edayesckþIeRsIbcitþk¾mindwgb:uEnþeKminsUvdwgerOgenHeT. k¾b:uEnþ
GVIEdlCakarRbRBwtþepSg²rbs;Kat; )anbgðajR)ab;y:agCak;c,as;fa Kat;CamnusSBUEkeRbIl,ickl
mñak; dUcm:aKIy:aEvl (Machiavel) ¬Gñkneya)ayRbkbedayl,icklRKb;Ebby:ag edIm,IseRmcpl
RbeyaCn_epSg²¦ EdlGnuBaØat[Kat;)anrs;ranCIvitrhUtmkdl;qñaM1977.
kMhusEdlnaMmknUvkþIvinasrbs;Kat; KWmkBIKat;minBinitüemIlerOgCak;EsþgEdlekIteLIg ³ Kat;
)anbBa©ÚlxøÜneTAkñúgRbB½n§RKb;RKgxøaMgeBk eRBaHEtKat;nwkkñúgcitþfa GñkNak¾GacEbrk,alRbqaMgnwg
Kat;vij)anEdr b¤edIm,I[)andwgCamunnUvsBaØaepSg² eBlNaEdlmanRBwtþikarN_GVImYyekIteLIg
cMeBaHrUbKat;. CabkçCneCIgcas;mñak;rbs;bkS EdlFøab;man bTBiesaFn_ CasmaCikKN³elxamCÄwm
taMgBIqñaM1963 nigCaelxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa’ taMgBIkarbegáItPUmiPaK enHenAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1960.
esa Pwm CaGñkbegáItkgT½BEdll,Il,ajbMputenAPUmiPaKbUBa’edayxøÜnKat;pÞal;. Kat;)an
seRmccitþdwknaMeFVIkarts‘UedayGavuFenAqñaM1968 fVIebImankarbdiesFBIsMNak;BYkevotNam min
RBmpþl;GavuFEdlkgT½Brbs;Kat;kMBugRtÚvkary:agxøaMgk¾eday. tameKniyayfa eTaHbICaKat;min
EdlePøcBIkarbdiesFrebobRTeKaHe)aHe)akrbs;BYkevotNamesaHk¾eday k¾Kat;enAEtEfrkSaTMnak;
TMngepSg²y:agl¥CamYyBYkenaHdEdl. enAqñaM1969 Kat;)aneRbIR)as;TwkdIrbs;evotNam edIm,I
lak;xnÜø nigRbmUlpþkMú gT½Brbs;Kat;eLIgvij. enAqña1M 970 enAeBlEdlBYkevotNamT®nÞancUlmkkñgú
TwkdIkm<úCaTaMghVÚg²enaH esa Pwm nigkgT½Brbs;Kat; )anvayRbyuT§Rbekoksµa CamYynwgBYkenaHEdr.
CamYyBYkevotNam Pwm )anbgðaj[eXIjfa Kat;CaGñkcrcad¾cMNanmñak; edaymin Edlyl;
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esaH. Pwm ecHeqøótTajykRbeyaCn_Pøam²mYy BIsßanPaBEdlkgT½BRkúghaNUy kMBugeFVIkar
RbyuT§CaKuNRbeyaCn_sRmab;kgT½BExµrRkhm. BYkevotNam)anpþl;GavuF EdleKvayyk)anBI
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enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[Kat;smøab;BYkkumµúynisþExµr EdlvilRtLb;BIRkúghaNUymkvijCamYy
kgT½BevotNam Pwm )aneFVItamCabnÞan;.
bnÞab;BIC½yCmñH Kat;enArkSaTukGMNacbBa¢akarPUmiPaKbUBa’dEdl ehIyenAqñaMbnÞab; eBlEdl
rdæaPi)alRtÚvbegáIteLIg Kat;RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaGnuRbFanTImYyénKN³RbFanrdæeRkam exov sMpn
mYyfñak;. GnuRbFanrbs;Kat;mñak;kñúgcMeNamGnuRbFansMxan;²rbs;Kat;eQµaH PYg RtÚv)ancat;taMg
[TTYlbnÞúkRksYgcmáarekAs‘U ehIyRtÚv)anCMnYstambBa¢arbs;mCÄimeday\sSrCnmñak;eTotrbs;
PUmiPaKbUBa’ KWeQµaH can; Edl Pwm )anGb;rMENnaM [Rbkan;tamCMhrepSg²rbs;Kat;)anTaMgRsug.
mCÄimk¾)anbBa¢a[mankarpøas;bþÚrmYycMnYntUckñúgKN³dwknaMPUmiPaKEdr b:uEnþ edayEbbEpnTUeTAmYy
mCÄimmineRCótERCkkñúgkic©karrbs; Pwm eT CaBiess ebIeKeRbóbeFobCamYynwgkareFVI[mankar
RcbUkRcbl;epSg² EdltRmÚveTAelIPUmiPaKepSg²eTot.
minRtwmEt Pwm RbtibtþitambBa¢aepSg²rbs;mCÄimb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ Kat;k¾)anrYmcMENkkñúgkar
ecjbTbBa¢aTaMgenaHEdr edayehtufaKat;CasmaCikKN³elxamCÄim nigCasmaCikKN³RbFanrdæ
mñak;. kgT½Brbs;Kat;Føab;)ancUlrYmkñúgkarCemøósRbCaCnecjBIRkúgPñMeBj edaysuT§citþ bnÞab;mk
karkemÞcBYkGñkeCOsasnagb; CaBiess CnCatiPaKticcamEdlrs;enACaRbéBNIyUrmkehIyenA
PaKxagekIt.b:uEnþ PUmiPaKrbs; Pwm )anBnüWteBlminTan;[mankarhUb )ayrYmPøam²eTehIykñúgtMbn;
xøH²)anekItmankarts‘UminRBmeFVItambTbBa¢a[lubbM)at;kmµsiT§iÉkCneTotpg. KWcMeBaHmUlehtu
enHehIy Edl Pwm RtÚveKecaTRbkan;CabnÞab;mkeTotfa CaGñkesJIcsresIrEdlmancritCaGñkbeRmI
mñak;tamKMrUshkrN_Ebbcin.
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eT. pÞúyeTAvij Kat;)ansEmþgTwkcitþrIkrayCaxøaMgEdl)anbdiesFminsßitenAeRkamcMNuHRkúg
haNUy kñúgeBls®gÁam k¾dUceBlmansnþiPaBEdr. mü:ageTot KµanGVImYybnSl;Tuk[eKsnñidæanfa
mankarExVgKMnitKñaxagneya)ayk¾eTEdr ³ Pwm )anekatsresIrCacMhnUvKMrUrbs;kUer:xageCIg EdlCa
maK’adwknaMy:agl¥sRmab;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eTaHCamanPaBBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugrbs;km<úCa cMeBaH
RbeTscinnasm½yenaHk¾eday k¾BYkemdwknaMRkúgPñMeBjcUlcitþniyayfa xøÜnmancitþjúaMg[cg;eFVIkar
tamKMrUrbs;kUer:xageCIgCag CaRbeTskumµúynisþmYyepSgEdlmanTMhMtUc nigmaneKalkarN_twgruwg
edayelIksresIrBIPaBÉkraCüm©as;kar nigekþabkþab;RbCaCneRkamrbbmYy EdleRbIlT§ipþac;kar.
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edayRkúgsnþisuxpÞal;rbs;PUmiPaKenH. GñkCMnajkarmñak;)anvaytémøfa kare)assm¥atenH )an
b:HBal;eTAelIkmµaPi)alkumµúynisþ BIR)aMryeTAmYyBan;nak; enHCatYelxx<s;mYy sRmab;PUmiPaKbUBa’
EdlmankmµaPi)almYycMnYnFM eronsURtecHdwgRbesIreRcInCageK. eKmin)andwg[R)akdfa etI esa
Pwm CaGñkbgÁab;bBa¢a[eFVIkare)assm¥atTaMgenH b¤fa kare)assm¥atTaMgenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeTAtam
karesñIrbs;mCÄimeLIy. TukCay:agNak¾eday k¾ Pwm )andwgBIerOgenH nigpþl;nUvkaryl;RBmrbs;
Kat; edayRbEhlCaTTYlsÁal;{P½sþútag}epSg² sþIBIGMeBIk,t;rbs;BYkkmµaPi)alTaMgenaHEdr. dUc
jwm rs; elxabkSPUmiPaKBay½Bü Pwm )anGnuBaØat[eFVIkare)assm¥atepSg² CaelIkdMbUgkñúgPUmiPaK
rbs;Kat;edaynwkKitfa mCÄim b¤RkúmsnþisuxpÞal;rbs;xøÜnmanP½sþútagepSg² sRmab;RbqaMgnwgBYkkmµa
Pi)alEdleKb:gR)afñaGs;ehIy.
b:uEnþ kñúgdMNak;kalfµIenH BYkGñkmanmuxmat;rbs;bkSEbb esa Pwm CaedIm suT§EtkøayeTACa
mnusSEdlGacRtÚvrgkarvayRbharxøaMgCageKbMput. KuNsm,tþiepSg²rbs;Kat;pÞal; EdlkalBI
munFøab;GnuBaØat[Kat;QaneLIgbuNüs½kþiCalMdab;lMeday )anERbkøayeTACalkçN³Biesseday
ELk EdlRtÚveKsgS½yeTAvij edayrYmbgáCacMNucsMxan;kñúgkarecaTRbkan;cMeBaHrUbKat;. ebI esa
Pwm ykcitþTukdak;xøaMgnwgkare)assm¥atepSg² enAPUmiPaKdéTeTot nigmUlehtuTaMgLay Edllak;
xøÜnBIeRkayerOgTaMgenaH Kat;c,as;CaemIleXIjBIkarRbúgeRbóbxøÜneFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKpÞal;
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elIkdMbUgnUvbBaðasMxan;²rbs;karbdivtþ ³ karKµansmtßPaBFanasnþisuxeBjeljmYy ¬KWenAPaK
xageCIgEdlkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; eFVIRbtibtþikarvayTmøúHExSRkv:at;karBarcUly:ageRCAEtmþgKt; kñúg
ry³eBls®gÁam KWqñaM1974¦ karKµansmtßPaBRKb;RKgxagEpñkesdækic© edaysarEtGnuvtþkmµviFI
sgÁmkic©twgruwghYsehturbs;karbdivtþ. PUmiPaKBay½Bü CaeKaledAénkare)assm¥atbnÞab;mkeTot
BIeRBaHCakEnøgEdlFøab;ekItmanbraC½yxøaMgCag eKbMput ³ KeRmagkarRbkbedaymhicätarbs;mCÄim
edIm,IbegáItPaBrugerOgenATIenaHdUcsm½yGgÁreLIgvijRtÚvbraC½y ehIypÞúyeTAvij PUmiPaKBay½Bü
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seRmceCaKC½yRbesIrmYy ehIyEdlFøab;sÁal;braC½ydUcKña KWPUmiPaKbUBa’. EmnehIy mCÄimFøab;
epJIesckþITukcitþelI Pwm edIm,ITTYl)anC½yCmñHmYykñúgCemøaHRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. sBaØa
smÁal;dMbUg²Edlbgðajfa RkúghaNUymankgT½BmYyRbesIrelIseK y:agCak;EsþgenaH )annaM[
mCÄimsgS½yfa Pwm mankarXubXitCasm¶at;CamYyRbeTsevotNam. skmµPaBBImun²rbs;Kat;kñúg
bkS )aneFVI[Kat;eTACatYy:agebkçCnsRmab;[eKecaTRbkan; BIbTdwknaMExSbNþajcarkmµmYy Edl
erobcMeLIgedayRbeTsevotNam kñúgeKaledApþÜlrMlMbkS nigkarbdivtþ.
mYyEpñkkareRbóbeFobrvag Pwm nigPUmiPaKbUBa’ ehIymYyEpñkeTotrvag tam:uk nigPUmiPaKnirtI
KWmanlkçN³eFVI[eKdwgerOgr:avy:ageRcIn. enAExkkáda qñaM1977 tam:uk nigPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; )ankan;
kab;sßanPaBd¾RbesIrmYy ebIniyayGMBIEpñkneya)ay. Kat;eTIbnwgdwknaMeFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaK
Bay½Bü nigPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCatMbn;RkIRk EdlminEdlmantYnaTIsMxan;NamYykñúgKeRmagkaresdækic©
rbs;mCÄimTal;EtesaH. BitEmnEtPUmiPaKnirtImanRBMEdnrYmmYyCamYyevotNamk¾eday k¾BuMEmn
TIenHeTEdlRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNameQøaHTas;ETgKñaBIbBaðaTwkdI nigPUmimYycMnYnenaH dUecñHkitiþys
GaRkk;enHRtÚvFøak;mkelIPUmiPaKbUBa’vij.
mü:ageTot m:uk BuMmankan;muxtMENgNamYyenAkñúgrdæaPi)aleT. edImeLIy Kat;manGaCIBCa
bBa¢akarT½Bmñak; ehIykøayeTACaelxabkSPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; RbEhlenATIbBa©b;éns®gÁamb:ueNÑaH.
Rbhak;RbEhlCaenAsm½yenaHEdr Kat;)anQancUlkñúgKN³elxamCÄim b:uEnþ BuMEmnCasmaCikd¾
sMxan;mñak;dUc esa Pwm eT. b:uEnþ critKµanGaNitGasUr nigkarbuinRbsb;EpñkeyaFarbs;Kat; )anpþl;
[Kat;nUvsMeLgd¾manb£T§iGMNacelIslb;eKÉg ¬Twkmat;éRb¦ kñúgépÞKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSy:agqab;
rh½s. m:uk CaKMrUmnusSFun {Gñkéddl;} EdlkarBarPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; edaykarpÁab;pÁúnykKab;ykKYr
nigeKarBeFVItambTbBa¢aepSg²rbs; b:ul Bt Kµanel¥óg edayeCosvagmin[ekItmaneOgr:avGVI EdlnaM
[mankarlM)akdl;xøÜn nigsßitEtmñak;ÉgedayKµaneKsÁal;EfmeTot. dUecñH b:ul Bt emIlBuMeXIjfa
Kat;CamnusSKYr[RBÜy)armÖmñak;eT ehIyenATIbMput )ancat;TukKat;CamnusSsMxan;mñak;kñúgcMeNam
mnusSsMxan;² EdlGac[mCÄimeRbIR)as;seRmc)anlT§plCaeRcInRbkar kñúgkare)assm¥atTaMg
Layrbs;bkS.
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BYkeK )aneFVIskmµPaBneya)ayCamYyKñakñúgPUmiPaKnirtI kñúgry³eBlénqñaMdMbUg²rbs;karbdivtþn_.
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mankarsgS½yBIPkþIPaBrbs;bNþaemdwknaMPUmiPaKenH PkþIPaBpÞal;rbs;Kat; k¾GacRtÚveKsgS½yEdr
ehIyerOgenH vaCaeRKaHfñak;mYyEdlKat;cg;eCosvag[q¶ay.
edayman Duc enAeRkayxñg m:uk KWCamnusSEdlmansnþisuxy:agRKb;RKan;. esa Pwm nigyuT§Cn
eCIgcas;eqñIm²déTeTotrbs;bkS nwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;Cati edayrYmKMnitCamYybreTs. Cn
EdlsßitenAkñúgkarKaMBarrbs; b:ul BtpÞal;eQµaHv:n ev:t nwgRtÚvCab;ecaTBIbTeFVIviecäTkmµbMpøajbdivtþ
edayectna eRkayeBlbkScab;epþImeFVIkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwg esa Pwm bnþic. emdwknaMnana Edl
CaGñksñiTsñalnwg b:ul Bt b¤mansiT§iGMNackan;EtxøaMgkalNa BYkeKmuxCanwgeFVI[ Duc keRmIkeLIg
nUvkarsgS½yxøaMgeLIgkalenaHEdr.
b:uEnþ KWkardYlrlMrbs; esa Pwm nigkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;RbEhlCarYmbgáCavKÁerOg
mYyEdlKYr[rn§t;jab;j½r bNþal[mankarsøab;eRcIn nigEdlbMpøajxøaMgCageKbMput cMeBaHCIvit
y:agxøIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
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evotNam nigBYkGñkEdlRbkasfaRtÚvEteFVI Camitþd¾CitsñiT§CamYyRbeTsevotNam.
karvayRbharenH)anbnþrhUtmk dl;Exkkáda qñaM1978>>>8.
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EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. enAqñaM1967 BYkkumµúynisþevotNam)anTTYlsÁal;RBMEdnrbs;
km<úCa ehIyy:agehacNas; sRmab;BiPBelakxageRkABYkkmµúynisþ hak;dUcCaeRtómbRmúgedaH
RsaynUvCemøaHepSg² Edlcak;b£sy:ageRCArvagRbeTsTaMgBIrEfmeTot.
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eLIy. b:uEnþ BYkeKBuM)anQandl;kic©RBmeRBógNamYyeLIy. BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCahak;dUcCadwgxøÜnfa
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sIhnu kalBIqñaM1967. sRmab;PaKIxøÜn BYkkumµúynisþExµr)anTTYlsÁal;RBMEdnEdlmanEcgkñúgkic©
RBmeRBógenH. b:uEnþ RBMEdnEdlKUseLIgtaMgBICMnan;)araMg ehIyEdleFVI[xUcplRbeyaCn_RbeTs
km<úCaenaH RbEhlCaRtÚve)aHbg;karTamTarTaMgGs;kñúgerOgTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam enAeBlEdlBYkevot
NamRBmeKarBRBMEdnenH. e)aHbg;TwkdIExµrmYycMGamEfmeTot nwgQaneTArkeRKaHmhnþrayy:agFM
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tamGVI²EdlsmCaBit BYkevotNammnmansgS½yBIesckþIP½yxøac EdlBYkeKbegáIt[manenAkñúg
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mnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg sþIBIkareRCótERCkrbs;evotNam kñúgneya)ayrbs;bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa.
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sa®sþrbs;bkS[)anc,as;las; nigeBjelj GnuelameTAtamneya)ayÉkraCürbs;eyIg
nigeFVICam©as;elIxøÜnÉgBitR)akd}. karpøas;bþÚrkalbriecäTénéf¶kMeNItbkS )ankøayy:agrh½seTACa
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rbs;eKkñúgs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu bnÞab;mk RbqaMgnwg ln; nl;. enHCameFüa)ay
mYysMedAÉeka BYkbkçCneCIgcas;rbs;bkS Edlmanb£sKl; ecjBIbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin KWbNþa
mnusSdUc esa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa’CaedIm. dUc CYn muM )anTTYlsÁal;erOgenHy:aggaybMput
fa {eyIg)anelIkéf¶Ex begáItbkSeTAqñaM1960vij kñúgeKalbMNgpþac;xøÜn[putBIbkSkumµúynisþ
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lkçN³BitR)akdénkarBinitüeLIgvijCaRbvtþisa®sþenH )anRbharbkSedayPaBkMEhgkMhl;
mYy enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt nig Duc CYyKaMRTedIm,IEfTm¶n;fa RbeTsevotNam)anKMramkMEhgRbeTs
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TIbMputykRbeTskm<úCabBa©ÚlCa]bsm<½n§eTot. GñkNak¾edayEdlsÁal;c,as;CMgWminTukcitþeKÉg
TaMgGs;rbs;emKukTYlEsøg Gacyl;FøúHEdlkaMCeNþIrbnÞab;nwg naMeTAdl;PaBsmehtusmplTaMg
Rsug enAeBlEdlbNþaemdwknaMbkS rYmTaMgmnusSmYycMnYndUc esa Pwm CaedIm Føab;)ancUlrYmkñúgkar
e)assm¥atdMbUg² sMedARbqaMg nwgBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa EdlRtLb;BIRkúghaNUymkvijenAqñaM1974
BYkeK)anyl; RsbtamkareBalGagrbs;bkSEdlfa smmitþTaMgenaH CaBYkviecäTkreFVIkarbeRmIBYk
evotNam. eBlEdlbkS kemÞcsmasPaBGnuFnecalenAqñaM1975 nigqñaM1976enaH k¾BYkem
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es>GuI>Ga> b¤ka>ehS>eb> Edl)aneRCótcUlkalBIeRcInqñaMmunedIm,IbMpøajkarbdivtþEdr.
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dwknaMxøH edayehtufa eKeTIb)anseRmceFVIkarTak;TgKñaCaGñkCitxagl¥EtBIr-bIExb:ueNÑaH cMeBaHkar
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eRKagerobcM[mankarTak;TgKñatampøÚvGakasrvagrdæFanITaMg2 RbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam enAEtyl;
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niym elIBYkem:AniymenaHehIy. edaymansuxPaBRsYlbYleLIgvij Pwm )anmanmuxenAkñúgExS
PaBynþeXasnamYy EdlRbeTscin)anplitecjenAcugqñaMenaH. CamYynwgBYkGñkRbtibtþiniym
plRbeyaCn_rbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa )ankøayeTACamanlkçN³xagyuT§sa®sþeRcIn
CagxagmenaKmviC¢a.
enAExsIha PaBs¶b;s¶at;)anekItmaneLIgvijenAtamRBMEdn. v: egVógy:ab rdæm®nþIRksYgkarBar
RbeTsrbs;evotNam)aneFVIdMeNIrmkRtÜtemIlkgT½Brbs;xøÜn ehIymanelcB¤BaküccamGar:am
sþIBIbTQb;)aj;KñamYy.
b:unµans)þah_eRkaymk BYkkm<úCa)ancab;epþImvayRbharCafµI. {mtiENnaMTUeTATIBIr} )ankøay
eTACabTbBa¢aRbcaMéf¶ kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ )anqøgcUleTAkñúgextþtaynij ehIyebIkkarvaylukeTA
elIBYkevotNam. tambBa¢arbs; sun esn kgT½BExµrRkhmRbEhlCacUly:ageRCAeTAkñúgTwkdIrbs;
evotNamRBm²Kña edIm,IsÞabsÞg;ExSkarBarrbs;sRtÚv nigriHRbúgRby½tñRbqaMgnwgGakb,kiriya
TamTarTwkdIrbs;xøÜnpg. b:uEnþ kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ )anRtÜvBYkevotNamvaykemÞcy:agF¶n;F¶r ³
RbeTsevotNamminRBmTTYlyk{emeron}rbs;BYkkm<úCaeT.
PUmiPaKrbs; esa Pwm RtÜvTTYlbraC½y kgT½Brbs;Kat; BuM)andak;TNÐkmµF¶n;F¶rmYyeTAelIT½B
evotNamEdlman]tþmPaBCagxøÜneLIy. Duc Gacbnþ[sMGagdl;nUvkaresuIbGegátrbs;Kat; RbqaMg
nwg esa Pwm nigkmµaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKmYycMnYnFM RBmTaMg{BYkGñkcas;} rab;Ban;nak; EdlRtÚveK
xøa nigRkeBI 407
sgS½yfa )anRbRBwtþGMeBIk,t;pg. GñkTaMgenaHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;fa {BYkk,alyYnxøÜnExµr}. PUmiPaK
bUBa’RtÚv)aneRCIserIssRmab;Tmøak;eTaskMhuseTAelIRKb;Ebby:ag cMeBaHbraC½yEpñkeyaFa Edl
RbeTskm<úCa)ansakl,gkñúgs®gÁamRBMEdnrbs;xøÜnCamYyRneTsevotNam.
karecjmuxCacMh
enAéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa qñaM1977 b:ul Bt )anniyayeTAkan;RbCaCati nigbgðajxøÜnCaemdwknaM

RbeTs nigbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa EdleKminFøab;sÁal;esaHrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. PaBGaf’kM)aMgRtÚv
)andkr)aMgecj.
kñúgsunÞrkfamYyEdlmanry³eBlR)aMem:ag Kat;)anbeBa©j[dwgfa {GgÁkar} KWbkSkumµúynisþ
CakmøaMgEdllak;xøÜnBIeRkayqakeBjry³eBlénRbvtþisa®sþbc©úb,nñkalenHrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. KW
bkSenHehIy Edl b:ul Bt )anelIkKuNsm,tþifa CaGñkCYytRmg;pøÚv[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
Rbkan;CMhrGBüaRkwt nigmincUlbkSsm<½n§kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1950 nigqñaM1960. bnÞab;BIrdæRbhar
rbs; ln; nl; qñaM1970 KWbkSenHEdrEdl)anCMruj[semþceFVIkarsRmab;BYkkumµúynisþy:agbuin
Rbsb; kñúgRkbx½NÐénsm<½n§PaBmYyEdlmanlkçN³CayuT§viFIsuT§saF.
b:ul Bt )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa bkS)aneRCIserIseFVIBiFIbuNüxYbéf¶begáItbkSrbs;xøÜn edIm,I{Rbkas
Ca»LarikcMeBaHmuxRbCaCati nigBiPBelaknUvGtßiPaBrbs;xøÜnCapøÚvkar14}. Kat;)ansEmþgnUv{kar
eKarBd¾RCaleRCA} cMeBaHkgT½B nigRbCaksikrbdivtþTaMgGs;Edl)an {rkSakarBarTwkdId¾Bisidærbs;
Cati} ksagkm<úCafµI nigelIkkm<s;kRmitCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn edayedIrtam)avcna ³ eFVI[
RbeTsrIkceRmIn tamCMhanmhaelatepøaHmhaGs©arü¡}.
eKaledAénsunÞrkfa rbs; b:ul Bt KWjúaMg[mitþTaMgGs;eCOfa eRkamkardwknaMrbs;Kat; BYk
kumµúynisþenARbeTskm<úCa )anbegáItbkSvNÑ³GFnBitR)akdmYyEdlRbkan;tamlT§im:ak;-elnIn.
enHCasMeLgRbmUlrYbrYmmYy nigCakarGMBavnavmYy[mnusSTaMgGs;rYbrYmKñaBIeRkayKat; RbqaMgnwg
BYkevotNam nigBYkGñkEdleKsnµtfa CaPñak;garrbs;evotNamEdleRCótcUlkñúgbkS. kñúg
ry³eBlR)aMem:ag Kat;)anbriharKMnitenHy:agxøaMg edayBinitüRbvtþisa®sþrbs;km<úCamYymþg²
tamlMdab;lMeday RsbeTAtamTsSn³yl;eXIjrbs;bkSkumµúynisþ.
Kat;)anTmøak;eTaseTARBHBuT§elIsasna ³ CMenOcMeBaHbrelak eCaKCtarasI nigkmµplBIGtIt
Cati )annaM[RbCaksikreyIgyl;RcLMGMBIsarCativNÑ³kñúgkarRbqaMg.
Kat;)anbgðaj[eXIjfa tYnaTIrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu mansarsMxan;tictYcbMput
ehIy)anriHKn;sßab½nraCaniymEfmeTot. Kat;BuMTTYlsÁal;KuNUbkar³rbs;BYkevotNamEdl)anCYy
RbyuT§kñúgbNþaqñaMdMbUg²éns®gÁamRbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; eT ehIyk¾minsUvsgát;bBa¢ak;BItYnaTI
rbs;BYkcinEdr BIeRBaHKat;Kµanerobrab;bBa©ÚlRbeTsNamYyeLIy kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgBIrenH.
Kat;niyayfa CMnYyrbs;bNþamitþPkþibreTs vaRKan;EtbnÞab;bnSMb:ueNÑaH.
ehIyKat;)anRbkasfa bkSkumµúynisþ)anrMedaHRbeTskm<úCaCaelIkdMbUgbMput énRbvtþisa®sþ
rbs;xøÜn ³ kñúgry³eBlCagBIrBan;qñaM RbCaCnkm<úCa)anrs;enAkñúgsPaBxVHxatsBVEbby:ag nigkñúgkþI
Gs;sgÇwmy:agxøaMg. Kat;)anecaTsYrsMNYrmYymunnwgeqøIyxøÜnÉgfa etIéf¶NaEdlCaéf¶elIkkitþiys
sRmab;RbCaCnTaMgenH? KWéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 Caéf¶C½yCmñHelIkgT½Brbs; ln; nl;.
bkS)anrMedaHRbCaCn raMgxÞb;kar)at;bg;TwkdIrbs;km<úCaCasßaBr BIeRBaHerOgenHFøab;ekItman
kalBImunrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlRbeTsCatisßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;vNÑ³ekgRbv½Ba©epSg².
Kat;GHGagfa {RbCaCnenHminGnuBaØat[GñkNamñak;RbRBwtþGMeBIrMelaPbMBan karQøanBan kareRCót
ERCkkic©karépÞkñúgkareFVIviT§gSna nigkarbgáehtu RBmTaMgkarbgçitRBMEdnrbs;xøÜnCadac;xat}.
b:ul Bt )anbBa¢ak;bMPøWCafµIfa RbeTskm<úCaBuMmanectnabgáehtunwgRbeTsNamYyTal;EtesaH
eTaHCaRbeTsNak¾edayehIy faRbeTstUc nigTn;exSaymYyBuGM acelbRt)ak;RbeTsFMmy Y )aneT.
enAéf¶bnÞab;BIkarEføgsunÞrkfarbs;Kat; b:ul Bt )aneLIgynþehaHeq<aHeTARkúgeb:kaMg ehIy
eRkaymkeTARkúgBüúgy:ageTot.
edayRtÚveFVI[sb,ayrIkrayxøaMg BYkcin)aneRtómbRmúgnUvkarTTYlsVaKmn_y:agkk;ekþAmYy
cMeBaHCnpþac;karenH nigGñkEhhmrbs;Kat;EdlrYmmanTaMg eGog sarI pg. enATIRkúgBüúgy:ag b:ul Bt
)anR)ab;[dwgCIvRbvtþisegçbmYyénCIvitpÞal;rbs;Kat;. BYkcin )anCYy]btßmÖBYkkm<úCa kñúgkar
e)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdþIxñatFMmYy rMelcedayrUbPaBBN’FmµCatisþIGMBIkarbdivtþn_rbs;Exµr Edlman
cMNgeCIgfa km<úCaRbCaFibetyüe)aHCMhaneTAmux. ExSPaBynþrbs;cin EdleFVI[ esa Pwm esceFøa
eLIg k¾)anecjpSayenACMnan;enaHEdr. dUcKñanwgTsSnavdþI ExSPaBynþenH )anbgðaj[eXIjBI
RbeTsmYyEdlsm,Úrsb,aynwgBYkksikr nigkmµkr EdlRsLaj;kargarkMBugCIkRbLayTwk daMnig
RcÚtRsUv edaypþl;nUvkmøaMgcitþCafµIdl;eragcRkFuntUc. kareXasnaGMBIs®gÁam pøas;bþÚrrUbPaB
RbeTskm<úCa )anRtÚvbeBa©j[eKdwgB¤.
xøa nigRkeBI 409
eGog sarI )anbMeBjmuxgarrbs;Kat;kñúgebskkmµenHedayykcitþTukdak;bMput. Kat;)aneFVI
dMeNIreTARkúgjÚvy:k CakEnøgEdlKat;)anEføgsunÞrkfamYyenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehIy)anbnøúy
[dwgfa BYkGñkkaEstxaglic nigbNþamitþPkþibreTsnwgRtÚvGeBa¢Ij[eTAkan;RbeTskm<úCakñúgeBlxag
muxqab;²enH. Kat;)anEckTsSnavdþI bBa©aMgExSPaBynþ edayKµanxVyxVl;nwgkarniyayerOgd¾KYr[
RBWxøacEdlRbCaCnkm<úCaePosxøÜneTARbeTséf )anniyayR)ab;GñksarBt’manpgeT.
b:uEnþ eKBuMGacbMputecalnUvPsþútagTaMgenHedaygay²enaHeLIy. enARkúg)agkk BYkGñkniBn§
BYkGñkkaEst)anerobrab;tamsmþIniyayrbs;GñkePosxøÜn BIGMeBIGyutþiFm’ nigkarbgðÚrQamepSg²
y:agsVitsVayEdltamBYkGñkePosxøÜnfa enHCavasnarbs;mnusSsamBaØkñúgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
RbCaCatibs©imRbeTsCaeRcIn )anerobcMsMNuMerOgedaysMGagelIÉksarbgðaj[eXIjBIPaBrn§t;
jab;j½r cMeBaHGVIEdl\LÚvenHeK[eQµaHfa rbb b:ul Bt. RbeTsGg;eKøs )annaMmuxeKkñúgkarpþÜcepþIm
KMnitmYy edIm,IbgçM[KN³kmµaFikarkarBarsiT§imnusSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati efáaleTasRbeTs
km<úCa. mYyqñaMeRkaymk KN³kmµaFikarenH)anecjpSayÉksarmYy edaysnµtfaBYkExµrRkhm
nwgeqøIytbcMeBaHkarecaTRbkan;TaMgGs; EdlepþatRbqaMgnwgBYkeK. cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa EdlePo
sxøÜneTARbeTséf )anekIneLIgy:agsn§wksn§ab;enAqñaM1977 bnÞab;BImankare)assm¥atPUmiPaK
Bay½Bü. kare)assm¥atenH )anegáIt[mankarRcbUkRcbl;mYy EdllµmebIk»kas[RbCaCnkm<úCa
rab;rynak;rt;ePosxøÜnecj ehIykareqøIyCasakSId¾KYr[rn§t;rbs;BYkeK )anCMruj[RbCaCndéTeTot
enAelakxaglic TamTary:agehac[mankaresuIbGegátmYyenARbeTskm<úCapÞal;.
BYkevotNam )anXøaMemIledayRbúgRby½tñnUvkartTl;KñaenH GMBIerOgsiT§imnusSenARbeTs
km<úCa ehIymin)anefáaleTasneya)ayrbs;RbeTsCitxagxøÜn kñúgvis½yenHeLIy. ehIyTaMg b:ul
Bt kñúgsunÞrkfaCaeRcInrbs;Kat; TaMg eGog sarI kñúgbTsmÖasn_rbs;Kat;enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati
KWminEdlecjeQµaHRbeTsevotNammþgNaeLIy. BYkevotNam )ancUlrYm kñúgkarTTYleFVI
bdisNæarkic© eGog sarI enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati fVIebI egVóg kUfac; (Nguyen Co Thach) EdlkaleNaH
CaGnurdæm®nþIkarbreTsrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRBmanGñkkaEstmñak; EdleKGeBa¢IjmkcUlrYmkñúg
BiFIenH kuM[eRbIBakü {\NÐÚcin} enA cMeBaHmux sarI k¾eday. fac; niyayfa {BYkkm<úCamincUlcitþB¤eK
niyayBIBaküenHeT15}.
kareFVIdMeNIrCaelIkdMbUg nigCaelIkcugeRkayrbs; b:ul Bt kñúgzan³CaRbmuxrdærbs;km<úCa
manRtwmEtRbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIgb:ueNÑaH. Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkRbeTsvij edIm,IeRtómerobcMeFVI
s®gÁam.
enAqñaM1977 RbEhlCamansmrPUmiBIrenAeBldMbUg ³ enAtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf nig
RBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. enAqñaMenaH RbeTséf)anraykarN_[dwgBI]b,tþiehtuRBMEdnRbmaN
mYyryelIkCamYyRbeTsCitxagxøÜn PaKeRcInKWenAkñúgtMbn;nanaEdlTamTarRBm²KñaedayBYkéfpg
nigBYkExµrpg. b:uEnþ enAExtula qñaM1977 bnÞab;BI)anvinicä½yfa RbeTsevotNamCasRtÚvBitR)akd
BYkemdwknaMbkSRtÚvkarbBa©b;karRbyuT§KñaenAtamRBMEdnéfmYyGenøI. eKRtÚvEtrk {Pñak;garsm¶at;
rbs;evotNam} mñak;edIm,ITmøak;kMhusBIbBaðaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf. tamkarBit kgT½BExµrRkhm
enAtamRBMEdnRbeTséf )anTTYlbTbBa¢aepSg² dUcKñanwgkgT½BEdlkMBugQreCIgkarBartamRBMEdn
CamYyRbeTsevotNamEdr ³ {karBar} eBalKWvayRbharEdndITaMgLay EdlenAmankarCECkrkxus
RtÚvenAeLIy.
mCÄim)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKnirtIeTAe)assm¥atPUmiPaKy½BürYcehIy enAeBlEdlekIt
man]b,tiþehtuepSg²enAtamRBMEdnéf. BIdMbUg ebIBYkemdwknaMbkSsþIbenÞas[ rs; jwm elxabkS
PUmiPaKBay½Bü cMeBaHkareFVImin)anseRmclT§plEpñkksikmµ nigRbB½n§Farasa®sþ tamsMNUmBrEdl
eKcg;)anenaH enAdMNacqñaM1977 BYkeK)anelIkeLIgnUvkarecaTRbkan;fµImYyeTot KWkarjúHjg;[
ekItmanbBaðaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf. ehtuenH rs; jwm RtÚv)ansþIbenÞas minRtwmEtcMeBaHskmµPaB
bMpøicbMpøajbeRmI[BYkes>GuI>Ga> b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ k¾RtÚvecaTfaKat;CaPñak;garrbs;evotNam.
eBlenaH eGog sarI )anTTYlbMeBjebskkmµEklm¥TMnak;TMngepSg² CamYyRbeTséf [)an
RbesIreLIgvij ehIy)anjúaMg[BYkéfeCOfa RbeTsevotNamrYmbgáCakarKMramkMEhgsMxan;bMput
RbcaMtMbn;. Kat;)anerobrab;BI {karrkeXIj} Tan;eBlevlanUvtYnaTICaPñak;garmuxBIrrbs; rs; jwm.
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rs; jwm RKan;EtniyayeLIgvij nUvkarecaTRbkan;epSg² EdlerobcMeLIgedaymCÄim edIm,IsþIbenÞas
bNþaGnuRbFanpÞal;rbs;Kat;b:ueNÑaH¦. {b:uEnþ sarI )anbEnßmfa eyIg)anrkeXIjeRkaymkfa rs;
jwm k¾Føab;manTMnak;TMngepSg² CamYyBYkevotNamEdr}.
cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk ]b,tþiehtuCamYyBYkéfminsUvmaneRcInb:unµaneLIy eTaHbICavaminTan;
rlay)at;TaMgRsugk¾eday ehIykarTak;TgrvagExµr-éf kan;EtmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmunKYr[kt;
smÁal;. RbeTskm<úCakMBugeRtómxøÜnRbLgb£T§inwgRbeTsevotNamrYcCaeRsc.
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xøa nigRkeBI 411
km<úCaeLIy. edayemIleXIj»kasmYyhuc[ BYkeK)ancab;epþImeRCIserIsBYkkm<úCaEdlePosxøÜn
eTAkñúgPaKxagt,ÚgevotNam nigenAbreTs ehIybBa©ÚlGñkTaMgenH CasmaCik{rNsirSrYbrYm}mYy
sMedArMedaHRbeTskm<úCaecjBIrbb b:ul Bt17. RbCaCnkm<úCamñak; EdlkMBugrs;enAtMbn;CayRkúg
v:asuInetan )anTTYlsMbuRtmYy EdlepJItaméRbsNIy_RkúgmUsÁÚ edaysMu[Kat;eRtómxøÜnCYyCnrYm
Catirbs;xøÜn EdlePosxøÜneTArs;enAPaKxagt,ÚgevotNam edIm,I{rMedaH}RbeTskm<úCa18. RbCaCn
km<úCaEdlRtÚvTTYl[sñak;GaRs½ykñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜnnana enAPaK xagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNamRtÚv)an
erIs[eFVIT½BTaMgGs;sRmab;buBVehtudUcKña. GgÁkarGnþrCatiCaeRcInEdlcg;CYyGñkePosxønTaMgenH
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GnþrCatisRmab;BYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCaeT eTaHNaCaeKFøab;)anTamTarkalBImunnUvCMnYymYydUcKña
nwgCMnYypþl;[RbCaCnExµrEdlePosxøÜneTARbeTséfk¾eday.
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karCYbRbCMumYyrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrEdr. KMnitpþÜcepþImxagkarTUtdMbUg²enH )anTTYlbraC½y.
eKkMNt;[RbeTsevotNamTTYlxusRtÚvGMBI]b,tþiehtuepSg² EdlekItmanenAExsIha enA
eBlEdlkgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ )anebIkkarvaylukedayminGacRbEkk)anenAExkBaØa. enAExFñÚ
karRbyuT§Kña)anpÞúHeLIgCafµI ehIymþgenH)annaMeTArks®gÁammYyBitR)akd.
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xatF¶n;F¶ry:agNak¾eday. enAéf¶TI31 ExFñÚ qñaM1977 RbeTskm<úCa )anpþac;cMNgTak;TgepSg²
rbs;xøÜnCamYyRkúghaNUy ehIykarRbyuT§Kña )anbnþrhUtmkdl;eBlEdlBYkevotNamdkfyeTA
vij enAExmkra qñaM1978. b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa RbeTsrbs;Kat;CaGñkmanC½yCmñH BYkevotNam
)ancat;TukBYkkm<úCafa CamnusSéRBépS KµanGarüFm’. s®gÁamBitR)akd)ancab;epþImeLIgehIy.
viTüúTaMgsgxag)anpSBVpSayesckþIraykarN_ GMBIkarc,aMgKñaCaeRcIn edaydas;[keRmIkeLIg
vij nUvbdibkçPaBCatisasn_ Edl)at;CayUrmkehIy. BYkevotNam)anecaTBYkkm<úCafa {rMelaPelI
rUbkaynarIePT vHykTarkecjBIépÞmþay vHeBaH kat;k,almnusSeBjv½y nigTajykeføImrbs;eK
smøab;rgÁalekµg² ehIye)aHexµacTaMgenaHeTAkñúgePøIg19}.
viTüúPñMeBj)anbBa¢ak;fa BYkevotNamEdlcUlmkkm<úCa KWedIm,I{qk;bøn; nignaMykRsUvGgár eTA
rab;Ban;etan )aj;rHeTAelIRbCaCn TaMgcas; TaMgekµg dutpÞH lYceKa RkbI man;Ta nigRTBüsm,tþirbs;
RbCaCn cab;rMelaPnigsmøab;narIePT rebobdUcKñanwgkgT½Brbs; FIv nig KI RbFanaFibtInigGnuRbFana
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suIQñÜlc,aMgCatikUer:xagt,ÚgEdr b¤edayrebobGaRkk;CagenHeTot20}.
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sEmJgb£kBaRkGWtRkTmCamYynwgRbCaCnkm<úCaCanic©. RbCaCnnigRbCaCatikm<úCak¾dUcRbCaCati
tUc²déTeTotEdr Etgmankitþiys nigesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;xøÜn>>> GñkTaMgenaHRsLaj;BUCsasn_rbs;eK
RCaleRCAbMput ehIynwgminbeNþay[kitþys nigesckþIéf¶fñÚrenHrlt;rlayeLIy}.
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edayGñkrbYsEdlmYycMnYnFM)anRtÚvsøab; BIeRBaH BYkkmµaPi)aleBTüExµrRkhmEdleKbNþúHbNþal
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rbs;xøÜnenAmnÞIreBTü b:uEnþ RKÚeBTüTaMgenaHk¾KµansmtßPaBcak;ykQamd¾samBaØmYydUcEtKña.
skmµPaBTaMgLayrbs;bkS KµanRsbtamkarRbkasCasaFarN³GMBIC½yCmñHenaHeLIy. kar
e)assm¥atKN³dwknaM nigRbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;enAPUmiPaKbUBa’)ancab;epþIm.
kare)assm¥atenATwkbegðIy
enAExmkra nigkumÖ³ eRkayeBlEdlkarRbyuT§manPaBFUrRsalenAtamRBMEdn mCÄim)ancab;

epþImcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’CaeRcInnak;12. esa Pwm )andwgedayyWteBleTAehIyfa Kat;
Cakmµvtßúénkic©RbtibtþikarenH. eK)ansþIbenÞas[Kat;cMeBaHbraC½y rbs;kgT½Brbs;km<úCa EdlBMu)an
seRmckm©at;BYkevotNam[vinassabsUnü. eK)anecaTRbkan;faKat;CasmaCikén{bkSlYclak;
xøa nigRkeBI 413
rbs;evotNam;} EdleKbBa©ÚlmkkñúgbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa.
enAExmIna esa Pwm RbEhlCa)anebIkeFVIkic©RbCMusm¶at;mYy CamYybNþashkarId¾Cit sñiT§bMput
rbs;Kat; ehIyKat;)anniyayENnaM[RbúgRby½tñxøÜnCab;Canic© ³ bNþakmµaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’
EdlmCÄim)ancab;xøÜnenAeBlfµI²enH BMuEmnCamnusSk,t;CatieT b:uEnþ Camitþrbs; RbCaCn matuPUmi
nigkarbdivtþn_. kñúgerOgenHvaBitCamankarPan;RcLMmYy. Pwm )anENnaMKñaKat;mankarRbúgRby½tñ
d,itGIsßankarN_)anpøas;bþÚrTaMgRsug ehIymanExSsgVak;mYyEdlKat;rkvaytémøBMuRtÚveLIy.
kñúgry³eBlmYyEx kmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’RbEhbYnrynak; RtÚv)aneKcab;dak;KukenATYlEsøg.
embBa¢akarénkgBlFMcMnYnBIrrbs;mCÄim Edle)aHRbcaMkarenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigdak;
CMnYsedaymnusSEdlKµanesckþIesµaHRtg;nwg esa Pwm bnþicesaH. mCÄim )ane)assm¥atrcnasm<½n§
bkSRbcaMtMbn;nana ehIyykT½BEdlkMBugsßitenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH mkRKb;RKgxøÜnÉg. Duc enAPñMeBj nig
sun esn enAPUmiPaKbUBa’pÞal; )anKitKUreFVIkare)assm¥atmYy mantémøesµInwgkarvayRbharCaTUeTA
mYyRbqaMgnwg esa Pwm nigkgT½BEdlenAmancitþesµaHRtg;CamYyKat;enAeLIy.
b:uEnþ Pwm nigkgT½Brbs;Kat;enAEteCOminGs;minehIyfa vaBitCamankarPan;RcLMmYy. Gñk
TaMgenHyl;faBYKeKBuMEmnCamnusSk,t;eT ehIyeCOfa mCÄimnwgEkERbkarsgS½yEdlxusrbs;xøÜn
eLIgvij eRkayeBlEdlkarBitnwgRtÚveKdwgc,as;. BYkeK)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvPaB{qab;gayeCO}
dUc{BYkGñkfµI}Edr enAedImdMbUgénkarbdivtþn_. enAeBlEdlBYkembBa¢akarT½Brbs;PUmiPaK RtÚvekaHehA
eTAcUlrYmkarRbCMumYyenAEx]sPa BYkeK)aneKarBeFVItamPøam. enHKWCaGnÞak;mYyrbs;mCÄim.
enAcugEx]sPa embBa¢akarrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’RbmaNCamYyrynak; )anRtÚveKekaHehAeTAcUlrYmkñúg
{karRbCMuCaeRcIn}rebobdUc²Kña ehIyGñkTaMgGs;enaH )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kEnøgRbCuM hak;dUcCahVÚg
ecom edIreTArkkEnøgBiXatdUecñaHEdr.
enATIbMput esa Pwm pÞal;k¾RtÚveKehAeTAcUlrYmkarRbCMumYy edayGñkeFVIkareRkambgÁab;Kat;mñak;
EdleKdwgc,as; eRBaHEtPkþIPaBrbs;Kat;cMeBaHmCÄim. esa Pwm )aneKcxøÜnehIy)anbBa¢Únnirsarmñak;
[eTAesuIbsYrBIkmµvtßúénkarRbCMu. nirsaTImYyBMueXIjvilRtLb;mkvijeLIy Pwm )ancat;nirsarTIBIr[
eTAeTot bnÞab;mknirsarTIbI ehIyenATIbMputnirsarTIbYn EdlCashkarId¾CaTITukcitþbMputrbs;Kat;.
KµaneXIjnirsarNamYyvilRtLb;mkvijesaH. enAéf¶TI25 Ex]sPa mCÄim )anbBa¢a[eFVIkarvay
lukeTAelIPUmiPaKbUBa’edaykgBltUcBIr EdlkgBlmYymanTaMgrfeRkaH flClik pg ¬cuHTwkk¾)an
eLIgeKakk¾)an¦ ehIyqøgkat;TenøemKgÁ edIrcuHtampøÚvCatielx7edIm,IsRmúkeTArk esa Pwm.
esa Pwm EdlCamnusSqab;eCOrhUtdl;TIbMput )ansakl,gP¢ab;karTak;TgtamviTüúCamYyRkúg
PñMeBj edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgkarvaylukenH. edayBMu)anTTYlcemøIytbmkvij Kat;)aneLIgCiHLan
hSIbmYyeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;rdæFanI nigniyayR)ab; b:ul Bt edayxøÜnKat;pÞal;. kñúgerOgenHRbEhlCa
mankarKitxusmYy Pwm BMuGacnwksµanfa rUbKat;pÞal;nigPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; RtÚveKdak;[sßitenAeRkamkar
e)asm¥atmYy sRmab;mUlehtuénkarRbRBwtþGMeBIk,t; beRmIplRbeyaCn_RbeTsevotNameLIy.
pÞúyeTAvij BYkeKFøab;CaExSkarBarRbeTsTImYyd¾sMxan;. Pwm CasmaCikmñak;kñúgrgVg;emdwknaMbdivtþ
mYykþab;tUc Kat;Føab;TTYlRsbral;skmµPaBTaMgLayEdleRbIkmøaMg)ay nig])ayklrbs;bdivtþ
ehIyKat;)aneKarBeFVItambTbBa¢aTaMgGs;rbs;mCÄim. Kat;)anbgðajPsþútag[eXIjfa QamEdl
RbLak;édKat; KWCaQaménCMenOmYycMeBaHPaBRtwmRtÚvrbs;bkS esÞIrEtdUcGñkmanCMenOmYy cMeBaH
sasnaEdr.
Pwm enAlak;xøÜnsin edIm,IerobcMkarNat;CYbKñamYyCamYy b:ul Bt. Kat;eCOCak;kñúgcitþfa em
dwknaMbkSnwgmkkan;kEnøgEdl)anNat;Kña ehIyeKTaMgBIrnwgbkRsaybMPøWBIkarsþab;KñaBMu)anEfm
eTot. CMnYskarmkCYbrbs; b:ul Bt mCÄim )anbBa¢ÚnnavaBIreRKÓgpÞúkeBjeTAedaykgT½BeTAvij.
Pwm )an)aj;smøab;xøÜnÉg muneBlEdlkgT½BTaMgenaHGac)aj;RbharKat;. RbBn§ nigkUn² rbs;Kat;k¾
RtÚveK)aj;smøab;ecalEdr kñúgry³eBlEdlGñkTaMgenaH xMRbwgkb;exµacrbs;Kat;.
shkarImYycMnYnrbs; esa Pwm )anseRmccitþrt;ePosxøÜneTArs;enAkñúgéRB CaBiess G‘uk
b‘uneQOn EdlCasmaCikmñak;énkgT½BtMbn;rbs;bkS. ehg sMrin nig Ca suIm k¾eKcxøÜnrYcdUcKñaEdr.
BYkeK)anRbyuT§ts‘UeTAtamsmtßPaBerog²xøÜn RbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs; mCÄim ehIy)anlak;xøÜnenA
kNþalRTÚgéRBeRCA. minyUrb:unµanedayes,ógGahar nigRKab;rMesvkan;Etrls;eTA² BYkeK)ancab;
epþImeFVIkarTak;TgCamYyBYkevotNamEdlenACit²TIenaH nig)anGMBavnavsMu[mkCYypg. b:unµanEx
eRkaymk KWenAExtula Ca suIm )andwknaMRbCaCnrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’cMnYn bIrynak; qøgkat;RBMEdn
cUleTAkñúgRbeTsevotNam eRkayenaHbnþic kgT½Brbs;evotNam)anlukluycUlmkkm<úCa edIm,I
EsVgrk ehg sMrin nigkgT½Brbs;Kat; ehIy)annaMykGñkTaMgenHeTATukenAkEnøgmYy Edlman
suvtßiPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgRbeTsevotNam. sMrin nigkgT½Brbs;Kat; BI BIr eTAbIBan; )anqøgkat;RBMEdn
edayTTYlsÁal;cMeBaHBYkGñkEdlBYkeK)anvayRbyuT§kalBIb:unµanExmunb:ueNÑaH.
kare)assm¥atPUmiPaKbUBa’ CaRBwtþikarN_sb,ayrIkraymYyEdlekIteLIgRtÚveBlevla
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xøa nigRkeBI 415
mansarsMxan; nigbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;edIm,IdwknaM {rNsirS} mYyRbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt. BYkmnusSEdl
eKecaTRbkan;TaMgxusfa {Pñak;garrbs;evotNam} RtÚvEtbgçMcitþeFVIdUecñH edIm,IeRsacRsg;CIvitpÞal;
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mYy rhUtTal;EtkarP½yxøacy:agGaRkk;rbs;Kat; elcecjCarUbragkøayeTACakarBit.
vaElgmanenAsl;GVIeTot edIm,IbBa©b;kare)assm¥atPUmiPaKbUBa’ehIy. GMNwHteTAmCÄim
k¾ElgRtÚvkarelssRmab;ecaTRbkan;Edr. kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKEdlkMBugRbyuT§ts‘UedIm,Irt;eKcBI
kgT½Brbs;mCÄimEdlRbkasfa PUmiPaKTaMgmUlCasm,úkmYyrbs;BYkk,t;. PUmiTaMgmUl²RtÚv)aneK
beNþjRbCaCn[ecjGs;Kµansl; ehIysmøab;ecaly:agrgÁal.
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mnusSedIrbnþbnÞúyKñadUceKEhexµacmYyEdr22. enAqñaM1978 Kat;RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarkñúgRkúm
mYy EdlkMBugCYsCuls<anFMmYytP¢ab;PUmiPaKbUBa’eTAtMbn;GaeKñy_. GñkrgeRKaHy:ageRcIn BIkar
e)assm¥atenH)anedIrkan;elIs<ansMedAeTArkesckþIsøab; eRkamRBHGaTitüd¾kMNacénrdUvekþA. tav
)andMNalfa {kgT½B)anmkdl;CamYyGñkeTas EdlmanédCab;cMNgeTAeRkay. ´)ansYreTAkmµkr
mñak;enAcmáarekAs‘UmYyEdlmkdl;edayKab;CYnfa eKnaMykmnusSTaMgenaHeTANa? ehIykmµkrenaH
)aneqøIyR)ab;´fa GñkTaMgenaHnwgRtÚveKykeTA)aj;ecalTaMgGs;}.
kgT½B BYkkmµaPi)alrbs;tMbn;GaeKñy_ EdlFøab;cUlrYmkñúgkare)assm¥atepSg² nigkmµaPi)al
rbs;tMbn;enH )anpSBVpSaydMNwgt²Kñafa tMbn;GaeKñy_eBareBjeTAeday{RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlman
k,alyYnxøÜnExµr}eRcInNas;. kmµkrcmáarekAs‘UEdl tav )anCYbenAelIs<an )anniyayR)ab;Kat;BI
BaküccamGar:amTaMgenHfa mankarRbyuT§KñarvagkgT½BtMbn;GaeKñy_ nigkgT½BmCÄim kart;ePosxøÜnrbs;
BYkkmµaPi)altMbn; cUleTAéRBeRCA CamYynwgkUnecAmYycMnYnrbs;BYkeK nigkarecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIk,t;
EdleKelIkeLIgRbqaMgnwgrUb esa Pwm pÞal;. tamBaküccamGar:amTaMgenHfa mCÄim)ansmøab; Pwm
ehIydwkexµacrbs;Kat;edIrGaeRkaskñúgPUmiPaKTaMgmUl BIshkrN_mYyeTAshkrN_mYy edIm,Ibgðaj[
RbCaCn eXIjnUvGVIEdlekItmancMeBaHBYkGñkEdlk,t;RbeTs nigGgÁkar.
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valERsEdlenACit²enaH ehIyvayeFVI)abrhUtTal;Etsøab;. eKsþab;B¤sMeLgRBng;év:bM)ak;
kBa©wg-k lan;PUg². shkrN_xøH )anbeNþjsmaCikrbs;xøÜnTaMgGs; ehIybBa¢Ún[eTAPUmiPaK
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sakl,gdak;lkçxNÐepSg² mkelIbNþaRbeTsCitxagxøÜn edIm,IbegáItshB½n§\NÐÚcinmYy.
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edaycat;Tukfa CarnaMgmYysRmab;eRbICaGnþrCati edIm,IbiT)aMgkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIs®gÁamrbs;
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rbs;bkS Edl)anRbRBwtþeTAenAExkumÖ³ RkúghaNUy)anseRmccitþeFVIkarlukluyRbeTskm<úCa enA
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eFVI[manlkçN³Ca]sSahkmµ RBmTaMgkmµviFIsMxan;bMputrbs;RbeTsxagvis½yGb;rMpg25. enAeBl
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xøa nigRkeBI 419
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nwgGavuFRKb;RbePT. bnÞab;mk eKvHeBaHexµacTaMgenaHedIm,IkMu[ehIm. k¾b:uEnþ CYnkaleKkat;exµac
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kñúgPUmiPaKBay½Bü suIsUpa GtItGñkEfTaMCMgWRsImñak;Edl)ankøayeTACaRbFanRkúmkargarmYy)an
cab;epþImmanesckþIP½yxøac32. eTaHbICanagRtÚvEtgtaMg[eFVIkartamkarGnueRKaH BIBYkkmµaPi)al
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xøa nigRkeBI 425
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mYyvij ehIy{kareFVI[manesrIPaBCamun})aneCOnelOneTAmux. enAExvicäika PaBxusEbøkKña)ancab;
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pg CamYynwgRtsk;TuMy:ageRcIn. eyIgmindwges,ógGaharenHecjmkBIkEnøgNaeT. GñkxøHhUb
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mitþPkþirbs;Kat; RBmTaMgBYkbBaØvnþ nigGñkkarTUt EdlCab;kñúgCMrMepSg²enARkúgPñMeBjpg.
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nwgbgðajrUbPaBfµIrbs;km<úCa nigeRbIR)as;vaRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNamEfmeTot. Kat;)anebIkeFVI
snñisITkaEstmYycMnYntUc Edlkñúg»kasenaH Kat;)anRbkasCasaFarN³fa Kat;)anGeBa¢Ijelak
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sarI )anEckpSayesovePAexµArbs;RbeTskm<Cú a EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {ehtukarN_ nigP½stúþ ag
xøa nigRkeBI 427
énGMeBIQøanBan nigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<úCa}. ÉksarenH CaerOgd¾sMxan;
kñúgebskkmµrbs; sarI BIeRBaHKat;RtÚvEtbgðaj[eKeXIjfa RbeTsevotNamCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvEt
mñak;ÉgGMBIkarKMramkMEhgeFVIs®gÁamrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr.
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nwgkarbBa©b;karsmøab;bMputBUC. kalBIqñaMmun RbeTsGg;eKøs)aneFVICaGñkdwkmuxclnatv:aRbqaMgmYy
ehIysPaTaMgBIrrbs;GaemrikaMg k¾TamTar[mankaresuIbGegátmYy cMeBaHrdæaPi)alpÞal;rbs;xøÜnEdr.
karGeBa¢IjenH)anbNþal[mankarb:HTgÁicKñamYy. GgÁkarelIkElgeTas GnþrCati (Amnesty
International) )anGbGrsaTrcMeBaHkarGeBa¢IjenHPøam b:uEnþ v:al;Edm )anRcanecaledayRbkasfa
Kat;GaceFVIdMeNIreTAkan;km<úCa)an luHNaEtRbeTsevotNameFVIkarGeBa¢IjmYydUcKñaenH. elak

GKÁelxa )anTajehtuplfa GgÁkarshRbCaCati )aneRKageRbIviFankarepSg² edIm,IbBaÄb;karvivaT
ehIyfa dMeNIreTAkan;RbeTskm<úCaEtmYyGacnwgl,IeQµaHfa Cakarlem¥ógeTAEtmçag². BYkeKdwknaM
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BuMmanKeRmagGeBa¢Ijelak v:al;Edm eT. dUecñHmeFüa)ayedIm,IedaHkunrbs; sarI )anTTYlbraC½y.
R)akdNas;Kat;BitCaeCOfa vtþmanrbs;elak v:al;Edm enAkm<úCanwgraMgramin[RbeTsevotNam
lukluyRbeTsrbs;Kat;)an.
eGog sarI KµanpøÚvedaHRsayNaepSg eRkABIgakeTArksMeNITIBIrrbs;Kat;eLIy KWkarGeBa¢IjBYk
GñktMNagsarBt’manGnþrCati edIm,IeTAGegátGMBIkareKarBsiTi§mnusSenARbeTskm<úCa. enAéf¶TI17 Ex
vicäika RkúgPñMeBj)anGeBa¢IjGñkkaEstGaemrikaMgBIrnak; nigsa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½yGg;eKøsmñak;
[eTAeFVTI sSnkice© nAkm<Cú acab;BéI f¶T9I dl;éf¶T2I 3 ExFñÚ qña1M 978. GñkkaEstBIrnak;enaHKW rIqad Dudm:an
(Richard Dudman) énkaEstsaMglVIDIs<at (Saint-Louis Dispatch) nigxøÜn´pÞal; ¬GñkniBn§esovePAenH¦ énkaEst
v:asuIetanb:usþ× (Washington Post). Dudm:an nig´ )anTTYlRBmtamkarGeBa¢Ij RBmTaMg m:al;xUm xadEv:l

(Malcolm Caldwell) sa®sþacarüénviTüasßansikSaRsavRCavBIGa®hVik nigGasuIbUBa’enATIRkúgLúg (Londres) pg
EdlCaGñkmansmancitþmñak; kñúgcMeNamGñkmansmancitþd¾kRm enAbs©imRbeTscMeBaHrbb b:ul Bt.

enAmunkareTAdl;rbs;eyIg sarI )anniyayEfmfyxøHeTotBIrUbPaBfµIrbs;km<úCabdivtþ. Kat;
)anbBa¢a[buKÁlikEpñksarBt’manrbs;Kat; cab;epþImpSBVpSaykmµviFIBt’manCaPasabreTs Biess
KWPasa)araMg nigGg;eKøs tamviTüúrbs;rdæaPi)al ehIy)anepþImkmµviFIenHenAéf¶TI1 ExFñÚ qñaM1978.
»k saKuN bBaØvnþd¾l,IeQµaHmñak; EdleKpSaydMNwgBImrNPaBrbs;Kat;enATIRkúg):arIsenaH RtÚv)an
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buKÁlikénRksYgkarbreTs )ancab;epþIme)aHBum<pSayRBwtþib½RtBt’manRbcaMéf¶mYy CaPasaGg;eKøs
enAéf¶TI30 Exvicäika sRmab;dMeNIreTAdl;rbs;eyIgEdr.
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CaRkúmedIrl,atkñúgmYyRkúmmanKñabInak; edIm,IkarBarCMrMrbs;eK. enAExvicäika eKeXIjmanRbCaCn
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ExµrRkhm )anCemøósmnusSecjBIshkrN_nana EdlkareXasna nigkgT½BevotNam Gaclan;B¤
nigmkdl;Pøam.
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kMEhgéns®gÁam. RksYgkarbreTs )anerobcM[mandMeNIrTsSnkic©enAR)agÁR)asaTGgÁrvtþ ry³
mYyéf¶ edayecjdMeNIrBITIRkúg)agkkmk Edlnwgcab;epþImenAExFñÚ qñaM1978. b:uEnþ enABIeRkay
lkçN³manEteRkA EdlbegáIteLIgeday eGog sarI rbbenHenAEtbnþerobcMeFVIs®gÁam edaykemÞc
BYkk,t;y:agKµanGaNitGasUrdEdl. kñúgPUmiPaKBay½Bü BYkkmµaPi)alrbs;bkS)ancab;epþImkab;
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TukBYkGñkTaMgenaH Ca{BYkGñkEdlRtÚveKsgS½y}Canic©. kñúgcMeNamenaH RbCaCnrab;rynak; RtÚveK
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Cemøósrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ )anbeNþay[eKsmøab;edayKµanRbqaMgtbteLIy BIeRBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa
enAEtKµansmtßPaBRbqaMgtbeTAvij. b:uEnþBYkeKdwgfa GMNwHteTA bdivtþn_ c,as;CamankarlM)ak
xøaMgehIy.
Duc enAEtbnþkm©at;GñkEdleKsgS½ytamsgVak;dEdl. ebIKat;minykPUmiPaKepSgmYyeTot
CaeKaledAkemÞc bnÞab;BIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKbUBa’rYcehIyenaH Kat;muxCaTmøak;eTaskMhuseTAelI
GñkmanGMNacsMxan;CageKmñak;énrbbenHCaCMnYsvij. Canic©kal Kat;)anriHrkTisedAdwknaMmYy kñúg
karKitmémcugeRkayrbs; b:ul Bt KWkareFVI]sSahUbnIykmµenAqñaM1978. kñúgsunÞrkfa EdlEføgenA
xøa nigRkeBI 429
éf¶TI27 ExkBaØa qñaM1978 edIm,IrMB£kxYbkMeNItbkS b:ul Bt )ankMNt;y:agc,as;las;nUv{TsSn³}
CamaK’aFM²rbs;Kat; edIm,IERbkøayRbeTskm<úCa eTACaRbeTs]sShkmµ nigbdivtþ. GtßbTsunÞrkfa
enHmancMNgeCIgfa {eyIgbnþeRCag x<s;Tg;C½yCmñHrbs;bkSkmµúynisþ km<úCad¾PøWCajC½yedaymuWg
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lT§ikumµúynisþEbbsUevotTaMgGs;Kña ehIy)anbdiesFmineFVItambTbBa¢aepSg²rbs; sþalIn eLIy
eRBaHsþalIn)ankMhitdac;xatmin[epþIms®gÁameT bnÞab;BIqñaM1945 d,itGIKat;xøacERkgfa CemøaHmYy
enAGasuI GacbNþal[Gnþraydl;esckþIsgÇwmTTYleCaKC½yrbs;lT§ikumµúynisþenAGWr:ub CaBiess
enARbeTs)araMg. rdæaPi)alkumµúynisþmYyenATIRkúg):arIs cab;GarmµN_nwg sþalIn xøaMgCagkarbdivtþn_
enATIRkúgeb:kaMg b¤RkúghaNUy. kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;BYkkumµúynisþ)araMgnwgbgðaj[eXIjnUv
eRKÓgTak;citþfa KNbkSkumµúynisþ)araMgkan;kab;GMNackñúgrdæmYy Edlman]sSahkmµlUtlas;
TukNaCaC½yCmñHmYyrbs;cin b¤evotNamnwgBRgwgkarcab;GarmµN_pÞúyeTAvijk¾eday ³ lT§ikumµúynisþ
CamaKa’RtwmRtÚvmYysRmab;EtbNþaRbeTs]naPivDÆ ¬minTan;ceRmInlUtlas;¦ b:ueNÑaH.
fVIebI sþalIn em:A nighU pSBVpSay[eKsÁal;s®gÁam{rMedaHCati}rbs;BYkeK edayEkERblkçN³
nig\T§iBlTak;Tajrbs;lT§ikumµúynisþ EdlkalBIedImeRcIntRmg;eTArkvNÑ³kmµkrEtm:üagk¾eday b:uEnþ
\LÚvenH )antRmg;eTArkvNÑ³ksikrmþg. clnakumµúynisþrbs;km<úCaGacrIkFMFat;edaymin)ac;eFVI
tamKMrUd¾man\T§iBlTaMgBIrnH. ehIyrhUtmkdl;edImTsvtSr_1960 karbdivtþrbs;cinnigevotNam
hak;dUcCamanKMrUEtmYy. kñúgTsvtSr_1950 BYkevotNam)anseRmcRbkan;ykmenaKmviC¢akumµúy
nisþ rbs;cinCapøÚvkarsRmab;ry³kalxøImYy. TMnak;TMngrvagbkSTaMgBIresÞIrEtdUcTMnak;TMngkñúgRKÜsar
rebob«Bukmacas;mñak; nigkµÜyv½yekµgmñak;.
BYkcin )anr:ab;rgeFVIkarpþl;eRKÓgsa®sþavuFy:ageTogTat; eTA[BYkevotmijEtmñak;Ég Edlman
cMnYneLIgdl;eTAR)aMmYyBan;etankñúgmYyEx kñúg»kasényuT§nakarvaypþac;RB½RtenA eDonebonPU kñúgqñaM
1954. BYkcink¾)anpþl;TIRbwkSaeyaFamYyRkúm dwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_R)aMbInak;. shPaB
sUevotBuMmanpþl;GVIeTA[BYkevotNamesaHeLIy. enAqñaM1950 sþalIn )anpþl;nUvKaMRTxagpøÚvcitþ nig
CMnYymYykñúgvis½yeXasnasRmab;BYkevotmijEdr b:uEnþ BuMmanpþl;GavuFeRKÓgsmÖar³swkRbePTNa
mYyeLIy eTaHbICa hU CImij køayCatMNagCatiGasuImYyrUb kñúgcMeNamtMNagCatiGasuICaeRcIn
EdlRtÚveKeKarBy:agRCaleRCArbs;GgÁkarkumµúynisþGnþrCatik¾eday.
tmkeTot snñisITRkúghSWENv)anebIkRbCuM nigkarRcbUkRcbl;kñúgclnakumµúynisþd¾ekµgx©IenA
GasuIdUcEdlmanerobrab;xagelIrYcmkehIy. KWbnÞab;BIsnñisIT hSWENvenHehIy EdlRbeTscin)an
bMEbrkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;xøÜnmkrkkm<úCavij EdlkalenaHdwknaMedaysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
ehIyEdltMbn;RtIekaNkm<úCa-evotNam-cin )anelcrUbrageLIg. eRkABIsnñisIT GHGagbEnßmGMBI
lMdab;lMedayénkarcwksuIkñúgBiPBkumµúnisþd¾rMeCIbrMCYlmYy snñisITRkúghSWENv )ancg¥úlbgðajBIsBaØa
Edl[ekItmankar)armÖCaÉktþCn EdlRbeTsnImYy²etagEtRbQmmux. RbeTscinenAEtcat;
TukshrdæGaemrikCasRtÚvsMxan;bMput ehIyedaykarBarKMnitsþIBIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;GaemrikaMgenH
eTIbeFVIRbeTscingakmkTak;TgnwgRbeTskm<úCarbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.
shrdæGaemrik Føab;vayRbyuT§Tl;nwgkgT½Bcinkñúgs®gÁamenARbeTskUer:. BYkGaemrikaMg
)anpþl;[ekaHétv:an;nUvlkçnþik³CaRbeTscin {BitR)akd} ehIybdiesF minTTYlsÁal;saFarNrdæ
RbCamanitcin kñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM. Gaemrik)andak;TNÐkmµxagesdækic© nigeyaFaRbqaMgnwg
RbeTscinEdlsßitenACaFrmankñúgry³eBlRbmaNCadb;qñaM. rwtEtGaRkk;CagenH BYkGaemrikaMg)an
elIkTwkcitþ[BYkcinenA étv:an;vayykQñHBYkkumµúynisþ nigdeNþImykRbeTscindIeKakmkvijkñúgKMnit
revIrvayrbs;eKEfmeTot. enAqñaM1954 BYkGaemrikaMgmanlkçN³KMramkMEhgcMeBaHRbeTscin
CagcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam.
karseRmccitþvayRbyuT§rbs;GaemrikaMg Tl;nwglT§ikumµúynisþenARbeTsevotNam edIm,I
bMeBjcenøaHRbehag EdlTukecaledayBYk)araMgEdlcaj;s®gÁam )anRtÚvRbkan;ykkñúgRkbx½NÐ
énneya)ayenH sMedAeFVI[cuHexSay b¤y:agehacNas; Tb;saFarNrdæRbCamanitcin min[eFVIGVI
ekItEdr. sßanPaBrbs;lT§ikumµúynisþevotNam manlkçN³Cab;Tak;Tgy:agCitsñiT§ nwgsßanPaBén
lT§ikumµúynisþrbs;cinRkhmEdr. BYkcin manplRbeyaCn_TaMgRsugkñúgkarykcitþykeføImrbbfµIrbs;
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edIm,ITb;BYkGaemrikaMg[enAeRkARbeTskm<úCa edayeFVI[BYkenH eTACaGñkmin
sUvbgákarKMramkMEhgb:unµansRmab;RbeTsevotNam k¾dUcsRmab;RbeTscin.
RbeTscin)ancgsm<½n§miRtCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu munRkúghaNUy ehIykñúgsm<½n§
emRtIenH BuMmankarrwtt,itBYkkumµúynisþevotNam EdlTTYlsVaKmn_RbFanclnakumµúynisþrbs;km<úCa
nigsmaCikBak;kNþalrbs;xøÜnenARbeTsevotNameRkayqñaM1955pgeT.mü:ageTotBYkevotNam
k¾kMBugRtÚveFVIxVayxVl;edayRBwtþikarN_epSg²EdlekItmankñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;eKEdr.eg:a Dijeyom
EdlkøayeTACaRbmuxrdæaPi)alevotNamxagt,ÚgenAqñaM1955 )anbdiesFmincUlrYmkñúgkare)aH
eqñat EdleRKageFVIenAqñaM1956 edIm,IbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTseT eRBaH eyom Kitfa hU CImij nwgQñHKat;
edaygay. enACMnan;enH RkúghaNUyBuMTan;manbgðajsBaØaminTukcitþNamYycMeBaHRbeTscineLIy.
BYkevotNamxageCIg )aneFVIbdivtþn_ksikmµenAqñaM1956 edayRtab;tamKMrUrbs;cinTaMgggwtggl;
ehIybnÞab;BIvaRtÚvbraC½y -ksikrTaMgLay )anke®Ba¢aleLIgRbqaMgnwgviFankarN_epSg² Edlman
lkçN³bgçMrbs;rdæaPi)al- RbCaCnevotNam)anbenÞasBYkGñkRTwsþIpÞal;rbs;BYkeK EdlbegáIt
EpnkarenH KWBuMEmnRbeTscineT.
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kumµúynisþkm<úCa)anbegáItbkSpÞal;rbs;eK EdlminTTYlsÁal;bkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcinfa CaGñk[kMeNIt
EtmYyKt;rbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlbgðajxøÜnpÞúyeTAvij kñúgzan³Ca{RkúmCnGñkbgámYyRkúmtUc EdlkekIt
kñúgépÞbNþabkS\NÐÚcin )araMg nigéf ehIyedaymankarKaMRTBIbkSkumµúynisþrbs;evotNampg}10.
dUecñHBYkExµr )anTTYlsÁal;]bkarKuNrbs;evotNam b:uEnþKµanKMnitcuHj:meT.
enACMnan;dEdlenaH edayvaytémøcMeBaHkarRbyuT§y:agCUrct;TaMgLay EdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTAenA
PaKxagt,Úg RkúghaNUy)anyl;RBm[dMeNIrkars®gÁamT½BéRB EdldwknaMeFVIkñúgcMENkrbs;RbeTs
evotNamenH nigkarbegáItrNsirSrMedaHCatimYyenAeBleRkay EdlsnüaeFVIkar{bRgÜbbRgÜm
RbeTseLIgvijCalMdab;lMeday tammeFüa)aysnþiviFI edayQrelImUldæanénkarcrcaKña nigkar
BiPakSaKñarvagPUmiPaKTaMgBIr ¬xageCIg nigxagt,Úg¦>>>11}.
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evotNam sRmab;PaKxagt,ÚgRbeTs. edIm,ITak;TajCMenOEpñkneya)ay[kan;EtTUlMTUlayCagmun
PaKxageCIg )anyl;RBm[mankarbMEbkbkSmYyCasaFarN³. evotNamxageCIg )anKUsbBa¢ak;
CaeRcInelIkeRcInsafa {rNsirSrMedaHCatiPaKxagt,Úg CamUldæansRmab;pøas;CMnYsrbbRkúgéRBnKr
ehIyfaRkúghaNUyRKan;Casm<½n§mitþmYyrbs;rNsirSb:ueNÑaH. kmµviFIrbs;rNsirSrMedaHCati )an
snüapþl;esrIPaBepSg²RsbeTAtamlT§iRbCaFibetyü EdlminFøab;manesaH enAPaKxageCIgdUcCa
esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti karbegáItsmaKm karedIrehIresrI nigesrIPaBsarBt’manCaedIm Edlnwg
cUlCaFrmanbBaØtþieRkayeBl)anTTYlC½yCmñH.
karekIneLIgnUvkarvayRbyuT§CaeRcInkñúgRbeTsevotNamxagt,ÚgCitxag )aneFVI[ semþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu EdlcuHhtßelxaelIsiT§isBaØamitþPaB nigminQøanBanKñamYyCamYyRbeTscinenAExFñÚ
qñaM1960 nwkRBÜy)armÖmYyrMeBc. BYkcin)anbBa¢ak;R)ab;RbCaCnkm<úCaCaeRcInelIkeRcInsafa ³
BYkeKnwgeKarBGaBüaRkwtPaBrbs;km<úCa ehIyenAqñaM1963 BYkcin)anepþImkmµviFIpþl;CMnYyeyaFa
rbs;eK[mksemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. enAeBldMbUg Rkúgeb:kaMg)aneFVI[mankarTak;TgKñaCamYyRkúg
PñMeBj edIm,IraraMgmin[BYkGaemrikaMgrMelaPelITwkdIkm<úCa kñúgs®gÁamrbs;eKCamYyBYkevotNam.
b:uEnþ BYkcindwgy:agR)akdfa GBüaRkwtPaBd¾RtwmRtÚvrbs;km<úCa KWsMedARbqaMgnwgbMNgepSg²rbs;
BYkevotNamTaMgkumµúynisþ b¤minEmnkumµúynisþ -k¾dUcRbqaMgnwgbMNgrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgEdr. ebI
RbeTscinsmÁal;fa RbeTskm<úCa CaExlmYyRbqaMgnwgshrdæGaemrik ebIRbeTskm<úCacat;Tuk
RbeTscinCaExlkarBarmYyTl;nwgBYkevotNam nigBYkGaemrikaMgenaH RkúghaNUyk¾cab;epþImBinitü
CMhrrbs;xøÜneLIgvij cMeBaHRbeTsTaMgBIrenHEdr.
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PaBsUevot. sRmab;RkúghaNUy enHCaeBlevlaEdlxøÜnBi)akseRmccitþCaTIbMput. kalenaH
evotNamxageCIg CaRbeTsCitsñiT§CageKbMputrbs;RbeTscineday\tRbEkk)an. RbeTsTaMgBIr
Rbkas eFVIbdivtþn_ksikr ¬Ep¥kelIvNÑ³ksikrCaFM¦ RbeTsTaMgBIryl;fal¥ {kñúgkarbBa©ÚlKñarvag
GVIEdlTajcitþ[rMePIbjab;j½rGMBICatiniymnigPaBemaHmutkñúgkartsU‘vNÑ³12}. evotNam)anRbkan;
ykKMnitem:AniymCaeKal EdlbRgÜbbRgÜmBYkbBaØvnþ BYkksikrRbqaMgnwgsRtÚvvNÑ³rYmrbs;BYkeKKW
BYkGñkrdækar GñkRbmUlBn§dar BYkm©as;dIFM² nigBYkGPiCn. enAeBlenaH RkúghaNUy)ansgát;F¶n;eTA
elIkarGPivDÆn_Epñkksikmµ EdlRbeTscin)anGnuvtþrYcmkehIy edaypÞúynwgEpnkarsUevot Edl
yl;RBm[GaTiPaBeTAelIvis½y]sShkmµFunF¶n;vij minxusBIeBlEdlRkúghaNUyGbGrsresIrkar
eRCIserIsrbs;cin GMBIs®gÁamT½BéRB CaCags®gÁamkøasuIk EdlBYksUevotFøab;eCOTukcitþeLIy.
b:uEnþRbeTsevotNamkMBugCab;édeFVIs®gÁam ehIyRtÚvkarnUvkarKaMRTCacaM)ac;BIRbeTscinpg
nigBIshPaBsUevotpg BIeRBaHshrdæGaemrik)anyl;RBmpþl;eTA[eyom ¬RbFanaFibtIevotNam
xagt,ÚgCMnan;enaH¦ CaBiessnUvCMnYyeyaFamYyy:agsn§wksn§ab;eRsceTAehIy. dUecñH hU CImij
)anCYyKaMRTPøam cMeBaHPaBRsuHRsYlKñarvagRbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot ebIeTaHCaKat;hak;bIdUcCa
niyaykan;eCIgRbeTscinGMBIcMNucCak;lak;énkarTas;ETgKñaenaHk¾eday. RkúghaNUy)anniyay
benÞasshPaBsUevot enAeBlEdlRbeTsenHpþl;CMnYyeyaFarbs;xøÜn[RbeTs\NÐa bnÞab;BIman
CemøaHRBMEdncin-\NÐa enAqñaM1963. enAqñaMdEdlenaH RkúghaNUy)anrYbrYmKñaCamYyRkúgeb:kaMg
edIm,IsEmþgkaresaksþay EdlRkúgmUsÁÚ)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógmYy EdlhamXat;eday
Epñk² kñúgkarsakBiesaFn_GavuFnuyekøEG‘rCamYyshrdæGaemrik. BYkevotNamxageCIg)anRBman
fa {eRbóbeFobkarTamTarepSg²rbs;RbCaCnTUTaMgBiPBelak eTAnwgCMhrkalBImunrbs;rdæaPi)al
sUevotsIþBIkarhamXat;GavuFnuyekøEG‘r kic©RBmeRBógEdlcuHhtßelxakñúgeBlfµI² KWCaCMhanfy
eRkaymYy>>>. sMeNIepSg²rbs;rdæaPi)alcinBitCaRtwmRtÚvTaMgRsug13}.
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neya)ayrbs;RbeTsevotNam eday)anbegáInkarpÁt;pÁg;eRKÓgsmÖar³swkrbs;xøÜneTA[Rkúg
haNUyEfmeTot edIm,IGnuBaØat[rNsirSrMedaHCatibegáInskmµPaBeyaFarbs;xøÜnrwtEtxøaMgeLIg²
bnÞab;BImanrdæRbharmYyRbqaMg eyom Edl[édedayshrdæGaemrik.
edayCak;Esþg BYkcin)ancat;Tukfa RbeTsevotNamnigPaKesssl;én\NÐÚcin KWCacMENk
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semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu rwtEtxøaMgeLIgeTot RBmTaMgCamYymnusSniymeqVgkñúgrdæaPi)alrbs;
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tMbn;enH dUcEdlkgT½BsUevotFøab;)anGnuvtþ edIm,IrkSa]tþmPaBrusSIenAGWr:ubxagekIteLIy. vanwgBuM
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enAPaKxagekItRbeTsb:ueNÑaH.
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GMBIrebobbMpuss®gÁamrrMedaHCatielIBiPBelakTaMgmUl. BYkcinGHGagfa eKGacRbmUlpþúMeLIgvij
kñúg{rNsirSrYbrYm}nUvmnusSRKb;RbePT rYmTaMg{esþc RBHGgÁm©as; nigGPiCn14}pg [EtBYkeKCa{Gñk
esñhaCati} nigTTYlsÁal;GFikPaB ¬PaBelIslb;¦ rbs;kumµúynisþkñúgrNsirSrYbrYm RbqaMgcRkBtþi
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BYkcineqøótykRbeyaCn_ ehIyBYksUevotnwkRBÜy)armÖCaÉkCnfa viFIsa®sþepSg²éns®gÁam
{rMedaHCati} c,as;CaCRmúj[mankarRbkan;BUCsasn_minxan. karP½y)armÖenHbgðaj[eXIjfa
CaerOgEdlmanmUlehtuRtwmRtÚvTaMgRsug.
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edayRBmTTYlsÁal;GFikPaBrbs;kumµúynisþenaHKWsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. karEbkmtiKñarvagcin-
sUevot esÞIrEtKµan\T§iBlmkelIRBHmhakSRt TaMgmkelIBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCapgeT. neya)ayGBüa
Rkwtrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu maneKalbMNgsßitenA[q¶ayBIsaFarNrdæsgÁmniymsUevot
nigbøúkkumµúynisþrbs;xøÜn k¾dUcshrdæGaemrik nigbNþasm<½n§mitþrbs;eKEdr. mü:ageTot BYkkumµúynisþ
rbs;km<úCa BuMFøab;EdlRtÚvTTYlsÁal;edayBYksUevoteLIy ehIyk¾minsUvCYyKaMRTEfmeTot.
bBaðacg;dwgfaRbeTsNamYy RbeTscinb¤shPaBsUevot EdleRbI\T§iBlxøaMgbMputmkelI
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rbs;km<úCa nigbNþasRtÚvrbs;RBHGgÁ EdlCaBYkkumµúynisþExµrpg. eTaHCay:agNak¾edayRkúmGñk
kan;GMNacenARkúgPñMeBj RbeTscinnwgCYyKaMRT ehIyenAqñaM1965 BYkcin)anQanrhUtdl; Rbkas
fa karvayRbharmYyRbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<úCa nwgRtÚvcat;TukdUcCakarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgRbeTscin
Edr.
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vtSr_1960. enAqñaM1966 BYkqµaMRkhm)anRKvIkUnesovePARkhmrbs;BYkeK nigeFVI[RbeTscin
Føak;eTAkñúgsPaBrMeCIbrMCYlmYykñúgnaménkarbdivtþn_vb,Fm’. Rkúm{Tahanm:arIn}GaemrikaMg )aneLIg
eKakenARbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg edIm,IRbyuT§Tl;nwglT§ikumµúynisþ. karQaneLIgéns®gÁamenA
evotNam mansPaBelOnrh½s EdlbNþal[manmnusSsøab;eRcIn nigkan;EteXareXAeLIg. enA
eBlEdlRkúghaNUyRtÚvkarCMnYyeRcInbMput BIbNþasm<½n§mitþrbs;xøÜn dMbUgRbeTscinRBÜy)armÖ
nwgkarbidvtþn_épÞkñúg PaBRbesIrelIseK nigPaBbrisuT§énlT§iem:Aniymrbs;xøÜnEdr. egVón kUfac; )an
EføgCaeRcInqñaMeRkaymkfa {BYkqµaMRkhm BuMbgðaj[eXIjkareKarBbnþicesaH cMeBaHbNþaeromc,g
énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSrbs;BYkeK. enHdUcCaPaBGnaFibetyü nigPaBRcbUkRcbl;rebobrdæ
RbharmYy15}.
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mkeFVIels rhUtFøak;eTAkñúgkarRsLaj;gb;. cMeBaHCnbreTsmñak;EdlsYrhUfa ehtuGVI)anCaKat;min
e)aHBum<pSayKMnitepSg²rbs;Kat; dUcEdl em:A Føab;sresrkñúgesovePARkhm hU eqøIyedayniyay
kMEbøgelgfa ³ {ebIsinmanRbFanbTmYyEdlRbFan em:A BuM)ansresrsUmR)ab;´BIRbFanbTenaHpg
ńwgsakl,gbMeBjkEnøgcenøaHenaH16}.
hU CImij )ancMNayeBlRbLÚky:agyUrkñúgbNþas®gÁamsm½yTMenIb ehIyKµanmhaGMNacCa
sm<½n§miRtrbs;xøÜnNamYy -RbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot- esñI[eFVIkarsgswkRbqaMgnwgkarlUkéd
edaypÞal;rbs;shrdæGaemrikeLIy. RbeTscinhak;dUcCaykcitþTukdak;pþl;nUvkarKaMBarRbeTs
km<úCarbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnuCageK ehIymhaGMNackmµúynisþTaMgBIr )ancab;epþImeQøaH
RbEkkKñasþIBICMnYymk[evotNamxageCIg. RkúgmUsÁÚ )an[eyabl;begáItRkúmkargarrYmmYy eday
bBa¢ak;fa sMeNIenHecosminrYcBIkarksagRBlanynþehaHrbs;sUevot kñúgPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin
eLIy.BYkcin)anbdiesFehIy)anesñIeFVICaemdwknaM {rNsirSRbCaCnBiPBelak}mYy edIm,ICYyRkúg
haNUy EdlbdiesFmin[shPaBsUevotcUl. rNsirSenH)ankøayeTACakarBit ehIysaFarNrdæ
sgÁmniymsUevot RtÚvEtRbKl;CMnYyrbs;xøÜnmk[RbeTsevotNam edayKµankarCYyeRCamERCg
rbs;RbeTscineLIy.
RBwtþikarN_EdleFVI[eKRBÜy)armÖbMput KWBYkcin)anENnaMBYkevotNam[RcanecalCMnYyTaMg
Gs;rbs;sUevot ehIyRBmanBYkevotNamfakarRBmTTYlykCMnYy karRbkan;ykviFIepSg²rbs;
sUevot EdlniymeRbItaMgBIyUrmkehIy edIm,IvayRbyuT§nwgshrdæGaemrik KWdUcBYkeKyl;RBmcUl
kñúgRbB½n§rbs;sUevot ehIynwgkøayCarNbmYyrbs;sUevotminxan. BYkcinGHGagfa BYkeKTTYlr:ab;
rgbnÞúks®gÁamTaMgGs; ebIsinCaRkúghaNUybdiesFCMnYyrbs;sUevot. b:uEnþ xül;)anpøas;bþÚrTis
karminTukcitþrbs;BYkevotNam cMeBaHectnaepSg²rbs;cin)ancab;epþImelceLIg. minRtwmEtRkúg
haNUyRBmTTYlCMnYysUevot edaykardwgKuNb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþBYkevotNam)ancab;epþImedIrtamKMrU
rbs;rusSúICagKMrUrbs;cinEfmeTot.
BYkevotNam)anERbRtLb;xøÜneTAxagshPaBsUevotTaMgRsug CamYynwgRbtikmµrbs;cin cMeBaH
kic©crcaenARkúg):arIsrvagevotNam nigshrdæGaemrikenAqñaM1968pg. enAeBlEdlRkúghaNUy
crcaCamYyBYkGaemrikaMg GMBIkarbBaÄb;karTmøak;RKab;Ebk BYkcin)anRbqaMgCMTas;y:agxøaMgkøa. kñúgbT
vicarNkfarbs;TsSnavdþIeb:kaMg elxecjpSayExemsa BYkcin)anRbkasfa {bBaðaevotNamGac
edaHRsay)anEttamry³kemÞcBYkGaemrikaMgQøanBanTaMgRsug enAelIsmrPUmi nigbeNþjecjBI
evotNamxagt,Úgb:ueNÑaH.
minRtwmEtBYksUevotGbGrsresIr karebIksnñisITenATIRkúg):arIsb:ueNÑaHeT BYkeKEfmTaMg
begáInCMnYyeyaFaeTA[RbeTsevotNamEfmeTot edaypþl;eRKÓgsa®sþavuFTMenIb² sRmab;karBar
xøÜnTl;nwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg. BYkcin )anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkarpþl;GavuFEbbenaH
enHCaCMhrmYyEdlBYkevotNamlYceBbRCayEtkñúgcitþ. PaBRtwmRtÚvénmenaKmviC¢amann½yfa
BYkcin)anebþCJacitþvayRbyuT§Tl;nwgBYkGaemrikaMg rhUtdl;CnevotNamcugeRkaybg¥s;.
enAqñaM1968 BYksaFarNrdæniym)anTTYlC½yCmñHenAkñúgkare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRbFana
FibtIGaemrikaMg ehIy)anbBaÄb;karcrcasnþiPaBenATIRkúg):arIs. shPaBsUevot)ancUllukluy
TIRkúgR)ak¬rdæFanIRbeTseqkUsøÚv:aKI¦ RkúghaNUyBuMmankarRbqaMgCMTas;eLIy ³ BYkevotNamElg
Tieton {BYkGñkkarBarxøÜneTotehIy}. edayebþCJacitþykQñHs®gÁam BYkevotNam)anRbkan;
ykmaK’aneya)ayfµImYy CamaK’aEdlnwgnaMeTArkkarRbQmmuxmYyCamYyBYkcin ehIyenA TIbMput
k¾eFVI[b:HBal;dl;cMNgTak;TgepSg²rbs;evotNamCamYynwgkm<úCaEdr. mitþPaBpÞal;xøÜnrbs;
buKÁlmñak;²RtÚv)anCMnYsedaykarmnÞilsgS½y EdlmansPaBrwtEtF¶n;F¶reLIg². clacl Edl
kkUrkkayenAPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin-extþyunNan kVagsuI nigkVagTug -kñúgry³eBlénbdivtþn_vb,Fm’
)aneFVI[ekItmankarP½y)armÖenARbeTsevotNam. RkúghaNUy )anecaTsYrEtxøÜnÉgGMBIkarvinicä½y
rbs;BYkcin nigesckþITukcitþEdleKGacpþl;[cinvij.
TnÞwmnwgenaH BYkcin)anvaytémøfaRbeTsevotNam)ancuHkic©snüaCamYybisac -shPaB
sUevot- edIm,IbeBa©ósvibtþiP½ymYyEdlminsUvKYr[RBWxøac KWcRkBtþiniymGaemrikaMg. b:uEnþRbCaCn
evotNam )ansøab;ya: geRcIneRkamRKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik ehIykgT½Bkumy úµ nisrþ bs;evotNam
)anvayRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs;GaemrikaMg. kñúgkMLúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr shrdæGaemrik nig
sm<½n§mitþevotNamxagt,Úgrbs;eK)anTmøak;RKab;EbkelIRbeTsevotNam nUvbrimaNRKab;EbkmYy
mancMnYnbIdg eRcInCagcMnYnRKab;Ebksrub EdlTmøak;kñúgkMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIreTAeTot. RKab;
Ebk nigeRKÓgpÞúHRKb;RbePTepSg²eTot )anbMpøicbMpøajRbeTsTaMgxageCIg k¾dUcxagt,Úg17. Kµan
shRKasNamYykñúgPaKxageCIgeTaHbICatUctack¾eday k¾eKcminputBIkarTmøak;RKab;EbkEdr.
s®gÁamGakasrbs;GaemrikaMg)anbMEbreTArkkRmitrbs;va munqñaM1954eLIgvij edayTmøak;bMpøaj
mUldæan]sSahkmµEdlPaKxageCIgman. RKab;EbknigeRKÓgpÞúHepSg²)aneFVIxUcxat b¤bMpøajéRBeQI
cMnYn R)aMlanhikta épÞdIdaMduH cMnYndb;lanhikta. enAPaKxagt,Úg PUmitUc²CagBak;kNþal)anRtÚvxUc
xat. PaKxageCIg)an)at;bg;bNþajGKÁisnICnbTmYyPaKFM eRkamkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk. sñb;GKÁisnI
sRmab;bUmTwkbBa©ÚlERs sßitenAes¶ómKµanskmµPaBGVITaMgGs; ehIyksikrTaMgLayetagEtRtLb;
mkeRbIsñac)acTwkdUcBIedImeLIgvij. reNþARKab;Ebky:ageRcIn )anraraMgmin[ksikrmYycMnYnFM enA
PaKxageCIgeFVIERs)an.
enATIbMput y:agehacNas;RbCaCnevotNamBIrlannak; )anRtÚvsøab;kñúgkMLúgs®gÁamTl;nwg
shrdæGaemrik -s®gÁamTl;nwgBYk)araMg )aneFVI[manmnusSsøab;knøHlannak;b:ueNÑaH. RbCaCnevot
Nam db;lannak; køayeTACaGñkePosxøÜnkñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;eK. PaKeRcInbMputénGñkrgeRKaHTaMgenH
rs;enAkñúgPaKxagt,Úg ehIytYelxBitR)akd RbEhlCamaneRcInCagenH BIeRBaHPaKxageCIgbdiesF
y:agcecs min RBmpþl;r)aykarN_lm¥it sþIBIkarxUcxatEdlkgT½Brbs;xøÜn)anTTYlrgeLIy.
sRmab;BYkevotNamyl;fa shrdæGaemrikBuMEmnCasRtÚv{bnÞab;bnSM}mYyeT. KWCasRtÚv
GaRkk;CageKbMput EdlBYkevotNamminFøab;EdlRbQmmuxttaMgesaH. KMnMurbs;BYkevotNam
xageCIg cMeBaHBYkGaemrikaMgmany:agRCaleRCA nigsßitesßryUrGEgVgCagkars¥b;ex<Im CaTUeTA
kñúgcMENkenH énBiPBelak.
enAqñaM1968 shPaBsUevot)anpþl;CMnYyeyaFamYyPaKy:agFMmk[RbeTsevotNam.
kareKcevHminpþl;CMnYyrbs;RkúgmUsÁÚkñúgry³eBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy KWCaRbvtþisa®sþ Edl
manBIyUryarNas;mkehIy. eday)armÖBIsßankarN_enH nigsBaØaénkareFVI[kan;EtCab;s¥iteLIg
rvagsm<½n§PaBrbs;evotNamCamYyshPaBsUevot RbeTscin)anseRmccitþ RBmeRBógKñaCamYy
sRtÚvénsRtÚvrbs;xøÜn KWshrdæGaemrik. enAqñaM1968 Rkúgeb:kaMg)anesñIebIkeFVIkic©BiPakSaCamYy
GaemrikeLIgvij ³ shPaBsUevot)ankøayeTACasRtÚvsMxan;bMput shrdæGaemrikkøayeTACardæd¾man
skþanuBlmYy sRmab;RbqaMgnwgkarQøanBanmYyrbs;sUevot.
enAqñaMdEdlenaH evotNam)anebIkkarvaylukrbs;xøÜn kñúg»kasbuNücUlqñaMcin-yYn enAPaK
xagt,ÚgevotNam ehIy)an)at;bg;kmµaPi)alrNsirSCatirMedaHPaKxagt,ÚgevotNamcMnYnR)aMmWun
nak;. eBlenaH PaKxageCIg)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½BRsYcmYycMnYnFM mkPaKxagt,ÚgeTot ehIyBwgEp¥kCa
sMGag{TICRmk}nanarbs;km<úCa nigkarCYyTMnukbRmúgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu kan;EteRcIn
EfmeTot. enHCa»kasEdlBYkExµrRkhmeRCIserIs edIm,IepþImkarbHe)aredayGavuFrbs;eKRbqaMg
nwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Edr.
edayminGacRbEkk)an BYkkmµúynisþevotNammincUlédxagNaTaMgGs; cMeBaHGVIEdlbNþa
smmitþkm<úCarbs;BYkeK vayRbyuT§nwgkmøaMgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enAqñaM1968. Rkúg
haNUy )ancat;TukkarseRmccitþrbs;ExµrRkhmfa manlkçN³KitEtxøÜnÉg nigCMrujeTArkbraC½y
minxan. RkúghaNUy)anRbkas18fa BYkkmµúynisþkm<úCa RKan;EtCatMNag[{PaKtic}mYykñúgcMeNam
hVÚgmhaCnEdlKaMRTsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu b:ueNÑaH ehIydUecñHBuMmanGVIEdlRtÚvRbyuT§nwgRBHGgÁ
eLIy. BYkevotNam)anTTYlsÁal;fa TRmg;xøHrbs;rbbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu manlkçN³
RbEhlRbtikiriya nigskþiPUmiEmn -dUcEdlBYkeK)anGHGagBIerOgenHenAeBleRkaymk- b:uEnþQm
muxttaMgnwgsemþc KWdUcCaebIkTVar[mankarlUkédrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkm<úCaG‘Ícwg-enHCabBaðaBit
R)akd sRmab;RbeTsevotNam.
b:uEnþ karbdivtþn_kumµúynisþTaMgGs; )ancab;epþImdMbUgCamYynwgPaKticmYy dUcEdlBYkevotNam
)andwgBIerOgenHy:agCak;c,as;. b:uEnþbBaðaBuMEmnenARtg;n+uHeT TaMgkñúgBaküriHKn;epSg² EdlEføg[dwg
edayBYkevotNam³BYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþkm<úCaFøab;RtÚvcmøgeraKedaylT§iRtútsÁIniymenAeBlEdl
BYkeKsikSaeronsURtenATIRkúg):arIs.tamkarBit BYkkumµúynisþExµr ehIyCaBiesssaLút ssuT§EtCa
GñkniymsþalInTaMgRsug enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtLb;mkBIRbeTs)araMgvij. tamkarBit BYkevotNam
RKan;Etvaytémøfa enAdMNak;kalenH s®gÁamrbs;eKmaneKeRbóbelIGVI²TaMgGs;b:ueNÑaH. BYkeKRtÚv
karsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigkarCYy]btßmÖrbs;RBHGgÁ BuMEmnRtÚvkarsmrPUmifµImYy EdlBYkeK
RtÚvEtRbyuT§enaHeT. edayKµanTak;TgCamYykarRbyuT§tsU‘rbs;BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa BYkevotNam
minyl;fa semþcehobnwgcakecjBIqakneya)ay- nigelOnrh½sdUecñHesaH.
TMnak;TMngepSg²rvagbkSkumµúynisþTaMg2 ERbeTACatantwgy:agxøaMg. BYkkm<úCaGHGagfa BYk
evotNam )anKMramkMEhgeFVIkarsgswkmkelIBYkeK ebIsinCaBYkeKminRBme)aHbg;karRbyuT§RbqaMg
nwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigebIsinCaBYkeKeFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;pøÚvcUlrbs;BYkevotNammkkan;
{TICRmk} TaMgLaykñúgTwkdIkm<úCa nigkMBg;EpkMBg;esam. munrdæRbhar [qñaM1970] GVI²TaMgGs;
EdlbkSkumµúy nisþkm<úCadwknaMeFVIRtÚv)anBYkevotNamefáaleTasCanic©.
rdæRbharTmøak; semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )aneFVI[yuT§sa®sþrbs;bkSnImYy²pøas;bþÚr. BYk
kumµúynisþkm<úCa )anRbkasedayGakar³EdlmanC½yCmñHmYyfa eBlenaHBYkevotNam )anRtÚvbgçM
citþpøas;bþÚryuT§sa®sþPøam². {\LÚvenH GVI²EdlerobcMedaybkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa KWBitCaRtwmRtÚv
ehIys½kþismTTYlkarekatsresIreTotpg. kalBImun enAeBlEdl exov sMpn rt;cUléRBm:aKI BYk
evotNam)ansþIbenÞasbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCafa )anRbkan;ykkarsRmccitþPan;RcLMmYy. \LÚvenH
EdlKat;køayCasmaCikmñak;énrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCati BYkevotNam)anEføgsresIrbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa
fa )anRbkan;ykkarseRmccitþmYy RbkbedaysuPnicä½y nigeRtómxøÜnmun)anl¥RbesIr19}.
eRkayBI)anEsVgrkkarsRmúHsRmÜlmYyCamYynwgrbb ln; nl; edIm,ICYyBYkkumµúynisþevot
Nam BYkcin)anbegáInkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜncMeBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigExµrRkhmy:agsem,Im.
cMeBaHcMNucenH BYkcin)anbgðaj[eXIjlkçN³RbúgRby½tñCagBYkevotNam Edl)anBRgIks®gÁam
rbs;eKenARbeTskm<úCaRbqaMgTl;nwgrbb ln; nl; bnÞab;BImanrdæRbharEtb:unµanéf¶b:ueNÑaH.
BYkevotNam)anBRgwg\T§iBlrbs;eKenARbeTsLav nigenARbeTskm<úCakan;EtxøaMgeLIg eday
eRCótcUly:ageRCAkñúgRbeTsTaMgBIrenH edIm,IeFVIs®gÁamCaRbeyaCn_dl;lT§ikumµúynisþ. TnÞwmnwgenaH
BYkcin)anRbwgERbgBRgIkTMnak;TMngepSg² rbs;BYkeKCamYyBYkkumµúynisþExµr nigLavEfmeTot eday
yl;RBmpþl;CMnYy nigkarKaMRTxagEpñkneya)ay. BYkcinxMRbwgbgáarTukCamunnUvkarrMelaPrbs;
sUevot b¤sm<½n§mitþTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn mkkñúgmNÐl\T§iBlrbs;eKEdr. enACMnan;enaH TahansUevot
CitmYylannak; )anmkpþMúKñay:ageRcInenAtambeNþayRBMEdncin ehIyRkúgmUsÁÚ)an[dMNwgCaerOy²
fa {nwgpþl;emeronmYy[BYkcin20}EfmeTot.
enAqñaM1970 RbeTscin)anTTYleFVI {snñisITedIm,IsamKÁIPaBCamYyRbCaCn\NÐÚcin} enATIRkúg
kg;tug ehIyRbKl;[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eFVICaGFibtIPaBsm½yRbCuMenaH. eRkaymk BYk
evotNam)anTamTarfa xøÜnCaGñkbegáItrNsirSEdlbRgÜbbRgÜmsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigBYkExµr
Rkhm b:uEnþP½sþútagTaMgGs; )anedAbBa¢ak;[dwgfa karcgsm<½n§PaBenH KWBitCasñaédrbs;RbeTscin.
ehIyenAsnñisITqñaM1970enaH BYkcin)anFana[BYkevotNamrab;rkBYkGñkbdivtþkm<úCaedayesµIPaB
Kña ehIyCYyBYkTaMgenH[begáItkgT½BpÞal;rbs;eKpg.
ebIRkúghaNUy CYybegáItkgT½BExµrRkhmEmn nigCYyvayRbyuT§kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH Tl;nwg
kgT½B ln; nl; k¾shRbtibtþikarenHmanlkçN³twgEtgNas;. mundMbUgBYkevotNam)anTamTar
begáItbBa¢akardæaneyaFacRmúHmYyenAkm<úCa kareFVIskmµPaBeXasnarYmKñaEtmYy nigkarebIksala
eyaFamYyrbs;evotNamkñúgPaK|sanRbeTskm<úCaEfmeTot21. BYkExµrRkhm)anbdiesFkarpþl;
eyabl;TaMgenH rYmTaMgsMeNIepSgeTotsMedArlaybBa©ÚlkgT½B nigrcnasm<½n§kumµúynisþTaMgBIrpg.
BYkExµrRkhmxøacERkgfakarpþÜcepþImKMnitmYyEbbenaH ebIKit[sBV²eTA KWCakarcab;epþImdMbUgényuT§na
karmYy edIm,IrYmbBa©ÚlkgT½Brbs;eKCamYykgT½BevotNam Edlnwgpþl;[RkúghaNUymanGMNac
bBa¢aBIelIkarbdivtþrbs;km<úCaminxan.mü:ageTotkñúgry³eBls®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy BYkevotNam
c,as;CabdiesFEdr ebIsinCaRbeTscinesñIbegáItbBa¢akardæaneyaFarYmmYy CaBiess ebIsinCaBYkcin
[eyabl;Camunfa RbeTsevotNamnwgeTACasmaCikPaKticénmhashPaBmYyrbs;cinenaH.
erOgTaMgenH CakarRbQmmuxcgGaXadKñadEdl² EdlekItmanenA\NÐÚcin bnÞab;BIs®gÁamenA
eBlEdltYÉkkumµúynisþnImYy²l,gkarBartYÉkmYyeTot edIm,InwgkMNt;BIEbbEpnRbesIrCageK kñúg
karrkSaGnutþrPaBrbs;xøÜn. cMeBaHEl,genH shPaBsUevot)ansEmþg[eXIjlkçN³esaHGegÁIy
bMput. RkúgmUsÁÚ )anbnþRbmUlpþúMkarRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜneTAelIkarCYyTMnukbRmúgcMeBaHRkúghaNUyEfm
eTot ehIycat;Tuks®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCa CaCMBUkcugeRkayéns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr. BYksUevot
)anrkSaTuksßanTUtrbs;eKenARkúgPñMeBj eBjry³eBléns®gÁam ehIyyl;RBmedayhYseBleTA
ehIykñúgkardak;[manGñktMNagfñak;Tabmñak;enArNsirSrYbrYmCatirbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu /
ExµrRkhm.
RbeTscin)anTak;Tgkan;EtCitsñiT§CamYyRkúgv:asuInetan. enAqñaM1970 Rkúgeb:kaMg )anebIk
eFVIkarRbCuMcrcaCasm¶at;CamYyrdæaPi)alrbs;elak nicsun. enAqñaM1972 RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg
)aneFVIdMeNIrCaRbvtþisa®sþrbs;Kat; eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg edayRBmeRBógTTYlsÁal;RbeTscinCapøÚvkar
émÖbIqñaMbnÞab;BIC½yCmñHrbs; em:A. elak nicsun )aneFVIdMeNIreTAshPaBsUevotenAqñaMenaHEdr ehIy
)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógkRmitGavuFyuT§sa®sþ (SALT) pg. enHCasm½ykMBUlényuT§nakar
rbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,Ipþac;sm,TanepSg² BIRkúghaNUykñúgkarRbCMucrcasnþiPaB enATIRkúg):arIs ehIy
BYkemdwknaMevotNamxageCIg)anvinicä½yRbkbedaykarfb;)armÖkñúgcitþ cMeBaHbNþasm<½n§miRtrbs;
BYkeKEdlTTYlelaknicsun nig)anseRmceFVIkic©RBmeRBógfµICaeRcIn EdlnaM[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;
RbeTsevotNam.
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karN_enARbeTsevotNam. bBaðaEtmYyKt;EdlRtÚvdwg KWGñkNamYyEdlCasRtÚvBitR)akdehIy
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bdivtþn_enARbeTsevotNam41. RcWLWgEdlmann½yfa {pSarFM} RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayBYkcin
eRkayeBlEdlevotNamdeNþImykEdndIExµrPaKxagt,Úgbnþic. BYkevotNamxageCIg )anbBa¢ÚnCn
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lk; nigEckcayplitplesÞIrEtRKb;muxTaMgGs; ³ RsUvéndIsNþTenøemKgÁ rhUtdl;eRKÓgbnøas;
rfynþ. BYkeKeFVICMnYjCamYyPaKITaMgGs; kñúgry³eBlEdlekItmanCemøaHepSg² edaylk;eRKÓg
sBVavuF nigBt’mansm¶at; enAkñúgetomtUc²rbs;eK enATIRkúgRcWLWgxagelI):an;EtekþA² nigKMnrluy.
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mYy. RcWLWg )ankøayeTACatMbn;CnCatiPaKticmYy CaTIEdlBYkcinniyayPasa nigrs;enAeTAtam
vb,Fm’RbéBNIrbs;eK edayRBmTTYlPaBrs;enAdac;EtÉg nigbuernicä½y EdlmanCab;mkBIkMeNItenA
kñúgtMbn;CnCatiticenH.BitEmnEtBYkeKCaBlrdærbs;saFarNrdæevotNamk¾edayk¾kUn²rbs;BYkeK
kRmcUlbeRmIkñúgkgT½BNas; ehIyExSry³Tak;Tgrbs;BYkeKmanenAdéTeTotCamYynwgBYkcinenA
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fa BYkcinenA RcWLWg suT§EtCabuKÁleBareBjeTAedaykarvk;nwgeRKÓgsmÖar³Etmü:agb:ueNÑaH nigCa
mnusSEdlminykcitþTukdak; nwgerOgsMxan;² eRkABI{pSarFM}rbs;eKeLIy.
b:uEnþ enAeBlEdldMNwgkøayCaRbtükSfas®gÁamnwgRtÚvcb; BYkcinenARkúgRcWLWg enAEtrs;enA
kñúgRbeTsdEdl ³ BYkeK BuMEmnCacMENkmYyénhVÚgmnusSEdlRceLatmYrem:A kMBugeLamB½T§sßanTUt
shrdæGaemrikeT. pÞúyeTAvij BYkeKerobcMdak;lk;rUbftrbs; hU CImij nigbeBa©jR)ak;dug ¬rUbiyvtßú
evotNamxageCIg¦ BIkEnøglak;Tuk. BYkeK)anRtÚvjúaMg[eCOCak;fa BYkemdwknaMfµInwgRtÚvkarBYkcin
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xøaMgrbs;BYkGñkkan;GMNac ehIy)anRbmUlTijRsUvTaMgGs;. bnÞab;mkBYkeK)anbiTshRKas nig
rg;caM[témøeLIgx<s;. BYkeKGaceFVI[témøhageqgpøas;bþÚrcuHeLIgtamTMenIgcitþrbs;eK b¤y:agehac
k¾eFVI[RkúghaNUymankarcab;GarmµN_BIerOgenHEdr. ehIyenAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alEsVgrk {GñkTTYl
fµ)ak;}mñak; kareRCIserIsKWgaybMput. bnÞab;BImhasnñi)atbkSqñaM1976 {BYkGñkCMnYjCaefAEk}
CnCaticinenATIRkúgRcWLWg RtÚv)ankMNt;faGñkTTYlxus RtÚvTImYyénGtiprNaEdleLIgelOndUcRBÜj
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karvayRbharRbqaMgnwgBYkcinenATIRkúgRcWLWg manlkçN³Rtg;²-dUcEdlBYkGñkkan;GMNac
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sasn_mansßitenAkñúgkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgBYkcinenARkúgRcWLWgEmn vamuxkøayeTACAkarRbqaMgnwg
BYkcinenAPaKxageCIgCasaFarN³ EdlPaKeRcInFøab;CYyKaMRTbdivtþn_kumµúynisþEdr.
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nak;. BYkGñkman²cinenAPaKxageCIg )ancakecjBIRbeTs bnÞab;BIkic©RBmeRBógRkúghSWENvqñaM
1954. BYkcinEdlsßitenAkñúgRbeTs suT§EtCaksikr/ sib,kr/ bBaØavnþ/ RKÚbeRgón/ GñkrksuI
kMbuikkMb:uk. dUcBYk cinenAPaKxagt,ÚgEdr BYkeKrs;enAkñúgsgáat; b¤PUminana dac;edayELkBIGñÉeTot²
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kmµkrGNþÚgEr:enAtamPñM CaGñklk;eRKÓgcanqñaMg/ GñkCMnYj nigGñkkan;kab;ePaCnIdæankñúgTIRkúgnana.
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cUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynisþevotNam.
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km<úCa-evotNam-cin eTot.
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RbeTsevotNam minTTYlsÁal;sBa¢atiBIreT ehIyRbeTsTaMgBIrCYyKaMRTkarrs;enAEbkExJkKñarbs;
CnCatieK. RbeTsTaMgBIr manRkúmkargarEterog²xøÜn EdleFVIkarsRmab;shKmn_CnCatieKenAÉ
breTs EdlcMeBaHGñkTaMgenaH RbeTsTaMgBIr)anyl;RBmpþl;[siT§iBiessEfmeTot. edaysarehtu
karN_enH bkSkumµúynisþcin nigevotNam )anseRmccitþeFVIkic©RBmeRBógrYmmYyenAqñaM1955fa
smaCikCnCatiPaKticcinenArdækumµúynisþfµIénRbeTserotNam nwgrkSasBa¢aticinrhUtdl;TIbBa©b;
éns®gÁam. RbCaCnTaMgenaHnwgmansiT§i nigkrNIkic©dUcKña nwgRbCaBlrdæevotNam ehIynwgGac
seRmce)aHbg; b¤mine)aHbg;sBa¢aticinrbs;eKtamsµR½Kcitþ. enARbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg RbFana
FibtI eyom )anRbkasCaÉketaPaKIfa CnCaticinkat;evotNamTaMgGs; suT§EtCaBlrdærbs;saFa
rNrdæevotNam.
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k,Ün edayRKvIkUnesovePARkhmkñúgéd. enAtamsalaeroncinTaMgLay BYkRKÚ² )anelIkTwkcitþ[eFVI
tamKMnitrbs; em:A. edayxøac)armÖkñúgeBlfµI²enH cMeBaHectnaepSg²rbs;cin BYkemdwknaMevotNam
xageCIg )andak;salaeroncinTaMgGs;[sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgGb;rM ehIypøas;CMnYs
kmµviFIsikSa EdlbeRgónCaPasacin edaymuxviC¢abeRgónCaPasaevotNamvij. cab;BIqñaM1970
eTA kUn²rbs;BYkcinRtÚvbBa¢Ún[eTAerontamsalaevotNamTaMgGs;. eRkayenaHbnþic BYkGñkkan;rdæ
GMNac )annireTsCnCaticin mYycMnYneTAkan;éRBPñMEdlenAq¶aydac;Rsyal nigputBITIRkúgnana.
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eb:kaMg nigRkúghaNUy BYkevotNam)anrkerOgTmøak;eTaseTAelIBYkcinenAPaKxageCIgCanic©. enAqñaM
1974 KWmunC½yCmñHrbs;BYkkumµúynisþevotNam RbeTscin )anvaykan;kab;RbCMuekaH):ar:aEsl
BIkgT½Brbs;RbFanaFibtI eyom CadwkdIEdlenACECkrkxusRtÚvenAeLIy. RkúghaNUyBMumanRbqaMg
tv:aeT b:uEnþ kñúgbNþaExEdlmanbnþBIenaH GaCJaFrevotNam )anhammin[RbCaCncinkat;evotNam
enAPaKxageCIg bMeBjkargarNamYykñúgbNþaeragcRkrbs;rdæ b¤EpñkeragcRkEdlmanlkçN³
yuT§sa®sþeLIy. Pøam²bnÞab;BIC½yCmñH bkS)anRbkas[dwgfa KµanCnbreTsNamñak;GacsßitenA
kñúgCYrrbs;xøÜn)aneT. GtItCnkumµúynisþmñak; )anniyayedImfa ³ {tameyIgdwg karseRmcenH KW
sMedARbqaMgnwgBYkcin edayehtufa eyIgCaCnbreTsEtÉkÉg EdlCacMENkmYyrbs;bkS}.
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smaCikCaeRcInrbs;xøÜnCYjdUrGVIRKan;nwgrs;)aneTotehIy. BYkkmµkrCBa¢ÚnGIv:an;sBa¢aticinenAkMBg;Ep
éhhVúgsmÁal;eXIjeborvtSr_rbs;Kat;RtÚvkat;bnßyTaMgbMBan nigElgmansiT§iTTYlb½NÑpÁt;pÁg;
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bRgÜmenAhaNUy éhhVúg nigNamDij RtÚv)anrMlayecal. BYkGñkkan;GMNac)anRbkas[dwgfa ³
{BYkcinenARbeTs evotNam )anbMeBjebskkmµCaRbvtþirbs;eKrYcehIy ehIy\LÚvenHRtÚvEt
bMePøcGtItkalecal42}.
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cin-evotNam )anRtÚveKeFV[I køayCaCemøaHmYyy:agqab;rh½s ehIyrdæaPi)alRkúghaNUy )anvinci y ½ä
faGaNikCncinenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn CakmøaMgTI5mYy EdlkMBugmanGanuPaBGacRtÚveRbIR)as;RbqaMg
nwgRbeTsevotNam)an kñúgkrNIEdlekItmans®gÁam. bnÞab;BIqñaM1975 Rkúgeb:kaMg )anesñI[sh
rdæGaemrikrkSaTukvtþmaneyaFaxøÜnkñúgtMbn;enH edIm,IraraMgsUevotkuM[cUlmkbMeBjkEnøgRbehagEdl
begáIteLIgedaysarkarcakecjrbs;shrdæGaemrik. eRkaymk BYkcin)ansakl,gbBa©úHbBa©Úl
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RbesIrmYyry³xøI ehIyenAniTaXrdUvqñaM1977RbeTscin)anGeBa¢Ij]tþmesnIy_ egVógy:ab[eTAeFVI
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)ac;}nImYy² EdlnwgCMrujeTArks®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbIRtÚv)anerobcMeRsc)at;Gs;ehIy.
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RbeTsevotNam EdlbMeBjc,ab;nUvsßanPaBrbs;xøÜnEdlesÞIrEtCarNbmYyrbs;RkúghaNUy.
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eKÉgTaMgGs;rbs;RkúgPñMeBjcMeBaHBYkevotNameqHefÁaleLIgvij. edayminrYjrakñúgkarbgáehtu
BYkkm<úCa)anBRgIkerOgenHkan;EtFM ehIyecaTRbkan;RbeTsCitxagxøÜnfa CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHkar
xUcxatTaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK TaMgxagkñúgnigxageRkARbeTs -BitNas; KWdUcBYkevotNamFøab;ecaTRbkan;
RbeTscinfa CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvGMBIbBaðaepSg²rbs;BYkeKEdr.
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enaH. enAcugqñaM1977 BYkExµr)ancab;epþImvayRbharBYkevotNamenAtamRBMEdn. kñúgbNþaEx
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beRmICakmøaMgTIR)aM ecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTscinvij. enAExmkra qñaM1978 BYkcinkat;
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haNUy)anbBaØtþi[BYkcinenAPaKxagt,ÚgRbkan;yksBa¢atievotNamrYceRsceTAehIy. b:uEnþ bBaða
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ekIt. tamTIRkúgnana CnCaticinCaeRcIn)an)at;bg;kargarrbs;eK. BYkcinkat;evotNam )ancab;epþIm
lk;GVI²TaMgGs;EdlBYkeKman nigpþl;R)ak;sMNUkedIm,ITTYl)ansMbuRtGnuBaØateFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin
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CatiPaKticenAPaKxageCIgRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIsEmþgtYnaTICakmøaMgTIR)aMCnCatiPaKticcinenAPaKxagt,Úg
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elIkardkR)ak;eTAvij. ebIsinCaviFankarTaMgenHRtÚvGnuvtþeTAelIBYkevotNamk¾dUcBYkcin vamuxCaeFVI
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evotNameTAkan;RbeTscin. CnCaticinnigevotNamCag db;muWnnak;)anePosxøÜntamkaNUttUc²
edIm,IeTAkan;RbeTsepSg²kñúgGasuIPaKGaeKñy_. tamsßitiEdleTIbmanfµI²fa GñkTaMgenaHRbEhlCa
RtÚvsøab;y:ageRcInkñúgryeBlénkareFVIdMeNIr. RbeTscin)anecaTRbkan;RbeTsevotNamGMBI {kar
eFVITukçbukemñj nigkarbeNþjecj} cMeBaHCnCatiPaKticcin. enAEx]sPa Rkúgeb:kaMg)anlubecal
kmµviFICMnYysMxan;²Edlpþl;eTA[RbeTsevotNam ehIyehATIRbwkSaTaMgLayrbs;xøÜnRtLb;mk
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d¾FMmYyedIm,IeLamB½T§RbeTsevotNam. eRkaymanCemøaHRBMEdnrvagExµr-evotNam enAExFñÚ qñaM
1977 bnþic viTüúrbs;evotNam )anpSayesckþIEføgkarN_mYydUcteTA {taMgBIkarcab;epþImman
GFikrN_rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa BaküccamGar:amepSg²)anelcB¤BImñak;eTAmñak; [kñúgcMeNam
CnCatiPaKticcin] faRbeTscinnwgCYyKaMRTRbeTskm<úCa ehobs®gÁammYynwgpÞúHeLIg ehIy [CnCati
PaKticcin] enARbeTsevotNamnwgsßitkñúgeRKaHfñak; dUecñHRtÚvEtcakecjBIRbeTsenH edayqab;
rh½sbMput43}.
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fa Rkúgeb:kaMg)anebIkrNsirSBIrRbqaMgnwgRbeTsrbs;eK ³ edayeFVI[ekItmankarrMeCIbrMCYlkñúg
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lukluyRbeTskm<úCa ehIyGacTmøak;karTTYlxusRtÚvTaMgGs;eTAelIRbeTscinEdlCasRtÚvcas;
rbs;xøÜn. RbeTsevotNamRtÚvRbQmmuxedaHRsaybBaðaF¶n;F¶rCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnEdl
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sßitenAkñúgPaBmineGIeBICaTUeTA.
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eTot. KWBMumankarsþIbenÞasCapøÚvkar TaMgBMumankarBnül;CasaFarN³eLIy KWmanEtPaBenAes¶óms¶at;
b:ueNÑaH.
kñúgsßanPaBnwgfál;enHRbeTsevotNamnigkm<úCaenAEtrkSarUbPaBCasRtÚvnwgKñaCanic©. RbFa
naFibtI hV½rd¾ enAEtRbkan;karraMgxÞb;Epñkesdækic©Edl)anseRmcRbqaMgnwgevotNamxageCIg kñúgkMLúg
s®gÁamdEdl. GaemrikEtmñak;Égb:ueNÑaH GacraraMgmin[RbeTsevotNamcUlkñúgGgÁkarsh
RbCaCatiEfmeTot. shrdæGaemrik BMuRBmTTYlykbraC½yedayRsÜl²enaHeLIy ³ minRtwmEtRkúg
v:asuInetan RcanecalcMNgTak;TgepSg² CamYyRkúghaNUyb:ueNÑaHeT KWcg;[BiPBelakp©aj;
p©alrdæfµIrbs;evotNam eTACardæRkrehmrham.
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BIrb:ueNÑaH EdlrkSaTukGñkeqøIyqøgrbs;xøÜn mYynak;RbcaMenATIRkúg)agkk KWkaEstjÚvy:kEfms_ nig
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BIkaEst nigkBa©k;TUrTsSn_nana.
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\NÐÚcin k¾ElgeXIjmankñúgkmµviFIsikSarbs;bNþasaklviTül½yGaemrikaMgteTAeTotEdr elIkElg
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sa®sþacarüsklviTül½ybreTs cUleTAeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavenAkñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;xøÜnEfmeTot.
sklviTüal½yTaMgenaH )anpøas;bþÚrkmµviFIy:agqab;rh½s b¤eFVIkarsRmab;RbeTsepSg² EdlenA
Tak;Tgnwg\NÐÚcinenAeLIy CaBiess RbeTsGU®sþalI.
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bnþsresrbgðaj nigsikSaRsavRCavGMBItMbn;enH )anRtÚveK[eQµaHeRkAfa {GñkXøaMemIl\NÐÚcin}.
mnusS TaMgRbúsTaMgRsIenH RtÚv)anbgçM[eFVItam{BYkGñkXøaMemIl\NÐÚcin} enAkñúgTsvtSr_1950 nig
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TsSn³neya)ayrbs;Kat; BYkGñkePosxøÜnBMu)anbgðajGVIEdltMNag[RbCaCnTaMgmUlmYyeLIy.
dUcKñaEdr BYkGñkkarTUtbreTs EdlmkBIRkúghaNUy b¤RkúgevogcnÞ rdæFanIRbeTsLavvij )anRtwmEt
pþl;Bt’manEdlmankMNt;mYyGMBIRbeTsEdlBYkeKbMeBjmuxgarb:ueNÑaH.
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rbs;GaemrikaMg tamBit KWkardkfyrbs;elakxaglicBIPUmiPaKenH nigkarmindwgRBmKñanUvsßanPaB
Bit²mYycMENkFMrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. TaMgRkúghaNUy TaMgRkúgPñMeBj KµanniyayGVITaMgGs; eTaHCa
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bgábegáInpl edayxitxMRbwgERbgGs;BIsmtßPaBrbs;eK edIm,ICYsCulkarxUcxaty:agsem,Im Edl
bNþaleLIgdaysars®gÁam.
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breTsmYycMnYn/ cMENkRbeTskm<úCaKµanmñak;esaH. BYkGñkkaEstEdleFVIdMeNIreTARbeTsevot
Nam )anbMeBjTsSnarebobCacrKMrUmYy Edlsgát;bBa¢ak;GMBIkarbMpøicbMpøajRbeTs nigbBaðasþar
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kM)aMgKYr[RBWrn§t;éntMbn;enH. KµanGñkNamñak;RbmaNdwgCamunBIkarpÞúHs®gÁam enAqñaM1978eLIy.
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nigcinEdr. enAeBlEdls®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbIpÞúHeLIg PaKeRcInénrdæaPi)al nigGñkCMnajkar
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epSg² EdlekItecjBIRBwtþikarN_TaMgenaHpg.
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enH BMurYcputBIRkEsEPñkrbs;bNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynisþenAkñúgtMbn; KWRbeTséf/ sigðburI/ m:aeLsuI/
\NÐÚensuI nighVIlIBIn eLIy. bNþardæCasmaCikénsmaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKñy_ ¬Gas‘an¦ TaMgenH
)anbeBa©j RbtikmµCabnþbnÞab;GMBIeRKaHfñak;epSg² EdleKFøab;niyayeBjry³eBléns®gÁam3. KW
RbeTsTaMgenH ehIyEdlshrdæGaemrik GHGagkarBarBIkarRtÜtRtamYyrbs;BYkkumµúynisþevot-
Nam. enaHKWEl,g dUmINU EdlnwgRtÚvdYlrlM nigTak;Taj[BYkGaemrikaMgykcitþTukdak; ebIsinCaBYk
kumµúynisþTTYlC½yCmñHenA\NÐÚcin.
b:uEnþ eRkayqñaM1975Gaemrik hak;dUcCae)aHbg;El,gdUmINUenHRBmKñanwg\NÐÚcinEdr.enHCa
ry³kalRBÜy)armÖ nigRbkbedayTuTidæiniymmYy - edayELksRmab;RbeTssigðburI/ m:aeLsuI nig
RbeTséf. RbeTséf Casm<½n§mitþeyaFamYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik/ RbeTssigðburI CabkSsm<½n§
emaHmutCageKrbs;GaemrikenAGasuI. BYkm:aeLsuI nigBYkéf)anRbQmmuxttaMgnwgkarbHe)ard¾xøaMgkøa
rbs;BYkkumµúynisþ enAkñúgRbeTserog²xøÜn. enARbeTséf BYkkumµúynisþEdlTTYlkarKaMRTd¾mantémø
mYyBIrbb Lav nigkm<úCa Ek,rxag )aneFVIskmµPaBxøaMgkøaNas;. lIxVan;yU emdwknaMsigðburI EdlFøab;Ca
GñkkarBard¾ekøóvkøa nUv{RTwsþIdUmINU} nigFøab;)anENnaM[RbFanaFibtI hSnsun vayRbyuT§enARbeTs
evotNambnþeTAeTot edayxøacERkgfa s®gÁamnwgraldalmkdl;RbeTséf/ m:aeLsuI nigsigðburI.
m:üageTot RbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘an )ancUlrYmy:agskmµkñúgCemøaH edaykan;eCIgxag
GaemrikEdlcaj;. RbeTséfnighVIlIBIn )anpþl;kEnøg[BYkGaemrikaMgksagmUldæaneyaFaCaeRcIn.
RbeTssigðburI/ m:aeLsuI nig\NÐÚensuI )anpþl;nUvkarKaMRTtUctacmYy kñúgvis½ykarTUt b¤karbNþúH
bNþalkmøaMg b¤snþisuxrbs;evotNamxagt,Úv. RbeTseRcInkñúgcMeNamenaHRBWxøacNas; BIkar
sgswk ehIykñúgbNþaqñaM EdlmanbnþBIC½yCmñH RkúghaNUy )anedoltµHbNþaRbeTsénsmaKm
Gas‘anminQb; cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;eKkñúgs®gÁam eRkamdwknaMbBa¢arbs;shrdæGaemrik.
mundMbUg RbeTsTaMgenH )aneFVIRbtikmµtbtedayELkBIKñaCamYynwgkRmiténkarP½ysøn;esøa
xus²Kña. RbeTséf )anesñIsMu[BYkGaemrikaMgrMsaymUldæaneyaFaTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn bnÞab;mk
EsVgrkkarpSHpSaKñamYyCamYyRbeTscin EdlenATIbMputnwgnaMdl;TMnak;TMngxageyaFaeTot. R)akd
Nas;rdæaPi)aléfvinicä½yfa RbeTscinnwgpþl;[xøÜnnUvkic©karBarmYyRbesIrCagshrdæGaemrik. b:uEnþ
sßankarN_)anvivtþelOnrh½seBksRmab;kgT½BGPirkSmYy ehIyenAqñaM1976 rdæRbharbgðÚrQam
mYy )annaMkgT½B[mkkan;GMNacvij.
RbeTsm:aeLsuI )anEsVgrkkarsnÞnaCamYyBYkemdwknaMRkúghaNUy EdlmanC½yCmñH.
RbeTs\NÐÚensuI EdlEtgEtP½yxøacRbeTscineRcInCagRbeTsevotNam KWCaRbCaCatiEtmYyKt;
EdlrkSakares¶óms¶at;rbs;xøÜn. BYkhVIlIBIn kMBugxVl;nwgclnaRbqaMg nigkarbHe)arkñúgRbeTspÞal;
rbs;eK. lIxVan; yU CaemdwknaMGg;GacsVahab;rbs;RbeTssigðburI )anvaytémøfa snþisuxénrdæburId¾tUc
rbs;eKTamTar[mankmµviFITUeTAmYysRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;énsmaKmGas‘an kñúgeKalbMNgecos
vagmanbBaðaepSg² CamYy\NÐÚcinkumµúynisþ.
lI R)afñaeFVI[eKTukcitþsmaKménRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKñy_eLIgvij nigeFVI[eTAkmøaMgneya)ayd¾
manGMNacmYypg. smaKmGas‘an)anRtÚvbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1976 kñúgeKalbMNgbegáItshKmn_
esdækic©mYy dUcshKmn_esdækic©GWr:ubenAkñúgtMbn;. eKaledAenH beBa©j[eXIjminGacseRmc)aneT
b:uEnþenAqñaM1976 smaKmGas‘anmaneKaledAfµImYy edaybgðajmuxminEmnkumµúynisþEtmYyb:ueNÑaH
RbQmnwgbøúkkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcinmYy.
cMnYnénkarRbCMurbs;Gas‘an)anekIneLIgy:ageRcInenAqñaM1975nig1976.lIxVan;yU )aneFVI
dMeNIreTAmkminQb;QrrvagsigðburI nigRkúg)agkk edIm,IriHrksßanPaBrYmmYyCamYyRbeTséf Ca
RbeTsEdlb:HBal;xøaMgCageKedaysarC½yCmñHrbs;kumµúynisþ. enAcugqñaM1976 eK)anQandl;
karRBmeRBógKñamYy. minRtwmEtRbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘anTTYlsÁal;bNþarbbfµIenA\NÐÚcin
b:eu NÑaHeT b:Eu nþBkY eK )anRtÚvr:vU KñasþBI PI aBcaM)ac;kgúñ {karCYbsnÞnaKña}EfmeTot TaMgCamYyBYkevotNam
k¾dUcCamYyBYkcin. BYkeKyl;eXIjfa BYkeKElgGacsMGagelIBYkGaemrikaMgedIm,IFanasnþisux
rbs;eKeTotehIy ehIyfa RbeTséf mankarykcitþTukdak;EsVgrkkarFanaEbbenaHBIxagRkúgeb:kaMg
vij. CamYyKñaenaH BYkeKyl;eXIjfa eKmincaM)ac;»nlMeTanenAmuxRkúghaNUy nigRkúgeb:kaMgeT
ehIyfa edayrYmKñaCabøúkEtmYy BYkeKGackøayeTACaeRKÓgkarBard¾RbesIrTl;nwgsßanPaBFøak;cuH
Epñkneya)ay nigesdækic©rbs;eK.
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1975. ebIsinCaBYkGñkvinieyaKbreTs mine)aHbg;RbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘aneT eKBi)ak
EsVgrkGñkvinieyaKCafµINas;. BiPBGñkrksuImuxCarYjramindak;TuneLIgvijkñúgtMbn;EdlRbeTsbIeTIb
nwgkøayCardækumµúynisþeT. KWBitCaeFVI[GMBl;y:agcEmøk sRmab;bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anEdl
CaGñkedIrtamliT§imUlFnniymy:agmWugm:at; ehIyEdlFøab;BwgEp¥kelIkarvinieyaKrbs;breTs edIm,I
GPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;eK. enAeBlenaHÉg EdlBYkeKseRmccitþERbkøayxøÜnCaGñklk; nigGñkkarBar
edaypÞal;/ BRgIkehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigTak;TajBYkGñkvinieyaKinbreTsedayxøÜnÉg ehIyElgsMGag
elIkarCYyKaMRT rbs;shrdæGaemrikteTAeTot.
sßanPaBepSg²)antRmÚv[{RbeTsrgeRKaH}BIC½yCmñHmYyrbs;kumµúynisþ EdlminTan;ecj
Cak;EsþgTaMgenH køayeTACaGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_y:agFMénsßanPaBenH -mYycMENkFMedaysarkar
RbwgERbgpÞal;rbs;eK edIm,IraraMgmin[RTwsþIdUmINUelcCarUbragBitR)akd. enAqñaM1978 enAeBl
EdlBiPBelak BMumanCeRmIsNaepSgeToteRkABIykcitþTukdak;CafµIcMeBaHPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_enaH
bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘an )anbMeBjnUvGVIEdlBYkGñkCMnajkarGWr:ubcat;TukCa {GBÖÚtehtu
esdækic©}. eTaHbICaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_k¾eday k¾RbeTsGas‘anTaMgGs; )ansÁal;nUvkarlUtlas;
mYyx<s;CagkarlUtlas;CamFüménBiPBelak sRmab;bNþaRbeTsEdlR)ak;cMNUlCamFüm.
RBwtþikarN_EdlmansarsMxan;Edr KWRbeTsTaMgenaH )anseRmcpll¥ edayrYmkmøaMgKñaRbQmnwgkar
KMramkMEhgmYyrbs;breTs edaHRsaybBaðaepSg²rvagBYkeK EdlenAgMtaMgBIyUmkehIy.
Gas‘an )ankøayeTACasmaKmmanRbsiT§PaBEbøkBIeKmYy énBiPBelakEdlkMBugrIklUtlas;
ehIyGaceRbóbeFobnwgsmaKmdUcKñaepSg²enAkñúgBiPBelakEdlman]sSahkmµlUtlas;. b:uEnþ
BYkGaemrikaMgRtÚvkareBlevlad¾Cak;lak;mYy edIm,IEsVgyl;BIkarBitenH nigmUlehtuepSg² EdlxøÜn
Føab;eFVI[elceLIg. saklviTüal½ynana enAshrdæGaemrik minRtwmEtQb;ykcitþTukdak;nwg\NÐÚcin
b:eu NÑaHeT b:Eu nþ KWPmU Pi aKGasuGI aeKñyT_ aMgmUl. eRkayqña1M 975 bNþamCÄmNÐlRsavRCavGMBPI mU Pi aK
GasuIGaeKñy_ )anrlay)at;BIsklviTüal½ykULúMebo/EylnigsaklviTüal½yepSg²eTot.kaEst
nigTsSnavdþITaMgLay kRme)aHBum<pSaydMNwgepSg²sþIBIbNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anNas;.
CafµImþgeTot shrdæGaemrik)anykcitþTukdak;nwgbNþaénsmaKmGas‘an KWenAeBlEdl\NÐÚcin
sÁal;nUvehtukarN_sMxan;RbkbedayTukçesakCaeRcIn KWkarcakecjtamTUkTaMghVÚg²rbs;RbCaCn
EdlePosxøÜnecjBIRbeTsevotNamqñaM1978 ehIyeTAeLIgeKakenAtameqñHsmuRTRbeTsnanaén
smaKmGas‘an.
enATIbMput s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI bgðaj[eXIjfa GñkrgeRKaHsMxan;bMputénC½yCmñHrbs;

kumµúynisþenA\NÐÚcin KWBiPBkumµúynisþxøÜnÉgEtmþ. enAeBlEdlBYKeKQñHs®gÁamBYkkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin
)anlubbM)at;mUldæanshRbtibtþikarEdlmanEtmYyrvagRbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot ebIeTaHCava
RKan;EtCanimitþrUbk¾eday KWbMNgrYmrbs;eKedIm,IykQñHGaemrik nigbNþasm<½n§mitþrbs;. eRkayqñaM
1975 BiPBkumµúynisþ)ansÁal;nUvkarEbk)ak;rbs;xøÜny:agRCaleRCA nigRsYcRsal;bMput taMgBIkar
eRbHqarvagcin-shPaBsUevot enAqñaM1963 CamYynwgplvi)akRbkbedaymhnþrayEfmeTot.
CemøaHCaRbvtþisa®sþxagEpñkmenaKmviC¢a nigTwkdIrvagRbeTsevotNam/ km<úCa nigcin Edl
rIkraldalRbkbedaykl,ic )anRtÚvcat;faCaerOgbnÞab;bnSM edays®gÁamRbqaMgcRkBtþiniym
GaemrikaMg eFVI[keRmIkeLIgvijrwtEtxøaMgeLIg. minRtwmEtvanaMeTArks®gÁammYyrvagRbeTsTaMgenHeT
b:uEnþva)aneFVI[RbeTscinTak;TgKñaCamYyRbeTselakxaglicEfmeTot CaBiess shrdæGaemrik.
RbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot )anRbQmmuxdak;KñaCacMh edIm,IRbTaj\NÐÚcinkumµúynisþ[Føak;
kñúgrgVg;\T§iBlrbs;eK ehIybgç¿[BiPBkumµúynisþeRCIserIsRkúmbkSrbs;xøÜn. edayEsVgrkkarKaMRT
mYyenATIdéTeTot enATIbMput RbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam k¾EbrmkrkbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynisþenA
Ek,rxagvij KWsmaKmGas‘an.
enAqñaM1978 BYkkumµúynisþ)anbMpøajkarrYmsm,ac;nwgKñaEdlBYkeK)anseRmckñúgry³eBlén
s®gÁam. enAqñaM1975 karbHe)arrbs;kumµúynisþ hak;dUcCaTwkrlkEdle)akbk;eTArkGnaKt.
enAqñaM1978 BYkkumµúynisþpÞal; )ane)aHbg;ecalesckþIsgÇwmenH edayvayRbyuT§EtrvagKñanigKña
edayk,t;KñaeTAvijeTAmk edaydwknaMRbeTsrbs;BYkeKtamrebobd¾KYr[RBWxøacmYy EdlBYkeK)anbgá
[mankarRsgakcitþenAkñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
rUbPaBRbeTsevotNam KWCarUbPaBmYykñúgcMeNamrUbPaBdMbUgeK Edlpøas;bþÚr. kñúgry³eBl
s®gÁam eK)anBiBN’naedayyutþiFm’fa RbeTsevotNamxageCIgdUcCaesþcedvId (David) tUcmYykMBug
RbQmmuxnwgykS háÚlIy:at (Goliath) énm:asuIns®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMg. bnÞab;BIs®gÁam enAeBlenH
BYkkumµúynisþevotNam )anrkSaTukrUbPaBenHkñúgBiPBttiyelak nigRbeTssgÁmniymepSg².
eK)anGbGrsresIrBYkkumµúynisþevotNam Edl)anRbyuT§Tl;nwgkarRtÜtRtarbs;breTs eTaHbICa
manesckþIsgÇwmTTYlC½yCmñHticNas; nigRtÚvvayRbharkñúgry³eBlbITsvtSr_ edIm,IdeNþIm
ÉkraCürbs;xøÜnk¾eday.
b:uEnþ zan³rbs;RbeTsevotNamenAkñúgBiPBelak)anpøas;bþÚry:agsem,Im. CamYyRbCaCn
hasiblannak; RbeTsevotNam EdlbRgÜbbRgÜmEtmYy KWCamhaGMNackumµúynisþTIBIrenAGasuI.
eCaKC½yEpñeyaFarbs;xøÜnCaeCaKC½yEdleFVI[eKRsLaMgkaMg. CamYynwgsnþiPaB RkúghaNUyBMu)an
rMsaykgT½Brbs;xøÜneT b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij )anbegáIncMnYnBiténkgT½Brbs;xøÜndl;mYylannak; EdleFVI
kgT½BevotNam manzan³TIbIkñúgBiPBelak. RbeTsevotNamk¾manmuxkñúgcMeNammhaGMNaceyaFa
sMxan;bMputTaMgR)aMénPBEpndIEdr. s®gÁamsamsibqñaM )aneFVI[evotNam xageCIgeTACasgÁmmYy
EdlbNþúHcitþRbCaCn[manTmøab;CaTahany:agRCaleRCA ehIykgT½BevotNamxageCIg)ankøayeTA
Ca háÚlIy:at enAGasuIPaKGaeKñy_.
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kmøaMgTb;Epñkneya)aymYy RbQmnwg\NÐÚcinfµI EdlsuT§EtCaRbeTskumµúynisþ.
PaKeRcInénbNþaRbeTselakxaglic )aneFVIRbtikmµy:agxøaMgnwgsPaBminGacRbEkk)anmYy
eToténRbeTsevotNameRkaysm½ys®gÁam ³ vinaskmµy:agsem,Imrbs;RbeTs. RbeTsmYy
PaKy:agFM cg;CYyRbeTsevotNam. kñúgrvagmYyqñaM BYkevotNam )anbegáIt[manTMnak;TMngkarTUt
CamYyRbeTscMnYnekAsibR)aMBIr nigcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarGnþrCaticMnYnémÖBIr dUcCa FnaKarBiPBelak
GgÁkarrUbiyvtßúGnþrCati nigFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuICaedIm.kñúgry³eBlBIr-bIqñaM RbeTseRkACaeRcIn)an
yl;RBmpþl;CMnYy CagR)aMmYyekadiduløar[RbeTsevotNam sRmab;karsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij.
b:uEnþ BYkevotNam)ancat;EcgedayminRbsb;nUvkmµviFIsþarRbeTseLIgvijrbs;BYkeK ehIy
RkúghaNUy)anrYsran;pþl;GaTiPaB cMeBaHbBaðaeyaFaCafµI. karsþarRbeTseLIgvij )anknøgputeTA
bnÞab;BIkarRtÜtRtatMbn;Edlcat;TukdUcCaeKaledAmanGaTiPaB. RbeTsLav4 )ankøayy:agqab;rh½s
eTACardæGaNaBüa)almYyrbs;RkúghaNUy EdlCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTArkeKaledAenH.
BYkkumµúynisþrbs;Lav -):aeftLav- )aneLIgkan;GMNactamry³C½yCmñHtUctacCabnþbnÞab;
mYy ³ bTQb;)aj;KñaenAqñaM1973 karbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHenAExemsa qñaM1974 karRsutcuHrbs;
RkúmniymsþaMenAEx]sPa qñaM1975 nigkarRbkasbegáItsaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitLav
enAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1975. KWBMumankareLamB½T§rdæFanIenATwkpþac;RBR½t EdleFVI[manmnusSsøab;RBat;
R)as; dUcenARbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa TaMgBMumankarrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgeLIy. kgT½Brbs;
):aeftLav )anedIrcUlkñúgrdæFanIevogc½nÞ rebobCak,ÜnBüúhyaRta edaymanyuT§Cnkan;GavuFtubEtg
edaypáaPJIpg.kñúgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn eKsegáteXIjBYkGñkkarTUtGaemrikaMg ehIysßanTUt rbs;eK
enAEtebIkTVardEdl.
karEkERbRbeTsLav eFVI[eTACarNbrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRbRBwtþeTAy:ags¶b;es¶óm.
enATIbMput kgT½BevotNamRbEhlbYnmWunnak; )ane)aHTItaMgsMctenAkñúgRbeTsenH EdlrYmbgáCakg-
T½BbreTsmYymancMnYneRcInCagkgT½Brbs;LaveTAeTot. kmµaPi)alevotNamCaeRcIn )anENnaM[
BYkGñkTTYlxusRtÚvsMxan;²kñúgrdæaPi)al eFVItamKMrUrbs;xøÜn ehIyKMrUevotNam )ankøayeTACamUldæan
neya)ayrbs;Lav.
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ticCagbIlannak; KWCaRbeTssm,ÚrPñMEdlmanRbeTsÉeTotB½T§CMuvij dUcCaRbeTscin/PUma/éf/km<úCa/
evotNam nigLav EtgEtEsVgrkkarKaMBarBIrdæmYyEdlmanGnuPaBCageKCanic©.
BYkevotNam )anbegáItclnakumµúynisþLavtamry³bkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin ehIy)anKaMRT
clna enHy:ageBjTMhwgrhUtdeNþIm)anC½yCmñHCasßaBr. eRkayqñaM1975 RbeTsLavman
GtßRbeyaCn_bnþicbnþÜc EdlxøÜnRtÚvsßitenAeRkammøb;rbs;evotNam. RbeTsLav BMuKMramkMEhgdl;
RbeTsNamYyeLIy ehIymanesrIPaBy:agFMmYy kñúgvis½ykic©karbreTs k¾dUckñúgkarEfrkSavb,Fm’
Lav CaBiess CMenOrbs;Gñkkan;BuT§sasnapg. ):aeftLav )antRmÚv[RbeTsCati GnuvtþRbB½n§
kumµúynisþmYytamKMrUevotNam rYmTaMgbegáItCMrMGb;rMEkERbfµIpg b:uEnþ eRkamTRmg;mYyTn;Pøn;Cag nig
minsUveXaeXAb:unµaneT. fVIebIkarcab;epþImdMbUg²mankarlM)akk¾eday k¾esdækic©rbs;LavGaceFVI[
seRmc nUvkarlaybBa©ÚlKñamYyrvagshRKasesrI nigkareFVICatUbnIykmµ EdlenATIbMput)aneFVI[
kRmitCIvPaBrs;enAmYyPaKFMrbs;sgÁmRbesIrelIsmunEdr -enHCalT§plEdlTaMgRbeTsevot
Nam TaMgRbeTskm<úCa minGacGYtek¥gk¥ag)aneT.
RbeTsLav )anrkSacMNgTak;TgCamYybNþaRbeTskumµúynisþ b¤minEmnkumµúynisþCaeRcIn rYm
TaMgshrdæGaemrik. rdæFanIevogcnÞ )ankøayeTACabg¥ÜcmYysRmab;[BiPBelakxageRkABinitü
emIllT§plénkarpøas;bþÚrepSg² énkarbdivtþn_enA\NÐÚcin.
b:uEnþ témøénC½yCmñHTaMgenHmanlkçN³éføfñÚrNas;edayehtufa enHCaÉkraCürbs;RbeTs.
rdæaPi)alrbs;Lav etagEtyl;RBmTTYlykmeFüa)aybt;EbnTaMgGs; EdlbgÁab;bBa¢aredayRbeTs
evotNam TaMgkñúgRbeTsk¾dUceRkARbeTs. CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa BYkLav)aneFVIGVImYyedayKµanTak;Tg
CamYyRkúghaNUyeT eTaHbICaxøÜnRtÚveRkInrMB£kedayBYkevotNamk¾eday. b:uEnþ edayLavRBmTTYl
karRtÜtRtarbs;evotNam RbeTsLavk¾)aneKcputBIsmuRTQaméns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbIEdr.
enAeBlEdlRkúgevogcnÞcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaBCamYyRkúghaNUyenAqñaM1977BYk
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edIm,IvayRbyuT§RbekoksµaCamYyBYkevotNam RbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs; b:ul Bt EfmeTot.
nimitþrUbrbs;RbeTsevotNam Føab;sÁal;nUvkarEkøgbnøMepSg²y:agRbsb;bMput. BYkevotNam
EdleFVICasmaCikénbNþaclnaminEmnkumµúynisþ EdlFøab;CYyKaMRTrNsirSrMedaHCati¬evotkug¦ nig
eRkaymk rdæaPi)albdivtþn_beNþaHGasnñ. enAeBlEdlmnusSTaMgenH RtÚvbeNþjecjBItMENg
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eXIjkarbuinniyayxøaMgNas;.
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mtisaFarN³GaemrikaMg/ reboby:agem:c)anCastism,CBaØ³rbs;BYkGaemrikaMg RtÚveFVI[keRmIkeLIg
edaybNþaRBHsgÇBuT§sasna EdleFVIBlIkmµedaydutxøÜnenAqñaM1963 edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac;
karenARkúgéRBnKrpgeT ehIyBuMEmnedayesckþIEføgkarN_epSg² EdlRkúghaNUysMGagelIekrþ×
eQµaHrbs; hU CImij eLIy. m:üageTot RkúghaNUyk¾minyl;BI{»kas}énkareXasna Edl)an
seRmcpll¥ edayBYkevotNamxagt,Úg EdleFVIkarenATIRkúg):arIs b¤v:asuInetan CamYyBYkyuT§ikCn
snþiPaBniym)araMg nigGaemrikaMg.
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neya)ayrbs;shrdæGaemrik KWRbesIrCagkarecHdwgrbs;RbCaCnGaemrikaMgsamBaØeTAeTot.
smaCikmñak;énclnaRbqaMgs®gÁamenAcaM)anfa edayeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;pÞHGñktMNagmñak;énrNsirS
rMedaHCati enATIRkúg):arIskalBITsvtSr_1960 Kat;)anRtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥Il EdlemIleXIjEpnTImYy
dak;taMgeBjCBa¢aMgmYyenAeBlKat;QancUlkñúgbnÞb;TTYlePJóvd¾tUc. enaHKWEpnTImYyénsParbs;
shrdæGaemrik EdlmanbiTTg;Rkhm b¤exovtUc² sRmab;sMKal;EdnxagBYkRbCaFibetyü BIEdnxag
BYksaFarNrdæniym. edaycucnwgm¢úlenAelIEpnTI manbBa¢IEvgmYy Edlerobrab;l¥itl¥n;BIRbPB
FnFanEpñesdækic©rbs;mNÐlnImYy²EfmeTot.
KWmnusSTaMgenaHehIyEdlBaMnaMdMNwgepSg²BIrNsirS ehIybeBa©j[dwgKMnitedayTajehtu
plepSg² EdleFVI[RsLaMgkaMgRbqaMgnwgs®gÁamEdleRbIviFIkan;EtxøaMgrbs;GaemrikaMg. KWBYkGñk
TaMgenaHehIy EdlRkúghaNUyrlas;ecal edIm,IdeNþImykGMNacPøam²bnÞab;BIC½yCmñH. lT§plKW
RbeTsevotNam RtÚv)aneKdwgB¤kan;EtticeTA²faCaRbCaCatixøaMgBUEkmYy ehIyRtÚveKsÁal;kan;Et
eRcIneLIg²fa CardæmYyBwgEp¥kelIb:Ulis EdleRbIviFIeXareXAepSg².
BYkevotNam EdlnwgGacpþl;dl;RkúghaNUynUvrUbPaBRbesIrCagmunmYy suT§EtRtÚvbMEbk
ecj[rs;enAÉbreTs ¬eKminRtÚvkarkarbeRmIkargarrbs;BYkenaHeT¦ b¤eFVIkaredaymanebovtSBak;
kNþalenATIRkúgéRBnKr b¤RtÚvCab;XMukñúgCMrMGb;rMEkERbCafµImYy ehIyeRkaymksßitkñúgcMeNamGñkGs;
sgÇwmrab;Ban;nak; EdlePosxøÜntamTUkecjeTAenARbeTseRkA.
b:uEnþ bnÞab;BIC½yCmñH RbkarenHmin)aneFVI[RkúghaNUyxVayxVl;eLIy edayKitfaxøÜnÉgesÞIr
EtminEdlcaj;eLIy. BYkemdwknaMevotNam )anQñHs®gÁammYy Edl)aneFVI[kaEstnanakñúgBiPB
elakTaMgmUl cuHpSayelITMB½rTImYykñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM. BYkeKmanKMnitkan;kab;Eb:kxagmuxqakCa
sßaBr kñúgzan³CavIrbursénBiPBttiylak CanimitþrUbénsmtßPaBrbs;BYkGñkRtÚveKsgát;sgáin Edl
bMpøajkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;breTs. CaCMnYsRbkarenH BYkeK)anbM)at;»kasCaÉtTKÁ³mYy nUvkMNb;
citþEdlBYkeKRbmUl)an.
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LayEdlBYkeKFøab;sÁal;>>>. BYkeKcat;TukxøÜnÉgenABIelIkarbenÞasTaMgGs; ehIyminsþab;karriHKn;
NamYyeLIy CaBiess sþIBIkarbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTsedaybgç¿. BYkeK)an)at;bg;mitþPkþiTaMgLayy:ag
qab;rh½s}5. enHCasmþIEdlGñkarTUtkumµúynisþGWr:ubmñak;)anGHGag.
enAeBlEdls®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbIpÞúHeLIg RbeTsevotNam GacRtwmEtsgÇwmfa mtisaFa
rN³BiPBelak nwgKaMRTRkúghaNUyRbqaMgnwgRkúgPñMeBjb:ueNÑaH. enHCakarPan;RcLMmYyEdlnaM[
vinaskñúgkarKn;KUrrbs;BYkevotNam CaBiess edayesckþIseRmcplrbs;xøÜnelIshrdæGaemrik.
RkúmniymeqVgrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlrIkeLIgy:agxøaMgkñúgclnaRbqaMgs®gÁam )ancuHexSayy:ag

qab;rh½s bnÞab;BIqñaM1975 nigTIbBa©b;énCemøaH6-m:üageTot enHCaehtuplmYykñúgcMeNamehtupl
CaeRcIn EdleFVI[shrdæGaemrikGacbMePøcRbeTsevotNam Lav nigkm<úCa. clnamhaCnEdlFøab;
RbqaMgcMeBaHkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;Rkúgv:asuInetanenA\NÐÚcin )anrlay)at;bnÞab;BIkardkfyrbs;
kgT½BGaemrikaMgenAqñaM1973. PaKeRcInényuT§ikCnniymsnþiPaB EdlbnþskmµPaBrbs;eKrhUtdl;
TIbBa©b;éns®gÁam )ane)aHbg;ecalvis½yneya)ayenAqñaM1975 edaybkRsayfa BYkeKRtÚveFVI[
Gs;kmøaMgxøaMgNas;. BYkGñkEdlrYcxøÜnxøH )anseRmccitþbnþeRbI\T§iBlmYyelIneya)ayCatidl;
TIbMputsRmab;smaCikPaKeRcInénKNbkSRbCaFibetyüEdlFøab;latRtdagBIerOgs®gÁam-fméh
din nigsameR)an CaKMrUd¾l,Il,ajBIrnak;. BYkemdwknaMénbNþaRkúmedayELkBIKña EdlpÁt;pÁg;Rkúm
mnusS[clnaRbqaMgs®gÁam -clna®sþIniym/ siT§iBlrdæ/ siT§iBYkGñkRsLaj;ePTdUcKña CaBiess -
)anbMEbrsmancitþrbs;BYkeKeq<aHeTArkskmµPaBepSg² EdlmanlkçN³RbéBNIbMputkñúgépÞénRbB½n§
neya)ayEdltaMg[maneLIg.
BYkyuT§ikCnniymeqVgRCúlmYycMnYntUc )anRbkan;ykmeFüa)ayRbqaMgEdlbNþal[man
)atuPUtmin)anRbúgTuktUcmYy ³ kñúgrvagBIrqñaM BYkeK)anbegáIty:agehacKNbkSfµIcMnYnbYn nigGgÁkar
kumµúynisþBIr. enaHKWCaRkúmneya)aytUc² EdlGYtGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrbdivtþn_mYyenAshrdæGaemrik
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s‘avBIg b¤RbeTsGal;)anI EfmeTot. KNbkSfµITaMgenH )anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN³ BIPaBenAEt
ÉkÉgénRkúmGñkbdivtþn_niymeqVg k¾dUckarBRgIkclnaniymeqVgfµImYyenAshrdæGaemrikEdr. m:üag
eTot PaKeRcInkñúgcMeNamenaH )anrlt;rlay ehIymanEtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlenArs;ranmanCIvit KW
KNbkSkumµúynisþbdivtþn_ nigKNbkSBlkrkumµúynisþ EdlsßitenACaRkúmneya)aytUc². b:uEnþ
BYkeKmanlkçN³BiessCa KNbkSneya)ayfµIEtmYyKt; EdlekItecjBIclnaRbqaMgs®gÁam.
enAeBlEdlBYkevotNam nigkm<úCa RtÚvkarBYkGñkmansmancitþBIshrdæGaemrik enAeBlcab;
epþImdMbUgéns®gÁamrbs;eK KWminsUvmanlT§pleT. manEtkar{Lb;b‘Í} tictYcmYyrbs;evotNam
b:ueNÑaH EdlbnþeFVI[mankarykcitþTukdak;dl;\NÐÚcineRkamsm½ys®gÁam. m:üaeTot Bakü {Lb;b‘Í}
mann½yfa Cakarcat;EcgRbkbedayrcnasm<½n§RtwmRtÚvmYy EdlRkúmGtItyuT§ikCnenH rYmmanmin
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Lav b¤km<úCa ehIyminGacbMePøcRbeTsTaMgenaH)aneT. BYkeKeFVIkarCafñÚrnwgR)ak;ebovtS sþÜcesþIg
kñúgbNþaGgÁkartUc² EdlmaneKaledAminrkkéRmeRkA dUcCa GgÁkarKN³kmµkaresvakmµmitþPaB
GaemrikaMg nigmCÄmNÐlFnFan\NÐÚcin enARkúgv:asuInetanCaedIm. karcab;GarmµN_rbs;eK ElgCa
mtirbs;GaemrikaMgeTotehIy b:uEnþ GñkRsavRCav/ sa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½y nigGñkkaEstmYy
cMnYntUc enAEtcab;GarmµN_nwg\NÐÚcin ehIyBYkGñkeFVIkar nigGñkneya)ay k¾sresr b¤GtßaFib,ayBI
EpñkepSg²Tak;Tgnwg\NÐÚcinEdr. yuT§viFIrbs;eKk¾dUcyuT§viFIrbs;Rkúmekobsgát;tUc²déTeTotEdr
KWpþl;Bt’manepSg² edIm,IkarBarbuBVehtu.
b:uEnþ BYkeKTaMgenaH minsUv)anKitGMBIesaknadkmµ nigCemøaH EdlrIkraldaly:agqab;rh½skñúg
\NÐÚcineRkayqñaM1975eLIy. BYkeKl,gcg;dwgBIsßankarN_epSg² enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgbI b:uEnþ eday
kMNt;RtwmEtBIr-bIcMNucb:ueNÑaH ³ sRmÜlkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUvTMnak;TMngepSg² rvagRbeTs
evotNam nigshrdæGaemrik bBa©úHbBa©ÚlshrdæGaemrik[pþl;viPaKTanCaBiessdl;karksagRbeTs
TaMgbIeLIgvij. edIm,IQan[dl;eKaledATaMgenaH BYkeKetagEtEkERbrUbPaBGviC¢amanrbs;BYk
evotNamxageCIg nigExµrRkhmsin ehIyerobcMkarBiPakSaxagneya)aysþIBIRbeTsTaMgenH
kñúgbribTénkarRbQmmux rvagshrdæGaemrikmYy Edlsm,Úrsb,ay EdleFVI[eKvinas nigRbeTs
RkIRk BIr EdlRtÚvbMpøicbMpøajexÞcxÞaM. cMeBaHeKalbMNgenH BYkeK)anRcanecal b¤bgðajfa minsUv
sMxan;²nUvcemøIyCasakSId¾KYr[RBWrn§t;rbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCa nigbeBa©ósbBaðasþIBIsiT§mnusS Edl
mankñúgRbeTsevotNam eRkaysm½ys®gÁamEfmeTot.
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rbs;xøÜnCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;karxitcUlCitKñamYyrvagRkúgv:asuInetan nigRkúghaNUy b¤Rkúgv:asuIn-
etan nigRkúgPñMeBj. BYkevotNam nigBYkExµrRkhm )anbnþneya)ayrbs;eK EdleFVI[cMnYnPsþútag
epSg² sþIBIerOgr:avGaRkk;² EdlekItmankñúgRbeTsTaMgBIrekIneLIg. naTIrbs;BYkGñkEdlmanGMBl;
enAeLIyBIeCaKvasnarbs;\NÐÚcin )an)ak;EbkecjBIKña ehIybNþa\sSrCnGPirkSniym EdlkMBug
man\T§iBleTAelImtisaFarN³ GacbMpøajRKwHén{Lb;b‘Í}rbs;evotNam)an.
BYkGñkGPirkSniym )aneRbIR)as;karbriyayerOgepSg²rbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCa edIm,ICa
sMGagdl;mtirbs;eK EdlfaGMeBIKYr[rn§t;TaMgLaybnÞab;BIs®gÁam s[eXIjBIPaBéføfñÚrénkarCab;éd
RbyuT§rbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr. tamrebobyl;eXIjsmehtusmplmYy
enHKWCa meFüa)aybeBaäatsRtÚvmYyEdlminTMng nigEdlKµanGagelIehtukarN_epSg²eT CaBiess
kñúgkrNIRbeTskm<úCa b:uEnþvabegáIt)ankarTukcitþdrabNaRkúmniymeqVgbdiesFfa vaBMumanGVIBitR)akd
eTkñúgcemøIyCasakSIrbs;GñkePosxøÜnTaMgenaH.
kñúgRkúmTaMgsgxag eKeFVIkic©karGVImYykñúgnaménplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnmñak;². rebobEdl
\NÐÚcineRkaysm½ys®gÁam RtÚv)ansÁal;dwgenAshrdæGaemrik eTACamansarsMxan;CageK eTaHbICa
mankaryl;dwgc,as;BIkarpøas;bþÚrRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; b:HBal;dl;tMbn;enHk¾eday. mnusSeRcIn
bMput enAkñúgépÞ b¤enAeRkArdæaPi)al Føab;)anRbDitekrþ×eQµaH/ GaCIB nigesckþIrab;GanpÞal;rbs;eK
edayRbkan;CMhrdEdlkñúgry³eBléns®gÁam. RkúmnImYy²eBalGHGagfa sm½yeRkays®gÁamCa
cMENkmYyénsßanPaBmun²TaMgenH ehIybgðajPsþútaMgBImUlkPaB ¬PaBsmehtusmpl¦ rbs;eK
pg. dMNwgepSg²rbs;tMbn;enH BMuRtÚv)ancat;TukCaBt’mansþIBI\NÐÚcinmYy EdldwknaMedayBYkevot
Nam nigkm<úCaeT b:uEnþ cat;TukdUcCare)ayBt’manminTan;ecjCak;EsþgRbqaMgTl;nwgbNþaKURbqaMg
cas;²rbs;GaemrikaMg nigCaPsþútagénBiruT§PaB b¤PaBéføfñÚrrbs;Gaemrik.
KURbqaMgmYycMnYntUccMeBaHkarCab;édRbyuT§rbs;shrdæGaemrikenARbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa
)ankøayCaGñkriHKn;dMbUg² dl;bNþarbbkumµúynisþfµIénRbeTsTaMgenH ehIy)aneTACamnusSd¾kRmkñúg
cMeNammnusSd¾kRmCaeRcIn Edl)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN³BIesaknadkmµKYr[RBWxøacmYyEfmeTot
kñúgbNþaEx nigqñaM CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot. BYkeK)anRtÚvbrihary:agxøaMgkøa edaybNþaGtItsm<½n§mitþ
kñúgépÞénRkúmniymeqVg EdleFVIxUcRbeyaCn_dl;eKaledAdUcKñaEdlRkúmniymeqVgkMBugbnþeFVI KWedaH
RsaykarvivaTrvagRbeTsevotNam nigshrdæGaemrik.
KWcemøIyCasakSIsþIBIRbeTskm<úCaTaMgenHehIy EdlbM)at;PaBenAes¶óms¶at;enH. taMgBIEx
mifuna qñaM1975 kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× )anCYypSayGtßbTmYyedaydkRsg;tamesckþIEføgrbs;
yuvCnExµrmñak;eLIgvijfa³{elIkElgEtBYkcas;² nigekµg²ecjmnusSTaMgGs;RtÚveTAeFVIkarenAtam
valERseyIg)anQb;sRmakEtenAeBlhUb)aynigeBledkBYnb:ueNÑaH}.yuvCnenaH)anbEnßmfa
BMusUvmanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;eT/ »sfBüa)alCMgWesÞIrEtKµanesaH nig)anvaysµanCamunfa
mnusSCaeRcInnwgRtÚvsøab;. kñúgGtßbTdEdlGñkePosxøÜnExµrmñak;eTot )anerobrab;fa BMuman]bkrN_
eRbIR)as;eT ehIyfa manmnusSmYyRkúm)anGUsngÁ½lP¢ÜrERs {dUcstVeKa-RkbI}.
BiPBelak)anRtÚveFVI[RsLaMgkaMg enAeBlEdlkaEstnana)ancuHpSayGtßbTepSg²sþIBIkar
CemøósRbCaCnPøam²ecjBITIRkúgPñMeBj/ kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbCaCneTAkan;CnbT PaKeRcIneTArs;enA
elIdIminsUvmanCICati/ eBlem:ageFVIkareRcInhYsRbmaN/ karlubbM)at;esrIPaBepSg² nigCIvit
ÉkCn/ karP½yxøacnwgkarsmøab;mnusSeRcIn\tKNna. GñkkaEstniymeqVgmYyRkúmtUc)ancMGk[
GtßbTTaMgenaH edaybkRsayfa PsþútagTaMgenaHminRKb;RKan;eT ehIyfaBYkGñkniBn§GtßbTTaMgenH
CacMENkmYyénsmasPaBmnusSmYyRkúm {EdlcUlcitþbeBaäatelgCaEl,g} sMedAeFVI[eXIjfa
karRbwgERbgeFVIs®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlbraC½yeTAehIyenaH BitCaRtwmRtÚvEmn. niyay
m:üageTot KWehtukarN_FmµtaEdlniymGMBIsßankarN_fµId¾KYr[RBWrn§t;enAkm<úCa mankarTak;Tgnwgkar
XubXitEfmeTot.
edIm,IkMu[bMBaneTAelIBYkxageqVgrbs;xøÜn RkúmniymsþaMbMput)anepþImeFVIkarvayRbhardUcKña
RbqaMgnwgsarBt’man edayecaTRbkan;fa min)anniyay[RKb;RKan;BIesaknadkmµrbs;km<úCa ehIy
smKMnitkñúgkarKitk,t;mYy nwgRkúmesrIniymd¾manGMNac edIm,Ibgáb;ecalBt’manepSg² EdlbeBa©j
[dwgBIrbbkumµúynisþ eRkamTidæPaBEdlbgðajkarmincUlcitþmYy.
karBiPakSa ¬xagneya)ay¦ dUcKñamYy )anmt;KñaniyayGMBIbBaðasiT§imnusSenARbeTsevot
Nam. erOgenaH )ancab;epþImedaykarBiPakSaKñamYyrvagyuT§ikCnBIrrUb EdlRbqaMgnwgkardak;Tahan
[cUlRbyuT§rbs;GaemrikaMg ehIyEdlenATIbMputk¾bMpøajkugsg;suIs (Consensus) enAeRkaysm½y
s®gÁam. ®sþy I Tu ki§ Cnmñak;kgúñ cMeNamenaH KWnag xUra: ev:s (Cora Weiss)7 EdlCaGñkTTYlmrtky:agsem,Im
mYy )ankøayeTACaGVIEdlnag[eQµaHfa emGeNþIk {smehtupl} rvagBYkGaemrikaMg nigBYkevot
Nam EdlmanC½yCmñHeRkayqñaM1975. kñúgkMLúgs®gÁam nag)anCMruj[mankarCECkEvkEjk
rkxusRtÚvmYy edayFanakarTak;TgrvagRkúghaNUy nigshrdæGaemrik/ edaydwknaMGgÁkartUcmYy
CaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlBYkevotNamxageCIgGnuBaØat[dwknaMsMbuRtrvagBYkeQøIyswkGaemrikaMg
nigRKÜsarrbs;BYkeK. ev:s )aneFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgrvagRkúghaNUy nigshrdæGaemrik edIm,InaMeyabl;
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rN³ b¤Casm¶at;. karRbCMuedIm,IcrcaRtÚvcb;.
elak xaF½r enARbkan;BaküsmþIKat; ehIyenAsrTrdUv shrdæGaemrik )ane)aHeqñat[RbeTs
evotNamcUlkñúgGgÁkarshRbCaCati. karsakl,geFVIkarpSHpSay:agesµaHrbs;Kat; fVIebIeFVIeday
KµanBicarNak¾eday )anb:HTgÁicnwgkarcecs EdlBYkevotNamtRmÚv[shrdæGaemrikCYsCulkar
xUcxatedaysars®gÁam eTaHbICaBaküeBcn_enH minFøab;EdleRbIR)as;esaHk¾eday. BYkevotNam
)an bgðajxøÜneLIgCaGñkrgeRKaHBIerOgknøgyUrmkehIymYy dUcBYkGaemrikaMgEdr. BYkeKeCOfa mti
saFarN³GaemrikaMg Føab;)anbenÞaskareFVIs®gÁamsRmab;mUlehtuepSg²xagsIlFm’ ehIyGbGr
sresIrkar sgsMNgs®gÁam edaymenaseBa©tnaCaGñkmanBiruT§PaB. evotNamenAEtyl;fa
ebIsineyabl;EtmYysþIBIs®gÁam eFVI[manPaBÉkcä½nÞkñúgcMeNamBYkGaemrikaMg KWeyabl;fa shrdæmin
EdlcUlRbLÚkkñúgs®gÁamd¾bgðÚrQammYy EdlnaM[cMNayluyeRcIn nigCMrujeTArkbraC½ydUecñHeT.
dUcEdleK)anrMBwgTuk BYkevotNamEdlmanC½yCmñH )anxaMRkajnwgTsSn³EdlPan;RcLMrbs;
eKdEdl nigminEkERb\riyabfrbs;eKcMeBaHshrdæGaemrikeT munEdlRBwtþikarN_epSg²ekItman
eLIgedayécdnüenAkñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;xøÜn EdlbgçM[BYkeKvaytémøCafµInUvGVIEdlmanlkçN³ caM)ac;
BitR)akdrbs;eK ³ luy b¤TMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRkúgv:asuIetan. b:uEnþlkçxNÐRbkbedaysucänÞ³rbs;
RbFanaFibtI xaF½r enAeBlenaH)ancab;epþImfmfycuHy:agxøaMg. BYkevotNam)aneFVI[elakRbFana
FibtI)ak;mux edayRcanecalkaresñIrbs;Kat;. neya)ayrbs; v:an;s_ nighUlRb‘Úk )anRtÚvbraC½y
ehIy\LÚvenH elak xaF½r )ansþab;edayykcitþTukdak;bMput nUveyabl;elak b‘ÍkjÚRb‘ÍhSInsÁI CaTI
RbwkSasnþisuxCatirbs;Kat;vijmþg EdlGYtBIneya)ayxusKñamYy EdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH Cag
cMeBaHGnaKt;sRtÚv KWRbeTsevotNam nigRbeTscin.
enAqñaM1977 shrdæGaemrik )anbM)at;nUvPaBenAes¶óms¶at;rbs;xøÜnsþIBIRbeTskm<úCa ³
BMuEmnedaykarGMBavnavénrdæaPi)alrbs;xøÜneT b:uEnþ edaysPaGaemrikaMg. GñktMNagra®sþ esþhVin
sULa (Stephen Solarz) xagKNbkSRbCaFibetyüRbcaMTIRkúgjÚvy:k )ancab;epþImeFVIkarGegátrkkarBit
sMxan;bMputCapøÚvkar GMBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xñgrbs;BYkExµrRkhm. sULa ebkçCnRbqaMgnwgs®gÁam Edl
RtÚveRCIstaMgenAqñaM1974 )anrYmcMENkraMgxÞb;\NTanfµI²rbs;GaemrikaMg minpþl;eTA[rbbRkúg
éRBnKr nigRkúgPñMeBjeLIy. b:uEnþ EbøkGMBIGñkneya)ayPaKeRcIndéTeTot Kat;enAEtykcitþTukdak;
cMeBaHPUmiPaKenHCab;Canic© bnÞab;BIBYkkumµúynisþ)anTTYlC½yCmñH.
Kat;)andwgBIerOgr:avepSg²tamry³cemøIyCasakSIdMbUgsþIBIBYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCa enAeBlEdl
Kat;eFVICaKN³kmµaFikarTTYlkic©karTMnak;TMngGnþrCati rbs;rdæsPaGaemrikaMg15. enAcugqñaM1976
Kat;)andwknaM KN³RbtiPUmYyRkúmeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;TIRkúg)agkk ehIy)anB¤eKniyayR)ab;BIerOgr:av
rbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜn ExµreTotpg. Bt’manenH)anRtÚvpþl;[Kat;dwgedayelak sðaléfV nIg (Charles
Twining) CaGñkCMnajkarxagbBaðakm<úCaRbcaMsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúg)agkk. GVIEdleFVI[smaCik
sParUbenH mankarykcitþTukdak;CaBiessenaH KWkarCemøósRbCaCnCaelIkTIBIr Edlkñúgry³eBl

enaH {BYkGñkfµI} )anRtÚveKbBa¢ÚnBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAPUmiPaKBay½Bü. sRmab;Kat; erOgenH )anbgðaj[
eXIjKY[P½yrn§t;RsedogKñamYy CamYynwgkarCemøósCnCatiCIhVTaMghVÚg² enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdleK
ykmnusSeTAsmøab;Edr. mNÐle)aHeqñatjÚvy:k rbs; sULa manRbCaCnCIhV Edlrt;rYcBICMrM
TaMgenaH rs;enAy:ageRcInCagmNÐle)aHeqñatrbs;GaemrikaMgÉeTot² ehIysmaCiksParYbenH )an
CYbRbCMuKñaedaHRsayBIbBaðaBYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCamþg.
enARkúgv:asuInetan sULa )anebIkTVarkariyal½yrbs;Kat;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgLay Edl
kMBugEsVgrkGñkneya)aynana Edlcat;EcgelIkykbBaðasßankarN_enAkm<úCaeTABiPakSaKña. eRkay
kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkúg)agkk Kat;manGarmµN_fa sPaGaemrikaMg RtÚvEtebIksm½yRbCMu
CasaFarN³sþIBIbBaðaenH. Kat;yl;fa shrdæGaemrikRbEhlCanwgKµanGanuPaBbBaÄb;GMeBIsahav
yg;XñgTaMgenaHeT b:uEnþ y:agehacNas; rdæaPi)alGacefáaleTasrbbExµrRkhm)an. m:üageTot
Kat;sgÇwmTTYl)ankarCYyKaMRTmYyy:agRKb;RKan; edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrkareFVIc,ab; nigGnuBaØat[RbCaCn
km<úCa Edlrs;enAkñúgCMrMnanatamRBMEdnéf GaceFVIdMeNIrmkkan;shrdæGaemrik edayRtg;. elak
sULa )armÖfa kñúgTIbMput mnusSTaMgenHnwgminRtÚveKrkerOgdUcBYkCIhVenAGWr:ubeT.
esckþIykcitþTukdak;dMbUg² )anekItmanenAEx]sPa qñaM1977. va)anTak;Tajkarykcitþ
Tukdak;BIsaFarNCnCaeRcInmkelIRbeTskm<úCa ehIyCMruj[RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg eFVIesckþI
EføgkarN_epSg²edaymWugmat;bMput sþIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xñg EdlRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúgRbeTsenH.
elakRbFanaFibtI xaF½r )anbegáItKN³kmµaFikarsiT§imnusSmYykñúgépÞRksYgkarbreTs b:uEnþ GgÁkarfµI
enH BMuEdlecjpSayr)aykarN_NamYy sþIBIbT]RkidæepSg²rbs;BYkExµrRkhmeLIy. smaCikTaMg
Layrbs;xøÜn)anTajehtuplfa muxnaTIrbs;eK KWeFVIGegátEtelIRbeTsNaEdlkMBugTTYlCMnYy
rbs;shrdæGaemrikb:ueNÑaH ehIyfa RbeTskm<úCaBMumancUlkñúgRbePTenHeT. hUlRb‘Úk )ancUlrYm
kñúgerOgenH ehIyedaysarkarRbwgERbgrbs;BYkGñkCMnajkarxagbBaðakm<úCarbs;Kat; rdæaPi)al)an
EføgBIbMNgxøÜnRbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS EdlRbRBwtþeLIgedayrbbRkúgPñMeBj.
kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH RBwT§smaCik r:UbWt_ dUl (Robert Dole) xagKNbkSsaFarNrdæRbcaMrdæexnsas
(Kansas) )ancab;epþImykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsßanPaBrbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCa. edayFøab;B¤cemøIy
CasakSIénGñkePosxøÜnExµrmñak;eQµaH qaMg sug Kat;)anseRmccitþeTAcUlrYmkñúgkic©RbwgERbgepSg²

rbs;GñktMNagra®sþ sULa Edr kñúgkarpþÜcepþImKMniteTVPaKImYy edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrkareFVIc,ab;sþIBICnePosxøÜn
ehIyGnuBaØat[CnCatikm<úCadb;R)aMBan;nak; cUleTArs;enAkñúgshrdæGaemrikkñúgzan³CaRkúm edaymin
caM)ac;bMeBjsMNMuEbbbTpÞal;xøÜnmñak;² EdlnaM[xatbg;eBlevlaeLIy.
enAdMNac;qñaM1977 shrdæGaemrik )anrYbrYmCamYyRbeTsdéTeTot edIm,IerobcMsMNuMÉksar
sþIBIkarrMelaPsiT§mnusSenAkm<úCa. \NÐÚcin RtLb;mksßitenAeRkamkarykcitþTukdak;BIsaFarNCn
eLIgvij. RbeTskm<úCa manbBaðasiT§mnusSy:agF¶n;F¶rmYy RbeTsevotNam KWmanbBaðakarTUt
d¾cRmÚgcRmasmYy. karBnüareBlsþIBI{RbeTsevotNam} -s®gÁamGaemrikaMgenA\NÐÚcin- rkxus
RtÚv )ankøayeTACaerOgRtÚvCECkEvkEjkKña enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alrbs;elak xaF½r l,gbBaÄb;
sßankarN_kMBugERbRbÜlenAPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_.
enAeBlEdlCemøaHRBMEdnpÞúHeLIgenAcugqñaM1977 b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI (Zbigniew Brzezinski) )ancUl
rYmkñúgkarBiPakSaxagneya)aysþIBI\NÐÚcinenHEdr16. kalBImun Kat;)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvkarykcitþ
Tukdak;tictYccMeBaHRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa edayKat;xVayxVl;EtbBaðaepSg² EdlKat;vinicä½yfa
CabBaðamanlkçN³Casakl nigeRCARCHCagb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþtamKat;yl; CemøaHRBMEdnenH manlkçN³
Biess² CakarRbQmmuxmYy rvagmhaGMNacepSg². dUc KIsSIghÁ½r CabuBVaFi karIsaFarNrdæniym
rbs;Kat; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI manTMenarcat;TukCemøaHepSg² kñúgbribTTUlMTUlaymYy ehIyCaTUeTAEdleFVI[
RBÜy)armÖbMput dUcbNþashkarIKat;enARksYgkarbreTsEdr. tamRbéBNI BYkGñkCMnajkarénRksYg
enH )anniyayENnaM[dak;CemøaHTaMgLaykñúgRkbxNÐdEdlvij. pÞúyeTAvij Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI EdlCaTI
RbwkSamñak;rbs;{mhaGMNacFM²} )anTajCemøaHepSg²ecjBIbribT manRBMEdnrbs;eK ehIyERb
køayCemøaHTaMgenaH eTACakarRbQmmuxrvaglakxagekIt- xaglicvij.
kñúgesckþIEføgkarN_elIkdMbUgrbs;Kat;sþIBICemøaHRBMEdn Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anGHGagfa shPaB
sUevot nigRbeTscin )anRbQmmuxdak;Kñatamry³{m:Uy}rbs;xøÜn EdleKdak;enAcenøaHkNþal.
Kat;rMB£kfa enHKWCa{s®gÁamtamkarRbKl;siT§i}elIkdMbUgrvagRbeTskumµúynisþnana. m:üagvijeTot
TIRbwkSaenH yl;eXIjfa RbeTsevotNam CaGñkQøanBaneKtamkarjúHjg;rbs;BYksUevot.
smþIenH )anbNþal[GñkCMnajkarCaeRcInénRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg mankMhwgy:agxøaMg
cMeBaH Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI EdlKat;)anerobrab;tamEtcitþnwkeXIj edayKµanBt’manepSg² edIm,ICasMGagdl;
smþIbgáerOgrbs;Kat;eLIy. tamesckþIraykarN_rbs;BYkGñkCMnajkarKat; v:an;s_ nighUlRb‘Úk dwgfa
s®gÁamenH manmUlehtuepSg²EpñkmenaKmviC¢a EdlmanPaBTak;TgKñaticb¤eRcIneTAnwgsac;erOgén
karvivaTrvagcin-sUevotEdr b:uEnþ BYkeKenAEtjúaMg[eCOfa munGVI²TaMgGs; s®gÁammanRbPBedImrbs;
vakñúgkarRbkYtRbECgpÞal;rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa. edaypÞúyBI Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI BYkeKP½y)armÖfa
RbeTsTaMgBIr muxCaRbTajshPaBsUevot nigRbeTscin [Føak;eTAkñúgs®gÁamkan;EtFMeFgmYy- nig
minpÞúymkvijeT.
edayykcitþTukdak;raraMgGKÁiP½ykMu[raldaleTAeTot v:an;s_ )anCMruj[ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI bdiesF
esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;Kat;CabnÞan;. TIRbwkSarUbenH )aneKarBeFVItam b:uEnþ minFøab;bþÚrTsSn³rbs;Kat;
eLIy Kat;nwk)armÖfa ]tþmPaBrbs;evotNamenA\NÐÚcin muxCaeFVI[CMhrrbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgBiPBelak
cuHTn;exSay nigfaRbeTsevotNam CaesHTIRkúgRt½r (Troie) [CaesHeQIy:agFM EdlBYkTahanRkic
e)aHbg;ecalenAmuxTIRkúgRt½r. enAeBlyb;s¶at; TahanEdlbgáb;xøÜnenAkñúgeBaHesHenaH )ancuHecj
mkeRkAedIm,IvayRbharsRtÚvrbs;xøÜn.yuT§sa®sþenH)anebIk»kas[BYkRkic vaydeNþImykTIRkúg
Rt½r )an-kMNt;ehtuGñkbkERb] énkarvatTIrbs;sUevotenAGasuIGaeKñy_.
karmincuHsRmúgtaMgBIedImTIrvagv:an;s_ nigRb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anERbkøayeTACaCemøaHBitR)akdsþIBI
neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenAGasuI. CaGkusl bBaðasþIBI\riyabfEdlRtÚvRbkan;ykenAcMeBaHmux
s®gÁamExµr-evotNamenaH RtÚv)ancat;TukCaerOgbnÞab;bnSMeTAvij edaysarkitüanuPaBrbs;mha
GMNacmYyEdlecHEtekIneLIg² KWRbeTscin.
karvalukEpñkkarTUtrbs;elak xaF½r enAqña1M 977 EdlmanlkçN³eFV[I xusbMNgCaeRcIncMNcu
CaBiess vaBMumanlT§plsþIBIkarEklm¥TMnak;TMngepS² CamYyRbeTscinRbesIrelIsmuneLIy. enA
ExsIha v:an;s_ )aneFVIdMeNIreTARkúgeb:kaMg. munkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat; Kat;)aneRtómrYcCaeRsc edIm,I
eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_d¾sMxan;mYy edIm,Ibnßykar)armÖepSg²rbs;sUevotfakarRBmeRBógmYyrvagcin-
GaemrikaMg BMuEmnsMedARbqaMgnwgshPaBsUevoteT17. elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs v:an;s_ )anbBa¢ak;
GHGagfa kareFVI[TMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyRkúgeb:kaMg RbesIrCagmunnwgBMuKMramkMEhgRbeTsNamYy
eT ehIybeRmIEtplRbeyaCn_snþiPaBb:ueNÑaH. RkúgmUsÁÚ )anRtÚveFVI[eBjcitþ b:uEnþ enAeBleTAdl;
RbeTscin v:an;s_ )anrkeXIjfa BYkcinsuT§EtRtÚveFVI[xkcitþ. {bnbYnnak;}EdlCasñgtMENgbnþ )an
TTYlCadMENlnUvCMgWminTukcitþrbs; em:A cMeBaHectnaepSg²rbs;sUevot. BYkeKBinitüeXIjkñúgry³
eBleRkays®gÁamnUvGtßRbeyaCn_mYy sRmab;BYksUevotenAGasuI ehIy)anRbkasCasaFarN³ BI
erOgenH enAeBlEdlBYkeKesñI[BYkGaemrikaMgrkSaTukmUldæan T½Brbs;BYkeKenAGasuIGaeKñy_dEdl.
BYkcin )aneFVI[eKyl;y:agc,as;fa BYkeKRtÚvkarkarRBmeRBógKñamYyCamYyshrdæGaemrik
edIm,IbBa©b;nUvGVIEdlBYkcincat;TukCakareCOneTAmuxmYyrbs;sUevot bnÞab;BIkardkfyrbs;GaemrikaMg
kñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. BYkeK)anefáaleTasnUvBaküsnüaBImun²rbs;elak xaF½r EdlfabgáarCamun
nUvkarrIkdalRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; nigkat;bnßykarRbQmmuxsUevot-GaemrikaMg edaysarkarcrca
kat;bnßyGavuFyuT§sa®sþ sðl 2 (SALT II). CMhrrbs;cin KWesÞIrEtdUckarviPaKrbs;GaemrikaMg
kñúgry³eBlmans®gÁamRtCak;G‘Ícwg. ehIyenAeBlEdl v:an;s_ bBa¢ak;EfmeTotGMBIneya)ayrbs;
xaF½r enATIRkúgeb:kaMg BYkcinsmÁal;eXIjkarbgáehtumYyenATIenaH. ]bnaykrdæm®nþIcin etg s‘avBIg
)anRbkasfa TsSnvis½y énTMnak;TMngCaRbRktICamYy xaF½r manlkçN³Gab;GY CagRbFanaFibtI
hVrd¾ eTAeTot.
bnÞab;mk BYkcin)ancab;epþImeFVIyuT§nakarmYyedIm,IeRkInrMB£kRkúgv:asuInetanCaerOy²fa BYkeK
)anRtÚveFVI[tUccitþy:agxøaMg edaydMeNIrlMeGogrbs;GaemrikaMgeTArksUevot. GtßbTmYyrbs;
TsSnavdþIeb:kaMg )ansnñidæanfa ³ {KµanGñkNamñak;Gacdwgc,as;R)akdnUvGVI EdlnwgkøayCaRbtikmµrbs;
shrdæGaemrikeLIy ebIsinCashPaBsUevotrujTmøak;GWr:ubxaglic [Føak;eTAkñúgs®gÁamepøkbenÞar
mYyenaH}. elIsBIenHeTAeTot Tinanub,vtþiRbCaCnrbs;cin )anecaTRbkan;BI {BYkemGeNþIkkñúgkareFVI
[manPaBFUrRsal}fa)anxMRbwg {bMEbrshPaBsUevot[gakmkxagekIt ¬RbeTscin¦edIm,IedaHxøÜn[
putBIeRKaHfñak;rbs;sUevot edaynaM[Gnþraydl;snþisuxénRbCaCatidéT²eTot}.
karxitcUlCitKñaCaRbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTscinCamYyshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM1972 KWEp¥kelI
KMnitfa shPaBsUevotrYmbgáCakarKMramkMEhgFMCageKbMputcMeBaHRkúgeb:kaMg. BYkcin Føab;eFVIGnþra
Kmn_ enAcMeBaHmuxRkEsEPñkrbs;RbeTskumµúynisþ nigttiyelakCaeRcIn CaBiess RbeTsevotNam
BIeRBaHBYkcinyl;fa eKRtÚvkarnUvkarKaMBarrbs;Gaem rikaMgRbQmnwgRkúgmUsÁÚ. CamYy xaF½r
BYkGaemrikaMgRbRBwtþhak;dUcCaBYkeKePøcKitBIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;sUevot y:agehac Rkúgeb:kaMgman
karcab;GarmµrN_y:agdUecñH.
enAqñaM1978 Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )ankarBarnUvesckþIsMGagepSg²rbs;BYkcinEdlmann½ysMedAeTArk
CMhrEtmYyEdlKat;Føab;KaMRTtaMgBIyUrmkehIy ³ shPaBsUevot KWCamhaGMNacvatTIniymmYy
Edlkarc,aMgdeNþImTwkdIRbeTsepSg² )anKMramkMEhgdl;plRbeyaCn_nanarbs;GaemrikaMg ehIy
edayehtuenH eyIgRtÚvEtvayRbyuT§. y:agehacTIRbwkSarUbenH)anbgðaj[eXIjkgVl; edaykar
KMramkMEhgrbs;sUevotdUcKñanwgelak KIsSIghÁ½r ¬rdæm®nþIkarbreTsrbs;RbFanaFibtI nicsun¦Edr.
b:uEnþ enAeBlEdl KIsSIghÁ½r Føab;eFVI[RtIekaN sUevot-cin-shrdæGaemrikvinasbnþicmþg² edIm,I
Tajyksm,TaepS²BImhaGMNackumµúynisþTaMgBIr elak Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI cg;ERbkøayRtIekaNenH[eTACa
karRBmeRBógKñamYy rvagcin-GaemrikaMg RbqaMgnwgsUevotvij.
TIRbwkSarbs;elak xaF½r )aneTACaemGeNþIk[RbeTscinenAeBlEdl v:an;s_ cab;epþIm)at;bg;
esckþIsgÇwmxusrbs;Kat;elIRbeTsevotNamEdr. xusEbøkBIBYkevotNam BYkcin)anelIksresIr
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI cMeBaHkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;Kat;mkelIRbeTscin edaypþl;[Kat;TTYl)aneCaKC½yxag
EpñkkarTUt EdlRkúghaNUy)anbdiesFcMeBaHTIRbwkSarUbenH. edaybM)ak;mux xaF½r CasaFarN³
EdlEsVgrkkaeFVI[manRbRktIPaBmYy BYkevotNam)anbMpus[mankarminTukcitþlµmbgÁÜr kñúgcMeNam
RbCaCnGaemrikaMg edIm,IebIk»kas[RbeTscin RbqaMgnwgRkúgv:asuInetan kñúgs®gÁamEdlehobnwgpÞúH
eLIg enAeBlxagmux. ehIykñúgbNþaExCabnþbnÞab;BICemøaHenH Rkúgeb:kaMg)anCMrujshrdæGaemrik
[Rbkan;CMhrCasRtÚvmYycMeBaHevotNamy:agbuinRbsb;.
crnþ)anERbRtLb;enAEx]sPa qñaM1978 enAeBlEdl Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI eFVIdMeNIreTATsSnkic©CapøÚv
karenARbeTscin. Kat;)anecalsMdIeFVIkarRBmanxøaMg²rbs;Gaemrik GMBICemøaHd¾CUrct;rbs;RbeTs
enAGasuI EdlseRmccitþcUleTAxagRbeTscinral;elIk.
sRmab;GasuITaMgmUl qñaM1978 KWCaqñaMEdlRBwtþikarN_epSg²ERbRbÜly:agxøaMg. vibtþiCahUr
EhmYy EdlRbEhlCaKµanTak;TgrvagKñanigKña )anbNþal[mankarRbQmmuxxagneya)ayy:ag
twgEtg hak;dUcCasñameRbHCasBaØa[dwgmunBIkarrBa¢ÜydImYyEdr. enAEx]sPa rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMg
)andwgfa RbeTsevotNam manKeRmagkarcUlluyRbeTskm<úCa. kalBIExmun sßanTUtshrdæ-
GaemrikenARkúg)agkk)anbBa¢ÚnTUrelxCabnÞan;mYyeTATIRkúgv:asuInetan ³ tamRbPBBt’manmYyrbs;
evotNamCamitþ )an[dwgfa RkúghaNUy)anvaytémøfa BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa {)anRbkan;ykmaK’a
Pan;RcLMmYy EdlBYkeKedIreTArkpøÚvGaRkk;>>> ehIyfa enHCaerOgEdleyIgminGacTTYlyk)andac;
xat}. Bt’manenH nigBt’manepSg²eTot CaBiess GMBIkareFVITukçbukemñjeTAelICnCatiPaKticcin
)annaM[{BYkGñkcaMXøaMemIl\NÐÚcin} enAsßanTUtsnñidanfa s®gÁamnwgpÞúHeLIgenAmundMNac;qñaMenH.
sßanTUtGaemrik cg;dwgfaBYkcinnwgeFVIRbtikmµ edaymeFüa)ayy:agem:cxøH ³ BYkeKnwgkarBarRbeTs
km<úCarbs; b:ul Bt edaymWum:at;Emnb¤?.
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁuI BuM)anelIkykerOgevotNammkniyayeT kñúgry³eBléndMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;
enARbeTscin BIeRBaHBYkcin)anniyaykarBarbuBVehturbs;xøÜny:ageRcIn kñúgkarvivaTEdlnaM[BYkeK
RbqaMgnwgRkúghaNUyenaH. ¬erOgEdlmaneKalbMNg KWRkúgeb:kaMgBuM)anBiPakSaBIKuNsm,tþiénrbb
b:ul Bt enAkm<úCaeLIy¦. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )aneFVI[cinrMePIbcitþ tamBaküsmþIfa {R)akdEmnehIy
´dwgfaTMnak;TMngepSg²rvagRbeTscin nigevotNammansPaBGaRkk;y:agxøaMg b:uEnþ´minyl;BIerOg
EdlBYkcinkt;smÁal;fa BYkevotNamCaGñkKMramkMEhgmkelIxøÜnenaHeLIy. RbeTsevotNam)an
køayeTACab:usþiCYrmuxmYyrbs;RkúgmUsÁÚ enARBMEdnPaKxagt,Úgrbs;RbeTscin}.
enAEx]sPa qñaM1978 smþITaMgenH)aneTACasmþIbMepøIshYsehtu b:uEnþva)anpþl;nUvtémødl;
niekçbbTrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI GMBIkarRbQmmuxmYy{tamkarRbKl;siT§i}. va)anbgðaj nUvmUldæan
EdlBYkcinBwgEp¥kCasMGag edIm,ITamTar[BYkGaemrikaMg e)aHbg;ecalbMNgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUv
TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;eKCamYyRkúghaNUy. ém:xWl GUesnbWk GñkÉkeTsxagbBaðaRbeTscinenA
RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati )andMNalfa ³ {eyIgdwgfa TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;RbeTscinCamYyBYkevot-
Nam )anERbeTACalVIgCUrct;y:agCak;c,as; b:uEnþ KWBitCaF¶n;F¶rxøaMgCageyIgnwkKiteTAeTot. dMbUg enA
eBlEdleyIg[dMNwgBYkcinfa eyIgmanbMNgnwgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUvTMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYy
RbeTsevotNam BYkeK)aneqøIyedaysmþIeføas²mkeyIgfa ³ KWCakic©karrbs;GñkÉg. elIkenH
BYkeK)aneRbIsmþIxøaMg² RbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam nigkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBeTAvij.
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anRbjab;yl;RBmcMeBaHCMhrrbs;cinPøam. Kat;)anqøgputedayrIkraynUvRBMEdn
TaMgLay EdlerobcM[manTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg nigrYbrYmCaBYkm©as;pÞHrbs;Kat;edIm,IefáaleTas
shPaBsUevot nigRbeTsevotNam. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI CaGñkeTscr)aneLIgkaMCeNþIrfµmhakMEBgeday
CMhanelatepøaH nigKµanB¤sMeLg ehIybeBa©jy:agxøaMgnUvBaküRbeTcpþasaRbqaMgnwgsUevot Ca{xøaXµúM
TisxageCIg}. kñúgBiFIelogsayePaCn_CapøÚvkar nigEdlmansmþIdak;Epøpáa Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI GñktMNagsMxan;
rbs;shrdæGaemrik)anRbkasfa Rkúgv:asuIetan sUmcUlrYmCamYy{karebþCJacitþrbs;RbeTscin Edl
mincuHcaj;karRbwgERbgrbs;RbCaCatiTaMgGs; EdlkMBugsVHEsVgbegáItGnutþrPaBmYyelIBiPBelak b¤
PUmiPaK}. Kat;GagelIBaküniyayBgVagrbs;cin sRmab;smÁal;shPaBsUevot nigevotNam ehIy
hak;dUcCadak;Tm¶n;elIshrdæGaemrik BIeRkaykarRBmanEdlRbeTscinbeBa©j[RbeTsTaMgBIr
dwgCasaFarN³.
b:uEnþ GaemrikGacnwgsßitenAedayELkBICemøaHTaMgenH CaBiess enAeBlEdlvaRbQmmuxEt
CamYyRbeTskumµúynisþnanab:ueNÑaH. eKminGacRbmaNBIlT§plPøam² EdlesckþIEføgkarN_rbs;
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI maneTAelIRbeTsevotNameT. RkúghaNUy )anseRmccitþeFVIs®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCarYc
eRsceTAehIy. b:uEnþ vaR)akdfa kareFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscinepþImyuT§nakarmYyrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI edIm,I
erobcM nigP¢ab;GaemrikeTAxagBYkcinsRmab;dMNak;kals®gÁam\NÐÚcinbnÞab;xagmux ehIyfaRbkarenH
RbEhlCaeFVI[man\T§iBlRCaleRCAmYyeTAelIneya)ayGaemrikaMg kñúgqñaMbnÞab;²eTot.
edayRbqaMgtbtPøam² bnÞab;BIkarcakecjrbs;GaemrikaMg Rkúgeb:kaMg)anriHKn;CasaFarN³
sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgGMBIkareFVI)abedayRkúghaNUy cMeBaHGaNikCncinenARbeTsevotNam.
karecarRbkan; nigkarRbqaMgnwgkarecaTRbkan; )anmaneLIgbnþKña ehIyCnCaticinkat;evotNam
170>000nak; )anePosxøÜneTARbeTscinmunRkúgeb:kaMgbiTRBMEdnenAniTaXrdUv. RbeTscin)anp¥ak
kmµviFICMnYyrbs;xøÜneTA[RbeTsevotNam RkúghaNUy)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkarkUemkug (COMECON)
EdlCashKmn_esdækic©rbs;bøúksUevot. enAExkkáda RbeTsevotNam )anRbmUlpþúMT½B 150>000
nak; tamRBMEdncin CamYyeRKÓgsBVavuF nigRKab;rMesvRKb;RKan;sRmab;karRbyuT§Kñad¾yUrmYyenAtam
RBMEdn.
dMeNIrrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI k¾bgá[manRBwtþikarN_GaRkk;mkdl;Rkúgv:asuInetanPøam²Edr. v:an;s_
)anRtÚveFVI[xwgxøaMgNas; b:uEnþ ecosvagkarRbQmmuxedaypÞal;mYy CamYyTIRbwkSasnþisuxCati Edl
eBareBjeTAedayPaBrh½srhYn ehIyeBjcitþnwg{CECkrkxusRtÚv}GMBIcMNucExVgeyabl;KñaEt
b:ueNÑaH. elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs CamnusSsßitkñúgCMhrBi)akedaHRsaymYy ³ TsSnkic©rbs;
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anTTYleCaKC½ymYy enAeBlEdldMeNIrrbs; v:an;s_ eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg nigkarcrcarbs;
hUlRb‘Úk CamYyRbeTsevotNam EbrCaTTYlbraC½y. kñúgCemøaHEdlekItmanrvagbNþaKURbqaMgkñúg
RbeTs Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI KWCaGñkRbesIrCageK ehIyKat;manBYkcinenAxagKat;eTot EdlenHRbEhlCaeFVI[
Kat;manGMNaceTotpg. RbeTsevotNam enAEtTamTar[GaemrikaMgpþl;CMnYymYyCanic© edIm,IeFVI[
TMnak;TMngrbs;xøÜnCamYyRkúg v:asuInetan manRbRktIPaB ehIym:üageTot erOgr:av edvId eRTÓg (David
19
Troung) k¾pÞúHeLIgEdr .
eRTÓg EdlCa\sSrCnénclnaRbqaMgs®gÁamenAshrdæGaemrik )anRtÚvcab;xøÜnenAéf¶TI31

Exmkra qñaM1978 nigRtÚvecaTBIbTeFVIcarkic© rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMgedIm,IRbeTsevotNam enAkñúg
ry³eBlcrcaqñaM1978 sþIBIRbRktIPaBénTMnak;TMngepSg²rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. ekItenARbeTs
evotNam eRTÓg CakUnRbúsrbs;smaCikeqñImmñak;énkmøaMgTIbIenAevotNamxagt,Úg EdlBMuEmnCaGñk
kumµúynisþTaMgk¾minEmnCaGñkRbqaMgkumµúynisþEdr. edaymksikSaenAshrdæGaemrik enATIbMput eRTÓg
)anmk taMgTIlMenAenARkúgv:asuInetan CakEnøgEdlKat;)ankøayeTACaGñknaMBakürbs;kmøaMgTIbIsRmab;
RbeTsevotNam.
eRTÓg nig rU:Nal; h‘um®hVI CaGñkCab;ecaTCamYyKñakñúgerOgr:avenH )anRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIbTpþl;[
BYkevotNam nUvTUrelxsm¶at;Tak;TgnwgbBaðaneya)ayCahUrEhmYy EdlmansarsMxan;sRmab;Rkúg
haNUy KWesckþIsegçbmYymancMNgeCIgfa karTak;TgGaemrikaMg-evotNam ³ ebskkmµ vUdxUk Edl
erobcMeLIgedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRbeTsm:aeLsuIenAExemsa qñaM1977 RBmTaMgkarviPaKmYy
eRkamcMNgeCIgfa ³ TMnak;TMngeRkARbeTsrbs;evotNam Edlsresredaykugs‘ulGaemrikaMgRbcaM
TIRkúghugkug enAEx]sPa qñaM1977. PaKeRcInénTUrelxsuT§EtmancarbBa¢ak;fa {karsm¶at;} EtRtÚv
TTYlkarcat;Cafñak;eRkambMputxagvis½ysnþisux ehIyBYkemFavIrbs;GñkTaMgBIrmineCOfa ÉksarTaMg
enH manlkçN³sMxan; sRmab;snþisuxCatirbs;shrdæGaemrikeT. b:uEnþ eRTÓg nig h‘um®hVI RtÚv)an
kat;eTas ehIyrdæaPi)alrbs;evotNamRtÚvrYmbBa©ÚlkñúgerOgr:avenHEdr. ÉkGKÁrdæTUtdMbUgrbs;
evotNamRbcaMGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtÚvRtLb;mkRbeTsevotNamvij. RkúghaNUy )anniyay
GMBI{»kasbegáIterOgCak;Esþg} edIm,IbgðajeKÉg[dwg fVIebIshrdæGaemrikenArkSa{GriPaBcMeBaH
saFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNamk¾eday}.
plvi)aksRmab;neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenA\NÐÚcin KWkarBiPakSaCamYyRbeTsevotNam
edIm,IeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSg²manRbRktIPaB )anRtÚvBnüareBlrhUtdl;karedaHRsaybBa©b;erOgr:av
rbs; eRTÓg. Epnkarrbs; v:an;s_ )ankøayeTACaGsar\tkar. RbeTsevotNam nwgmineFVIshRbti
btþikarteTAeToteT ehIyRbeTscin)aneRbIR)as; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI edIm,IbM)at;eyabl;TaMgGs; Edl[
GaemrikenAeRkAs®gÁamEdlRbúgeRbóbnwgpÞúHeLIgenA\NÐÚcin.
GVI²EdlGaRkk;bMputKW Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )ancab;bnþneya)ayeFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin
eLIgvij EdlenHCaKMnit v:an;s_ taMgEtBIedImdMbUg edIm,IeFVI[køayeTACaneya)ayRbqaMgRbeTsevot
Namvij. dMbUg elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs )anCECktv:aedIm,IeFVI[manRbRktIPaBTaMgRsugmYy CamYy
Rkúgeb:kaMg b:uEnþ BMuEmneFVI[xUcsßirPaBenATIVbGasuIeT. enAqñaM1978 v:an;s_ R)afñabnþcrcaCamYy
RbeTsevotNam edIm,ImankmøaMgTb;Tl;nwg\T§iBlrbs;sUevotmkelIRkúghaNUy EdlecHEtekInxøaMg
eLIg². b:uEnþ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )aneBalGHGagfa RbeTsevotNam sßitenAkñúgbøúkxagsRtÚvrYceRsceTA
ehIy ehIymanbMNgp¥akkarcrcaTaMgGs;CamYyRkúghaNUyrhUtdl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBTaMg
RsugCamYyRkúgeb:kaMgdUcR)afña.
v:an;s_ rkeFVIGVIminekItTaMgGs; ¬dUceKcgédCab;¦ edaysarRBwtþikarN_epSg² kMBugekItmanbnþKña
enAkñúg\NÐÚcin k¾dUckareRbImeFüa)ayepSg² edIm,IeTAdl;eKaledAGIVmYyrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI Edr. enAqñaM
1978GarmµN_rbsl;elakxaF½r )anpøas;bþÚr.Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )antaMgxøÜnCaGñkmanKuNsm,tþi Edl)an
eFVI[eCOnelOneTAmux nUvkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin ehIy)anEkøgerOgPUtedIm,IeFVI[eK
eCOfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam KWCaKMnmYyEdlerobcMy:agl¥itl¥n; edayBYk
esrIniymenARksYgkarbreTs ehIyBuMEmnCaneya)ayrbs; xaF½r eT20. elakRbFanaFibtI BMu)an
bdiesFsmþIenHeLIy.Kat;RtÚvkareCaKC½y ehIy Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI GYtxøÜnfaGacykRbeTscindak;elIfas
mYymkCUnKat;.
b:uEnþ elakxaF½r )anélkardak;kMhitrbs;Kat;[esµIKña ehIyBMuEdlbBa¢a[v:an;s_ bBaÄb;karcrca
CamYyBYkevotNameLIy. enAeBlEdlerOgr:avcarkmµrbs; eRTÓg RtÚv)anedaHRsaycb;sBVRKb;
elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs v:an;s_ )anGeBa¢IjBYkGñkCMnajkarevotNammkeFVITsSnkic© enAmnÞIrBiesaFn_
rkGtþsBaØaNsaksBenARkúghUNUlUlU. KN³RbtiPUevotNam )anmkdl;rdæhaév: enAéf¶TI11
ExkkádaqñaM1978nig)aneTATsSnabNþafbnPNÐeyaFarbs;TIRkúg CamYyelake®hVdeR)anEdlCa
buKÁlikRksYgkarbreTs. KWenAeBlenaHehIyEdlsmaCikKN³RbtiPUseRmccitþRbKl;[ eR)an nUv
sarBiessmYy ³ RbeTsevotNamyl;RBmlHbg;karTamTarCMnYyesdækic©rbs;xøÜn ³ kareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBGaccab;epþIm)an.
karbeBa©j[dwgenHRtÚv)aneFVI[eKeCOfa R)akdRbCa ehIyBIrs)þah_eRkaymk v:an;s_ )anesñI
BYkevotNamtamry³KN³ebskkmµrbs;evotNam enARkúg):arIs[cab;epþImeFVIkarcrcaCafµI.
edayRsbeTAtamkic©RBmeRBógmYy hUlRb‘Úk nwgCYb egVón kUfac; ¬Gnurdæm®nþIkarbreTsmñak;eTot rbs;
evotNam¦ enAeBlebIkmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAExkBaØa naTIRkúgjÚvy:k.
eTaHbICaeTIbEtmYyqñaMknøgputeTAtaMgBIbraC½yénkarcrcarvag pan;ehon nighUlRb‘Úk k¾eday k¾
fac; RtÚgeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RkúgjÚvy:k CamYyesckþIbgÁab;bBa¢aepSg²EdlbNþal[mansßanPaBmYy
xusKñaEdr21. ebskmµrbs; fac; sßitenARtg;bBa¢ak;BIGBüaRkwtPaB ¬karenACakNþal¦ rbs;shrdæ-
Gaemrik nigeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;cinCamYyRkúgv:asuInetan manlkçN³sµúKsµaj. b:uEnþ
BYkGaemrik)andwgBIkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIs®gÁamrbs;RkúghaNUyCaeRsc. kareqøIybMPøWrbs;
hUlRb‘Úk k¾dUcenAEx]sPa qñaM1978Edr CamYybdiBaØa ¬x EdlmanEcgkñúgkic©snüa¦ bEnßmfa Kat;RtÚv
EteFVIesckþIraykarN_R)ab; v:an;s_ EdlnwgCECkKñabnÞab;CamYy xaF½r GMBImUlkPaB ¬PaBsmehtu
smpl¦ énedImehtuenH. hUlRb‘Úk nwgCCIksYrRbeTsevotNamGMBIkarRbúgeRbóbcMeFVIs®gÁam
nigGMBIGñkePosxøÜntamTUkrab;ryBan;nak; EdlkMBugrt;eKcecjBIRbeTs.
GñkePosxøÜntamTUkTaMgenH Føab;)anbgá[mankarrMCYlcitþy:agsem,ImenAshrdæGaemrik.
kalBIqñaMmun v:an;s_ )anelIkerOgenHmkCECkBiPakSaEdr ehIy)ancat;[bNþasmaCikénRkúmGñk
eFVIkarxagkarTUt EdlbMeBjmuxgarkñúgPUmiPaKpþl;mk[Kat;nUvesckþIraykarN_lm¥itsþIBI)atuPUtd¾
exøacpSaenH. BYkGñkePosxøÜn)aneTAeLIgeKakenARbeTséf RbeTsm:aeLsuI nigenARbeTs\NÐÚensuI b¤
RbeTshVIlIBInEfmeTot. bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘an )anbgçM[BYkGaemrikaMgeFVI[TMnak;TMng
epSg² manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam kñúgkþIsgÇwmfa RbkarenHnwgeFVI[BYkevotNamrsay
citþ ehIynwgTb;sáat;karhUrCn;eCarrbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜn. smaKmGas‘an k¾sgÇwmfa kareFVI[
manRbRktIPaBnwgkat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;epSg²BIs®gÁammYyrvagevotNam nigkm<úCa. b:uEnþ enAeBl
enaHsmaKmGas‘anminsUvman\T§iBl eTAelIRkúgv:asuInetan k¾dUcRbeTscinb:unµaneT ehIytam
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI fa enAeBlenaH Rkúgeb:kaMg )anesñIshrdæGaemrik edayTTUckMu[seRmceFVIkic©RBmeRBóg
mYyCamYyRkúghaNUy.
hUlRb‘UkRtÚv)anR)ab;[dwgEdrfa shrdæGaemrikRbEhlCaGace)aHCMhany:agFMmYyeTArk
RbeTsevotNammunkare)aHeqñatenAsPaGaemrikaMgenAExvicäika qñaM1978.
GñkkarTUtGaemrikaMgrUbenH )anCYb fac; kñúgElVgbnÞb;rbs;KN³RbtiPUevotNamenAGgÁkarsh
RbCaCati tammat;Tenø Riverside Plaza CasNæaKareFVIBIebtugBN’RbepHEdlGmedayTenø East River.
hUlRb‘Úk dMNalfa Kat;)ancUlcrcaTaMgminR)akdkñúgcitþ. edaymincg;[manbraC½yCasaFarN³fµI
mYy Kat;BuM)aneFVIkarRbkasNamYysþIBIkarCYbKñaenHeT. BYkGñkCMnajkarrbs;Kat;enAkariyal½y
sRmab;kic©karGasuIxagekItFøab;)anTayTukCamunfa RbeTsevotNamnwgeRtómvayRbharRbeTs
km<úCaenAcugqñaM1978. BYkeKdwgmunfa BYkevotNammuxCaeFVIkarvaylukrhUtdl;eRtIyxagekItTenø
emKgÁ EdlnwgGnuBaØati[RkúghaNUydeNþIm)anEdndIFMbgÁÜr edIm,IbegáItrdæaPi)alkumµúynisþkm<úCamYy
EdlerobcMeLIgsRmab;pøas;CMnYs.
fac; )ancab;epþImkarBiPakSaedaybBaðamYysþIBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;CMnYyEdlshrdæGaemrikyl;RBm
pþl;[RbeTsevotNam. hUlRb‘Úk EdlmanbMNgecaTsYr fac; nUvsMNYrmYysþIBIectnaepSg² rbs;
RbeTsevotNamcMeBaHRbeTscinnigRbeTskm<úCa )anRtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥Iledaymin)andwgxøÜnCamun.
Kat;etagEtrMB£kR)ab; fac; fa karCYbKñaEdlekItmanenAeBlenH KWedaysarEtRbeTsevotNam )an
[dwgtamry³sarlixitmYyenARkúghUNUlUlUfa xøÜne)aHbg;ElgTamTarCMnYymYyeTotehIy. fac;
esIcjjwm² b:uEnþ enAEtRbkan;elIcMNucenHdEdl.
kñúgGMLúgsm½yRbCuMelIkTIBIr nigelIkcugeRkay GñkcrcaevotNam)anbnþTamTarluyminQb;
ehIy hUlRb‘Úk)aneqøIyfa vaKµanRbeyaCn_bnþkarcrcateTAeToteT.
fac; esIcep¥ógk,al ehIysUm[GaemrikaMgRtLb;mkkan;tcu rcamþgeTot. kalebIGkñ crcaTaMgBIr
dak;bgÁúyelIekAGIBUkCafµI fac; )anRbkasedaysMeLglHfa {eyIgyl;RBmtam\riyabfrbs;Gaem
rikaMg. eyIgBuMmandak;lkçxNÐNamYyeK. eyIgGaccuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógmYy\LÚvenH}.
KWdl;evnEdlelakhUlRb‘Úk RtÚveFVI[CYbkarBi)akmþg.Kat;)ansgát;bBa¢ak;fa{´BuMRtÚv)anGnu
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mann½yfa munExFñÚ CakalbriecäTEdleRKagTukCamun sRmab;esckþIseRmcrbs;Kat;. elakRbFana
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sßanTUtTaMgBIr edayeRbóbeFobnwgsßanPaBGKarpg.
karRbúgRby½tñrbs; v:an;s_ )aneFVI[ egVónkUfac; Gñkcrcarbs;evotNamekþARkhay Edlrg;caM
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eCOfa Baküsm¥agBIkare)aHeqñatenAsPa RKan;EtCa])ayklmYyb:ueNÑaH. fac; )anbBa¢ak;fa
hUlRb‘Úk Føab;GHGagnwgKat;fa vanwgmankareFVI[manRbRktIPaB ehIyenAsl;EtbBaðamYyb:ueNÑaHKW
karN_rayrgmYycMnYntUcEdlRtÚvedaHRsay. fac; )andMNalfa {b:uEnþeRkayBIkarRbCuM hUlRb‘Uk
)anR)ab;´minQb;fa Kat;Cab;rvl;Nas;KµaneBlnwgCYbéToteT. Kat;bgðaj´[eXIjfa shrdæ-
GaemrikBuM)anRbúgeRbóbCaeRsceT}.
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bBa¢ak;eTAelIcMNucxøH²b:ueNÑaH. tamkarBit mnusSTaMgBIrCatMNagRbeTsEdlyl;eXIjdMeNIrén
karcrcaxusKñaTaMgRsug. ebIv:an;s_ BitCaCab;rvl;edaykare)aHeqñatenAsPa/ fac; EdldwgfaebIrg;caM
rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalExvicäika KWminGacdac;xatsRmab;RbeTsevotNam. RbeTsrbs;Kat;kMBug
erobcMeFVIs®gÁam ehIyRtÚvEtEsVgrkedayqab;rh½snUvkarKaMRTd¾Cak;lak;mYy. fac; )aneLIg
ynþehaHsMedAeTAkan;RkúgmUsÁÚCaTIEdlKat;RtÚvCYb eL yn; edaypÞal; EdlsßitenAshPaBsUevot
rYcmkehIy.
enAéf¶TI3 Exvicäika KWbYnéf¶munkare)aHeqñatenAsPa RbeTsevotNam)ancuHhtßelxaelIsn§i
sBaØamitþPaBmYyCamYyshPaBsUevot. cab;BIéf¶enHeTA eKElgGacBnüareBleTotehIy. sn§i
sBaØaenHrYmmanxsMxan;sþIBIkarse®gÁaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgkrNIEdlRbeTsNamYyRtÚveKvay
RbharenAeBlxagmux. tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;RbeTsPaKeRcIn karsnüaenHmann½yesµInwgsm<½n§PaB
eyaFafµImYy. sn§isBaØaenH dUcsn§isBaØaEdlBYk\NÐaFøab;)ancuHhtßelxaCamYyRkúgmUsÁÚNas; enA
muns®gÁamrbs;eKRbqaMgRbeTs):aKIsßanbnþic.
rUbWt GUklI ¬Robert Oakley¦ CMnYykarrbs; elak hUl Rb‘Úk )ancat;EcgerobcMnUvkarCYbKñaelIkcug
eRkayCamYyBYkevotNamCabnÞan;bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatenAéf¶TI7 Exvicäika dUcEdl)ansnüaBImun22.
enAxN³enH shrdæGaemrik )anTTYlBIRkúmPñak;garesuIbkarN_nUvr)aykarN_KYr[TukcitþCaeRcIn Edl
GHGagbEnßmBIBaküccamGar:amepSg²fa rdæaPi)alevotNam sßitenABIeRkaykarcakecjTaMghVÚg
rbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜntamTUk ehIysmaCikxøHénCnCatiPaKticcin minRtwmEtRtÚvbgçM[cakecjBI
RbeTsb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ k¾RtÚvbg;éføCamassRmab;siTi§eLIgCiHTUkEdr. v:an;s_ )aneGayBt’mandl;
GUklI fa karcrcasþIBIkareFIV[manRbRktIPaBKWRtÚvlubecal ehIyetagEtniyayR)ab;BYkevotNam
fa sn§isBaØaCamYyshPaBsUevot bgðajeGayeXIjy:agc,as;fa eKalbMNgrbs;RkúghaNUy
BMuEmnRslaj;snþiPaBeT.
enAsm½yRbCMupþac;RB½Rt GUklI )anbBa¢ÚnsareTA[elak v:an;s_ fa ³ {´)anR)ab;eKfa elakmin
yl;nUvGIVEdlnwgekIteLIgeT b¤ebIsinCaelaklukluyRbeTskm<úCa? enHBMuEmnCameFüa)aypþl;
snþiPaBkñúgPUmiPaKeT. etIeyIgGacl,geFIVtamkarTTUcsMumYyrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati edayeRbI
R)as;GgÁkarenH eRkamTRmg;NamYy)aneT?. BYkevotNam)aneqøIyR)ab;´fa BYkeKRtÚvEteFIVnUvGIV
EdlBYkeKRtÚveFIV/ BYkeKKµanmeFüa)ayNaepSgeRkABIenHeT. enHCaeBllM)akcitþbMputsRmab;´.
´)anlubecalkarcrcaepSg²CapøÚvkar}.
y:agehacNas; enHKWCaGIVEdl GUklI snñidæan. v:an;s_ yl;eXIjpÞúyeTAvijfa elak xaF½r
nigrUbKat;pÞal; )anlubecalkareFIV[manRbRktIPaB edaysarEt{karekIneLIgnUvktþaCaeRcIn ³
GñkePosxøÜntamTUk/ RbeTskm<úCa/ karcuHsn§isBaØaCamYyRkúgmUsÁÚ}. tamelakrdæm®nþIkarbreTsfa
RbeTscinBMumanCab;Bak;B½n§kñúgkarseRmcenHeT ³ {RbeTscin)anedIrtYnaTItUctacmYykñúgkic©karénkar
eFIV[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam. KWRBwtþikarN_epSg² EdlnaMeTArklT§plcugeRkay}.
b:uEnþ elak xaF½r nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI bBa¢ak;fa v:an;s_ yl;RcLMxøÜnÉg ³ KWesckþIsMGagepSg²rbs;
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI EdljúaMg[elak xaF½r eCOtam BMuEmnGñkePosxøÜntamTUk b¤sn§isBaØasUevotenaHeT. xaF½r
bBa¢ak;fa Kat;RbqaMgnwgkareFIV[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam BIeRBaHshrdæGaemrikcg;
{KitKUrBIRbeTscindMbUgeK}13.
ebIsinCaG‘ÍcwgEmnKWelakRbFanaFibtI )anRbfuynwgEl,gRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;mYy EdlGac
ekItmaneTAéf¶mux edayeRbIR)as;neya)aykarTUtmYytammeFüa)ayBIr EdleTaHCay:agNak¾eday
k¾eKfae)akbeBaäatEdr.RBwtþikarN_epSg²)aneFIV[elakRb‘ÍhSInsÁI maneRbóbCag.enAéf¶TI15ExFñÚ
shrdæGaemrik nigsaFarNrdæRbCamanitcin )anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN³kñúgeBldMNalKñafa
BYkeKRBmeRBógKña begáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCaFmµtaeLIgvij.
elak xaF½r nigv:an;s_ RbEhlCaminyl;RsbGMBImUlehtuEdlshrdæGaemrikBMuTan;seRmceFIV
[TMnak;TMngepSg² manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNameT. ¬ehIy v:an;s_ TMngCamaneCaKC½y
EdlGHGagfa RbeTsevotNamKWCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvmYyEpñkFM¦. b:uEnþ GIVEdlmansarsMxan;kñúgbNþa
s)þah_CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot KWmenaseBa©tnarbs;elak xaF½r EdlcUlcitþeFIV[manTMnak;TMngCamYy
RbeTscin RsbKñanwgkareFIV[manTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTsevotNamCag. enAeBlEdlRkúghaNUy
cUllukluyRbeTskm<úCaenAéf¶buNüNUEGlqñaM1978 shrdæGaemrik)anRbúgeRbóbTTYlRBmeFVI
tamRbtikmµrbs;eKTaMgggwtggl;CaeRsc GMBIRbtikmµrbs;cincMeBaHs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI.
enAqñaM1978 RbeTsevotNam)angakeTAcUlxagsUevoteBjFwg. edayKµanCMnYyrbs;sh
PaBsUevot RkúghaNUynwgBuMGaceFVIs®gÁamTaMgBMuGacrs;ranteTAeToteLIy. RbeTsevotNam )an
køayeTACasm<½n§mitþKYr[TukcitþCageKmYykñúgcMeNamsm<½n§mitþd¾KYr[TukcitþCageKrbs;RkúgmUsÁÚ eday
)ane)aHeqñatCab;CaRbcaMCamYyshPaBsUevotkñúgGgÁkarGnþrCatiTaMgGs; nigRBmGnuBaØat[man
vtþmaneyaFa nigesdækic©mYy EdlelceFøaCageKrbs;RkúgmUsÁÚ enAkñúgRbeTseTotpg. GasuIRtÚv
EbgEckCaBIry:agc,as; EdlminFøab;manesaH taMgBImunmk. ehIyBiPBelak )anmanmuxenAkñúg
s®gÁamkumµúynisþRbePTfµImYy EdleFVI[ekItmaneLIgvijnUvbdibkçPaBCatisasn_ nigcMNg;hYs
RBMEdnkñúgkareFVIsBa¢½yCaCagsµartI {rMedaHCati}.
BYkGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_edaypÞal;BIsßankarN_fµIenH KWbNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anÉeNaH
eT. enAqñaM1978 RbeTsTaMgenH)anRtÚvbeBa¢arrkplRbeyaCn_edayRkúghaNUy RkúgPñMeBj
nigRkúgeb:kaMg EdletOnbgçM[eRCIserIscUlxagbkSBYkeKkñúgs®gÁamkumµúynisþ Edlc,as;Camkdl;
kñúgeBlqab;². smaKmGas‘an )ansßitenACaGBüaRkwt ehIy)anTTYlkarbn§Úbnßyy:agsem,ImTaMgBI
xagkm<úCak¾dUcevotNam.
dMeNIrTsSnkic©bnþknÞúyKña énbNþaebskCnkumµúynisþ )ancab;epþImenAExmkra qñaM1978
edaykareFVITsSnkic©rbs; egVónDuyRTij rdæm®nþIkarbreTsrbs;evotNamenAkñúgRbeTsbYnén
smaKmGas‘an24. Kat;)anseRmceFVIkic©RBmeRBógmYyCamYyRbeTshVIlIBIn EdlkñúgenaHCemøaHTaMg
Gs; enAeBlGnaKtnwgRtÚvcrca nigseRmckñúgsµartI {sRmúHsRmÜl nigmitþPaB}mYy. enARbeTséf
GñktMNagrbs;evotNam )ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmµmYy.
dMeNIrpÞÜn²KñaénTsSnkic©TaMgenaH )anfycuHCabeNþaHGasnñ enAeBlEdlRbeTsevotNam
nigkm<úCa BiPakSaGMBIsMeNIsnþiPaBepSg². bnÞab;mk RkúgPñMeBj)anRcanecalEpnkarsnþiPaB cuHéf¶TI
5 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 rbs;evotNam ehIyeRkaymkminyUrb:unµan KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSevot
Nam)anrYmRbCuMKña nig)aneFVIkarseRmccitþcUllukluyRbeTskm<úCaCasm¶at;.
RkúgPñMeBj)anbnþeFVIkarvayRbharrbs;xøÜn tamRBMEdnRbeTsTaMgBIr KWRbqaMgnwgRbeTséfpg
RbeTsevotNampg. RbkarenH)anCMruj[BYkéf esñIdak;bBa©ÚlRbeTs\NÐÚcin TaMgGs;kñúgtMbn;
snþiPaBmYy EdlnwgrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbeTsGas‘an. TaMgkm<úCa TaMgevotNam KµanrMePIbrIkraynwgKMnit
enHeT.
clnaénkarcrcaeTAvijeTAmkEpñkkarTUtecHEtbnþeTAmuxeTot. enAEx]sPa RkúgPñMeBj)an
seRmceFVIkic©RBmeRBógmYyCamYysigðburI edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrxagBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarerobcMEpñkTUrKmna
Kmn_rvagRbeTsTaMgBIreLIgvij. b:uEnþ Gas‘anenAEtminkan;eCIgxagNaCanic©.
enAExmifuna qñaM1978 BYkkm<úCa)andak;[BYkevotNamBinitünUvsMeNIsnþiPaBrbs;eKmþg ³
vanwgmankarCYbRbCMuBiPakSaKña kñúgeKalbMNgriHrkdMeNaHRsaymYytamkarcrcaenAdMNac;qñaM ebIsin
CaevotNamsnüaeCosvag {GMeBIGriPaBTaMgGs;} cab;BIeBlenHeTA. BYkevotNam)ancat;TukkaresñI
enH CaerOg {KYr[Gs;sMeNIc} ehIy)anelIksMeNIRbqaMgmYyeTAvij KWkarQb;)aj;KñaCabnÞan;mYy
nigkarbegáIttMbn;KµankgT½BmYyenAtambeNþayRBMEdnrYm. RbeTskm<úCa)aneqøIytbfa enHRKan;Et
Ca {rnaMgEpSg} fµImYyeTotb:ueNÑaH ehIy)anecaTRbkan;RkúghaNUyfa )anbBa¢ÚnBYkviecäTkrmkRkúg
PñMeBj edIm,IerobcMrdæRbharmYyCasm¶at;.
enAExdEdlenH BYkGñkePosxøÜntam xUk cab;epþImcakecjBIRbeTsTaMghVÚg². bNþaRbeTs
énsmaKmGas‘an )ancab;epþImeFIVkarGMBavnavmYycMeBaHRbeTsrIkceRmInnana edayesñIsMu[bBa¢ak;
c,as;las; BIcMnYnBYkGñkePosxøÜn\NÐÚcinEdlBYkeKTTYl[sñak;enAmanb:unµan. esckþIGMBavnavenH
eRbóbdUckarekobsgát;pøÚvcitþmYyy:agxøaMg. eRkaymkRbeTsxøHénsmaKmGas‘an)anrujRcan[
BYkGñkePosxøÜneTAvijedayKµanGaNitGasUr -TUkGñkePosxøÜnCaeRcIn RtÚv)anbBa¢a[ebIkeTAsmuRT
vij ehIyBYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCa bBa¢ÚneTAcmáarmInenAtamRBMEdn- BIeRBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlman
]sSahkmµlUtlas;)anbdiesFminTTYlBYkeKeT.
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mnusSmYylannak;)anePosxøÜnecjBIRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCakñúgeBlfµI²enH- b:uEnþ CaBiess
RbeTsevotNam.
kñúgs)þah_EdlmanCabnþbnÞab;mkeTot RkúghaNUy )anbBa¢ÚnGnurdæm®nþIkarbreTs pan;ehon
kñúgdMeNIrTsSnkic©CahUrEhfµImYyenAtamRbeTsCaeRcIn énsmaKmGas‘an edIm,IbEgVrkarykcitþ
Tukdak;BIbBaðaCnePosxøÜntamTUk nigRbeTskm<úCa. Kat;)anRbkasfa Kat;mkBiPakSaBIsMeNI{tMbn;
snþiPaB}nigbgðajnUvkaryl;RBmrbs;RbeTsKat;cMeBaHKMnitbegáItbøúkGas‘anmYy.pan;ehonR)afña
bM)at;karP½y )armÖEdleXIjRbeTsevotNam cUllukluyRbeTskm<úCa b¤køayeTAsm<n§miRtd¾
CitsñiT§mYyrbs;shPaBsUevot.
eRkaymkminyUrb:unµan BYkGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCa )ancUlCMnYserOgrbs;Kat;mþg. BYkGñkePosxøÜn
RbmaNCamYyrynak;)anseRmcqøgkat;RBMEdneTAdl;RbeTséf edayeCaKC½y nig)anpþl;nUv
PsþútagfµI²CaeRcIn sþIBIlT§plénkarERbRbÜld¾Gaf’kM)aMg EdlkMBugekItmanedayécdnüenAkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü. RbEhlenACMnan;enaHEdr smaKmmYyedIm,IsiT§imnusS )anebIkeFVIsnñisITkaEst
mYy edayerobrab;BIkarb®gáab nigkarP½yrn§t;EdlmanCaTUeTAenAkm<úCa.
enAExkBaØa RkúgPñMeBj)anRbECgnwgRkúghaNUyy:agecjmux edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTBIrdæmin
EmnkumµúynisþnanaenAGasuI. ÉkGKÁrdæTUtGU®sþalIRbcaMRkúgeb:kaMg RtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥IlRsLaMgkaMg enA
eBlEdlsmPaKIkm<úCarbs;Kat;Rbkasfa rdæaPi)alrbs;xøÜncg;eFVI[manTMnak;TMngCaFmµtaCamYy
Rkúgkg;Eb‘r:a.enATIbMput RbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsevotNam)anpþl;eTA[bNþaRbeTsGas‘annUvGVIEdl
RbeTsTaMgenaHR)afñacg;)an KWkarsnüay:ag»LarikbBaÄb;karKaMRTTaMgGs; cMeBaHkarbHe)arénBYk
kumµúynisþ EdlkMBugekItmanenAxageRkARBMEdnRbeTsrbs;BYkeKTaMgBIr.
paM v:an;dug rdæm®nþITI1rbs;evotNamd¾maneQµaHl,Imñak; )anRtÚvGeBa¢Ij[eTAeFVITsSnkic©enA
RbeTsR)aMénsmaKmGas‘an [eRkaymk man6RbeTsKWEfmRbeTsRb‘úyeN mYyeTot]. enATIenaH
Kat;)anpSBVpSaynUvrebobbkRsayrbs;evotNamsþIBIs®gÁam nigGñkePosxøÜntamTUk ehIysnüafa
RbeTsevotNamnwgQb;KaMRTclnakumy úµ nisTþ aMgGs; EdlbHe)arRbqaMgenAkñgú bNþaRbeTsTaMgenH.
karsnüarbs; paM v:an;dug enH)anRtÚv)ansgát;bBa¢ak;CasaFarN³ nigeFVI[eKcab;GarmµN_y:agxøaMg kñúg
»kaséndMeNIrrbs;Kat;enARbeTsm:aeLsuI eRBaHfa Kat;)andak;kRmgpáamYy enAvimanrMB£kviBaØaNkç½n§
TahanEdlsøab;edaykarRbyuT§Tl;nwgBYk]TÞamkumµúynisþrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsuI kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_
1960. karlHbg;EdleFVI[RsLaMgkaMgnUvmnusSEdlsnµtfaCabgb¥ÚnrYmGavuFrbs;xøÜnenH bgðaj
[eXIjnUvGVIEdlRbeTsevotNamRbúgeRbóbeFVIBlIkmµCaeRscedIm,IykQñHRbeTskm<úCa.
enAExtula qñaM1978 eGog sarI k¾)aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enAbNþaRbeTsGas‘anTaMgenaH.
kEnøgQb;sMctsMxan;bMputrbs;Kat; KWRkúg)agkk CaTIEdlKat;)ansnüanwgBYkéffa nwgElgman
bBaðaenAtambeNþayRBMEdnrYmrbs;eKeTotehIy. Kat;k¾)ansnüadUcKñafa km<úCaElgKaMRTBYk]TÞam
kumµúynisþéfEdr. TMnak;TMngrdæ nigrdæBitCamanTm¶n;F¶n;CagkarTak;TgrvagbkS nigbkS ehIyRbeTs
éfFøab;mankitüanuPaBsMxan;mYycMeBaHBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa ³ ebIRkúg)agkkminKaMRTBYkExµrRkhmeT
y:agehacRbeTséfRtÚvenACaGBüaRkwtEdr. b:uEnþ BYkmitþcinenAkm<úCa)anykcitþTukdak;eFIVGIVmYy
eRsceTAehIy edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTrbs;BYkéf.
dUecñH etgs‘avBIg )anrYmCamYym®nþIkumµúynisþxøHkñúgdMeNIrbnþ²KñaedIm,IeTAbeBa¢arykpl
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cugeCIgshPaBsUevot ehIy)anseRmccgsm<½n§PaBEpñkeyaFaCamYyKñaeTot}. sRmab; b:ul Bt
enHKWCaPsþútagEdlRkúghaNUycg;{eFVIGnþrCatUbnIykmµ} nUvGFikrN_rvagRbeTseyIgTaMgBIr.
Kat;)anbnþfa edayeFVI[s®gÁammanlkçN³eTACaGnþrCati RbeTsevotNamGacnwgeRbIR)as;
kgT½BsUevot kgT½Brbs;bNþaRbeTsbkSsm<½n§ v:asUvI edIm,IcUllukluy nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCapg
Edr.
Kat;)anGHGageTotfa {RbeTsevotNamcg;BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIlT§ivatTIniymGnþrCatirbs;
shPaBsUevot nigbkSsm<½n§v:asUvI. b:uEnþ edIm,IlukluyRbeTskm<úCa RbeTsTaMgenaH nwgRtÚvbBa¢Ún
kgT½Brbs;BYkeKBIq¶aymk nigdwkCBa¢ÚnGVI²RKb;Ebby:agEdlkgT½BenHRtÚvkarBITIenaHmk eRBaHenA
RbeTsevotNamKµanGIVTaMgGs;}.
b:ul Bt enAEtTTUcedaHRsayesNarIy:U Rbkbedaymhnþrayrbs;Kat;dEdl. enAeBlEdl
bNþaRbeTsénbkSsm<½n§v:asUvI bBa¢ÚnkgT½Bmk\NÐÚcin BYkeKnwgRtÚvxVayxVl;nwgRbtikmµRbqaMgenA
GWr:ubEdr. {ebIsinCaBYkeKcg;dkkgT½BxøHecjBIsmrPUmiGasuIGaeKñy_ BYkeKnwgRtÚveFVIedayRbúg
Rby½tñbMput>>>. RbeTskm<úCa RbeTsnanaenAGasuIGaeKñy_ nigBiPBelakTaMgmUlnwgminyl;RBm[
shPaBsUevot nigRbeTsepSg²énbkSsm<½n§ v:asUvI deNþImykRbeTskm<úCa nigGasuIGaeKñy_
edaykmøaMgT½BeLIy}.
KMnitEdlFøab;begáItCarUbragenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg nigkEnøgeFVITaruNkmµepSg²eTot nUvRTwsþI
GMBIkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy )anbNþal[ekItmanKMnitrevIrvayEbøkxuseKenHEdlfa rfeRkaHrbs;b:ULÚj
CaeRcIneRKÓg nigkgT½BefµIreCIgrbs;eqkU ¬RbeTseqkUsøÚv:aKI¦ kMBugEtedIrqøgkat;valERsenAPaKxag
ekItkm<úCasMedAmkRkúgPñMeBj nigeTAhYsBIenHeTAeTot. d,itGI b:ul Bt )anniyayTukCamunehIyfa
bNþaRbeTsénbkSsm<½n§v:asUvI BuMEmncg;)anEtRtwmenaHeT ³ BIPñMeBjeTAkgT½BTaMgenaHnwgedIrsMedA
eTARkúg)agkk ehIycuHmkRbeTsm:aeLsuI nigsigðburIeTot.
enHCarebobbkRsayfµImYynUvRTwsþIénEl,gdUmINU ¬erOgEdleKKitkñúgcitþepSg b:uEnþ smþI
niyaypSwg¦ ehIyRbEhlCakarb:unb:gbMPitbMP½ysamBaØmYy. b:ul Bt bBa¢ak;fa {bkSsm<½n§v:asUvI
RtÚvRbQmmuxnwgGgÁkarGUtg;} ehIyfaKat;manbMNgcgP¢ab;PaBKg;vgSrbs;xøÜnnwgbNþaRbeTs
Gas‘an nigbNþaRbeTsénGgÁkarGUtg; y:agKYr[q¶l;. ehtukarN_EdlrwtEtKYr[cab;GarmµN_ CaTI
bMputenaHKW RbeTscinRtÚv)anKat;erobrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgEl,gs®gÁamenHEtmYym:at;Kt;. b:ul Bt niyay
EtBIGas‘an nigGUtg; b:ueNÑaH hak;dUcCaRbeTskñúgGgÁkarTaMg2enH CaGñkkan;eCIgRbeTskm<úCaG‘Icwg.
RbeTscin nigeRKÓgsBVavuFEdlxøÜnpþl;mk[ BuMmanB¤niyaykñúgKeRmagénkarCYbsmÖasn_enHeT.
eGog sarI EdledIrcuHedIreLIgBIeRkayxñg b:ul Bt )anTb;CMhang:k; cieBa©ImeLIgRCÜj édTaMgBIr
RkBat;eTAeRkay.
BYkGñkbkERbPasa )anesñI[mankarbBa¢ak;bMPøWc,as;las;.
Dudm:an; nigrUb´ pÞal;)anEbremIlmuxKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IbBa¢ak;[dwgfa eyIgsþab;B¤BaküEdl
Kat;niyaydUcKñaEdreT -ktikasBaØav:asUvI )aT.
b:ul Bt )anbnþedaybkRsaybMPøWfa ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTsevotNamBuMGacykQñHRbeTs
km<úCaEtmñak;Ég)an? Kat;bBa¢ak;fa BYkevotNam {BuMGacseRmceCaKC½yvaydeNþImykkm<úCa
edaykmøaMgT½Bdac;xat>>>. BYkeKBuMGackþab;PUmisa®sþTwkdIrbs;km<úCa ehIyBuMmanCnkm<úCacUlrYm
CamYyedIm,ICYyBYkeK nigBuMGacdwkCBa¢ÚneRKÓgsmÖar³brikçarrbs;xøÜncUlmkkñúgRbeTseyIg)aneLIy.
eyIg)aneFVI[BYkevotNamTTYlrgbraC½yCabnþbnÞab;>>>. ehtudUecñH BYkeKRtÚvEtebIkkarvayRbhar
y:agFMRbqaMgnwgeyIg}.
karcUlCYbsvnakar)ancb;sBVRKb; eyIgeLIgvilxYrk,alGs;. b:unµanExeRkaymk eyIgenAEt
RtÚveFVI[P½yRBÜyenAeLIy enAeBlEdlelcB¤fa b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘IhSInsÁI TIRbwkSasniþsuxCatirbs;RbFana
FibtIGaemrikaMg manTsSn³yl;RsbtamkarviPaKmYyEpñkFMrbs; b:ul Bt Edr.
eK)annaMeyIgmkkan;nievsndæanvij ehIy xadEv:l RtÚveKCUneTAvimanrdæaPi)altamrfynþ
dEdlenH. Kat;RtLb;mkvijedaymancitþsb,ayrIkrayy:agxøaMg cMeBaHkarCYbsnÞnarbs;Kat;Ca
mYyemdwknaMkm<úCa. GñkTaMgBIrnak;enH )ancMNayeBlmYyPaKFMkñúgkarCYbKñaedIm,ICECkBiPakSaGMBI
RTwsþIEpñkesdækic©bdivtþ CaRbFanbTmYyEdl xadEv:l cUlcitþniyayeRcInCageKkñúgkMLúgeBlén
dMeNIrenH. b:ul Bt )anGeBa¢IjKat;edayxøÜnÉg[RtLb;mkvijenAqñaMbnÞab; edIm,IvaytémøBIkarrIk
lUtlas;rbs;karbdivtþ.
eyIg)anBinitüeRbóbeFobkMNt;RtaxøI²rbs;eyIg bnÞab;mk eyIg)anerobcMBiFICYbCuMsb,ay
eday suIpwk nigraMelg. ry³2s)þah_EdleyIgsßitenAkñúgRbeTsenH hak;dUcCamanry³eBlyUr
dUcBIrqñaMG‘Icwg.eBlevla)anrsat;eTAyWt²edaysarPaBFujRTan;kñúgkarrg;caMm©as;pÞHmkrkBYkeyIg
Edlmanry³eBlyUrrab;em:ag edaysarkarCiHLanCab;KµancuHdI edIm,IedIremIlRbeTs dUcEdleyIg
b:gR)afñaBInaymk nigedaysarPaBGskmµEdlRbCaCnkm<úCaeFVI[eyIgxøacrEGg. b:uEnþ eyIg)an
seRmceCaKC½ykñúgkarCYbCamYy b:ul Bt Edr.
bnÞab;BIbriePaK)ayl¶acrYc Dudm:an; )anedIreTAkan;bnÞb;rbs;Kat; edIm,IcmøgkMNt;xIø²eday
m:asuInGgÁúlIelx xadEv:l nig´ enAGgÁúykEnøgtu)aydEdl edIm,IBiPakSaKñaCaelIkcugeRkaymYy
GMBIRbeTskm<úCa. edayRbkan;Cab;nUvGVIEdlKat;cat;TukCaTsSn³mantémøyUrGEgVgenaH xadEv:l
)anbeBa©jnUvkarvinicä½yviC¢manmYycMeBaHkarbdivtþ. cMENk´ éCOGMBIlkçN³BitR)akdénkareqøIy
CasakSIrbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜneRcInCag -ehIyeRkaymk´)ansresrerOgenHEfmeTot. yb;enaH
xadEv:l )ansakl,gCafµImþgeTotedIm,IeFVI[´dUreyabl;. edayeRbóbeFobRbeTskm<úCaCamYy
RbeTseGkUs- Kat;CaGñkCatiniymeGkUsmñak;-Kat;)anRbkasfa RbeTskm<úCaxøacjejItRbeTs
evotNam dUcBYkeGkUsxøacBYkGg;eKøsEdr. ´BuMeXIjmanPaBsmehtusmplesaHkñúgkareRbób
eFobrbs;Kat; ehIyKat;)andkxøÜnecjeTAkan;bnÞb;rbs;Kat; eday)anniyayTukCamunfa eGkUsnwg
)anTTYlÉkraCüBIRbeTsGg;eKøs enAmunBak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1980.
´)andkxøÜnecjBItu)ayehIycUledkRbmaNCaem:ag db;mYyyb;. v:alisTaMgb:unµanrbs;´
RtÚv)anerobcMrYcCaeRsc ehIyTukdak;vaEk,rmat;TVarbnÞb;énACan;TImYy. b:unµanem:ageRkaymk
´PJak;BIdMeNkTaMgmmigmmaMg hVÚgEqáTMngCapþÜlFugsRmamCaeRcInenAxageRkamlMenAdæan´>>>. b:uEnþ
´BuMEmnsßitenATIRkúgv:asuInetanÉNa KW´kMBugsßitenARkúgPñMeBjTaMgkNþalGRFaRt. sMeLg
Edl´B¤Gm,aj;mij BuMEmnbNþalmkBIFugsRmamEdlEqáeFVI[dYlrlMenaHeT eRBaH´minEdleXIjEqá
mYyk,alesaHkñúgTIRkúg. ´Tmøak;xøÜnBIelIERKmkeRkam ehIy´B¤sUrsMeLgfµImYyeTotEdleFVI[´pWt
eBaHb:p¥úk KWsMeLgRKab;kaMePøIgmYyCitbegáIy Edl´GacFuMkøinrMesveLIgeQ¶óm. ´s‘kGavhSg; ¬KWCa
GavsRmab;Bak;BIeRkAGavraRtI eBlEdleKecjBIbnÞb;edk¦ mYyehIyedIrsMedAeTAkan;bnÞb;)ay.
´B¤sMeLgf¶ÚrmYy ébIkTVar ehIyedIrcUleTAkñúgbnÞb;mYyeTotcMeBlEdlyuvCnmñak; elcmux
cUlmkdl;TIenHtamTVarxagkñúgEdr. eyIgsmøwgsmøk;rkKña. KWCaCnCatiExµrmñak;esøókBak;xusEbøkBIeK
Bak;mYymYydUcmYkkILakr)asbl; (Base-Ball) Edr ¬El,gkILamü:ag EdleKniymcUlcitþenAshrdæGa
emrik¦. CnenHmanBak;kaTUeso BIrExSExVgKñaenAelIedImRTÚg kan;kaMePøIgkar:ab‘InsV½yRbvtþimYyedImBak;
enAnwgsµa ehIykan;kaMePøIgxøImYyedImeTot edayP¢g;tRmg;mkrk´. CnenaHemIleTAmansPaBdUc
CaP½yrn§t;CagéTAeTot k¾b:uEnþ ´manGarmµN_fa xøÜnR)aN´RbúgnwgpÞúHFøayedaykarP½yxøacenHEdr.
{eT¡ kuM)aj;} ÉRskeLIgy:agxøaMg. édaHxøÜnrt;cUleTAkñúgbnÞb;rbs;´ TajTVarbiT B¤sUrRKaMg
b:uEnþePøccak;esa. é)alsMedAeTArkbnÞb;TwkEdlenACab;Kña ehIyelatcUlkñúgGaggUtTwk edayedk
sNþÚkxøÜnpáab;mux. ´KµannwkeXIjGVITaMgGs; éFVIRbtikmµtamEtsPavKtib:ueNÑaH. mYyEpñkéncitþ´ nwk
eXIjdMbUnµanmYyEdlFøab;B¤eKniyaykñúgry³eBls®gÁamfa GaggUtTwkmYy CaeRKÓgkarBard¾RbesIr
bMput dUceKhdæanmYyEdlGac[eyIgTb;Tl;nwgRKab;kaMePøIgepSg² Edlrt;xuseKaledArbs;vaEdr.
yuvbursenaH BuM)anedjtaméT.
GaggUtTwkenHsßitenAeRkambnÞb;CeNþIr ´B¤sUrsMeLgeCIgedIreLIgkaMCeNþIry:agRbjab; eday
manB¤sMeLgGavuF nigRKab;rMesvrbs;BYkeKTgÁicKñapg. GMBUlGKÁisnIRtÚveKBnøt;TaMgGs; EdleFVI[
kñúgpÞHeLIgggwtQwg. ´B¤sUrsMeLgRKab;kaMePøIgCaeRcInRKab;eTot b:uEnþ´BuMGacrab;cMnYn)aneT.
RbEhlCaR)aMmYyRKab; b¤eRcInCagenHk¾mindwg. bnÞab;mk sMeLgmYydUcmnusSkMBugedIrcuHCeNþIr
nigPaBs¶b;s¶at;dUcvalexµac kñúgry³eBlmYyem:agknøH.
etIeK)aj;eTAelIGñkNa? manGñkNamñak;RtÚvrbYseT? ehtuGVI)anCaKµanmnusSmñak;cuHmk
eRkayesaH? etIBYkGñkkarBareyIgenAÉNa?. kñúgRbeTsenH BuMmanTUrs½BÞsRmab;niyayTak;TgKña
eT KµanTaMgelxsRmab;ehArkGñkse®gÁaHeTotpg. karr:ayr:ab;TaMgb:unµanrbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜn )an
elceLIgkñúgstiGarmµN_´saCafµI. ´sakl,gegIbQreLIgvij ³ enAxagelIRbEhlCamanGñkNa
mñak;RtÚvkarCMnYyrbs;´.´BuMGacegIbQr)aneLIy.b:uEnþ ´seRmccitþecjBIGaggUtTwk[Tal;Et)an
edayRbwgetagCBa¢aMgEk,rmat;TVar. émIleXIjBnøWRBHcnÞtambg¥Üc. etICardæRbharmYyb¤? etIBYk
GñkkarBareyIgenAÉNa? etIBYkeKRtLb;mksmøab;´vijeT?.
´Qb;KitBIRbeTskm<úCaeTot edayxøacERkgkøayeTACamnusSLb;sti. kñúgry³eBlRbmaN
Ca huksibnaTI ´)anedaHxøÜnedaykarRtiHriH ehIynwkeTAdl;mnusSepSgeTot. ´minGacnwkKitkñúgcitþ
nUvGVIdl)anekIteLIgeLIy.
´B¤sUrsMeLgRThwgmYyy:agxøaMg bnþedaysMeLglan;Rbwb²mYy. sMeLgEkvEbkmYy CMhan
edIreLIgCBa¢aMglan;xÞrkñúgbnÞb;EdleyIgsñak;GaRs½yenAxagmux edayeFVI[B¤sUrsMeLgkþúgkþaMgkñúgbnÞb;
´. sñÚrCMhanedIrmkCitTVarbnÞb;gUtTwk éXIjédRkg:ukrbs;esaTVarFøak;cuH KWmitþ La CamnusSmñak;kñúg
cMeNammnusSCaeRcInEdl´sÁal;c,as; nigCaGñkbeRmIkñúgpÞHEdlminecHniyayPasabreTsNamYy
eLIy. énAlutCgÁg;enAeLIy. La RkeLkemIl´mYyEPøt edIm,IemIlfaetI´manRtÚvrbYsb¤eT ehIy
Kat;EbreRkayRtLb;eTAvij)at;. ´)aneQageTAcab;édKat; sYrKat;edayniyayExµréb:LaMfa etICn
CatiGaemrikaMg nigGg;eKøs KW Dudm:an; nig xadEv:l enaH)ansuxsb,ayCaeT? Kat;eqøIyfa {minGIeT¡
minGIeT¡}. étagKat;Cab;GgVrsuM[Kat;enATIenHsin. Kat;ebIkePøIgeLIgvij edayR)ab;[énAes¶ómkuM
edIrrehtrhUt ehIyKat;k¾cakecjeTA. ´sßitenAEtmñak;ÉgCafµIkñúgsMeLgRThwgénm:asuInRtCak;
edayKµandwgBIGVI Edl)anekIteLIgbnþicesaHeLIy.
´GacRtLb;eTAbnÞb;edkvij)an b:uEnþ énAEtGgÁúyRcehagkñúgbnÞb;TwkdEdl. etIRbCaCnegIb
bHe)arRbqaMgb¤? etI´RtÚveKcat;TukCasRtÚvmñak;EmneT? etIBYkevotNamvayRbharRbeTskm<úCa
b¤? etI´RtÚvCab;GnÞak;kñúgRbeTsmYyEdlRtÚveKlukluy dUcEdl´Føab;nwkRBWxøactaMgEtBIdMbUgenaH
Emnb¤? eT¡ KWCaerOgminTMngesaH. ebIEbrCaeKnwksµanfaBYkeyIgCa>>> eTAvij? eT¡ eyIgsuT§EtBYk
Es,ks eKminGacRcLMeyIgCamYynwgBYkGñkdwknaMExµrRkhm)aneLIy. ykl¥¡ ´RtÚvQb;KitCafµI.
kñúgkMLúgdb;R)aMnaTI ´)anB¤sMeLgmYyEdl´sÁal;y:agc,as;. RbsiT§i CamYynwgEbbbTCam®nþIrbs;
Kat;)aneKaHTVarbnÞb;rbs;´ ehIyehAeQµaH´. ´k¾ecjeTATaMgj½rcMRbb;enAeLIy ehIy´)anesuIbsYr
BIeCaKvasnarbs;GñkÉeTot EdlrYmdMeNIrmkCamYy´.
Dudm:an; )ansuxsb,ayCaeT. xadEv:l RtÚvsøab;edaysarRtÚvRKab;.
kñúgTIRkúg KµanerOgGVIepSgeTotekIteLIgeLIy elIkElgEtXatkmµelIrUb m:al;xUm xadEv:l.
KµankarbHe)arRbqaMgedayGavuF KµanrdæRbhar KµanTaMgkarQøanBanrbs;evotNameLIy.
BYkeK)annaM Dudm:an; cuHmkeRkam edIm,I[´GaceXIjrUbKat; bnÞab;mk eK)anesñI[eyIgeLIg
enAxagelIvij edIm,Ibgðaj[eyIgeXIjrUb xadEv:l EdledksþÚkelI\dækar:UkñúgexaGavBIhSam:a
manQamenAkkelIedImRTÚg sk;EvgBN’etñatrbs;Kat;eLIgrat;rayelIépÞmuxrbs;Kat; EPñkbiTCit
Qwg. enAmat;TVarbnÞb;rbs;Kat; mansaksBmñak;eTotenAsþÚksþwgKµankeRmIk Cayuvbursmñak;esøók
Bak;exµA dUcmnusSEdlP¢g;kaMePøIgtRmg;dak;Édr. etIKat; mkeFVIGVIenATIenH? mkrksøab;? édTaMgBIr
ExVgKñaenAelIedImRTÚgdUecñH?.
etI RbsiT§i nigBYkGñkkarBareyIgeFVIGVIxøHenAkñúgry³eBlenaH? KµancemøIy. RbsiT§i niyayfa
sUmGP½yeTas sUmerobcMGIv:an;pÞal;xøÜnrbs;Gs;elak ehIysUmcakecjBITIenHCabnÞan;. yuvnarI
mñak;)anenArg;caMkñúgbnÞb;´ ehIyedaysarCMnYyrbs;nag ´)anerobcMTukdak;RkdasÉksarepSg²
Edl´BuMTan;)anRbmUlTukRsYlbYlenaH dak;kñúgv:alismYy. ´)anTukecaledayectnanUvkUnBUefAéd
EdleK)anCUn´BIéf¶munenAshkrN_mYy. ´mincg;)anBUefA mYyrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüeT.
KµanesckþIRtÚvkarcaM)ac;NaesaH EdleKCMruj[ćakecjCabnÞan;enaH. rfynþmYyeRKÓg)an
ctcaMenAelIpøÚvsYn ehIyeK)annaMeyIgeTAkan;pÞHmYy EdlenAEk,renaHtampøÚvdEdl.
enAeBlEdleyIgcuHBIrfynþ Dudm:an; nig´ RtÚv)aneKGeBa¢Ij[eTAbgðajxøÜnPøam² enAmuxRbFan
snþisuxmñak;EdlmanParkic©saksYrBYkeyIgBIerOgenH. eyIgTaMgBIr)aneFVIesckþIraykarN_mþgmñak;.
Dudm:an; )anraykarN_fa Kat;RtÚvdas;[PJak;BIdMeNkenAem:agmYyxVHR)aMnaTI edaysñÚrsMeLg)aj;
kaMePøIgCaeRcInRKab;. tambg¥Üc Kat;)aneXIjmnusSmYyCYrkMBugrt;elIpøÚvfñl; -RbEhlR)aMmYynak;.
BYkenaH)anbMEbkKñacUleTARckpøÚvtUc²Edlx½NÐEckeKhdæannana. Kat;)anecjmkQrenAranhal
xagmux ehIy)aneXIjmnusSRbúsCaeRcIneTotkMBugrt;tampøÚvEdr. Kat;)aneTAeKaHbnÞb;rbs;
xadEv:l edIm,Idas;[Kat;PJak;. CnCatieGkUsrUbenH)anecjmkCYbKat; ehIy)anpøas;bþÚreyabl;Kña
BIr-bIm:at; Kat;)anB¤sMeLgpÞúHepSgeTotCaeRcIn. Dudm:an; ElgnwkeXIjBIGVIEdl xadEv:l )aneFVImk
eToteLIy -Kat;mankarP½yxøacy:agxøaMg. edayEbrRtLb;eRkayvilmkbnÞb;rbs;Kat;vij Kat;)an
eXIjmnusSRbúsmñak; manBak;GavuFeRsacxøÜnedIrtRmg;mkrkKat;. mnusSenaH)an)aj;p©úcdImYy
RKab; ehIy Dudm:an; k¾rt;sRmúkeTAkñúgbnÞb;rbs;Kat;vij TajTVarbiTB¤sUrRKaMg ehIypþÜlxøÜnBYnenAkenøót
CBa¢aMg. mnusSenaH)an)aj;sMedATVarBIrRKab; Dudm:an; lUnRkabpÞal;dI ehIy)anB¤sMeLgkaMePøIgCaeRcIn
RKab;epSgeTot y:agehacNas;k¾Kat;RsémeXIjcMnYnRKab;kaMePøIgTaMgenaHEdr. dl;evnEdl´RtÚv
erobrab;BIehtukarN_Edl´)andwgmþg ehIyPaKl¥itl¥n;énsac;erOg)anelceLIgkñúgGarmµN_ĆafµI ³
sMeLgmnusSCaeRcInkMBugrt;CuMvijpÞH bnÞab;BImanXatkmµEdl)aneRKagTukCamun kñúgry³eBlénkar
rg;caMrbs;eyIgGs;ry³eBly:agyUrenaH. ´B¤sUrBYkeKniyayKñaCaPasaExµredaysMeLgtic²
RbEhlkMBugxSwbR)ab;BIbTbBa¢aepSg².
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sWn san. CaGtItnaykrdæm®nþIrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Kat;Føab;CaGñkdwknaMdMbUgmñak;kñúg
cMeNamGñkdwknaMdMbUg²énclnaRbCaFibetyü EdlbeBa©j[eKsÁal;enAdMNac;TsvtSr_qñaM1940.
kñúgry³eBls®gÁamBIqñaM1970-1975 Kat;bdiesFminKaMRTxagRkúmNamYyeLIy edayKat;
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Edtun rdæGUéhyU shrdæGaemrik.
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BIrbb b:ul Bt enaHeT. karsakl,grbs;rdæaPi)alRbeTsGU®sÒalI kñúgbMNgelIkGMBItulakarenA
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GMBIkarRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_rbs;ExµrRkhm EdlnaM[evotNamcUlmkpÒÜlrMlMBYkeKenaH nwg
pÒl;KuNsm,tÒidl;karQøanBanrbs;evotNam. ehIynwgnaM[mankarbgçM[eFVIkarcrcamYyCamYy
haNUy.shrdæGaemrik cg;[niyayEtBIeRKaHfñak;énkarQøanBanrbs;evotNamb:ueNÑaH.Gaemrik
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erOgs®gÁamvij BMueXIjmandak;bBa©ÚlTal;EtesaH.
cMNucdMbUgbMputrbs;BYkeK KWniyayfa karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCa RtÚvEtTTYlkardak;
snþiPaBGsarbg; 583
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d¾manRbsiT§PaBmYy [RbeTsdéTeTot k¾dUcCashKmn_CMnYynana nigGgÁkarCMnYyGnÒrCati dUcCa
GgÁkarrUbiyvtßúGnþrCati nigFnaKarBiPBelakCaedIm [pÒac;CMnYyEdlpþl;[evotNam nigkm<úCa.
hUlRbÚk nigGnuRbFanrbs;Kat; CaGñkdwknaMyuT§nakarenaH. BYkeKeRbIkareBalGagfa ral;CMnYyTaMg
Gs; KYrbBaÄb;edaysMGagelIkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCa. sßab½ndMbUgbg¥s;EdlGaemrikeFVI
karbBa©úHbBa©ÚlenaH KWFnaKarBiPBelak. FnaKarBiPBelakCasßab½nmYyEdlshrdæGaemrikman
sMeLg nigcMENkeRcInenAkñúgenaH. GñktMNagFnaKareQµaH GUKøI )anniyayfa BYkKat;RtÚv)aneK
bBa¢a[Rby½tñRbEygbMput eBlBicarNa[evotNamx©IR)ak;.
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shrdæGaemrik mantémøRbEhl1PaK3éntémøCMnYyGnÒrCatiTaMgGs; EdlCYyRbeTsevotNam.
hUlRbÚk )anniyayfa KµanpøÚvNaEdlGacCMruj[shKmn_GnÒrCati CYyecjelIcMNayevotNam
kñúgeBlenHeT. ´dwgfa enHCaerOgmYyEdlBi)akBnül;[yl;BIehtuplNas;. ebIsinCaeyIgvay
k,alevotNamxøaMg KWhak;dUcCaCMruj[evotNam xiteTArksUevotkan;EtxøaMg. b:uEnÒ ebIeRbIFm’RtCak;
cMeBaHevotNam KWminmanRbsiT§PaBeT RbsinebIsinevotNamenAEteFVIGVIdUcEdleKkMBugeFVIsBVéf¶
enH.
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rbs;Gaemrik kñúgkarTb;sáat;\T§iBlrbs;evotNamkMu[kan;EtrIkFMFat;eTot. eBlniyaydl;rbb
sÒalIn enAevotNam nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCa eKalkarN_enH RtÚv)ankøayCakardak;
TNÐkmµd¾skmµmYy.
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bnøaykarRbvaegIbecjrbs;km<úCa eRkayeBl[putBIkarexÞcxÞaM bNþalmkBIrbbExµrRkhm [kan;Et
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PñMeBjeT. RbeTsEdleqøIytbnwgkarTamTarrbs;shrdæGaemrik [kat;pÒac;CMnYydl;km<úCa KWCb:un
GU®sÒalI kaNada nigm:aeLsuI RBmTaMgshKmn_esdækic©GWr:ub nigFnaKarBiPBelak. eRkABIbøúksUevot
KWmanEtRbeTssu‘yEGt )araMg nig\NÐa b:ueNÑaH EdlenAbnÒpÒl;CMnYydl;evotNam. KYbpSMCamYy
kardwknaMfyeRkayrbs;rbbsaFarNrdæenAevotNam kñúgry³eBlEt2qñaMb:ueNÑaH eRKaHTurPikS k¾)an
ekItmancMeBaHkumarevotNamrYc)at;eTAehIy. sUm,IEtsUevot k¾Tb;Tl;minrYckñúgkarciBa©wmRbCaCn
evotNam EdlecHEtmancMnYnekIneLIgminQb;enaHEdr. enAqñaM1979 sUevot)an[es,ógdl;evot
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b:ueNÑaH.
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eRkaymk k¾cab;epÒImebIkTVar[shrdæGaemrik bgðajBIkMhusrbs;eKCacMh nigbgðajBIkarQWcukcab;
rbs;eK Edl)ancaj;s®gÁamenAevotNam nigbNÒal[)at;bg;TahanGaemrik cMnYnCag 50>000
nak;enaH.
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shRbCaCati)an dwknaMebIkkarRbCMuvisamBaØmYyenATIRkúghSWENv EdlcUlrYmRbCMuedayshKN³
kmµkarCan;x<s;CnePosxøÜn edIm,IseRmcBIeCaKvasnarbs;GñkePosxøÜntamTUk ecjBIevotNam.
mkTl;RtwmExkkáda qñaM1979 manCnCatievotNamcMnYn 200000nak; enAkñúgCMruMCnePosxøÜn
enAGasuI ehIymanevotNamcMnYnCit 100000nak;eTot Edl)anrkeXIjTICRmkGcié®nÒy_
enARbeTsnanaCMuvijBiPBelak. karRbyuT§rbs;evotNamenAsmuRTxagelIhak;bIdUcCaKµanTIbBa©b;
ehIykarCECkEvkEjkenAkñúgkic©BiPakSaenaH maneBareBjeTAedayPaBvinasd¾Tan;hn;. skmµPaB
rbs;BYkeKKWCaRbcaM mindUcCnCatiCVIhV )anCYbRbTHenAeBlEdlrt;eKcBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkhVasuIs
enAGWr:ubenaHeT. eTaHbICaCnePosxøÜntamTUkrbs;evotNam)anCYbRbTHnUvvinaskmµ nigkarlM)akenA
evotNamk¾eday k¾karTaMgenH minesµIrnwgGVIEdlRbCaCnkm<úCa)anCYbRbTHeRkameKalkarN_smøab;
pÒac;BUCrbs;ExµrRkhmEdr.
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eFVIGVImYyEdlmann½yeRCARCH edIm,IbBaÄb;nUvesaknadkmµenH. eBlCYbnUvbBaðaBiPBelak cUreyIg
TaMgGs;RsúHKñarkdMeNaHRsayBiPBelakmYy. RbvtÒisa®sþ nwgminelIkElg[eyIgeT Rbsin
ebIeyIgbraC½y ehIyRbvtÒisa®sþk¾minGacbMePøceyIgEdr RbsinebIeyIgTTYleCaKC½y}.
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)anKit[ditdl;mYyk¾ekItmaneLIg. snñisIT)anRbkasfa CnePosxøÜntamTUkrbs;evotNam nigRtÚv
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ekanEdlBMuFøab;manBImunmk EdlGnuBaØat[eTArs;enARbeTsGPivDÆn_ CaCagsiT§irs;enATaMghVÚg
TaMghVayRtwmRbeTsCitxag.
xusBIRbeTsnanaenAGa®hVik nigGWr:ubxaglic EdlTTYlykCnePosxøÜnrab;Ban;nak; BIRbeTs
Citxagrbs;xøÜnenaHRbeTséfRbeTssigðbUrI RbeTsm:aeLsuI nigRbeTs\NÐÚensuI bdiesFminRBmTTYl
ykCnePosxøÜnBIevotNameLIy. BYkeK[ehtuplfa xøacmanbBaðaminecHcb; Tak;TgnwgbBaða
neya)ay nigbBaðaCnCatiekItman. bnÞab;BI)anbgðaj[eXIjfa BYkeKnwgbBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜntamTUk[
RtLb;eTAsøab;vijedayminRBmpÒl;CRmkdl;BYkeKenaH shKmn_GnÒrCatik¾TTYlyl;RBmvij. kar
RsuHRsYlKñamYyk¾ekItmaneLIgenATIRkúghSWENv edayfa RbeTsenAGasuIGaeKñy_ yl;RBmpÒl;CRmk
beNaÒHGasnñdl;CnePosxøÜn RbsinebIRbeTsGPivDÆn_TaMgLay dUcCaRbeTsGU®sÒalI Gaemrikxag
eCIg nigGWr:ub RBmpÒl;CRmkGciné®nÒy_dl;CnePosxøÜnTaMgenaH.
karGaNitGasUreBlenaHmanPaBRCaleRCANas; EdlsUm,IEtkaryl;RBmd¾lM)ak nig
sµúKsµajmYyk¾RtÚv)anseRmceLIg. CnePosxøÜntamTUkevotNamcMnYn 900000nak; RtÚv)aneK
pÒl;CRmk[. kñúgGMLúgqñaM80 RbeTsGPivDÆn_TaMgenaH k¾)anrkSaBaküsnüarbs;BYkeK.
CnePosxøÜnkm<úCaRtÚv)anpÒl;nUvkarsVaKmn_xusEbøkBIenaH. BYkeK)anmktampøÚvdI edIrGs;rab;
KILÚEm:RtqøgmkRBMEdnéf. BYkeKPaKeRcInmin)anRtÚveKpÒl;siT§CaCnePosxøÜn[eT ehIyk¾min)anpÒl;
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enACaCnePosxøÜnminRsbc,ab;. manEtcMnYn10PaKryénCnCatiExµrb:ueNÑaH EdlRtÚv)anTTYlsiT§i
ePosxøÜn nigTTYlplRbeyaCn_ énkarkarBarGnÒrCatiedayKN³kmµaFikarCan;x<s;rbs;GgÁkarsh
RbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn. PaKeRcInkñúgcMeNamCnCatiExµrcMnYn3 00000nak; RtÚv)aneKdak;
[enACMrMePosxøÜnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;TahanExµr EdlkMBug
tsU‘RbqaMg nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam EdlkñúgenaHrYmmanTaMgkgT½BExµrRkhm.
karerobcMEbbenaHKWmanenAkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM80. CnePosxøÜnExµrRtÚv)aneKerobcM[
enACMrMCnePosxøÜnenAtamRBMEdnExµréf ehIyeFVIT½B edIm,ICYyvayRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam
enAkm<úCa eRkamkarCYyrbs;shKmn_GnÒrCati. ÉCnePosxøÜntamTUkrbs;evotNam RtÚv)aneK
erobcM[eTArs;enARbeTsTI3q¶ayBIRbeTsrbs;xøÜn.
enATIbMput shKmn_GnÒrCatibdiesFminRBmpÒl;CMnYyGPivDÆn_ ehIydac;xatminRBmpÒl;CMnYy
RKaGasnñdl;RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlenAkñúgRsukeLIy.
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km<úCa-éf eRkamkarCYy]btßmÖrbs;CMnYybreTs CaBiess BIcin. RkúmclnatsU‘minEmnkumµúynisþ
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Tl; RBmTaMgRkúmclnats‘UEdlesµaHsµ½RKnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )annaMKñamke)aHTItaMg enAtam
RBMRbTl;éf ehIyerIsT½B nigedIrekogRbmUlGñkKaMRT. skmµPaBenaHRtÚv)anTTYlkarKaMRT GMBIsMNak;
GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigCMnYyÉkCndéTeTotenACMuvijBiPBelak. RbCaCnénsaFarNrdæRbCamanit
km<úCa RtÚv)anrs;eRkamCMnYyBIRbeTssUevot EdlsµaneTAmancMnYnRbman80landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM
nig CMnYyrbs;RbeTskumµúynisþdéTeTotmkBIGWr:ubxagekIt RBmTaMgCMnYy20landuløaeTot BIevot
Nam. CMnYyGPivDÆn_TaMgLayBIelakxaglicRtÚv)aneKhamXat;. manEtGgÁkarGnÒrCatimYycMnYn
dUcCa yUnIeshV nigkmµviFICYyCnePosxøÜnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatieT EdlRtÚveKyl;RBm[CYy.
enATIbMput km<úCaenAEtsßitkb;enAeRkam)atdEdl. manGRtakumarmñak;kñúgcMeNamkumar7nak; )an
søab;muneBlEdlBYkeKmanGayumYyqñaM ehIymanEtkumarmñak;kñúgcMeNamkumar5nak;b:ueNÑaH Edl
rs;dl;Gayu 5qñaM. manRbCaCnkm<úCacMnYnEtmYyPaKryb:ueNÑaH EdlmanTwks¥ateRbIR)as;.
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karRKb;RKgelIclnats‘Urbs;km<úCaenaH. RTg;)anmanbnÞÚlCamYyGñkmkTsSnkic©edayRtg;²fa
RTg;minRbkan;cMeBaHkarrs;enAd¾l¥kñúgvimanenAeb:kaMg eRkamkarXøaMemIlrbs;eKenaHeT. RTg;nwgrg;caM
»kasedIm,IRtLb;eTAeFVICaemdwknaMrbs;km<úCavij.
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´sÁal; ehIymñak;enaHKW )avday}. RTg;)ansMedAeTArkGFiraCevotNammYyGgÁ Edl)anTTYlyk

nUvkarnireTsxøÜn ehIyeTArs;enARbeTs)araMg eday)anTTYlkareKarB nigRtÚv)anRbvtþisa®sþbMePøc
ecal. RTg;)anmanbnÞÚlbnÒfa {´k¾PJak;ehIyERskfaeT erOgenHminGacekIteLIgeT ńwgminrlay
)at;xøÜnenaHeT}.
enAkñúgsßanPaBenaHRTg;)anCYbCamYyGñkkarTUt)araMgmYyeQµaH køÚd m:ataMg Edl)anebþCJacitÒ
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sßitenAeRkamEtbBa¢arbs;elakGKÁrdæTUtmñak;b:ueNÑaH. EdlcEmøkCagenHeTAeTotenaHKW elIkenH
CaelIkdMbUgehIy EdlKat;RtÚv)aneKbBa¢Ún[mkeFVIkarenAeRkARsuk. b:uEnÒ m:ataMg CamnusSEdlman
smtßPaBmYyrUb ehIyCabuKÁlEdlcMNanBIerOgr:avTak;Tgnwgcin. enAeBleronenAmhaviTüal½y
elak)anykCMnajBIrmux. mYyKW viTüasa®sþneya)ay edIm,IkøayCaGñkkarTUt ehIymYyeTot
KWCMnajxagPasarbs;RbeTsbUB’a. Kat;)aneRCIsykCMnajxagPasacin nigPasarusSI. enAqñaM
1964 eBlEdlKat;RtÚv)antRmÚv[beRmIkargarT½BBIrqñaM eRkayeBlbB©ab;mhaviTüal½yenaH
Kat;RtÚv)anrdæaPi)al)araMg bBa¢ÚnKat;[mkRbcaMkarenAsßanTUtÉTIRkúgeb:kaMg EdleTIbnwgebIkfµI
edaymantMENgCaGnuB½n§Epñkvb,Fm’. Fak;kg;enAkñúgTIRkúgenaHGs;ry³eBl2qñaM enAkñúgeBlEdl
clnabdivtÒn_vb,Fm’cinkMBugEtBuHke®Ba¢alenaH m:ataMg cab;epÒImmanmenaseB©atnacak;eRCAcMeBaH
RbeTscin ehIyRBmeBlCamYyKñaenaHk¾s¥b;bdivtÒn_cin.Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTscinenAqñaM 1966
ehIyeFVIdMeNIrRtLb;eTARbeTsrbs;Kat;vij kat;tamRbeTskm<úCa. enAeBlenaH semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu CaRbmuxrdæehIyCnCati)araMg enAmankarsVaKmn_enAkm<úCaenAeLIy. m:ataMg )aneFVITsSnkic©
enAGgÁr ehIyPJak;ep¥Ily:agxøaMg cMeBaHkaremaHmutskmµrbs;km<úCa kñúgkarkarBarnmµanikd¾Gs©arürbs;
xøÜn EdlpÞúyBIcin KWkMBugEtxMRbwgbMpøajxøÜnÉgeTAvij. enAeBlRtLb;mk):arIsvij edIm,IkarhVwkhat;
karTUt m:ataMg )anseRmcfa nwgbnÒeronPasa nigGkSrsa®sþcinbnÒeTot sRmab;CIvitÉkCn nigcMNg;
cMNUlcitþrbs;Kat;.
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b:uEnÒ m:ataMg xusEbøkBIBYkenaH KWKat;minEmnCaRbePTEdlesøóksarug ehIypwkEtébtgenaHeT.
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CnCati)araMgmñak;enaH k¾)anCab;citÒnwgRbCaRbiyPaB nigPaBv½yqøatrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
eTAehIy.ral;menaseBa©tnaTaMgLayrvagGasuI nig)araMg EdlKat;)anlak;TukkñúgcitÒCayUrmkehIy
rYmTaMgkMNaBürbs;raCvgSem:g EdlKat;GaneBlraRtIenaHk¾pusecjmk. eBlenaH Kat;k¾sVaKmn_nUv
karRbwgERbg edIm,IsßabnaeLIgvij nUvtYnaTIrbs;)araMgenARbeTskm<úCa nigse®gÁaH[putBIExµrRkhm
tamry³semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. sPaBrej:réj:rbs;km<úCarwtEteFVI[ m:ataMg cg;seRmckic©kar
enaH[)an. semþck¾kMBugEtRbwgERbgrkviFIsa®sþfµIEdr. RTg;eFVIdMeNIrecjcUlRbeTs)araMg nig
shrdæGaemrik CmñHkarcakecjBIRbeTsExµrrbs;RTg;. RTg;eFVICaRbqaMgTaMgExµrRkhm nigevotNam
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dwknaMedayyuT§CneCIgcas;CiHelIekAGIruj. KµanvtÒmanrbs;RbFanaFibtI rIehÁn enAkñúgBiFIenaHeT.
enaHKWCakarcab;epÒImTTYlsÁal;nUvesvarbs;TahaneCIgcas; enAevotNamTaMgenaH bnÞab;BIRtÚv)aneK
RBegIyGs;ry³eBld¾yUr. BIrqñaMmunenH TahaneCIgcas;BIs®gÁamevotNam )anemIleXIjeday
rMePIb nUvkarR)arB§rbs;saFarNCnGaemrik nUvkarRtLb;vijrbs;cMNab;xµaMgCnCati GaemrikcMnYn
52nak; EdlRtÚv)aneKedaHElgBIsßanTUtGaemrikRbcaMenA eteGr:g;. edIm,IGbGrcMeBaHkarRtLb;vij
enH enAéf¶TI25 Exmkra qñaM1981 TIRkúgQIkaehÁa)anElgeb:ge):agelOgcMnYn 10>000 eTAelI
Gakas. enAjÚvy:k mankarerobcMeLIgnUvBiFIdEgðEdlmanbda nigkare)aHRkdas edIm,IGbGr.
ÉenATIRkúgLÚGg;hSWeLs manR)arBeFVIkarGudePøIgeLIgvij enAsÒatGULaMBikrbs;eK. enAeBlmYy
s)þah_eRkaymk edayxwgfaBYkeKminRtÚv)aneKpÒl;kitÒiys edaykaredIrCak,ÜnEbbCati edIm,ITTYl
sVaKmn_enaH BYkGñkTahaneCIgcas;BIs®gÁamevotNam k¾)anerobcMedIrCaRkúmmYyedayxøÜnÉg enA
GuInDIy:aNapUlIs ehIyclnamYyk¾)ancab;epÒIm. mankarbric©aKy:ageRcInCUndl;RkúmeK. bUbI
emolW énRkúmTahanevotNameCIgcas;rbs;Gaemrik)anmanRbsasn_fa {enHKWCaelIkTImYyehIy
EdlGaemrikpÒl;»kasd¾rMePIbmYy edIm,Icat;EcgcMeBaHerOgevotNam}.
enAkñúgkarTTYlyknUvbriyakasfµIenH mUlniFiedIm,IbUCnIydæanTahaneCIgcas;evotNammYy
k¾)ancab;epÒImekIteLIgeday eCnRsáak; EdlCaTahaneCIgcas;mYyrUbEdl)anepþImKMnit edIm,Isg;
bUCnIydæanedaycab;epÒImBITwkR)ak;cMnYn 2/500 EdlKat;)anmkBIkarlk;dIpÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat; enA
EmrIEln.
bUCnIydæanenH manPaBGs©arüNas; KWeFVIeLIgBICBa¢aMgfµm:abexµATabBIrpÞaMgy:agsamBaØ Edl
cab;epÒImedayragGkSr {v} ehIybnÒEGbeTAkñúgdICaRsemalénbUCnIydæanlInkun. eQµaHTahan
Edl)ansøab; b¤)at;xøÜnenAkñúgs®gÁamevotNamCag 57>000nak; )anRtÚveKcarqøak;Tukkñúgfµm:ab
EdlcaMgkñúgépÞexµAenaH. TahaneCIgcas;cMnYnCag 150>00nak; )anCYbCMuKñaenATIRkúgv:asuInetan
enAExvicäika qñaM1982 edIm,IeFVIBiFIrMB£kdl;CnEdlsøab;nig)at;xøÜnTaMgenaH. enAeBlenaHmanmnusS
Rsk;TwkEPñkyMedayeXIjCBa¢aMgenH ehIyk¾ykédsÞabeQµaHGñkrYmGavuFrbs;xøÜn EdlcarenAelI
enaH. bnÞab;BIeBlenaHmk CBa¢aMgbUCnIydæan EdlRbCaCanGaemrikeKarBskáar³enaH )ankøay
CakEnøgEdlmanGñkmkTsSnkic©eRcInCageKenAkñúgTIRkúgv:asuInetan. páa karcgcaM nigrUbftrbs;
CnBlI RtÚv)aneKTukenAtameCIgCBa¢aMg. manGñkTsSnaxøH)aneFVIKMnUréneQµaHcarwkenaH edIm,ITuktaMg
enApÞHrbs;BYkeKeTotpg.
RkúmGñkriHKn;GPirkSmincUlcitÒCBa¢aMgenaHeT. yuT§CneCIgcas;d¾mankitþinammñak;eQµaH ecmevb
CUj½r EdlCaGñkniBn§énRbelamelakd¾manRbCaRbiyPaBmYymancMNgeCIgfa {valePøIg} (Field of Fire)
ehIyEdllaecjBItMENgKN³kmµkarmUlniFienaH)anTayfa bUCnIydæanenH nwgkøayCa{CBa¢aMg
sMNakmYyedIm,IkareFVIkUdkmµRbqaMgnwgs®gÁam} ehIyeXIjfa Kat;minGacminRtÚvCagenHeT eRBaHfa
CaCagEdlbUCnIydæanbeRmIcMeBaHeKalbMNgRbqaMgnwgs®gÁam bUCnIydæanenaH )ankøayCaTItaMg
rbs;RkúmGñktv:aedIm,IGñkeQøIyswk nigCn)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam d¾man\T§iBlmYyeTAvij. cMENkÉGñk
esrIniymmñak; EdlCayuT§CneCIgcas;kñúgs®gÁamevotNameQµaH mUl½r EdlxMCMruj[mankarsRmb
sRmÜlTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNam nigTukerOgs®gÁamkñúgGtItkalenaH EbrCaminGaceFVIGIVecjeTA
vij. karERbRbÜlcMeBaHkaryl;eXIj cMeBaHyuT§CneCIgcas; )anpÒl;RbeyaCn_dl;RkúmGñktv:a
snþiPaBGsarbg; 601
edIm,IeQøIyswk nigGñk)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁamCageK. Tg;C½yBN’exµArbs;BYkeKpSMCamYynwgRbvtiÒrbs;
RkúmyuT§CneCIgcas; )ancab;epÒImbk;rvicenAelIrdæFanIv:asuInetan. GñkniBn§tamtMbn; TamTar[begáIn
karTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHyuT§Cn Edl)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam. sUm,IEtExSPaBynÒk¾CYyelIkerOgenHEdr
kñúgenaHmanerOgrauMbUCaedIm. erOgenaHsEmþgeday suIlevssÒW sÒaLÚn edIrtYCavIrbursCYyse®gÁaH
GñkeTasCnCatiGaemrikEdlenArs; EtRtÚveKe)aHbg;ecalenAevotNam. tYÉkRsImYyeQµaHfa ecn
hVúnda Edl)aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúghaNUy ehIypSayedaycMhBIkarRbqaMgnwgT½Brbs;RbeTsxøÜn
ÉgenaH )anEbrmksMuGP½yeTasBIsMNak;yuT§CneCIgcas;Gaemrikvij.
GaemrikeRkamkardwknaMrbs; rIehÁn RkmsIlFm’fµImYy)anmkCMnYsGarmµN_cas; EdlRbqaMgnwg
s®gÁam. edaymin)anviPaKEvkEjkGMBIKuNsm,tÒiéns®gÁam saFarNCnrbs;Gaemrik )ansøúgyl;
fa s®gÁamenaH KWCakMhusmYy. karsøab; nigkar)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam evotNamRtÚv)aneKEkERb[eTACa
mUlehtuénkarl,Il,ajeTAvij. Cab;nwgsPavKtiBIsm½yedIm saFarNCnTTYlykkarelIktemáIg
bBaðaeQøIyswk nigGñk)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam Ca»kasmYyedIm,I EsVgrkkitÒiysBIRbeTsrbs;xøÜn Edl
man s®gÁamd¾yUrGEgVg nigkarbraC½yeRkamédCnbreTsd¾Gam:as;enaH.
rdæaPi)alrbs; rIehÁn )anseRmcfavIrCnEdlTTYlmrNPaBTaMgenaHRtÚvEtTTYl)ankartMNag
enAkñúgGgÁRbCMuneya)ay. dl;qñaM1983 karCMrujcMeBaHeQøIyswk nigCn)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam)an
køayCabBaðacm,gkñúgyuT§sa®sþenA\NÐÚcin. Ganemol RKIhVIt naykRkúmCati énRKÜsarrbs;eQøIy
swk nigGñk)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam )anRtÚveKpÒl;[nUvkarcat;taMgedaysm¶at;bMputmYy nig)ankøayeTACa
EpñkmYyénGñkpøÚvkarépÞkñúgrbs;RksYgkarbreTs nigmhaépÞ RBmTaMgRkúmRbwkSasnÒisuxCati EdlCa
GñkkMNt;GMBIneya)ayrbs;GaemrikcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCapg. elakRsI RKIhVin )anman
Rbsasn_fa {eyIg)anniyayc,as;ehIyfa nwgminmanTMnakTMngCan;x<s;rvagGaemrik nigevotNam
eT RbsinebIKµankaryl;RBmBIRKÜsarrbs;eQøIyswk nigGñk)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam.
smtßPaBkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;evotNam cMeBaHkarTamTarrbs;GaemriknUvkarTTYlxusRtÚv
cMeBaHTahanGaemrik)at;xøÜn RtÚv)aneKcgP¢ab;eTAnwg\riyabfrbs;GaemrikmkelIevotNam cMeBaH
bBaðaRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCa. shrdæGaemrik bdiesFminRBmniyayerOgrbs;km<úCaCamYy
evotNameT Tal;EtevotNamGacbgðajnUvkarTTYlxusRtÚv cMeBaHerOgTahanGaemrik)at;xøÜn. enaHKW
Ca»kasmYyEdlBMuFøab;manBImunmk EdlCnsuIvilmYyRkúmtUc GacCH\T§iBlelIneya)ayéns®gÁam
RtCak;. cMeBaHrdæm®nÒIkarbreTsrbs;evotNam egVón kUfac; neya)ayrbs;Gaemrik Caneya)ay
KMramkMEhgEpñkstiGarmµN_mYy ehIyk¾CaviFIsa®sþd¾GatµaniymmYy edIm,IeKcevHminpSHpSaTMnak;
TMngCamYyevotNam. vak¾CaviFIedIm,IbgçM[evotNamecjBIkm<úCa edayminTaMgsnüafanwgkarBar
km<úCamin[ExµrRkhmcUlkm<úCavijpgeT.
b:uEnÒeTaHCay:agenaHk¾eday k¾ fac; enAEtCYbCamYy RKIshVIn enAGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM
1983. Kat;)ansakl,gBnül;dl; RKIshVIn fa CaerOgswgEtminGaceFVI)anmYyebIcg;[rdæaPi
)alrbs;Kat;rkeXIjnUvsaksB nigcMNucl¥itl¥n;GMBIsaksBTahan)at;xøÜnrbs;GaemrikTaMgGs;.
evotNam EdlkMBugEtmanvibtÒiesdækic©taMgEtBIs®gÁamcb;enaH Kµanluy ehIyk¾KµanCMnajkñúgkareFVI
RbtibtÒikarEbbenaHEdr. Gaemrik)ansµ½RKcitÒr:ab;rgnUvbBaðaTaMgBIrenH b:uEnÒ fac; )anbkvijfa zitkñúg
CMhrrbs;GaemrikkñúgeBlenaHcMeBaHbBaðakm<úCa evotNammankar)armÖkñúgkarGnuBaØat[GaemrikcUl
kñúgevotNamedayesrIenaH. sMNUmBrrbs; fac; EdlTamTarkñúgCMhrshkar edIm,IpSHpSaTMnak;TMng
CamYyKñavijenaH minRtÚv)aneKykmksÒab;eT. fac; EdlCardæburskumµúynisþd¾Qanmuxmñak;taMgBI
sm½y CU eGnLay )anPñal;kitÒis½BÞrbs;Kat; rvagkarpSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYyGaemrik CagcinenaH
swgEtmineCOfa Gaemriknwge)aHbg;»kasenHeT.
pÞúyeTAvijRKIhVIn)anniyayenAmuxsPanaqñaMenaHfa GgÁkaredIm,IeQøIyswknigyuT§Cn)at;xøÜn
{minKitfaGaemrikKYreFVIdMeNIrQaneTAmux edIm,IBRgIkneya)ay EdlTak;TgdUcCakarpSHpSaTMnak;TMng
CamYynwgevotNamenaHeT elIkElgEtmandMeNaHRsayKYrCaTIeBjcitÒmYy cMeBaHbBaðamnusSCati
mYyekIteLIg}.
rhUtmkdl;qñaM1985 RbeTsmhaGMNacenAEtrwgrUsminRBmedIrecjBICemøaHsþIBIbBaðakm<úCa
EdlminGacQñHcaj;eT. cin shrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsGas‘anTaMgLay minRBmTTYlsÁal;fa man
bBaðaGVIeRkABIkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCaenaHeLIy. skmµCn )anbnÒtv:aenAv:asuInetan
TIRkúgLúgd_ nigTIRkúg):arIs [mandMeNaHRsaykNÒalmYy EdlGac[mankardkT½BevotNamecjBI
km<úCa nig[mankarkat;eTasExµrRkhm b:uEnÒenAEtBMumaneCaKC½yesaH. enATIbMput karvivDÆd¾FMmYy min
)anecjmkBIRbeTselakxagliceT EtEbrCaecjmkBIxagRbeTselakxagekIteTAvij. enaHKWkar
e)aHeqñat[ mIxaGuIl ehÁa)aqUv CaRbFanbkSkumµúynisþsUevot nigCaemdwknaMfµIrbs; shPaBsUevot.
eBlEdl ehÁa)aqUv (Gorbachev) TTYlykGMNacénbkSkumµúynisþ RbeTssUevoteTIbEtFøak;cUl
kñgú mhnÒrayneya)ayd¾F¶n;F¶rmYy. sUevot)anQøanBanRbeTsGahÁanIsßan enAqñaM1979 ehIy
)ancab;epÒmI karRKb;RKgmYyrbs;seU vot EdlRtÚv)aneKBiBN’nafaCas®gÁamevotNamrbs;seU vot.
snþiPaBGsarbg; 603
RbeTseRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotTaMgLayenAGWr:ubxagekIt )ancab;epÒImkarRbqaMgnwgshPaB
sUevot. karRbqaMgdMbUgbg¥s;KWcab;epÒImenAqñaM1980 enAeragcRkplitk):al;mYyeQµaH Gdansk enA
RbeTsb:ULÚj dwknaMeday eLc v:aeLsa. enAqñaM1983 T½BeCIgGakasrbs;sUevot )an)aj;Tmøak;
ynÒehaH rbs;kUer:-007 mYyenABIelIekaHsaxalIn Edlsmøab;Gs;CnsuIvilcMnYn269nak;.
CagenaHeTAeTot KWsUevotemIlgaycMeBaHkarebþCJacitÒrbs;rdæaPi)al rIehÁn kñúgkarRbNaMgRbECgxag
sBVavuF ehIy)aneFVI[esdækic©sUevotrIgexSaHGs;. edaysarkarcMNayelIeyaFahYsehtu
esdækic©rbs;sUevotRbEhlkñúgGMLúgqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1985 minmankarlUtlas;esaH.
eTIbEtGayu54qñaMenAeBlcUlkan;GMNac ehÁa)aqUv )aneFVIkarvaysRmúkmkelIneya)ay
RbeTsrbs;Kat; edaybegáItnUvBaküesøakTaMgT,ayEdlsnüanUvkarEkERbneya)ayrYmman (Glasnost)
karebIkcMh (Perestroika) karEkERbrcnasm<½n§ (Democratization) RbCaFibetyüPaB (New thinking) KMnitfµI
EdlpÒl;esrIPaBeBjelj edIm,IeFVI[neya)aybreTsrbs;sUevot)anrs;eLIgvij.
kitüanuPaBrbs;sUevot)anFøak;cuHbMput CaBiess KWTMnak;TMngCamYycinnigshrdæGaemrik.
enAqñaM1984 TIPñak;garBt’man Tass )anpSayfa TMnak;TMngrvagsUevot nigshrdæGaemrik )anFøak;cuH
dl;kRmitmYy EdlminFøab;manBImunmkkñúgRbvtÒisa®sþsUevot. cMENkTMnak;TMngCamYycin KWman
kRmitTabdUcKña. CemøaHBIbBaðakm<úCa)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIkarRbyuT§KñaCabnÒbnÞab;edaypÞal;
nigcMhGs;kalCag20qñaMknøgmk.
ehÁa)aqUv )anEkERbsPaBkarN_enaHy:agqab;rh½s. enAqñaM1989 Kat;)anbBa¢ÚnKN³RbtiPU
xagBaNiC¢kmµ[eTARbeTscin. enaHCaskmµPaBdMbUg bnÞab;BIeBlCag20qñaMknøgmk. enAExvicäika
naqñaMenaH karRbCMukMBUlmYyCamYyelakRbFanaFibtI rIehÁn enATIRkúghSWENvk¾)anebIkeLIg.
ehÁa)aqUv )anEbreTArkmitÒrbs;Kat;[CYy ehIy)anEtgtaMgmitÒrbs;Kat;Cardæm®nÒIRksYgkar
breTs eTaHbICamitÒKat;BMuFøab;manbTBiesaFn_xagEpñkenHk¾eday. CabnÒmitÒrbs;Kat;)anBwg r:UháaqUv
bnÒeTot edayEtgtaMg r:UháaqUv [TTYlbnÞúkEpñkGasuI. erOgr:avk¾cab;epþImmanPaBRbRktIvij. r:UháaqUv
\LÚvTTYlxusRtÚvkargarenAGasuI nigeFVIkarCamYyrdæm®nÒIkarbreTs. BYkeKdak;karBRgwgTMnak;TMng
enAGasuICacMNuccm,génrebobvar³rbs;sUevot.
r:UháaqUv minEdlemIlRtLb;mkeRkayvijeLIy.
enAéf¶TI28 Exkkáda qñaM1986 r:UháaqUv )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgkMBg;Eprbs;sUevot enAtamCay
smuRT):asuIhVikeQµaH vø:aDIvUsÒúk edIm,IerobcMeRKagBIyuT§sa®sþrbs;sUevotenAGasuI. Kat;)anniyay
GMBIRKb;cMNucTaMgbIEdlcinCabBaða. dMbUgKat;fa sUevotnwgshkarCamYycin edIm,IkMNt;eLIgvijnUv
RBMRbTl;rbs;BYkeKenAtampøÚvk):al;énTenøGamY. Kat;)anRbkasBIkardkkgvresnaFMcMnYnR)aMecj
BIRbeTsGahÁanIsßan nigdkT½BecjBIm:ugehÁalI. Kat;)ansnüaedaHRsayerOgenAtMbn;GasuI):asuIhVIk
{edayEp¥kelIkarTTYlsÁal; nigyl;dwgGMBIkarBitCak;EsÒgEdlmanehIy}.
cMeBaHerOgd¾sµúKsµajCageKenAkm<úCa Kat;)anniyayfanwgBRgwgmitÒPaBCamYy RbeTsTaMgGs;
enAGasuIGaeKñy_ KWminEmnRtwmEtCamYyRbeTsenA\NÐÚcinnigRbeTscinb:ueNÑaHeT. Kat;)anniyayBI
kar)at;bg;d¾FMeFgrbs;km<úCa ehIybnÒfa bBaðarbs;km<úCaminGacedaHRsay)an {enATIRkúgq¶ay² b¤
enAGgÁkarshRbCaCatieLIy}.
Kat;)anniyayfa {bBaðaenATIenH k¾dUcCabBaðaTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKñy_ dMeNaHRsayPaKeRcIn
KWBwglEp¥kelIkarpSHpSaTMnak;TMngcin nigevotNam}.
eTaHbICasmþITaMgenaH RbEhlCaKµann½ycMeBaHRtecokGñkdéTk¾eday b:uEnÒcMeBaHRtecok
Kat;vijvaCakMNaBümYy.
r:UháaqUv )anniyayfa {eyIg)ancemøIyPøam² nigviC¢manBIcin. eK)anbgðaj[eXIjBIkar
rYsran;kñúgkarCECkGMBIbBðaaRBMEdn}.
cMeBaH r:UháaqUv sunÞrkfaenA vø:aDIvUsÒúk KWCarUbPaBkñúgkBa©k;mYyénkarebIkTVarbs; nicsun [cin
kalBIqñaM1972. eday\LÚvcinsßitenAelIeKkñúgbBa¢IenaHEdr r:UháaqUv KYrEtenAtaMgBIyUrmkehIy
esv:adNadehS )anepÒatelIsMNYrCMuvijGahÁanIsßan nigkm<úCa.
enAExtula r:UháaqUv )aneTAeb:kaMgedIm,IBiPakSaCamYycin. ehIyenaHCaelIkTImYyehIyEdl
karBiPSamanP¢ab;CamYynUvbBaðakm<úCa.
enArdUvpáarIknaqñaMbnÞab; Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIrCamYyrdæm®nÒIRksYgkarbreTsesv:adNadehS eTA
GasuIGaeKñy_edIm,IbNÒúHRKab;énviFankarfµIsnøagrbs;BYkeK edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaGasuI. esv:ad
NadehS Cardæm®nþIkarbreTsTImYyEdl)aneFVIdMeNIreTARbeTséf edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIerOgkm<úCa.
Kat;k¾bnÒdMeNIr eTATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a nighSakata EfmeTot.
enAéf¶TI10 nigTI11 ExmIna rdæm®nþIkarbreTssUevot)aneFVIdMeNIreTARkúgPñMeBj. enATIenaH
Kat;)anCYbCamYy h‘un Esn. h‘un Esn )ankøayCanaykrdæm®nÒI enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1985
ehIyRBmeBlCamYyKñaenaH Kat;enAkan;tMENgCardæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsdEdl.
r:UháaqUv )ancak;Pñal;cMesHRtÚv. karTTYlxusRtÚvcm,grbs; hu‘n Esn EdlKat;KµanbTBiesaFn_
snþiPaBGsarbg; 605
GVIeRkABIneya)aysøab;rs; nigrdibrdubrbs;bdivtÒn_kumµúynisþkm<úCa )ankøayCacMNucxøaMgrbs;Kat;.
manRbCaCnkm<úCatictYcNas; Edlyl;BIkarBiténneya)ayrbs;RbeTskm<úCa b¤maneTBekaslü
nigkarebþCJacitÒRKb;RKgCag hu‘n Esn enaH. edaysarKat;cab;epÒImRbLÚkkñúgs®gÁambdivtÒn_ExµrRkhm
taMgBIv½yekµg Kat;BMumanbBaðaerOgsuCIvFm’cMeBaHmnusSEdlmanv½ycMNas;CagKat;eLIy.
GVIEdlsMxan;CagenaHeTAeTot KWeBlEdlKat;RKb;RKgRbeTsEdleBareBjedayGñkrYcputBI
esckÒIsøab; nigmnusSEdlFøab;)anqøgkat;nUvsubind¾GaRkk; ehIyrYcecjmkeBareBjedaysøaksñam
d¾CUrct;enaH h‘un Esn min)anemIlxøÜnÉgCaCnrgeRKaHmñak;eLIy. Kat;sßitenAxagRkúmGñkQñH
s®gÁam. ehIyenAeBlEdlemdwknaMExµrRkhmedjcab;kmµaPi)al Kat;enAPUmiPaKbUBa’ Kat;)aneKceTA
evotNam. PaBmanCMenOTukcitÒcMeBaHxøÜnÉgrbs;Kat; manTMhMFMeFgNas; EdleFVI[Kat;manKURbECg
tic. enAeBlEdl hu‘n Esn cg;)anGVImYyKat;eFVI[)anedayKµankareGoneRbón ehIyCaTUeTA KWRbkb
edayPaBemaHmutkñúgPaBCayuvv½yrbs;Kat;.
Kat;manPaBbuinRbsb;kñúgkarlak;TuknUvmhicätarbs;Kat; edayeRbImnþesñh_ nigkardak;xøÜnrbs;
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ehIyRbsinebI´Kitx<s;eBkcMeBaHxøÜnÉg´RbEhlCaeFVIxuseRcInCagenH.dUecñH´k¾rwtEtxMRbwgeLIg}.
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nwgGacerobcMkarRbCMumYyrvag h‘un Esn nig semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edIm,IedaHRsaynUvCemøaH
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bBaðatMbn;EdlmYyEpñkCaRTwsÒI nigmYyEpñkeTotCakarGnuvtÒ. cMeBaHkm<úCa enaHKWCakarpSHpSarCati
rvagrdæaPi)alPñMeBj nig semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. ExµrRkhm KWenAq¶ayBIPñMeBjeBkedIm,IeFVIkar
pSHpSa ehIym:üageTot eyIgsÁal;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu c,as;Cag}.
enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_rYmmYybnÞab;BIkarRbCMu PaKITaMgBIr)anKaMRTkarRbwgERbgcrcaCamYyRkúm
km<úCaRbqaMgnwgRkúmtsU‘pÒac;xøÜnminEmnkumµúynisþBIrRkúm. qakTImYyényuT§nakarenaH )anTTYl eCaK
C½yCasßaBr.
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cMeBaHkarEkERbCagkm<úCaeTAeTot. bIExmunenABak;kNÒalExFñÚ bkSkumµúynisþevotNam)anbBaÄb;
emdwknaMbkSCan;x<s;bIrUb nigsmaCikKN³kmµaFikarCan;x<s;kumµúynisþbIrUbeTot EdlCaRkúmdwknaMenA
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RtaMERtgGs;eBl40qñaM ehIyebIkpøÚv[GñkCMnan;eRkayeLIgkan;tMENgmþg. eK)anbEgVrkarcab;

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eK[eFVICaemdwknaMbkSfµI ehIyKat;k¾)andak;nUvkmµviFImYyeQµaHf dUmuWy. kmµviFIenaHCakarCYsCul
esdækic©EdlrYmmankarCMnYsEpnkarmCÄim edayshRKasÉkCnfµI nigTIpSaresrI nwgrMlayecalnUv
ksikmµCashKmn_.
enAkñúgsunÞrkfarbs;Kat;kñúgsPaRBwT§acarübs;Kat; eRTÓgCij )anmanRbsasn_ TTYlsÁal;fa
evotNam)anFøak;enAkñúgvibtÒiesdækic©d¾F¶n;F¶rmYy EdlRtÚvraMgsÞHedaylT§ikumµúynisþ. Kat;)an
niyayfa {eyIgviPaKedayesµaH nigTTYlsÁal;edayPaBkøahannUvkMhusF¶n;F¶r raMuér: EdlekIt
ecjmkBIKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS kariyal½yneya)ay elxaFikarbkS nigTIsÒIkarrdæm®nþI}.
tamkarBiteTA CIvPaBrbs;RbCaCn )anFøak;dl;kRmiteRkamsÒg;darmuneBls®gÁameTAeTot.
cMeBaHsUevotvij Epnkar dUmuWy EdlGnuvtþedIm,IegIbecjBIvibtÒiesdækic©enaH KWdUcKñanwgEpnkar
Perestroika rbs; s U e votEdr. b: u E nÒ e dayELkBI s U e vot evotNammi n Rsbnw g Glasnost EdlebI k cM h
dl;siT§kñúgkarniyaysÒIedayesrI KMnitesrI nigkarbegáItsmaKmeLIy. b:uEnÒevotNamykKMrURbhak;

RbEhlnwgrUbnIykmµTaMgbYnrbs;cin. b:uEnþdrabNaevotNamenAEtTTYlrgnUvkarKabsgát;BIsMNak;
GnÒrCatidrabenaH eKminGacTTYl)annUvkarvinieyaK nigcMeNHdwgBIbreTsEdleKRtÚvkareT.
cinmanRbPBTwkR)ak; ehIyebIRtÚvkarcaM)ac;manenA hug kug nigBIsMNak;GNikCncinenAbreTs
nigenAGasuGI aeKñy._ cMENkevotNamRtÚvEsVgrkFnFanenAkEnøgepSg ehIyedIm,IeFVdI eU cñaH evotNam
RtÚvedaHRsaybBðaakm<úCasin. eTaHbImankarBRgwgTMnak;TMngCamYyelakxaglic nigCamYycink¾
eday k¾eKGacegIbecj[putBIvibtÒiesdækic© EdleKCIkkb;xøÜnÉg)an luHRtaEteKGacedaHRsaybBaða
cakecjBIkm<úCasinEdr.
enAqñaM1987 karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCa RtÚvbkERbCasmyuT§edIm,Ikm<úCa. esv:ad
NadehS minTuk[»kasenaHknøgeTAeday\tRbeyaCn_eT.
kñúgGMLúgeBlTsSnkic©rbs;Kat; esv:adNadehS )anbBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;fa sUevotcg;[evot
NambMEbkerOgkm<úCa. r:UháaqUv )anniyayfa {esv:adNadehS eFVIdMeNIreTAGasuIGaeKñy_Pøam bnÞab;
BIKat;bBa©b;TsSnkic©enAGahÁanIsßan}. r:UháaqUv k¾)anerobrab;BIkareRbóbeFobrbs; esv:adNadehS
GMBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;sUevotenAGahÁanIsßan eTAnwgevotNamenAkm<úCa. sUevot)andkecjBIGahÁanI-
snþiPaBGsarbg; 607
sßan nigbegáIt»kasdl;karpSHpSaCatiedayRTg;RTayFM. esv:adNadehS )anniyayR)ab;evot
NamedayKat;sgÇwmfa evotNamnwgyl;fa enaHCa{RTwsÒIlaynwgkarGnuvtÒn_}énlT§ikumµúynisþ.
EpñkcugeRkayCaEpñkmYy EdlevotNamyl;c,as;. T½Brbs;BYkeKminGacenAkm<úCateTAeTot
)aneT. sMNUmBrrbs; esv:adNadehS edIm,IerobcMkarCYbRbCMurvag semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n
Esn CadMbUg RtÚv)anyl;RBmeRBaHEtkarKYrsmb:ueNÑaH. enAkñúgBiFICb;elogenAéf¶TI12 ExmIna Edl
eFVIeLIg edIm,ICakitÒiysdl; esv:adNadehS rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs egVóg kUfac; )anniyayfa
RbeTsenA\NÐÚcinTaMgbI cg;CYbCamYycin nigRbeTsGas‘anTaMgLay edIm,IedaHRsayBIbBaðakm<úCa.
enApÞal;CamYysUevot evotNam)anniyayfa eKminsUvcg;[ h‘un Esn CYbCamYysemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu b:unµaneT edayehtufa xøac h‘un Esn Tb;Tl;nwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu min)an.
r:UháaqUv TTYlxusRtÚvBnül;[ evotNamyl;fa hu‘n Esn GacTb;Tl;)an. r:UháaqUv )anniyayfa {éTA
haNUy ehIyevotNammkmU:sÁÚ b:uEnÒ karBnül;[evotNamyl;RBm[ hu‘n Esn eTACYbRbCMuCamYy
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enaH KWCakarmYylM)akCaTIbMput. TsSnkic©rbs;esv:adNadehS CacMNuc
cab;epÒIménkarxMRbwgERbgenH.
CagenaHeTAeTot TsSnkic©rbs; esv:adNadehS )anCYy[evotNampøas;bÒÚr\riyabfcMeBaH
km<úCa. RKan;Et5éf¶bnÞab;BIsUevotbB©ab;TsSnkic© naykrdæm®nþIevotNam)anRbkasfa evotNam
nwgdkT½BecjTaMgRsugBIkm<úCaenAqñaM1990 eTaHbICakm<úCamansnÒiPaB b¤minmank¾eday. karERb
RbÜlTaMgRsugrbs;evotNam )aneFVI[shrdæGaemrik nigcin mankarsgS½ycMeBaHPaBesµaHRtg;
rbs;evotNam.
rgVan;TImYyrbs;evotNamKWkarGeBa¢IjemdwknaMbkSfµI egVón v:an;lij nigrdæm®nþIkarbreTs fac;
eTATsSnkic©enAmU:sÁÚenAedImEx]sPa edIm,IcrcaCamYy ehÁa)aqUv. ehIyerOgRtÚv)anbBa©b;edaykar
ebIkesdækic© nigkarTUtfµI. BYkeK)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBóg 13qñaM edaysUevotyl;RBmpÒl;
CMnYydl;evotNam kñúgkarplitsmÖar³]sSahkmµFunRsal. kic©RBmeRBógenaH)annaMeTAdl;kar
niyayrbs; lij fa {eyIgc,as;fa TMnak;TMngrvagevotNam nigsUevot nwgeFVICaKMrUdl;TMnak;TMng
rvagRbeTsGPivDÆn_Epñk]sSahkmµ nigRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©Gn;fy}.
edIm,IbBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;GMBIPaBCak;lak;énCMhrrbs;evotNamfµI cMeBaHerOgrbs;km<úCa
ehÁa)aqUv Rbkasfa erOgExµrRkhmGacdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarcrcasÒIBIerOgkm<úCa. \riyabfenaH CaviFI
mYyedIm,IykcitÒcin nigebIkpøÚvedIm,IsRmbsRmÜlTMnak;TMngrvagsUevotCamYycin EdlCabMNgcm,g
rbs; ehÁa)aqUv.
hu‘n Esn )aneRtómxøÜnrYcCaeRsccMeBaHkaresñIsMurbs; esv:adNadehS. Kat;)anTTYlsBaØa
Camun BITUtEdlKat;cat;taMgeTAsUevot sÒIBIkarpøas;bÒÚrénKMnitrbs;sUevotcMeBaHkm<úCa. enAqñaM1982
hu‘n Esn )anbBa¢Ún eha NaMhug EdlCaGñkkarTUtd¾Rbsb;sl;BICMnan;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu [eTA
eFVICaÉkGKÁrdæTUtenAmUsÁÚ EdlCakEnøgd¾sMxan;mYyrbs;km<úCaeRkABIhaNUy. eBleTAdl;Pøam eha
NaMhug RtÚv)an r:UháaqUv CYyykGasar nigemIlxusRtÚv. eha NaMhug )anniyayfa {r:UháaqUv
CamnusSsMxan;bMputsRmab;´. c,as;ehIy ńwgminniyayCamYyKat;BIerOgevotNamRKb;RKgeT.
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mat;fa [eRtómxøÜncMeBaHkarERbRbÜl ehIykarERbRbÜlenaH nwgmanTMhMFMedaysarkarKitfµIrbs;
ehÁa)aqUv. enHCaerOgEdlRtÚvniyay ehIy hu‘n Esn k¾Kat;sÒab;. ´)anR)ab;Kat;fa ´)ansegát
eXIjBIkarERbRbÜlrvagTMnak;TMngrvagsUevot nigGWr:ubxagekIt ehIy´dwgfa edaysarEteyIgminsUv
sMxan;enaH ´Kitfa eyIgnwgmankarERbRbÜlEdr}.
edaysarkarKaMRTxøaMgBIsUevot hu‘n Esn k¾GacbBa©úHbBa©Úl[evotNam nigrdæaPi)alPñMeBjfa
rdæaPi)alTaMgBIrKYryl;RBm[Kat;CYbCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. enAéf¶TI22 Exemsa
edaymankarGbGr xøH hu‘n Esn )anyagGeBa¢Ijsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu [CYbKat;enATIRkúg):arIs/
sÒúkxUm b¤k¾ kg;Eb‘r:a.
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )aneqøIyfa eT¡.
BIrbIs)Òah_eRkaymk enAéf¶TI7 Ex]sPa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anlaElgBItMENgCa
RbFanrdæaPi)alcRmúH EdlRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alPñMeBjGs;ry³eBl1qñaM. BIeb:kaMgmk RTg;)anman
bnÞÚlfa RTg;FujRTan;nwg {GMNacpÒac;karrbs;ExµrRkhm EdlenAEtRbkan;x¢ab;nUvmaKa’EbbGuIEtør nig
sÒalIn rbs;elak b:ul Bt}. enABIeRkaykarbMepøIsenH KWCakartv:ad¾Rsbc,ab;mYyfa ExµrRkhmvay
RbyuT§CamYyRkúmGñkKaMRTrbs;RTg;enAtamRBMEdnkm<úCaéf. enaHKWminEmnCaelIkTImYyeT b:uEnÒCaeBl
d¾l¥mYysRmab;RTg; edIm,IRTg;GacpÒac;xøÜnBIrdæaPi)alcRmúH edIm,ICYbCamYy hu‘n Esn}.
enAmUsÁÚvij r:UháaqUv )ancab;epÒImehA[ÉkGKÁrdæTUtExµr eha NaMhug cab;epÒImerobcMkarRbCMu
eday)anbBa¢Ún[Kat;eTA):arIs. eha NaMhug )anniyayfa CalT§plénkarBiPakSarvag r:UháaqUv nig
køÚd m:ataMg {´RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTA):arIsedIm,IerobcMkarRbCMu}.
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yUr enAkñúgkariyal½yrbs; r:UháaqUv. {eyIgCECkBITMnak;TMngrvagsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig
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BIsarCatiénrdæaPi)alenAPñMeBj}.
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EdlnwgekItmanrvagsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn Edr}.
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mancMNucdUcKñaeRcIn dUcCacMNg;cMNUlcitÒcMeBaHcin karb:gR)afñacg;[mansnÒiPaBenARbeTskm<úCa
nigevTyitPaBkarTUtBIRbeTsEdlCab;Bak;B½n§. bnÒbnÞab;mk r:UháaqUv k¾ehA m:ataMg faCamitÒ b¤k¾Gac
CamitÒCitsñiT§pg.
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enArdUvsøwkeQIRCúHnaqñaM1986. m:ataMg )anRtLb;mk):arIsvij. enA):arIskñúgtMENgCaRbFanxag
EpñkGasuI énRksYgkarbreTs Kat;)anCYbCamYyGKÁrdæTUtsUevotnigevotNamedIm,IBiPakSa BITsSn³
rbs;BYkeK. bnÞab;mk Kat;)anCYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edIm,IerobcMTsSnkic©enA):arIsnacugqñaM
1986 b:uEnÒRtÚvbraC½y.
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b:uEnÒbriyakasminGMeNayplcMeBaHRTg;esaH. RTg;cg;e)aHTItaMgenA)araMgehIysYrfa etI)araMg
GacCYyGVIRTg;)anxøH?
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)anCYybBa©úHbBa©Úl[rdæaPi)al)araMg yl;RBm[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu taMgenA):arIs edIm,I[
RTg;GacGeBa¢Ij hu‘n EsnmkCYbnwgRTg;enAeBlTTYlTanGaharéf¶Rtg;.
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vij. karvaylukrbs;evotNameTAelIExµrRkhmenAtamRBMRbTl;éf )anbg¥ak;karRbyuT§KñaenAtam
tMbn;xaglicRbeTskm<úCa. eTaHbICaGsnþisux nigkarGab;GY)anTaj[RbeTskm<úCazitkñúgPaB
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neya)ayBhikarbs;RbeTsxøÜn ehIynaMcUl\v:an;mklk;enARbeTskm<úCa. mnusSmñacab;epÒImTTYl
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cab;epÒImmansRms;bnþicmþg²eLIgvij.
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Pi)alGnÒrCatiTaMgLay Edl)anCYybMeBjnUvcenøaH EdlRbeTsBYkeK)aneFVImkelIkm<úCa. GgÁkar
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dMbUlfµI b¤Rbk;søwkfµI edayminKitBICMnYjfµI b¤k¾karRcÚtkat; EdlRbesIreLIgCamuneLIy. enAtamPUmixøH
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d¾l¥mYy KWkarbegáItc,ab;fµI EdlGnuBaØat[RKÜsarmankmµsiT§ielIcmáarrbs;xøÜn ehIyGacykcMNUl
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Esn )anniyayehIyniyayeTotfa {CaelIkTImYyGs;ry³eBl10qñaM EdleyIgdaMedImetñat
eLIgvijelIPøWERs}.
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elgRsukvij ehIyrn§t;cMeBaHPaBRkIRkénRbeTsrbs;xøÜn. RKÜsarksikrEdlenARbeTsepSgeTot
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b:uEnþ)anykTwketñateFVIsár daMeRmc nigl¶ t,ajRkNat;BIGMe)aH nigsURt eFVIFüÚg rhUtdl;Fak;suIkøÚ
enATIRkúg edIm,IciBw©amCIvPaBEfmeTot.
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CamYyenaH KYrCaTIcab;GarmµN_ nigGaf’kM)aMg edaysarEtxVHPaBeCOnelOn. edaykarQøbl,at
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suIm:g;t_TMenIbeLIy. pøÚvenAkñúgRsukeBareBjeTAedayreTHeKa ehIyGKarEdlx<s;CageKe KWvtÒ.
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rbs;Kat;. b:uEnÒxusKñaRtg;fa karyl;eXIjrbs;Kat; minsUvCaxuskaryl;eXIjrbs;Gñk EdlminKit
BIP½sÒútag b¤ehtupl b¤k¾KMnitGñkdéTesaHeBkeLIy. RbsinebImannrNamñak;GacCYyKat;[BRgwg
GMNac)an Kat;nwg[GñkenaHcUlRkúmCamYy edayminRbkan;fa CnenaHCaRBHGgÁm©as; Caksikr CaGñk
CMnYj b¤k¾CaTahaneLIy. dUcGñkneya)aykñúgRsukdéTeTotEdr Kat;cUlcitÒeFVIdMeNIrCMuvijRbeTs
CECkelgCamYyksikr nigsem<aFTIlMenAfµI. eTaHbICaKat;lak;)aMgBIsBaØadMbUgénGMeBIBukrlYy Edl
TTYlR)ak;sMNUk nigGMeNay edIm,I[rdæaPi)alGnuBaØat Kat;minEdllak;nUvkarRsLaj;cUlcitÒcMeBaH
CIvitEdlRbesIreLIgenaHeT. Kat;CMruj[RbCaCnExµrrs;enA)anRbesIr ehIyecHTajRbeyaCn_
BIkarebIkTVarRbeTseLIgvij.
enAelIqakGnÒrCati hu‘n Esn maneRbóbmYyeTot. xusBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Kat;)anpÒac;
xøÜnecj BIExµrRkhmtaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyxusBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Kat;minEdlCabuKÁlsMxan;
enAkñúgbkSrbs; b:ul Bt b¤k¾kñúgCYrTahan b¤rdæaPi)aleLIy. RbEhlCaKµanemdwknaMExµrRkhmNamYy
Føab;B¤eQµaH sÁal; hu‘n Esn muneBlEdlKat;eLIgkan;GMNac eBlEdlevotNamcUlRsukpgeT.
edayehtuenaH Kat;GacTamTarcrcaEtCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Etmñak;b:ueNÑaH. Kat;)an[
ehtuplfa Kat;lHbg;Gs;y:ageRcIn eTIbGackarBarmin[ExµrRkhmRtLb;mkvij dUecñHKat;mincaM)ac;
CYbcrcaCamYyBYkExµrRkhmeT. r:UháaqUv )ansnüafa ExµrRkhmKg;EtnwgRtÚvdak;bBa©Úlkñúgkarcrca
eT. b:uEnÒ hu‘n Esn cg;[BYkeK KµanvtÒmanesaHkñúgkarCYbBiPakSarvagKat; nig semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu eRBaHfaxøacBYkenaHeqøót»kasRtLb;mk kan;GMNacvij {eRkamsMBt;rbs;semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu}.
edIm,I[BiPBelakyl;c,as;BICMhrrbs;Kat;enAkm<úCa ehÁa)aqUv )anGeBa¢IjGñkkaEstnaMmux
\NÐÚensuImñak;[mkeFVIkic©smÖasn_d¾kRmmYyenAmUsÁÚ enAéf¶TI21 Exkkáda. bnÞab;BI)anniyaymÒgeTot
nUvCMhrrbs;Kat;kñúgkardkT½BBIGahÁanIsßan kñúgry³eBld¾xøI ehIyKat;)anbnÒGFib,ayGMBIsBaØad¾
Cak;lak;mYyéndMeNaHRsayenAkm<úCa.
Kat;)anniyayfa {éf¶ExCak;lak;kñúgkardkT½BevotNamecjBIkm<úCaRtÚv)ankMNt; ehIyeyIg
c,as;fakarkMNt;enaHnwgRtÚveKeKarBnigeFVItam. ehIysMxan;CagenHeTotKW eTaHbICakarpSHpSaCati
mandMeNIryWtk¾eday b:uEnÒ R)akdCanwgekItmaneLIg}.
snúÞHéns®gÁamRtCak;RtÚv)anbMEbk. \LÚvKWkarRbECgfaetIRbeTsNaEdlGaceFVI[ semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn enACamYyKña)an. GñkkarTUteFVIdMeNIrCMuvijBiPBelak edIm,IcUlrYm
cMENkkñúgRBwT§karN_RbCMuCaRbvtÒisa®sþrvagsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nignaykrdæm®nþI hu‘n Esn
EdlnwgedaHRsaynUvGMeBIhigSaCMuvijbBaðakm<úCa. GñkkarTUt eseNhÁal; Edl)andwknaMGgÁsnñi)at
GnÒrCatiGcié®nÒy_énGgÁkarshRbCaCatisÒIBIkm<úCa )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúg)agkk edIm,IerobcMkar
RbCMu. eBlEdl)anCYbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enATIenaH GñkkarTUt\NÐÚensuI k¾manbMNgdUc eseN
hÁal; Edr. GñkkarTUtGURTIsk¾)aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgBüúgy:ag edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©Úl[semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu cUlrYmkñúgkic©snÞnactuPaKICamYyRKb;RkúmExµrTaMgGs;. xag\NÐÚensuI cg;[RBwtþikarN_enaH
ekItmaneLIgenATIRkúghSakata ehIyxagGURTIsKitfa KYrEtCaTIRkúgevotNamvij.
GñkkarTUtCb:un)aneTAhaNUy edIm,IerobcMkic©RbCMurvagkm<úCa eRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;Cb:un.
ehIyenAÉGgÁkarshRbCaCativij emdwknaMRkúmclnatsU‘minEmnkumµúynisþ sWn san )ansakl,g
bg¥ak;kic©RbCMurvag hu‘n Esn nig semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edayRBm[rdæaPi)alenAPñMeBj køayCaEpñk
mYyénrdæaPi)alcRmúH. enHCaCMnUnmYyd¾cEmøk EdlminEdl)anTTYlnUvkareqøIytbTal;EtesaH.
enAkñúgkarRbNaMgRbECgenH GñkkarTUt nigGñkneya)ayTaMgxagekIt nigxaglic )anmkdl;kar
snñidæanrYmmYyKW {enaHCa»kasd¾kRmmYyEdlenAcMeBaHmuxBYkeK}. CMnan;Edlrs;enAkñúgs®gÁam
RtCak; \LÚvGacemIleXIj»kasedIm,IbBa©b;va. enAGasuIs®gÁamRtCak; RtÚv)anbRgÜmRtwmkarsRmúH
sRmÜlsUevot nigcin[RsuHRsYlKña EdlCaKnøwHGnuBaØat[RbeTsTaMgLayebIkTVarTMnak;TMng nignaM
mknUvTMnak;TMngl¥rvagRbeTsnigRbeTs ehIynaMeTArkkarQandl;karebIkRBMEdnelIkTI1 Gs;eBld¾
yUr eRkayBIeBlrbbGaNaniKmRtÚv)anbBa©b;. edIm,IsRmuHsRmÜlcin nigsUevot T½BevotNam RtÚv
EtdkecjBIRbeTskm<úCa nigkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl[ExµrQb;vaykñúgcMeNamKñaÉg Edl)ankøayCaktÒa
cm,génneya)ays®gÁamRtCak; ehIyRKb;Kñacg;mancMENkkñúgenaH.
enAkñúgkic©karTUtEdlmanlkçN³dUcePøógebIkéf¶enaH Gaemrik nigcin swgEtKµanlUkédcUl
snþiPaBGsarbg; 613
esaH. RbeTsBIrEdlCaGñkkMNt;vin½ys®gÁamRtCak;kalBI8qñaMmun \LÚvkMBugenAcaMeRtómxøÜnrYcCa
eRsc edIm,IecjRbtibtÒikar. shrdæGaemrikniyayfa eKedIrtamRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKñy_
ebIniyay[cM KWeKminRBmlUkédkñúgerOgenaHeT. ÉcinvijkMBugtéføcuHbEnßmBIevotNam.
bnÞab;BIkarRbCMuBIrbIdgenAevotNamnig)agkk RbeTsTaMgLayenA\NÐÚcin nigRbeTsGas‘an
)anseRmcfa dl;eBlevlaEdlRtÚvBiPakSaerOgkm<úCaminEmnpøÚvkar EdlBYkeKnwgehAfa CakarRbCMu
eRkApøÚvkarmYy b¤ehA JIM (Jakarta Informal Meeting). enAExkBaØa rdæm®nþIkarbreTscin )anCYbCamYy esv:a
dNadehS BIerOgkm<úCa ehIykñúgGMLúgeBlEtmYyExb:ueNÑaHrdæTUtcinRbcaMenARbeTséf)anRbkasfa
RbeTsrbs;Kat;)anyl;RBmcMeBaHkarCYbRbCMurvagsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn.
karcrcaBitR)akdRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAeRkAkarcMNaykarTUtCasaFarN³d¾éfø. eTaHbIenA
eRkayqakk¾mankarcrcaBIrdMNak;kalEdr. dMNak;kalTImYyKWCapøÚvkarTUtd¾caM)ac;. semþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu eFVIkarCamYy m:ataMg nigBYk)araMg. ehIy hu‘n Esn eFVIkartamry³ r:UháaqUv nigsUevot.
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anseRmcehIyfa kic©RbCMunwgeFVIeLIgenARbeTs)araMg ehIysgÇwmfa
m:ataMg nwgr:ab;rgxagP½sÒúPa nigTMnak;TMngCamYysUevot nigevotNam. m:ataMg )anniyayfa {enAeBl
dMbUg Edl r:UháaqUv )anmkCYbeyIg edIm,IBiPakSaBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ´)anR)ab;Kat;fa ćg;[
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ecjBIcin nigBIeRkamRsemalrbs;cin mkRbeTsEdlGt;mancin nigBIeRkam
Rsemalrbs;cin mkRbeTsEdlmanGBüaRkwtPaB dUcCaRbeTs)araMg.
cMENkÉ r:UháaqUv vij mansuTidæiniymefa minEmnRtwmEt hu‘n Esn b:ueNÑaHeT EdlRBmtamsMeNI
rbs;Kat;edayQrelICMhrsaFarN³ edIm,IpSHpSaCati sUm,IEtevotNamk¾RBmsRmúHsRmÜlCamYy
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Edr. enaHKWCapøas;bÒÚrmYyy:agxøaMgbnÞab;BIb:unµanGaTitümun Edl hu‘n Esn
nigevotNam )anriHKn;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu y:agxøaMg ehIymineCOfa GacmandMeNaHRsay
snÒiPaB.
hu‘n Esn )anesñI[sUevoterobcM[Kat;eTA):arIs. ehIyenAéf¶TI18 Exvicäika qñaM1987 Kat;
)anRbkasfa Kat;nwgeTACYbCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enAExeRkay EdlTukeBlticCagmYyEx
dl;éf¶RbCMuenAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ edIm,IerobcMkarRbCMuenAvimansNæaKarmYyenAextÒénRsasM):ajrbs;)araMg
enA EhVr Gg; taDWn½r (Fere-en-Tardenois). r:UháaqUv )anniyayfa {eyIg[ynÒehaHmYydl;Kat; ehIy)araMg
r:ab;rgcMNayRKb;y:agepSgeTot EdldUcCakarshkarmYyCamYy)araMgEdr.
m:ataMg enAcaM)anfa sUevotFøab;mankarRBÜy)armÖcMeBaHRBHT½ygakerrbs;semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu ehIy r:UháaqUv )anbBa¢ÚnGñkCMnYykarCan;x<s;rbs;Kat;[eTAXøaMemIlkarCECkenaH. taMgBIeBl
enaHmk m:ataMg )anniyayfa {TMnak;TMngrbs;ĆamYysUevot mansarsMxan;CagTMnak;TMngCamYy
evotNamxøaMgNas;}.
edaysarfa KµanExSc,as;KYrpÒac;rvagkarpÞúyKñaBITMnak;TMngkarTUt eRkABITMnak;TMngeRkApøÚvkar
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn k¾manTMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜnEdr. edIm,IeFVI[eXIjfaGñkTaMgBIrerobcM
Tak;TgKñatampøvÚ karTUt BYkKat;)ansresrTak;TgKñatamry³TUrsarxø²I ehIyepJeI TApÞHrbs; hSg;hSak;
hÁaLaRb‘.Ú hSg;hSak; hÁaLaRbÚ‘ CaGtItGñkkarTUt)araMg manPriyaExµr eQµaHfa Exk Edlman«Bukman
TMnak;TMng yUrGEgVgCamYyraCvgSExµr nigsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.
RKÜsarhÁaLaRbÚ CaCeRmIsBIkMeNItsRmab;eFVIkargarenH. elakRsI hÁaLaRb‘Ú )ansÁal;semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu swgEtmYyCIviteTAehIy. «Bukrbs;Kat; b:ug eb:gecg )aneFVIkarCamYysemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu dl;qñaM 1982 ehIypÒac;xøÜnecj eRBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cUlrYmsm<½n§Ca
mYyExµrRkhm. Exk )anCYbCamYy hu‘n Esn mYyqñaM eRkayBIenaHenAeBlkic©RbCMukMBUlénRbeTs
ttiyelakenA Gg;ehÁaLa enAeBlEdlsVamIrbs;Kat;eFVITUtenATIenaH. hu‘n Esn )aneTArkKat;
ehIy)anR)ab;BIerOgrbs;xøÜn dl;Kat; nigsVamIrbs;Kat; enAkñúgeBlCYbTTYlTanGahareBlyb;d¾Evg
mYy. hu‘n Esn )anBnül;[bÒIRbBn§Kat;eCOfa {hu‘n Esn minEmnCaGay:grbs;evotNameT.
Kat;CaGñkesñhaCati. ´)anR)ab;Kat;G‘ÍcwgEdr ehIyniyaymuneBlmankaryl;RcLM}.
dl;eBlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn)anseRmccitÒCYbKña ehIyRtÚvkarGñkTMnak;TMng
enA):arIsenaH Exk nigbÒIrbs;Kat;)anTTYlesckÒITukcitÒBIbursTaMgBIr edIm,InaMsareTAmkrvagbnÞay
TaMgBIr.
karpøas;bÒÚrsarmanlkçN³KYrsm nigmanRbsiT§PaB. enAéf¶TI18 Exvicäika qñaM1987 mansar
mYy)anmkdl;PUmiRKwHrbs;RkúmRKÜsarhÁaLaRbÚ EdlenAelx173 pøÚvhSg;hSÚ epJIfVaysemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu. KWCasarmkBI h‘un Esn TUlRTg;fa Kat;cg;cUlKal;RTg;enAeBlEdlRTg;
sBVRBHT½y. BIréf¶eRkaymk semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anepJIsareTA hu‘n Esn enAGasydæandUcKña
enaH EdlkñúgsarmanGtßn½yfa {edayeqøIytbeTAnwgsarrbs;elak ´mankitÒiys GnuBaØat[elak
cUlCYb´ enAÉsNæaKarrbs;´ enAEhVrGg;taDWn½r enAéf¶EdlelakGacmk)an. edayesckÒIrab;Gan
d¾x<g;x<s;GMBI´. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu énkm<úCa.
bnÞab;BIrkarpøas;bÒÚrsarmÒgeTot edaykarCYynaMsarrbs;hÁaLaRb‘Ú éf¶ExCYbmYyRtÚv)ankMNt;
snþiPaBGsarbg; 615
eLIg {´mankitÒiyssUmeKarBGeB¢IajelakmkcUlrYmkarTTYlTanGahareBlRBwk CalkçN³kargar
mYy enAem:ag10 éf¶BuF TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1987 ÉsNæaKarrbs;´ eQµaH {the Hôltellerie du Château Fère-en-
Tardenois}. sU m GrKu N cM e BaHkaryl; R Bm[ftTu k nU v karsnÞ n arbs; e yI g edI m ,I p SayTaM g Rsu g Ca
saFarN³. BIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu énkm<úCa.

mundl;eBlGahareBlRBwk sNæaKarmaneBareBjeTAedayGñkkaEst nigGñkkarTUt. enAÉ
kEnøgTTYlePJóvrbs;sNæaKar Gñkkan;kaemr:a )anRbeRCótKñaftedaydgmIRkÚhVÚn cak;b:Hcegáóg
RKIsÒal;. edaysarkarkk;TukmYyqñaMmunénBiFIGaBah_BiBah_mYy karCYbRbCMurbs;bursTaMgBIr RtÚv)an
elIkeBl. b:uEnÒTaMgenaHmin)aneFVI[ hu‘n Esn mankarrMxancitÒkñúgdMeNIrdMbUgrbs;Kat;eTAGWr:ub nigkar
CYbKal;elIkTImYyCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eLIy. sñamjjwmrbs;Kat; KWrIkRbimRbiy
RbEhlnwgsñamjjwmrbs;kUnkemøaHkUnRkmMuEdlerobGaBah_BiBah_enAeBlenaHEdr.
enAéf¶dMbUgbursTaMgBIr)anCYbRbCMuGs;Cit7em:ag ehIy)anQandl;KeRmagsnÒiPaBmYyKW
{dMeNaHRsayneya)ayCatRmÚvkarmYy ral;KNbkSneya)aykm<úCaTaMgGs; RtÚvcUlrYmkñúgkar
crca ehIyenAeBlEdlkm<úCaQandl;sn§isBaØamYy sn§isBaØaenaHRtÚvEtGnum½tenAkñúgsnñi)at
GnÒrCatimYy EdlFananUvÉkraCüPaBénkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgBIr)ansnüaCYbKñaCaelIkTIBIrenAExmkra
nakEnøgdEdl nigelIkTIbIenAkUer:xageCIg.
enAéf¶TIBIrBYkeK)anCYbcrcaGs;ry³eBlbIem:ag CECkGMBICnePosxøÜn karCYsCulR)asaTGgÁr
nigbBaðasiTi§mnusS. enAéf¶TIbIBYkeK)ancuHhtßelxa nigeFVIkarkMNt;smÁal;d¾TUlaymYy. bnÞab;BI)an
Rbkasfa {TVarsnÒiPaBRtÚv)anebIkehIyenaH} semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anelIkykerOg EdlTuk[
RKb;KñaKitedayxøÜnÉgfa ExµrGacrksnÒiPaBrvagKñanwgKña. Kat;)anesñI[cin shPaBsUevot nigevot
NamQb;eQøaHKñaBIeRkaykm<úCa ehIyRTg;)ansnüafa nwgRtLb;eTAPñMeBjvij edIm,IdwknaMrdæaPi)al
TaMgbYnbkSkñúg{rdækm<úCafµIEdlmanrdæsPaEbb)araMg nigmanÉkraCüPaB100PaKry}.
tamry³GñkbkERb hu‘n Esn hak;dUcCaRby½tñRbEygnig)armÖ. enAéf¶dMbUg Kat;)anTTYlfa
Kat;cat;Tuk semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu dUcCa {RBwT§acarünig«Bukmñak;} ehIyGFib,ayBIkarCYbRbTHrbs;
BYkeKCa {TsSnkic©CamitÒPaBrvagCnrYmCati EdlGacnaMeTAdl;dMeNaHRsayd¾BitR)akdmYy}.
hu‘n Esn niyayenAeBlbBa©b;fa {eyIg)aneFVIkarehIyecjCalT§pl}. rUbftGFib,ayBI
GarmµN_enAeBlenaHc,as;CagesckÒIbB©ab;rbs;Kat;. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu sk;BN’s Es,kPøWføa
kñúgsemøókbMBak;smsYn)ancab;édCamYy hu‘n Esn EdlmanEs,kRsEGmCagRBHGgÁeRcIn nigsk;
labb:Um:at nigkñúgsemøókbMBak;GavFMPøWcaMg. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu mansñamjjwmEbbkSRt
ehIy hu‘n Esn esIcEbbyuvCn.
TaMgenaH)anRbRBwteÒ LIgenAkñgú sNæaKarpáaybYn Edlsg;enACab;R)asaTRTúDeRTamburaNmYy.
sarRtÚv)anGanedayGñkpøÚvkarsMxan;² rYmmanrdæm®nþIkarbreTsGaemrik hSks‘Ul EdlbgðajBIkÒI
sgÇwmcMeBaHkarCECkenaH.m:ataMg enARKb;TIkEnøgRtÜtBinitüBIelIkarlm¥itRKb;y:agTaMgGs; cab;taMgBI
karerobcM[mankarftsMeLg Edlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TamTar nigcMNayelIRKb;vikáyb½Rt
rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn. {R)akdNas; )araMgnwgcMNayelIRKb;TaMgGs;}.
sarBt’manGnÒrCati)anRbkasBIeCaKC½y. sUm,IEtRTg; rNb£T§i CabuRta semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu Edlmin sb,aycitÒCamYy hu‘n Esn k¾TTYlsÁal;famankarRBmeRBógrvagT½BenAPñMeBj nigT½B
tsU‘edIm,IQaneTArkkardak;GavuF.
erOgravl¥rhUtdl;fñak;mincg;eCO.
dUc)anKitTukmunkñúgry³eBlEtb:unµanéf¶b:ueNÑaH semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anERbcitÒehIy lub
ecalnUvkar CYbeRkayeTot ehIyk¾elIkeTACYbenAéf¶TI20 Exmkra enAÉsaMgEhSmuaMgdWéL (St. Gemain-
de-Laye) enACit):arIs. elIkenH semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Kg;enAsNæaKard¾RbNItmYyeQµaH ):avIyug
ehnrI TI4 (Pavillion Henri IV) EdlCakEnøgRbCMu. RTg;TamTar[ hu‘n Esn enAkEnøgepSgeTot. semþc RBH
neratþm sIhnu cab;epÒImminsb,ay RBHT½ycMeBaHeCaKC½yrbs; hu‘n Esn. bnÞab;BIry³eBlBIréf¶
énkarRbCMu hu‘n Esn mansuTidæiniymfa {eyIgmankarQaneTAmuxy:ageRcIn}.
emdwknaMTaMgBIrrUb )anyl;RsbCaeKalkarN_cMeBaHkardkT½BevotNamTaMgRsug ecjBIkm<úCa
karbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúH nigkare)aHeqñateRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GnÒrCati. b:uEnÒ BYkeKenAminTan;
RsuHRsYlKñacMeBaHcMNucl¥iténKeRmagTaMgenaH nigminTan;ecjesckIÒEføgkarN_enAeLIy.
cMeBaHkarCECkKñaerOgenH rNriT§ EdlmancritdUcbita nigmanrUbragdUcbitarbs;RTg;ebHbiTenaH
)anecjmuxCECkeRcInGMBIerOgenaH. RTg;nwgQrerobb£kenAtampøÚvCeNIÒrFM edIm,IpÒl;bTsmÖasn_Ca
mYyGñkkaEst GMBIkarCECkd¾tantwgrvagbitarbs;RTg; nig hu‘n Esn. RTg;)anRbQmCamYyGñk
kaEstedayeRbITaMgPasaGg;eKøs nig)araMg nigRbkbedaylkçN³RceLat EdlRTg;)ansñg b¤cmøg
ecjBIbitarbs;RTg;mk.
kan;EtxMRbwgeFVI[dUcbitarbs;RTg; cMNucxusKñarvagRTg; nigbitak¾kan;EtemIleXIjc,as;eLIg
Edr. rNb£T§i ecjBIRbeTsenAeBlEdlRTg;manRBHCnµayuRbEhl émÖRBHvsSa ehIy)ankøayCa
snþiPaBGsarbg; 617
sa®sþacarümYyrUbenARbeTs)araMg edayKµanbTBiesaFn_neya)ay kñúgRsukrbs;RTg;Tal;EtesaH.
RTg;k¾)anenAeRkARbeTstaMgBIeBlenaHmk. CagenHeTAeTot semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anTukmata
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buRtbegáItrbs;RTg;EdlCaGñkraMr)aMeLIgsñgraCüCMnYssemþc RBHneratþm sIhnuCag.
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clnatsU‘eT RbsinebIRTg;eFVICabitaCati.
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[{Qb;KaMRTevotNamkñúgkarQøanBankm<úCa ehIyCMruj[evotNamdkT½BTaMgGs;ecjBIkm<úCa}.
EdlCakartv:amYyhYsehtu bnÞab;BIevotNam nigsUevot )ancuHsn§isBaØamitþPaBkúñgeBlfµI²enH.
cMeBaH r:UháaqUv vij kartv:aenaHCakareXIjfa cinhak;bIdUcCaRtÚvEteFVIRKb;EpñkTaMgGs; edIm,IeFVI
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r:UháaqUv )anniyayfa {hu‘n Esn mankarrIkray ehIymansuTidæiniymy:agxøaMgfa snÒiPaBnwgGacekIt
maneRBaHEt hu‘n Esn nigsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu mankarcUlcitÒKñaeTAvijeTAmk}.
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san nigExµrRkhmCaedIm. cMENkÉsUevot nwgcab;epÒImedaHRsayCamYyshrdæGaemrik}.
enAExemsa r:UháaqUv )anCYbCamYyhÁassÒún eC suIhÁW CMnYykarrdæelxaFikarénEpñkkargarTak;Tg
nwgGasuIbUBa’rbs;elakRbFanaFibtI rIehÁn edIm,IkarCECkTukmunGMBIsnñi)atkMBUl ehÁa)aqUv-rIehÁn.
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T½BcMnYn 50>000nak;eTotenAcugqñaMenaH}.
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kumµúynisþ.
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karRbEkkrbs;BYkeKRtÚv)anrlay)at;enARtwmv:asuInetan b:uEnÒcMENkenAkm<úCavijkarRbEkkenaH
k¾dUcCaRbFanbTepSg²eTot manlkçN³xusBIenA):arIs mUsÁÚ b¤)agkk.
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)ayshrdæGaemrikeFVIeLIg EtCMuvijkarefáaleTasd¾rwgmaMcMeBaHExµrRkhm suIhÁW )anniyayenAcMeBaH
muxRBwT§sPaenAExkkáda qñaM1988fa {ćg;bBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;fa shrdæGaemrik enAEtRbkan;CMhr
RbqaMgnwgExµrRkhm. BYkeyIgmankarPJak;rn§t;y:agxøaMg cMeBaHGMeBIéRBépS nigKµansIlFm’rbs;BYkeK.
ehIyBYkébÒCJafa rbbEbbenaH nwgekItmaneLIg EdleFVI[RbCaCnkm<úCaFøak;kñúgsPaBrn§t; EdlFøab;
ekItmkmÒgeToteLIy}.
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neya)ayrbs;eK tamkarnaMmuxrbs;RbeTsGas‘an b¤k¾BYnBIeRkaydUceKriHKn;eLIy.
cMENk m:ataMg vij min)ane)aHbg;ecalnUvKMnitEdlfa )araMgnwgerobcMsnñisITsnÒiPaBenaH
eLIy. Kat;)anbBa©úHbBa©Úlelaknaykrdæm®nþI hSak; suIr:ak; fVayCUn semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
nUvGtItsßanTUtExµr enA):arIs edIm,ICaGMeNaybuNüNUEGl. m:ataMg )ancMNayeBly:ageRcInenA
kñúgrdUvpáarIkedIm,IRtÜtemIl nigerobcMsßanTUtenaHeLIgvij ehIyEfmTaMgedIrTijtamhagTMnijenA):arIs
nUvvaMgnn eRsamBUk PYy EdlKat;dwgfa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu sBVRBHT½yeTAtubEtgGKarbUraN
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nUvkarRKb;RKgrdæaPi)al m:ataMg )aneFVIdMeNIreTAhaNUy edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyrdæm®nþIkarbreTs egVón
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)anCUnsMbuRtenaHdl; fac;. fac; )aneqøIytbedayBakül¥eRcIn. Kat;niyayfa semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu manmitÒeRcInenAhaNUy}. enAeBlEdlKat;ruj[ fac; GeBa¢Ij semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu
eTAhaNUy fac; )anbdiesFfa {eyIgmanmitÒEdl)armÖenAPñMeBj hu‘n Esn}.
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niyayedaycaMsÒab;BIkarsnÞnaenaH BIkarminRBmesayGahar edayxøacfanwgnaM[ekInPaBEdlRTg;
pÞMBMu)an.
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fa ebIRTg;eFVIy:agenH ExµrRkhm nigRtÚvEtyl;Rsb}.
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nwgCYbKñaenAéf¶mYyepSgeTot.
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GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_rbs; ExµrRkhmmYyeTot {kMBugEtkøayCaerOgmYyeCosminrYc}.
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sasn_fµI mkelIRbCaCnkm<úCa}.
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sU‘hatU sVaKmn_CaePJóvpÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat;.
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taMgBIqñaM1979mk enHKWCaelIkTImYyehIyEdlExµrRkhmenAÉekaEtÉg. edaymin)ac;man
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{nwgBRgIkTMhMénkarRsuHRsYlrbs;eyIg ehIybRgÜmPaBminRsuHRsYlrbs;eyIg}.
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dl;TisedArbs;Kat;.
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GnaKtCag}.
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ehIyERskxøaMg²fa {´KaMRTGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ ´KaMRTGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_}. eRkaymkeday
dwgfa RTg;minKYrmanbnÞÚl dUecñaHenaH RBHGgÁk¾ERbsmþIfa RTg;R)akdCaRbqaMgnwgGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
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rdæm®nÒIkarbreTsrbs;RbeTsGas‘anmYycMnYn nigsmaCiksParbs;Gaemrik esÒehVn sULa. KMnitenaH
KWkardak;[manrdæ)alkm<úCabeNÒaHGasnñmYy EdlsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgedaypÞal; rbs;GgÁkarsh
RbCaCati. enaHmann½yfa {rhUtdl;mankare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutÒiFm’mYy KµanKNbkSrbs;
km<úCaNamYy mansiT§iseRmcBIGnaKtrbs;km<úCaeT}. eyabl;enaH k¾)anTTYlkarKaMRTBI hu‘n Esn
nigsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Pøam. BYkeKniyayfa {KMnitenaHKYrRtÚvykmkBicarNa[)anditdl;}.
GU®sÒalIk¾bBa¢ÚnGñkkarTUtrbs;eKm:aykUl kusesÒlU [eTAeb:kaMg haNUy nigPñMeBj k¾dUcCa
)agkkEdr edIm,ITTYlkarKaMRTcMeBaHeyabl;enH EdleKehAfa KeRmag eGv:an.
kic©karTUtesµIPaBKñaenAkm<úCa )anecjCaBt’maneGeLcRtÚnicenAGWr:ub. enAyb;éf¶TI9 Exvicäika
snþiPaBGsarbg; 641
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enAxagmuxsßanTUtGalWøm:g;xaglic. PaKeRcIneTot pÒúMKñaeFVI)atukmµRbcaMéf¶KaMRTlT§iRbCaFibetyü Edl
begáItCakarRkúmedIrdEgðk,Ün manKña5Esnnak; enAtamEbrLaMgxagekItenAéf¶TI4 Exvicäika. eRkaymk
enAkñúgsnñisITkaEst éf¶TI9 Exvicäika GñktMNag[rdæaPi)al)anRbkasfa cab;taMgBIeBlenaHeTA
RbCaCnenAGaløWm:g;xaglicTaMgGs; GacsMueFVIdMeNIreTAbreTsedaymin)ac;manlkçx½NÐCamuneT.
kñúgry³eBlEtmYyem:agb:ueNÑaH GñkenAEbrLaMgxagekItrab;Ban;Gñk)anedIreq<aHeTACBa¢aMg. dl;
eBlkNÒalGRFaRtGñkyamtamRBMEdnk¾RtÚvbgçM[ebIkr)aMgecj. GñkenAEbLaMgxaglic )aneLIg
eTAxagelIehIyraMenAxagelIenaH. dl;em:ag1elIsGRFaRt GñkenAEbLaMgTaMgsgxag k¾eRcógraM
nigGbGrsaTrCamYyKña. erOgEbbenH)anekIteLIgCabnþKña. RbeTsb:ULÚj nighugháarI )ancab;epÒIm
dMeNIrcakecjBIrbbkumµúynisþeTAehIy. enAyb;éf¶24 Exvicäika RsasM):aj k¾)anebIkbgðÚrenATIRkúg
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skmµ. eTaHbIy:agenaHk¾cinenAEtRBmcUlRbCMudEdl. ebkW [ehtuplfa ebIs®gÁamRtCak;Gac
bBa©b;)anenARbeTsnanaenAGWr:ub Kat;mineCOfa minGacbBa©b;)anenARbeTsd¾tUcmYy dUckm<úCaeT.
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KMnitmYyfIµenaHeT. enAÉGgÁkarshRbCaCati rdæTUténRbeTsTaMgR)aM )anbegáItCaTmøab;mYyCYbCuMKña
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rbs;eKtaMgBIqñaM1988em:øH ehIyBYkeKk¾)anerobcMnUvÉksarCaeRcIn EdlmanCMhrrYmmYysRmab;
snñisITenA):arIsEdr.
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edayminmanRbeTsdéTeTotcUlrYm. køÚd m:ataMg )anQñHelIkarCECkrbs;Kat; ehIyk¾GacseRmc
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rbs; KIsSIghÁ½r CaGñkEdlKaMRTxøaMgkøacMeBaHkarKaMRTcin ehIyRbqaMgnwgevotNam nig hu‘n Esn.
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EdlFøab;qøgkat;karbraC½yéns®gÁamevotNam CamYy KIsSIghÁ½r nigk¾CaGñkFøab;qøgkat;eCaKC½y
CamYy KIsSIghÁ½r kñúgkarebIkTMnak;TMngCafµICamYycin. rIqad_ sULÚm:ug k¾Føab;CasmaCikekµgmYyrUb
énRkúmrbs; KIsSIghÁ½r kñúgbBaðaTak;TgnwgcinEdr b:uEnÒ minFøab;EdledaHRsaybBaðaCamYyevotNam enA
eLIyeT. kareFVITsSnkic©elIkdMbUgrbs;Kat;eTARbeTscin KWCab;nwgCMnYyrbs; KIsSIghÁ½r enAqñaM
1972. enAeBlenaH cMéf¶xYbkMeNIt35qñaMrbs;Kat;. ehIykñúgTsSnkic©enH Kat;k¾)anCYbnwg
CUeGgLay. b:unµanqñaMeRkaymk Kat;niyayfa enaHCaerOgKYr[rMePIb nigelIkTwkcitÒNas;. sULÚmu:g
minEdl)at;bg;nUvkarcat;Tukcin CaGñkneya)ayBiPBelakmþgNaeT. edayminTaMgdwgBIkm<úCapg
Kat;)anRbEkkkñúgnamRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikfa GgÁkarshRbCaCati RtÚvEtemIlxusRtÚvelIkm<úCa
ehIyGnuBaØat[Gaemrikdkédecj. ebkW )anR)ab;CMnYykarrbs;Kat;fa Kat;mincg;[km<úCakøay
eTACabBaðamYyrbs;GaemrikeLIy.
GuIhÁ½r r:UháaqUv )aneFVIdMeNIreTAeb:kaMgedIm,IcrcaCamYycin ehIykMu[cincuHcaj;ExµrRkhm. Kat;
)anCYbniyayCamYyemdwknaMRkúgPñMeBj nighaNUy ehIyBnül;[yl;fa enaHCadMeNaHRsayRtÚv
mYy. evotNam nigkm<úCa )anTTYlyl;RBmnwgKMnitrbs;RbeTsTaMgR)aM eRBaHBYkeKyl;fa CaKMnit
rbs;GU®sÒalI. r:UháaqUv niyayfa enaHCaerOgécdnümYy b:uEnÒk¾l¥Edr eRBaHfa BYkeKTukcitÒelIeGv:an;.
r:UháaqUv bEnßmfa {GñkKYreXIjmuxBYkeK enAeBlEdlBYkeKdwgBIGtÒsBaØa rbs;GñktMNagRbeTsTaMg
enaH. BYkeKtv:afa GñkTaMgenaHsuT§EtCabBaØvnÒsikSaBIcin}.
bBaØvnÒTaMgenaHEdlCMnajBIbBaðacinKW rIqad_ sULÚm:ug énshrdæGaemrik køÚd m:ataMg BI)araMg GuIhÁ½r
r:UháaqUv énsUevot nig s‘UdugsuIn éncin. BYkeK)anCYbCMuKñaCamYy edvId hÁIlm½r énGg;eKøs. hÁIlm½r
CabuKÁlEtmñak;Kt; EdlminEmnGñkCMnajxagbBaðacin. enaHCakarCYbRbCMuelIkTImYyrbs;BYkeK
ehIykarRbCMuenH eFVIeLIgenAéf¶TI15 Exmkra ÉmNÐlekøEb‘r. m:ataMg CaGñkdwknaMkarRbCMu. minyUr
b:unµan karcuHRsugKñak¾cab;epÒIm. sULÚm:ug nigcnbultun EdlCaCMnYykarrdæelxaFikarénGgÁkarGnÒrCati
)annaMmknUveyabl;énkarEksRmÜlrdæ)alCalMdab;mYy nigkarerobcM[mankare)aHeqñat. kñúgenaH
snþiPaBGsarbg; 643
nwgmanRkúm RbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;km<úCa EdlmanRkúmGñkts‘UenAkñúgenaHmann½yfa rdæaPi)alPñMeBj
nwgsßitenAeRkamkarXøaMemIlrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. r:UháaqUv )antv:afaKYrTuk[manrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
BIrdEdl. bnÞab;BIGaharéf¶Rtg;ehIy m:ataMg )anelIkKMnitkNÒalmYyfa sßab½nbec©keTsrbs;
rdæaPi)alPñMeBj KYrTukenAdEdl ehIyRbKl;RksYgFM² [eTAGgÁkarshRbCaCati. cin)anyl;RBm
ehIykarRbCMueBll¶ack¾)anbB©ab;.
b:uEnÒenARbEhlem:ag9yb; m:ataMg nig ehÁólm½r )anmkdl;sßanTUtGaemrik edIm,IBinitüelI 15
cMNuc CamYyGaemrik. BYkeKk¾Binitücb;enAmuneBlkNÒalGRFaRt. enaHKWCacMNuccab;epÒIménkar
Eckkic©karKñaCakg;². xagGaemrikeRkARkúmEdlman sULÚm:ug m:ataMg nig ehÁólm½r faCa{BYkesrITaMg
bI}. RkúmenaH)anbegáItnUvkmµviFIrYmmYy munnwgeKcUlCamYyRkúm{kumµúynisþTaMgBIr} EdlsMedAelI
r:UháaqUv nig s‘U ehIyEdlminsUvcuHKñaeTot.
RkúmTaMgR)aM )anCYbKñaenAéf¶bnÞab;. s‘U nig r:UháaqUv )anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaelIcMNucTaMg15
munem:ag1resol edayRKan;EtsYrsMNYrtictYcb:ueNÑaH. eRkaymkenAyb;enaH ÉsnñisITkaEst
enAÉsßanTUtGaemrik sULÚm:ug k¾GacRbkasnUvC½yCmñHmYy. clnaedIm,IsnÒiPaBenAkm<úCa )ancab;
epÒImy:agrwgmaM edayTaMgminmanvtÒmanrbs;km<úCapg. elIsenaHeTAeTotKWerOgenaH RtÚv)anseRmc
edaymnusSmYyRkúm EdlKµanTMnak;TMngyl;BIkm<úCaedaypÞal; elIkElgEt r:UháaqUv EdlFøab;mk
TsSnkic©enAkm<úCa nig m:ataMg EdlmkkMsanÒkalBIenAekµgnaqñaM1960.
enaHbBa¢ak;[eXIjBIkarvilvl;rbs;RbeTs EdlRtÚveKykmkBiPakSa. evotNam)andkT½B
ecjBIkm<úCa ehIyk¾)anykeTACamYynUvehtupl EdlnaM[eKmanTMnak;TMngCamYykm<úCa. \LÚv
rdæm®nþIbreTsTaMgGs; RtÚverobcMpøÚvmYy edIm,IdkxøÜnecj edayeFVIy:agNamin[b:HBal;xUcxatdl;
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dUcKña. Kat;maneCaKC½ykñúgkarkarBartMENgEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cUlcitÒ. enaHCatMENg
RBHbitaCati CaemdwknaMrbs;km<úCa nigCaGñkmanKuNcMeBaHRbeTsCatikñúgn½yfa GnuBaØat[RbCaCn
mansiT§ie)aHeqñatedayesrImYy. kargarrbs; r:UháaqUv k¾)aneCaKC½yenAmunkarRbCMuelIkTImYyEdr.
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GñkeFVIkarCamYyKat; mankarsJb;EsJgy:agxøaMg cMeBaH\riyabfrbs;Kat;enAkñúgeBlBiPakSaenaH.
Kat;niyayRtÚv ehIymuWgm:at;cMeBaHs‘U. eBlxøHTaMgBIrnak;enHniyayKñaCaPasacin ehIy s‘U k¾niyay
PasacinCamYy m:ataMg nig sULÚm:ug Edr. CagenaHeTAeTot r:UháaqUv minEdlcUlcitÒeFVICaGñknaMniyay
eT. Kat;hak;bIdUcCacUlcitÒGgÁúysÒab; ehIyTuk[CMnYykarrbs;Kat;niyayRbEkk ehIyKat;lUkéd
cUlEtkñúgkarBiPakSacm,g²b:ueNÑaH.
minyUrb:unµan RKb;Kñak¾yl;eXIjfa Gaemrik nigcin CaRbeTsBIrEdlmancMENksMxan;kñúgerOg
rbs;km<úCa. BYkeKCaRbeTsEdlTTYlxusRtÚveRcInCageKbMput kñúgkarGUsbnøays®gÁam ehIyk¾
bgðaj[eXIjy:agc,as;fa eKTaMgBIrmincuHsRmúgKña kñúgkareFVIy:agNaedIm,IdkxøÜnecjEdr. karBit
Edlfa ExµrRkhmenAEtGaceFVIs®gÁamsuIvil)an enAEtGackan;Gasn³rbs;km<úCa enAÉGgÁkarsh
RbCaCati)an enAEtrs;enAesrI edaymincaM)ac;P½yBIkarcab;xøÜn b¤kat;eTasBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
rbs;BYkeKenaH )anbBa¢ak;[eXIjy:agc,as;BIkarKaMRTrbs;GñkCMnYybreTs nigshB½n§rbs;BYkeK.
enAeBlGñkCMnYybreTs nigshB½n§rbs;BYkeKTaMgenaH [ExµrRkhmehaHeTAehaHmkBI):arIs eTA
jÚvy:k eTA)agkkenaH GñkTaMgenaH )anpÒac;RbeTskm<úCa[dac;ecjq¶ayBIeK ehIydak;TNÐkmµd¾F¶n;
bMputdl;km<úCa eTaHbICaeRkayeBlEdlevotNamdkT½BecjGs;BIkm<úCak¾eday.
enAkñúgkarRbCMuelIkTIBIrenAExkumÖ³ÉTIRkúgjÚvy:k RbeTsTaMgR)aM )ancab;epÒImcrcaBIkardak;
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nigcin )anRbEkkKñaGMBIGMNacénrdæaPi)albeNÒaHGasnñrbs;km<úCa. dUcsBVdg cincg;[manekAGI bYn
EdlmansiT§esµIKñasRmab;ExµrRkhm semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Rkúm sWn san nig hu‘n Esn. sUevot
yl;fa sMNUmBrenaH CaerOgminsmehtusmpl ehIyyl;faKYrmanBIrRkúm. RkúmmYyCaRkúmrbs;
rdæaPi)al ehIymYyeTotCaRkúmGñkts‘U dUecñH RkúmTaMgBIrKYrmantYnaTIesµIKña. eRkaymkcinRbEkkfa
ebImindUecñaHeT GgÁkarshRbCaCati KYrmanGMNacpÒac;muxEtÉg ehIyrdæaPi)alKµan. sUevotk¾tbfa
{cuHeFVIy:agem:cvijRbsinebIsmaCikrdæaPi)alGaemrikTaMgGs; Qb;sRmakvisSmkal?} GñktMNag
BIGaemrikKaMRTKMnitenH.
\LÚvdl;eBlEdlkm<úCaCECkKñakñúgcMeNamkm<úCaKñaÉgmÒgehIy. naykrdæm®nÒIéf qaTIéq )an
GeBa¢Ij hu‘n Esn nig semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu [mkcUlrYmkarRbCMuenA)agkknaExkumÖ³. BYkeKk¾
)anyl;RBmnwgdMeNaHRsaymYy EdlmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlnwg karcrcaTaMg5bkSEdr.
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anniyayCamYy)araMgedaycM²fa RTg;Elgcg;eTA):arIseTotehIy ehIy
RTg;bnþfa {BYkGñkElgsYreyabl;éTotehIy. etIRbeTsFM²TaMgR)aMenaH KitfaBYkeKhñwgCa
nrNa?}.
enAcugExkumÖ³ Duym:as nig GaLatas EdlCashRbFanTaMgBIrénsnñisITenA):arIs )anCYbKña
snþiPaBGsarbg; 645
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pþl;Cakitþiysdl; køÚd m:ataMg. m:ataMg )anniyayfa {BYkeK)annaMykesovePARkhmrbs;BYkeK
Edl´Kitfa PaKeRcInCaÉksarmkBIsnñisITenA):arIs. {enAvKÁCYbCamYyGñkkaEstcugeRkay ´)an
niyayfa GU®sþalI)anedIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgerOgenH eGv:an k¾tbmk´vijfa {GrKuNcMeBaHsmþId¾l¥rbs;
elak} ´k¾eqøIyfa{enaHCasmþIEdlecjBIebHdUgrbs;´} ehIy eGv:an k¾tbeTotfa {elakmanebHdUg
Edr?}.
dl;ExmIna mhaGMNacTaMgR)aM )anvivtþn_dl;kRmitmYyfµIeTot. BYkeKGacbkmuxrdæGaCJaFr
beNþaHGasnñénGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa (UNTAC) fa CabisacelIqakGnþrCati Edlpþl;siT§
GMNacdl;GgÁkarshRbCaCati elIsGgÁkarrkSasnþiPaBnana. enAkñúgGgÁRbCMunaExmInaenaH r:ahVWDIn
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bisacenaH EdlRtÚv)aneKvaytémøfaGs;1/5ekadiduløar. enAkñúgkarRbCMuedayELkmYy Kat;)an
pþle; yabl;dl;BkY esrITaMgbIfa minKYredaHRsayPaBxusKñarvagBYkeKCamYycin nigsUevot edaybEnßm
karTTYlxusRtÚvrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCatimYyRsTab;eToteT. vanwgcMNayGs;R)ak;eRcIneBk.
enATIbBa©b;TaMgenaHmincaM)ac;eT. mhaGMNacTaMgR)aM )anyl;TTYlykKeRmagénkareFVImatuPUmi
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min)an QñHkúñgkarTamTar[dak;karefáaleTas GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ExµrRkhm kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCa
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nigcin e)aHeqñatRbqaMg. GñkkarTUtGaemrikeQµaH cn bultun )an[eyabl;fa y:agehacNas;
dak;CasmµitkmµGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_)anehIy. b:uEnÒkarpÒl;eyabl;enH minRtÚv)aneKykmkKit
eLIy. BYkeK)anyl;RBmelITRmg;énkare)aHeqñat niglkçx½NÐcMeBaHCnePosxøÜn EdlRtÚvRtLb;eTA
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GrKuNsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu EdleFVICaGñksRmúHsRmÜl. eRkaymkKat;k¾ebIksniñsITmYykñúg
ry³eBl1éf¶ Rbkasfa {kmú<Ca)anRtLb;mkkñúgshKmn_GnþrCativij}.
enAéf¶bnÞab;kñúgsemøókbMBak;GavTb;xül; nigexaKKIrbs;Kat; Kat;)anniyayfa {mitþrbs;eyIg
enAPñMeBjEtgKitfa vanwgeRbIeBlevlaeRcInedIm,IGacQandl;karpSHpSaCati. ehIy´k¾minc,as;fa
BYkeKFøab;Kitfa ebImanExµrRkhm karpSHpSaenaHnwgGaceFVIeLIgedaysniþviFIEdrb¤eT}.
bMNgcm,gRtÚv)anseRmcmuneBlEdlT½Brbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anmkdl;emø:H. enaHKW
karbBa©b;CMnYyrbs;breTskñúgkarKaMRTs®gÁam. {Kµans®gÁameToteLIy eRBaHKµanRbeTsNaKaMRT
s®gÁameToteT. eTaHbICaExµreFVIGIcMeBaHExµrk¾eday k¾eyIgenAEtGacehaHpÞal;BI)agkkmkPñMeBj
Edr. cb;RtwmenaHÉg}.
Gvsankfa 653
Gvsankfa
R)aMBIrqñaMbnÞab;BIkarlukluyrbs;evotNam eKminGacsEmþgecjnUvesckþIsgÇwmfa dMeNaH

RsaymYyRtÚv)aneKKitKUreLIy. RbCaCnkm<úCaR)aMBIrlannak;enAkñúgRbeTsenARtÚvrt;eKcxøÜnrvag
stVxøa nigRkeBIenAeLIy. s®gÁamecHEtbnþeTAtamsgVak;énrdUvkal ³ kgT½Brbs;evotNam KWCam©as;
smrPUmienArdUvR)aMg T½BéRBExµrRkhm)anratt,atRbeTsenArdUvePøógFøak;.
s®gÁam)annaM[eKdwgerOgehtusMxan;²CaeRcIn b:uEnþ vaBuM)annaMmknUvkarERbRbÜlFMduMeLIy.
kgT½BénrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr )anBRgwgxøÜnehIyecjmuxesñIeFVIkaredaHRsayminEmn
kumµúynisþ EdlKYr[TukcitþmYyrhUtdl;éf¶EdlBYkevotNamvaykemÞcmUldæannanarbs;xøÜn kñúgTwkdI
RbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1985 exÞcxÞIGs; nigeBlEdlBYkemdwknaMrNsirSenH )anbMpøajclnapÞal;rbs;
xøÜnedaysarCemøaHépÞkñúgEdlekItmanminecHcb;. RbeTsCaeRcIndUcCa RbeTs)araMg nigGU®sþalI
CaedIm )ansakl,gpþÜcepþImKMnitEpñkkarTUtepSg²Edr EtRtÚvbraC½ymuneBlcab;epþImeTAeTot.
ebIKti [sBV²eTA esckþrI aykarN_GBM kI møagM T½BminsUvmankarERbRbÜleT. kgT½Brbs;evotNam
mYyryhasibBan;nak; Edlkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCamancMnYneRcInCagkgT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alPñMeBj 3dg
EdlKµansmtßPaBkarBarRbeTsRbqaMgnwgBYkT½BéRBExµrRkhmeLIy. fVIebI)anRbkas {cUlnivtþn_}
CapøÚvkark¾eday k¾ b:ul Bt enAEtbnþdwknaMbBa¢aelIkgT½Brbs;Kat; nigTTYl)anCMnYyy:agsþúksþmÖmYy
BIBYkcindEdl kñúgkarsakl,grbs;Kat;edIm,IdeNþImykRbeTskm<úCaCafµI.
s®gÁamkñúgnaménRbeTskm<úCaenAEtCas®gÁamkumµúynisþmYy. bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘an
)anEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaysRmab;eFVI[sßankarN_ERbRbÜlEdr edayeCosminrYcBIvileTArksemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu vijeLIy. enAExmifuna qñaM1982 semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu/ sWn san
nigBYkExµrRkhm )anerobcMbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCacRmúHmYy EtminsUv)anseRmceCaKC½yb:unµan eT
KW)anRtwmEteFVIsßanPaBT½lRckGUsbnøayeTAeTotb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCardæaPi)alenHenArkSaTukeQµaH
rbb]Rkidærbs; b:ul Bt k¾eday k¾RtÚv)anTTYlsÁal;CardæaPi)alpøÚvkarrbs;RbeTskm<úCa enAGgÁkar
shRbCaCati nigGgÁkarGnþrCatinanaEdr. mYycMENkFM KWedIm,IraMgramin[karkan;kab;rbs;evotNam
elIRbeTskm<úCa ERbkøayeTACaRBwtþikarN_mYyeBjlkçN³c,ab;. Rtg;cMNucenH Gas‘an)anTTYl
eCaKC½yelIsmrPUmikarTUtmYy b:uEnþenA\NÐÚcin neya)ayEpñkkarTUtkRmedaHRsay)anCemøaH
epSg²xagneya)ay b¤xageyaFaNas;. neya)ayrbs;RkúghaNUyk¾dUcneya)ayrbs;BYkExµr
Rkhm nigRkúgeb:kaMgEdr beBa©j[eXIjpøÚvEtmYyb:ueNÑaHsRmab;edaHRsaybBaða KWpøÚvhigSaeq<aHeTA
rkkareRbIkmøaMg)ay.
GVIEdlnaM[vinasGnþrayenaH KWbkçBYknImYy²GYtxøÜnfa xøÜnmanbTBiesaFn_eRcInCageBlNa²
TaMgGs;. CamYykarEbkExJkénbNþaRkúmGñkCatiniymminEmnkumµúynisþeTACaBYkCaRkúmbHe)ar Edl
RbeQøaHEtKñaÉg BYkExµrRkhm)aneFVI[eKTTYlsÁal;fa CakmøaMgsMxan;bMput EdlRbyuT§tsU‘nwgkar
kan;kab;rbs;evotNam. BYkeKsuT§EtCamnusSeXareXA Edl)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkar
minsb,aycitþ Edlkan;EtrIkFMeLIg²enARbeTskm<úCacMeBaHneya)aykan;kab;TwkdIrbs;BYkevot
Nam. KWkgT½Brbs;eKEdleRCIserIsBIkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<úCa EdlFujRTan;nwgkarRtÜtRtaesÞIrEt
dUcGaNaniKmEdlRkúghaNUyeFVITukçeTaselIBYkeK.
eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCaplitRsUvBuM)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;ciBa©wmRbCaBlrdæxøÜnk¾eday k¾eKRtÚv
bBa¢ÚnRsUveTARbeTsevotNamEdr. PasaevotNam )ankøayeTACaPasaTIBIr EtRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;
enAkñúgkariyal½yepSg²rbs;rdæaPi)al. cMnYnénniKmCnevotNamfµI²)anrIkFMeLIg Caerogral;qñaM
eTAtamdMeNIrmYyEdlmantaMgBIrab;ryqñaMmkehIy enAeBlEdlBYkevotNam)anT®nÞankan;kab;TwkdI
Edl\LÚvenH CaPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNam. dMbUg KWBYkQµÜjtUctacevotNam)ancUlmktaMgenA
¬Edl\LÚvenH manrs;enAesÞIrEtRKb;sgáat;kñúgRkúgPñMeBj¦ bnÞab;mk KWksikr nigBYkGñkensaTRtI.
BYkksikr)ancUlmkrs;enAelIEdndITaMgLay EdlkMBugmanvivaTenAtamRBMEdnevotNam -km<úCaEdl
eFVI[rwgEtminc,as;las;EfmeTotdl;karkRmitRBMEdnrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. BYkGñkensaT)aneLIg
tampøÚvTwkBIeRkammk ehIyCRmúleTAdl;PaKxaglicTenøsabeTot. ebIsinCadMeNIrenHmanskmµPaB
bnþeTAeTot niKmCnEdlRtÚvmkdl;enAeBlxagmuxKWCaRkúmkgT½BevotNamrMsayecjBICYr Edlnwg
TTYl)andIFøICafñÚrnwgkareFVI[RbeTskm<úCamansnþiPaB.
BYkevotNamk¾)anerIsRbCaCnkm<úCarab;ryBan;nak; edIm,IsßabnaTMnb;karBar¬Epnkar k-5¦
RbqaMgnwgs®gÁamT½BéRBExµrRkhmkñúgPaKxaglicRbeTs. BYkGñkeFVIkarkñúgkariyal½y nigBYkemdwknaM
neya)ayExµrénrbbRkúgPñMeBj etagEteTAcUlrYm {kareronsURt} Edlr:ab;rgkarbeRgónRTwsþI enA
RbeTsevotNamedayeTogTat;. tamc,ab;k,Ünneya)ay enHCaerOgcaM)ac;edIm,IERbkøayRbeTs
km<úCaeTACarNbmYyrbs;evotNam EdlgayRsYldwknaMmunkarksagRbeTseLIgvij.
RkúghaNUyminGacGHGagfa kgT½Brbs;xøÜn)anrYmbgáCadMeNaHRsaysRmab;pøas;bþÚrBYkExµr
RkhmEdlmantictYck¾eTEdr. karRsavRCavmYyenAqñaM1985 sþIBIkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSenARbeTs
Gvsankfa 655
km<úCa )anbgðaj[eXIjcMnYnd¾KYr[PJak;ep¥IlmYyénkarcab;xøÜnedaybMBan kareFVITaruNkmµ kardak;Kuk
cMeBaHbTelµIsbeBa©jTsSn³ karvayeFVI)abenAkñúgKuknanarbskrbbRkúgPñMeBj EdlerOgTaMgGs;
enHsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtaedaypÞal;rbs;BYkevotNam.
b:uEnþ etIGñkNamYyEdlnwgbeBa©H[RbCaCnkm<úCaeRbIR)as;GMeBIhigSa edIm,IbeNþjkgT½B
evotNamecjBIRbeTs ebIsinRbkarenHbNþal[mankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYkExµRkhm?
sßankarN_rwtEteFVI[eKTujT½lKMnitEfmeTot ebIsinCaeKcat;TukGñkkMBugdwknaMRbeTskm<úCafa
sßiteRkamGMNacevotNam ³ BYkGtItyuT§ikCnrbs; b:ul Bt. tamTsSn³d¾Cak;lak;mYy eKGac
sMKal;eXIjs®gÁamkñúgnaménRbeTskm<úCaCakartsU‘épÞkñúgbkSmYy. BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCamYyRkúm
EdldwknaMedayGtItkmµaPi)almñak;rbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigbNþasmaCikénCatisasn_PaKticmYy )an
bgábegáItbkSeLIgvijeRkameQµaHfa bkSRbCaCnbdivtþ ehIy)anGHGagfa enHCabkSBitR)akd
EdlbegáIteLIgkalBIqñaM1951. b:ul Bt )anBiBN’naTukdUcCakarP½nþRcLMmYy EdlGMeBI]RkidæepSg²
manb£sKl;taMgBIqñaM1975.
kñúgskmµPaBEdlmaneRKagTukCamunenH GMeBI]RkidæFMbMputrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
KWkarTmøak;eTaskMhuseTAelIsmaCikmYycMnYnrbs;bkS dUcCaelak hu‘n Esn rdæm®nþIkarbreTsCaedIm
Edl)anRbkasR)ab;´ enAPñMeBjkalBIqñaM1983 ¬\LÚvenHKat;Canaykrdæm®nþI¦. ehtudUecñHehIy
)anCaKµankarlubbM)at;lkçN³pþac;karénlT§i{sþalInniym} nig{lT§iNahSúIniym} enARbeTskm<úCa
taMgBIkarlukluyrbs;evotNammk. saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCayl;eXIjfa ]RkidæCn BIrnak;
CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvy:agsMxan;cMeBaHkarkab;smøab;RbCaCnÉgenH KW b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI. bkS
kumµúynisþEdlGñkTaMgBIrdwknaM RtÚv)anbgðajfaCaGñkrgeRKaHmñak; BuMEmnCaeBCÄXatsmøab;RbCaCn
ÉgeT.
TnÞwmnwgenaH BYkkumµúynisþEdlkMBugRbyuT§tsU‘eRkambBa¢arbs; b:ul Bt )anrkSaPaBminc,as;
las;[enAsßitesßrCabnþeTot eday)anRbkasCasaFarN³enAqñaM1981 BIkarrMlaybkSkumµúynisþ
km<úCa{BitR)akd}ecal. dUckñúgry³eBls®gÁamqñaM1970-1975Edr b:ul Bt cUlcitþlak;Tg;
Rkhmrbs;Kat;Cag.
eKBi)ak):an;sµanBImenaseBa©tnarbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsNas;. ´Gac
snñidæanfa BYkeKmincg;[BYkExµrRkhmvilRtLb;mkeT. mü:ageTot ´k¾yl;fakarbnþkarkan;kab;rbs;
evotNam nwgeFVI[RbCaCnTaMgenaHrIkrayvijk¾eTEdr b:uEnþńwgminR)afñadwgBImtirbs;eKhYsGMBIkar
eBalGHGagc,as;las;TaMgBIrenHeT.
´minRtÚvkarmnusSEdlniyayTukCamuneLIy. eTaHbICamanbBaðaepSg² eTaHCaRbvtþisa®sþ
rbs;xøÜnRbkbedaykarsøab;RBat;R)asGnþrayy:agNak¾eday k¾RbeTskm<úCa enAEtCaRbeTsén
esaP½NPaB nigkartsU‘mincMNuHGñkNadEdl. ehIyesckþIbBa©b;EdlmanlkçN³smRsbCageK
KWRbEhlCaesckþIsegçbmYy énerOgr:avrbs;mnusSxøHkñúgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn Edl´)anelIkeLIg
enAkñúgesovePAenH.
FnaKarik muI kumÖÚt
kumÖÚt )ankøayeTACamnusSmñak;kñúgcMeNamRbCaCncMnYn R)aMryBan;nak; Edlrt;ePosxøÜnecjBI

RbeTsrbs;eK ehIyEbkExJkeTArs;enARbeTsepSg²BaseBjBiPBelak. enAdMNac;qñaM1985
kñúgcMnYnGñkePosxøÜnTaMgGs;enH manmnusSRbEhl BIrryBan;nak; )anecjeTAtaMglMenAenAbreTs ³
mYyrysamsibBan;nak;enAGaemrikxageCIg citsibBan;nak;enAGWr:ub. émÖBan;nak;eTotrs;enAtamCMrM
epSg²rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEk,rRBMEdnéf. cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCakñúgbrimaNx<s;bMput -BIrrysam
sibR)aMBan;nak; )anrs;enAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf-km<úCa edayKµankarKaMBarBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati
eLIy KµanTaMglkçnþik³CaCnePosxøÜnEfmeTot ehIysßitenARbeLaHkNþalrvagBYkGñtsU‘km<úCa nig
kgT½Brbs;éf.
kumÖÚt CamnusSmanP½BVsMNagmñak;kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH. Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTskm<úCa
cMeBlEdlmankarcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anqøgkat;RBMEdnéfenAEx]sPa qñaM1979
bnÞab;BI)anedIrqøgkat;RbeTsGs;ry³eBlbYnEx. Kat;niyayfa ³ {karyl;RcLMrbs;´ KWmkBIéCO
fa eKc,as;CaTTYlrak;Tak;´ edayrak;Tak;minxan. ´Kitfa BiPBelakxageRkA nwgbgðajsmancitþ
rbs;eKcMeBaHeyIg}.
edayP½BVl¥ sßanTUtRbeTskaNada )anyl;RBmTTYlsÁal;ĆaCnePosxøÜneBjc,ab; ehIyk¾
minRtÚveKrujRcaneTARBMEdnmçageTotEdr. ¬enAExmifuna qñaM1979 kgT½Brbs;éf)anbgçitbgçMRbCaCn
km<úCa EssibBan;nak; [qøgRBMEdneTAkan;kEnøgmYyEdlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;y:agxøaMg. mnusSCa
eRcInnak;RtÚvsøab;. minyUrb:unµaneRkaymk shKmn_GnþrCati )anbBa©úHbBa©Úl[BYkéfRbkan;\riyabf
mnusSFm’CamunmYy cMeBaHGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCaTaMgGs;¦.
Gvsankfa 657
edayenArg;caMedIm,IcakecjBICMrM kumÖÚt )anesñI)ansuMbeRmIkarCaGñkbkERbPasa[RbCaCn
km<úCa EdlesñIsuMcUleTArs;enAshrdæGaemrik. enAdMNac;qñaM1976 Kat;)ancakecjdMeNIreTAkan;
RbeTskaNada Edlcab;BIeBlenaHmk Kat;)ancUleFVIkarCaFnaKarik manÉkeTsxagesdækic©Gnþr
Cati. Kat;)anCYyRKÜsarxagbgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;[)aneTArs;enATIRkúgLÚGg;hSWeLs Edr.
Kat;)anTTYlsBa¢atiCakaNadabIqñaMmkehIy.
KUCIvitesµaHsµR½K bu)öaNa nig Edt
KUresñhaTaMgBIr )ankøayeTACanimitþrUbénCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm. muneBl

Edl bu)öaNa RtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrXuMXaMg s-21 nag)ansresrCasMbuRtCaeRcIneTAkan;bþIsmøaj;
rbs;xøÜn ¬Edt¦ ehIynag)anbnþeFVIy:agenHrhUtdl;TIbBa©b; BIeRBaHnagcg;eXIjkarBiténGVIEdls
nigGVIEdlexµA énerOgr:agTaMgenH nigGMBIkarbBa©b;erOgenHedayrebobNa. esckþIR)afñarbs;nagRtÚv
)anpþl;[edayelak riT§I):an; EdlCaCnePosxøÜnExµrmñak;rs;enARsuk)araMg ehIyEdl)ankøayeTACa
GñkftExSPaBynþl,Il,ajmñak;. elak)anykesovePArbs;ĆaPasa)araMgeFVICaExSPaBynþmYy
EdlniyayGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs; bu)öaNa. ExSPaBynþl,Il,ajmYycMnYneTotrbs;elak riT§I):an;
rYmman GñkERs Edl)anTTYlrgVan;ExSPaBynþenATIRkúgkan RbeTsGIutalI. elak riT§I):an; )anTak;Tg´
ehIy´)anpþl;siT§[elakedayTUlMTUlay kñúgkareRbIR)as;ÉksaresovePArbs;´ sRmab;ftCa
ExSPaBynþGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs; bu)öaNa. CalT§pl ExSPaBynþmYyRtÚv)anpliteLIgCaPasaExµr
CaelIkdMbUgTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ EdlmaneQµaHfa bu)öaNa ³ esadnakmµkm<úCa. ExS
PaBynþenHRtÚv)anbBa©aMgenAmehaRsBPaBynþTIRkúg ev:nIs ehIy)anTTYlrgVan;x<s;bMput enAqñaM
1996 enAÉmehaRsBPaBynþGnþrCati TIRkúgm:aksI.
bBaØvnþ RTI em:ghY‘t
h‘Yt CabBaØvnþEdlTTYlkarGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg)anRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavij bnÞab;BIC½y

CmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm. Kat;CabBaØvnþmñak;kñúgcMeNambBaØvnþCaeRcInEdl)ancakecjBIRbeTs bnÞab;BI
mankarlukluyrbs;breTs. dUckumÖÚtEdr Kat;)antaMgcitþCYyBYkGñkePosxøÜndéTeTot ehIy)an
køayeTACaRbFanCMrMeRkApøÚvkar nigCaGñkbkERbPasa. RbeTs)araMgCaGñkpþl;siT§iRCkekandl;rUb
Kat;.
enATIRkúg):arIs Kat;)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYy®sþImñak; ehIyrk)ankargarmYyxagEpñkKImI.
b:uEnþkñúgesovePAmYyEdle)aHBum<pSayenARbeTs)araMgedayCnrYmCatimñak; hY‘t RtÚv)anerobrab;
TaMgxusfa Kat;CasmaCikmñak;rbs;bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCaEdlFøab;e)aHbg;bBaØvnþdéT²eTot.
xagelIenHRbEhlCamUlehtumYykñúgcMeNammUlehtuCaeRcIn EdlKat;RtÚv)aneKlYceFVI
Xad. enAExmIna qñaM1985 h‘Yt RbBn§Kat;nigsVamIPriyamYyKUeTot RtÚveKsmøab;enAkñúgElVgbnÞb;én
GKarsñak;enArbs;Kat;enATIRkúg):arIs. enAelITVarbnÞb; eK)ansresrGkSrRkevmRkvamfa ³ {BYkGñk
enArs;BIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_rbs;km<úCa¡}. tamkarsnñidæanfa h‘Yt CaCnCatiExµrdMbUgeKEdlRtÚv
eFVIXat edIm,IeFVIeTasRbedAcMeBaHbT]RkidæepSg²ExµrRkhm.
BYkmnusSEdlRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIbTmnusSXatedayectnaelIrUbelak xadEv:l
y:agehacNas;mnusSBIrnak; )aneqøIysarPaBeRkamkareFVITaruNkmµenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgfa
BYkeK)ancUlrYmkñúgkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy edIm,Ismøab;ePJóvmñak;kñúgcMeNamePJóvbreTsbInak;. mnusSTaMg
BIrnak; enaHmaneQµaH qn nigeBOn BYkeK)anRbkaskñúgcemøIysarPaBrbs;xøÜnfa karrYmKMnitk,t;enH
maneKaledAbgçÚckitüanuPaBrbs;bkS EdlRtÚvdwknaMCasm¶at;eday sun esn rdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs
rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
cemøIysarPaBrbs; qn xøICageKTaMgGs; y:agehac bMENkEdl´)anTTYl EdlbkERbeday
esþehVn ehd½r. qn niyayfa RkúmXubXitrbs;Kat; )anseRmcsmøab;ePJóvCnCatiGg;eKøs edIm,I
{bMpøaj}neya)ayrbs;bkS nig {raMgrabkSmin[manmitþPkþieRcInkñúgBiPBelak}. xadEv:l GñkCati
niymCatieGkUs EdleKkMNt;TukCamuneRkamBaküfa {ePJóvCatiGg;eKøs} enAkñúgÉksarenaH RtÚv)an
eRCIserIsCamuxsBaØaEdleKRtÚvsmøab; BIeRBaHKat;Camitþmñak;rbs;rbbenH EdlepSgKñaBIePJóvCati
Gaemrik. mrNPaBrbs;Kat;nwgbgðaj[eXIjfa bdivtþn_KµansmtßPaByamkarBarbNþamitþPkþirbs;
xøÜn EdlCMruj[mankarRcbUkRcbl;EfmeToteLIy. CnCatiGaemrikaMgTaMgBIrRtÚveKTuk[enArs;CIvit
edIm,IGacBnül;BIXatkmµenH.
eK)aneFVI[ qn nigeBOn sarPaBdUcKñafa GñkbeRmIkñúgpÞH qµaMkarBar GñkebIkLan CaeRcInnak; k¾
Gvsankfa 659
smKMnitkñúgerOgenHEdr. GñkTaMgBIr)anRbkasfa Gñksmøab;maneQµaHfa vuF ehIyGñkrYmKMnitTaMgGs;
)anseRmccitþRbharCIvit vuF eTot eRkayBIva)ansmøab; xadEv:l rYc.
eBOn k¾RtÚvbgçitbgçM[eqøIysarPaBfa Kat;CasmasPaBmñak;kñúgkarYmKMnitk,t;mYy EdldwknaM
eday v:n ev:t EdlRtÚv)ankemÞcenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgrYcmkehIy munkareTAdl;RkúgPñMeBjrbs;BYk
eyIg. eBOn etagEtRbkasfa v:n ev:t Føab;mansmancitþcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam ehIyfaKat;)an
b:unb:gsmøab; b:ul Bt enAqñaM1977.
eBOn nig qn )an{eqøIysarPaB}TaMgBIrnak;fa kareFVIXatePJóvbreTs RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgeday
smmitþ kn EdlCaRbFanxagBiFIkarrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. kn KWCaGñkEdleTATTYlBYkeyIgenA
Gakasyandæan nig)anCUntamdMeNIreyIgCaeRcInelIk.
b:uEnþ eBOn )anEføg[dwgfa GtþsBaØaNrbs;ePJóvEdlRtÚvsmøab; minsUvCamanPaBsMxan;b:unµan
eT. cemøIysarPaBrbs;GñkTaMgBIr mancuHkalbriecäTéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1979. mnusSmYycMnYnEdl
qn nigeBOn erobrab;bBa©Úlkñúg{cemøIysarPaB}rbs;BYkeKsßitenAEk,r² b:ul Bt Canic© eRkayBIman
karcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anbnþRbyuT§tsU‘eRkambTbBa¢aepSg²rbs; b:ul Bt dEdl.
sun esn enAEtCaemdwknaMkgT½Bd¾sMxan;mñak; kn enAEtTTYlxusRtÚvxagBiFIkardUckalBImun ehIyem
bBa¢akar BIn EdleyIgFøab;)anCYbenAsmrPUmiPaKxagekIt ehIyEdlmanCab;eQµaHkñúgcemøIy
sarPaBrbs;GñkTaMgBIrnak;enHEdrenaH )ansßitenACamYy b:ul Bt dEdl.
ebIsinCacemøIysarPaBTaMgenH RtÚveKRbDiteLIgedIm,Ibgá[mankarrlMdYlrbs; sun esn Emn
enaH KWCaerOgy:ag\tRbeyaCn_esµaH. RbEhl b:ul Bt bdiesF mineCO{P½sþútag}epSg² Edl Duc
pþl;mk[eT BIeRBaHEpnkareyaFarbs; sun esn )anbeBa©ósmin[empþac;kar nigbnrbs;Kat;RtÚvcab;
CaeQøIyswkedaykgT½BevotNam EdlkMBugsRmúkcUlTb;minQñHmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeLIy.
suIsUpa nigRKÜsarém:
suIsUpa RsICMnYyBüa)alCMgW )anrkeXIjb¥ÚnRsIBIrnak; nigb¥ÚnRbúsmñak; EdlrYcputBIesckþIsøab;

eLIgvij. BYkeK)anePosxøÜneTARbeTséf ehIyenAEx]sPa qñaM1980 GñkTaMgenH)aneFVIkarTak;Tg
CamYy´ ¬GñkniBn§¦ tamry³GñkkvIniBn§mñak; eQµaH ehSm hVg;tun Camitþmñak; Edl)an{pþl;Bt’man}
y:ageBjeljsþIBIs®gÁamenAkm<úCadUcCarUbÉdr. sUem:t b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;nag )aneFVIkarCaGñkbkERb
PasasRmab;kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× kñúgry³eBls®gÁam. RbFanEpñkneya)aybreTsrbs;kaEst
)anbBa¢ÚnTUrelxmYyc,ab;eTA[GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©nana edIm,IsuMGnuBaØat[RKÜsarém: )anecjeTA
rs;enAshrdæGaemrik. enATIRkúgv:asuInetan RKÜsarĆaGñkFanaxusRtÚvcMeBaHbgb¥Úném:TaMgenH.
bu)öa b¥ÚnRsImñak;kñúgcMeNamb¥ÚnRsITaMgBIr )anerobkarCamYy ram faj; ehIynagRbsURt)ankUn
RsImñak;enATIRkúgv:asuInetan Edlnag)andak;eQµaHfa favI. Xun bgb¤b¥Únrbs; faj; )anrYmdMeNIrmk
GaemrikCamYyBYkenHEdr ehIyBIéf¶enHeTA smaCikRKÜsarenHmanmnusSeBjv½yR)aMnak; CMTg;mñak;
nigTarkmñak;.
sUem:t eFVIkarenAkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× kñúgbNþaqñaMdMbUg²EdlBYkeKrs;enAshrdæGaemrik
bnÞab;mk Kat;)antaMglMenAenARbeTsGg;eKøsvij edayKat;eTArs;enACamYy hVg;tun ehIy)an
sresr{karcgcaMrbs;Kat;}enATIenaH.
smaCikdéTeToténRKÜsarenHsßitenAshrdæGaemrik. edayeFVIkarCaeRcInem:ag edaysnSM
R)ak;kaselIkarCYllMenAdæan edayrs;enAkñúgbnÞb;tUcmYyTaMgGs;Kña BYkeK)aneFVI[seRmcnUvbMNg
x¢ab;x¢ÜnmYykñúgcMeNambMNgx¢ab;x¢ÜnTaMgLayEdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIy. qñaMmun BYkeK)anTijpÞHfµ
d¾FMlVwgelVIymYyxñgenACayRkúgv:asuInetan EdlmanR)aMbnÞb; nigsYnc,arFMmYy EdlBYkeKERb[eTACa
sYndaMbEnø nigpáaepSg²eTAvij. RBHsgÇBuT§sasna CaeRcInGgÁEtgnimnþmkbiNÐ)aRtdl;eKhdæan
rbs;BYkeK. kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH suIsUpa )anerobkarCamYyGñkePosxøÜnmñak;eTotBIs®gÁammYyepSg
eTotEdr eQµaH ®hVg;suIsáÚ qaev: EdlmkBIRbeTssalv:aD½r. BIrExbnÞab;BIkarmkrs;enAkñúgeKhdæanfµI
suIsUpa begáIt)ankUnRbúsmñak;Edlnagdak;bktinamfa suRta mann½yfa KtibNÐit.
GñkkarTUt køÚt m:aTIn nig GuIhÁ½r rU:háaqUv
m:aTIn nig rU:háaqUv bnþkargarkic©karbreTsrbs;xøÜn. m:aTIn KWCaÉkGKÁrdæTUt)araMgRbcaMenA

RbeTscin rhUtdl;TIbBa©b;énebskmµsnþiPaBGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigkare)aHeqñatenAkm<úCa.rU:háaqUv
eRkaymk )anbMeBjkargarbreTsenATIRkúgeb:kaMg CamYy m:aTIn Edr kñúgzan³CaÉkGKÁrdæTUt r:UsuI RbcaM
enARbeTscin eRkayeBlkarEbk)ak;énshPaBsUerot. m:aTIn )anRtLb;mkTIRkúg)arIsvij Edl
bc©úb,nñenH Kat;KWCam®nþICan;x<s;lMdab;TI3 enAÉRksYgkarbreTs)arMag EdlmankarTTYlxusRtÚv
BiesscMeBaHkic©karGuWr:ub nwgeKalneya)ayesdækic©. rU:háaqUv enARbeTscinenAeLIy sBVéf¶enH.
kMNt;cMNaMxøI² 661
kMNt;cMNaMxøI²
CMBUkTI1
1
esckþIdkRsg;BI “In a Notebook”, in The Memory of War: Poems 1968-1982 (Edimbourg, Salamander Press, 1982).
2
karsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.
3
s®gÁamelIkTImYy)anRbRBwtþeTABIqñaM1946 dl;qñaM1954 rvagevotmij nigBYk)araMgEdll,g
deNþmI karRtÜtRtaelIbNþaGaNaniKmrbs;BkY eKenA\NÐcÚ ni eLIgvij bnÞab;BsI ®gÁamelakelIkTIBrI .
4
eKRbEhlCamindwgBIcMnYnGñkrgeRKaH EdlcUlrYmeFVIbdivtþn_enAkm<úCa edaykarsmøab;/ CMgW/ kar
briePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; BitR)akdesaHeLIy. sa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½y elak Stephen Heder
nigelak Ben Kiernan )anGHGagfa mancMnYnmYylannak;. elak David Hawk GñkTTYlxusRtÚvelIkar
GegátmYysþIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xñgrbs;bdivtþn_km<úCa )anvaytémøfa cMnYnBIrlannak; KWekokbMput
nwg cMnYnBitR)akd ehIyKWKat;enHÉgEdl´Føab;sþIbenÞas ehIyvaBMumankarRsuHRsYlKñasþIBIcMnYn
RbCa BlrdæenAqñaM1975 EdlmanBIR)aMmYylaneTACagR)aMBIrlannak;k¾eTEdr.
5
Rbvtþirbs;FnaKarik KWsMGagelIkarTak;TgKña EdlGñkniBn§)ansmÖasn_CamYyKat;enAkñúgGMLúg
eBls®gÁam nigkarsmÖasn_enAeBleRkay²mkeTot EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM1982
nigenAqñaM1983.
6
FnaKarGnþrCatiedIm,IkarsßabnaeLIgvij nigkarGPivDÆn_ (BIRD) nigsmaKmGnþrCatiedIm,IkarGPi
vDÆn_/ r)aykarN_rbs;KN³ebskkmµesdækic©enARbeTskm<úCa/ qñaM1969/ Éksarsm¶at;manbI
k,al/ éf¶TI12 Extula qñaM1970/ TMB½r45.
7
Ibid., TMB½r45-46.
8
elak Es‘k süúg/ {TsSn³rbs;km<úCaGMBIbdivtþn_}/ in Revolution and Its Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays,
eRkamkarcat;EcgdwknaMrbs;elakedvId eqnl½r nigelakebneXonin (New Haven, Yale University Southeast
Asia Studies, 1983).
9
r)aykarN_rbs;KN³ebskkmµesdækic©/ op. cit., TMB½r46-47.
10
sUmGan Cambodi:a The Search for Security, rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1968) sRmab;
karviPaKeBjeljmYy.
11
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu EdlTajehtusMGagkñúgsarTUrelxrbs;sßanTUtshrdæGaemrikenARkúg
PñMeBj bBa¢ÚneTA[RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg/ éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM1963. rkeXIjCafµIeday
sarc,ab;sþIBIesrIPaBsarBt’man.
12
karBiBN’na Ep¥elIkarykBt’manEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enACMnan;enaH.
13
tamr)aykarN_sm¶at;mYyrbs;mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati/ karvivtþn_Epñkesdækic©fµI²rbs;saFarN
rdæExµr/ éf¶TI27 Exvicäika qñaM1974.
14
elak ®hVg;s½r b:ugsðÚ/ {km<úCaqñaMsUnü} ¬Paris, Julliard, qñaM1977¦.
CMBUkTI2
1
TsSnavdþI {Tg;bdivtþn_} elx8 ExsIha qñaM1975. kareBalsresIrGMBIKuNsm,tþikgT½BTaMg
Gs;EdlmanteTAeToténsunÞrkfa KWecjBIRbPBEtmYy.
2
EpñksþIBIRbvtþisa®sþburaNenH KWsMGagCasMxan;elIesovePAepSg²dUcteTA ³
X {bNþaRbCaCnenA]bTVIb\NÐÚcin} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds/ Paris, Dunod, 1962.
X {bNþardæEdlniymsasnahiNÐÚ ¬RBhµBaØsasna¦enA\NÐÚcin nig\NÐÚensuI}/ Paris, De Boccard, 1964.
X GgÁr ³ An Introduction, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963.
{GgÁr/ mnusS nigfµ} rbs;elak EbNard_-hVIlIB ®háÚslIey:/ Paris, B. Arthaut, 1965.
“A History of South-East” rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall, New York, Sain Martin’s Press, 1980.
3
hS½k sWeds
4
Georges Coedès, Angkor: An Introduction (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963), TMB½r45.
5
Ibid.
6
er:suIdg; Can;x<s;enA Champeaux kñúgr)aykarN_TIBIrRbcaMRtImasrbs;Kat;enAqñaM1888 enAPñMeBj
EdlRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Milton Edgeworth Osborne, Rule and Response: Interaction in Cambodia and
Cochinchina (1859-1905) ¬niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit/ Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968¦ TMB½r358.
7
Ibid., TMB½r363 EdldkRsg;tamelak E. Aymonier CaGtItGñktMNagRbeTs)araMgenARkúgPñMeBj.
8
Rbvtþirbs;nags‘uyhSankabWueLsKWdkRsg;BI French Indochina rbs;GñkniBn§ Virginia Thompsom ¬New York,
Octagon Books, 1968, esoePAe)aHBum<tamc,ab;edIm/ 1937¦ nigkarsnÞnamYyrbs;GñkniBn§ CamYy
elak EbNard_ hVIlIB ®háÚslIey:.

9
Virginia Thompson, op. cit., TMB½r358.
10
elak V.M. Reddi, A History of the Cambodian Independance Movement 1863-1935 (Tirupati, Inde, Sri Venkateswara University
Press, 1970) TMB½r33.
11
Rbvtþirbs; sWgg:kfaj; nigkareFVI)atukmµenARkúgPñMeBj KWBwgEp¥kCasMGagelIesovePArbs;elak
V.M. Reddy nig V. Thompson RBmTaMgniekçbbTfñak;bNÐitrbs;elak ebneXonin eRkamcMNgeCIgfa {etI
b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? ³ RbvtþiénlT§ikumµúynisþenAkm<úCa/ 1930-1975 (Monash

University, Victoria, Australia, 1983).
12
V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMB½r84.
13
niekçbbTrbs; ebn eXonin/ op. cit., TMB½r60.
14
15
16
{bTsmÖasn_rbs;smmitþ b:ul Bt>>> cMeBaHKN³RbtiPUGñksarBt’man yUehÁasøavI}/ RkúgPñMeBj/
ExmIna qñaM1978. CIvRbvitþrbs;yuvCn saLút s KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmÖasn_enH/ elIesovePA
sikçaKarik CMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg nigkareFVIsmÖasn_ Lút sYg Cab¥ÚnRbúsrbs; s edayelak
esþehVn ehd½r.
17
18
kareFVIsmÖasn_ eGog FIriT§ CaRbBn§rbs; sarI edayGñkniBn§.
19
niekçbbTrbs;elak Milton Osborne, op. cit..
20
esovePA {GnusSavrIy_Ep¥mElðm nigCUrct;} rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette, 1981).
Rbvtþirbs;RKÜsar CYn KWRtÚv)anbMeBjbEnßmedaykareFVIsmÖasn_ mitþrYmviTüal½ymñak;eQµaH KirITit
nigkareFVIsmÖasn_ CYn m:um nig CYn RbsiT§ edayGñkniBn§.
21
karviPaKGMBIneya)ayrbs;)araMgenAsm½yenaH KWsMGagelIesovePAepSg²dUcteTA ³
X“Communism and the French Intellectuals” rbs;elak David Caute, New York, Macmillan, 1964.
X“Les communistes français dans leur premier demi-siècle (1920-1970), rbs;elak Annie Kriegel, Paris, Le seuil, nouvelle édition
1985.
XsmaCenATIRkúgTYrs_ (Tours), karcab;kMeNItrbs;bkSkumµúynisþ)araMg/ Paris, R. Julliard, 1964.

X“French Communism 1920-1972” rbs;GñkniBn§ Ronald Tiersky, New York, Colombia University Press, 1974.
22
smÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.
23
Rbvtþiénkarrs;enArbs; sarI nig FIriT§ enATIRkúg):arIs KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmÖasn_mYyCamYy FIriT§
edayGñkniBn§pÞal;.
24
esovePA Communism and the Frends Intellectuals rbs;GñkniBn§ David Caute, (New York, Macmillan, 1964), TMB½r179.
25
Ibid., TMB½r195.
26
esovePAmancMNgeCIgfa {ExµrRkhm¡} rbs;elak Es‘ksüúg nig ebneXonin (Paris, J.E. Hallier-Albin
Michel, 1981), TMB½r357-361.
CMBUkTI3
1
Im et Sivone Prom, Khmer Folk Tales ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ 1976¦.
2
esovePA{bNþardæEdlniymsasnahiNÐÚenA\NÐÚcin nig\NÐÚensuI} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds/ Paris,
De Boccard, 1964.
3
Ibid.
4
esovePA The Great Chinese Travelers: An Anthology rbs;elak Jeannette Mirsky, (New York, Pantheon, 1964),
TMB½r218-219.
5
niekçbbTrbs;elak ebneXonin {etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa?³ RbvtþiénlT§ikumµúynisþ
enAkm<úCa 1930-1973/ (Monash University, Victoria, Australie, 1983).
6
{clnats‘URbdab;GavuFExµr}/ esovePAesþIgrbs;KN³kmµaFikarsnþiPaBExµr/ Extula qñaM1952.
7
niekçbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ opt. cit..
8
Ibid.
9
ÉksarrwbGUs)anBIsRtÚv {karENnaMsþIBIlkçxNÐénkarcUlCasmaCikbkSrbs;CnCaticin}/
éf¶TI24ExmifunaqñaM1952.TUrelxCapøÚvkarrbs;GaemrikaMgelx749EdleKGacrkBt’manenA
Wasson-Echols Collection, Cornell University.
10
karsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.
11
karsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.
12
13
esckþIeqøIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlelIkmkniyayCasMGagkñúgniekçbbTrbs;elak ebn
eXonin/ op. cit..
14
Rbvtþirbs; eGog lIm nigkarerobrab;BIerOgr:avTaMgGs;rbs;Kat; KWRsg;ecjBI{karsnÞnaCamYy
eGog lIm CaExµrRkhmcuHcUl}/ TUrelxénsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjbBa¢ÚneTA[RksYgkar
breTsenARkúgv:asuInetan/ éf¶TI30 Exvicäika qñaM1971.
15
16
esckþIsegçbénRbvtþisa®sþbkSEdlman[eyabl;BIelI CaÉksarEdlrwbGUs)anBIEpñkTTYl
bnÞúkneya)aykgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUB’a.
17
TUrelxénsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI8 ExsIha qñaM1955.
18
cMnYnEdldkRsg;BIÉksarRbvtþisa®sþbkS.
19
ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTs enAéf¶TI8 Extula
qñaM1956.
20
Ibid.
21
ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTsenAqñaM1957.
22
BIsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjeTARksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI9 Exmifuna qñaM1956.
23
Ibid.
24
ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI19 Extula
qñaM1969.
25
Laura Summers, karnaM[sÁal; exov sMpn.
26
Ibid.
27
Ibid.
28
kEnøgGtßbTmþMúenH nigkareBalsresIr sMGageTAelIkarsmÖasn_mYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.
29
Rbvtþisa®sþbkSBlkrevotNam/ 1930-1975 ¬haNUy/ esovePAEdle)aHBum<pSayCa
PasabreTs/ 1977¦/ TMB½r105.
30
Rbvtþirbs; bU‘pat BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIÉksarepSg²enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. eKnwgrkeXIjesckþI
erobrab;BisþarmYynUvÉksar nigesckþIBnül;epSg²sþIBImNÐlXMuXaMgGñkeTas kñúgkMNt;ehtu
Biess GMBIÉksarTaMgLayenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg EdlmanbnþBIesckþIkt;ehtuTaMgenH.
31
karvaytémøEdlRsg;ecjBIkareFVICMerOnqñaM1962.
32
karBiBN’naGMBImhasnñi)at nigkarelIkerobrab;BIÉksarbegáItbkSRtÚv)andkRsg;BIsunÞrkfa
rbs; b:ul Bt ³ {mhaeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.
33
Stephen Hedter, The Historial Basis of the Kampuchea-Vietnam Conflict: The Development of the Kampuchea Communist Movement
and Its Relations with Vietnamese Communism, 1930-1970¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ Cornell University, 1978¦.
34
GVI²EdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; bU‘pat KWsMGagelIcemøIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.
35
ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgeTARksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI11 Exemsa qñaM1963.
36
Rbvtþisa®sþbkS.
37
RbvtþiénkarbHe)artamGtßbTrbs;elakebneXonin/ The Samlaut Rebellion and Its Aftermath: 1967-1970, The
Origins of Cambodia’s Liberation Movement (Melbourne, Monash University Center of Southeast Asian Studies, 1976).
38
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.).
39
eGog FIriT§ EdleFVIsmÖasn_edayGñkniBn§.
40
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.).
41
b:ul Bt/ {mhaeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ sunÞrkfa/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.
42
esovePA {kMNt;ehtusþIBIdMeNIrkñúgkEnøgsMxan;²enARbeTsesom/ km<úCa nigRbeTsLav/
1858-1861} rbs;elak hg;rI mUhUt.
43
niekçbbTrbs;elak M.E. Osborne, Rule and Response: Interaction In Cambodia and Cochinchina (1859-1905) (Cornell
University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968).
44
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþeRCagx<s;Tg;C½yCmñHrbs;bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCad¾CajC½y edIm,Ikm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü/ bnþeFVIbdivtþn_sgÁmniym nigksaglT§isgÁmniymEfmeTot}/ sunÞrkfa/ PñMeBj/ ExkBaØa
qñaM1978.
45
b:ul Bt/ {mhaeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ sunÞrkfa/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.
46
Ibid.
47
.
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.)
48
cemøIysarPaBrbs; b‘Upat.
49
Ibid.
50
.
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.)
51
Ben Kiernan, The Samlaut Rebellion... (op. cit.).
52
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþ>>>}/ sunÞrkfa/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.
CMBUkTI4
1
karerobrab;BIrdæRbharqñaM1970 tamBt’manEdlcuHpSaykñúgkaEstenACMnan;enaH nigesovePA
epSg²dUcteTA ³
X Anatomy of a coup rbs;elak T.D. Allman.
X Cambodi:a The Widening War In Indochina rbs;elak Jonathan Grant, Laurence Moss et Jonathan Unger (New York,
Washington Square Press, 1971).
X The Khmer Republic at War and The Final Collapse, rbs;elak sak;s‘ut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center
for Milatary History, 1980).

2
sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit..
3
tamelak William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxpÞal;xøÜnrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenA
RkúgPñMeBjepJIreTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI25 Ex]sPa qñaM1972.
4
Ibid.
5
kar[Gtßnyrbs; .
Merriam-Webster Dictionary (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1974)
6
William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
7
sak;s‘ut saxn/ .
op. cit.
8
William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
9
karBiBN’naBIclnabM)at;CatiCIhV edayelak Jonathan Grand et al. (op. cit.) RBmTaMgelak William Shawcross,
Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and The Destruction of Cambodia ¬esaknadkmµmYyEdlKµan sarsMxan;/ Paris, Balland,
1979).
10
ém: suIsupa EdlsmÖasn_edayGñkniBn§.
11
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI2 ExkBaØa qñaM
1970.
12
Ibid.
13
TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol,
14
esovePA {nvexmrniym} rbs; ln; nl; ¬PñMeBj/ saFarNrdæExµr/ 1974¦.
15
enAmankarCab;édRbyuT§eBjTMhwg manTahanGaemrikaMg BIrmWunR)aMBan;nak;enAkm<úCa enAéf¶TI7
Ex]sPa qñaM1970.
16
sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Showcross (op. cit.) sRmab;karviPaKeBjeljmYyGMBIneya)ay
rbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgkarTmøak;RKab;EbkenARbeTskm<úCa.
17
18
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj EdlcuHhtßelxaedayelakÉkGKÁrdæTUt eGm:UrI sVaMg
enAéf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM1971 ehIybBa¢ÚneTA[RksYgkarbreTs.
19
karelIkkitþiysenH nigkarerobrab;BIkarBiPakSakñúgépÞkgT½BGMBIerOgRbtibtþikarswkecnLaTI2 KW
Rsg;tamesovePArbs;elak sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit..
20
karsnÞnaCasm¶at;rbs;elak Guin taM CamYyÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikaMg tamTUrelxmYyrbs;sßanTUt
GaemrikaMgepJIeTARksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI13 Exvicäika qñaM1972.
21
GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelxrbs;elak Timothy Carney: The Unexpected Victory.
22
TwkR)ak;mYyekadiduløarCaCMnYyeTA[RbeTsevotNam RtÚv)an[dMNwgmkGñkniBn§edayGñknaMBakü
mñak;rbs;rdæaPi)alRkúghaNUy nige)aHBum<pSaykñúgkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× éf¶TI27 ExkumÖ³
qñaM1983. cMnYnTwkR)ak;srubénCMnYyGaemrikaMgpþl;eTA[saFarNrdæExµr KWRsg;tamelak Tim
Carney.
23
karcuHykBt’manedayGñkBin§enAqñaM1973 sRmab;kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×.
24
cMnYn KWdkRsg;BIr)aykarN_sm¶at;mYyrbs;GgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati.
25
esovePAexµA ³ ehtukarN_ nigPsþútagénGMeBIQøanBan nigkarP¢ab;EdndIrbs;RbeTsevotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ PñMeBj/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.
26
tamesovePArbs;elak Tim Carney, The Unexpected Victory (op. cit.) nigrbs;elak Richard Dudman, Forty Days
with the Ennemy (New York, Liveright, 1971).
27
esovePAexµA ³ (op. cit.) TMB½r56.
28
Ehm samin EdlsmÖasedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.
29
Ibid.
30
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMg EdlRsg;ecjBIRbvtþisa®sþEdlmantmkeTot nigkareBal
sresIrTaMgGs;.
31
sgáat;GtßbTmþMúenH BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIesovePA “Backward Toward Revolution : The Chines Revolutionary Party”
rbs;elak Edward Friedman (Berkeley, University of California Presse, 1974), CaBiessenARtg;TMB½r 213-215.
32
tamesovePA Cambodia in the Southeast Asian War rbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell et Lek Hor Tan (New York, Monthly
Review Press, 1975).
33
bBa¢IeQµaHbNþalsmaCikénraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa nigrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa edayyk
tambBa¢Irbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell.
34
Ca suT§ EdlsmÖasedayelak esþehVn ehd½r enAExmifuna qñaM1981.
35
karBiBN’na nigkarelIkniyaysMGagTaMgenH KWsMGagelIesckþIbkERbcMnYnBIr BIesovePA {Rs
eNaHRBlwgExµr}rbs; Guit sarin.esckþIbkERbmYyEdlvayGgÁúlIelxRtÚv)anesñIedayGñkniBn§
nigelak GuIsðúIy:am:a kUKI. esckþIdkRsg;xøHRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSaykñúgGtßbT {etIExµrRkhmCaGñk
Na} edayGñkniBn§ enAkñúgkaEstv:asuIetanb:usþ×naExmIna qñaM1974. esckþIbkERbTIBIrEdlman
lkçN³eBjeljCag RtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayedayelak Timothy Carney kñúgesovePA Communist Party
Power in Kampuchea (Ithaca, Cornell University, 1977). karelIkniyayTaMgb:unµantamesovePA{RseNaHRBlwg
Exµr} KW)anmkBIkarbkERbrbs;elak Carney b¤elak Koki.

36
Xøa b¤GtßbTmþúM² nigkarBiBN’naEdlmanteTAeTot suT§EtsMGagelIRbvtþisa®sþbkS.
37
cemøIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas/ {cemøIyrbs; X}/ éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976/ enAsarmnÞIr
TYlEsøg. GtßbTbkERbrbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r.
38
BYkemdwknaMénclnats‘UExµr nigsmaCikraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCati enAxagkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
39
esovePAexµA (op. cit.).
40
karerobrab;GMBIshkrN_TaMgLay KWykKMnittamGtßbT {kmµaPi)al/ bNþasmaCik/ RbCaCn
nigkgT½Bbdivtþn_RtÚvmUlmtiEtmYy}/ kñúgTsSnavdþITg;bdivtþn_ ExsIha qñaM1975 nigtamGtßbT The
Khmer Krahom Program to create a Communist Society in Southern Cambodia rbs;elak Kenneth Quinn, TUrelx
epJIeTARksYgkarbreTsenAéf¶TI19 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1974.

41
sunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbnþeRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.
42
CYn RbsiT§i EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.
43
esovePA “Aftermath: The Struggle of Cambodia and Vietnam” rbs;elak John Pilger nig Anthong Barnett (Londres,
New Statesman, 1982), TMB½r52.
44
tamTUrelxrbs;elak Kenneth Quinn Edlmanerobrab;rYcmkehIy RBmTaMgkarelIkerobrab;TaMg
Gs;EdlmanCabnþmkeTot.
45
karBiBN’naGMBITIRkúgPñMeBjkñúgry³eBls®gÁam KWsMGagelIkarykBt’manepSg²EdlseRmceFVI
eLIgenACMnan;enaH edayGñkniBn§pÞal; rYmTaMgr)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶rbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgeBjGMLúg
eBléns®gÁam.
46
tamesovePA The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung rbs;elak Stuart Schram (New York, Frederick A. Praeger,
1963).
47
b:ul Bt/ kñúgTsSnavdþITg;bdivtþn_.
48
Ibid.
49
John Pilger et Anthony Barnett, op. cit.
50
kareFVIsmÖasn_rbs;GñkniBn§.
51
52
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI31 Exkkáda qñaM
1973.
53
Ehm samin EdleFVIsmÖasedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.
54
55
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/éf¶TI29ExmkraqñaM1974.
56
karBiBN’naBIkarRbyuT§pþac;RBR½t tamkarerobrab;rbs;elak sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit., nigr)ay
karN_epSg²RbcaMéf¶rbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMg.
57
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkúgPñMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI7 Exmkra
qñaM1975.
58
CMBUkTI5
1
2
esovePA Staline (Staline: A Political Biography) rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher, bkERbBIesovePACaPa
sa)araMgrbs;elak J.P. Herbert (Paris, Julliard, 1953).
3
Franz Schurmann nig Orville Schell, GñkTTYlxusRtÚvelIesovePArYmmancMNgfa Communist China Revolutionary
Reconstruction and International Confrontation (New York, Vintage, 1967).

4
kareFVIsmÖasn_ eGog sarI edayGñkniBn§ EdlkñúgenaHKWBwgEp¥kCasMGagelIesckþIraykarN_
EdleFVIeLIgeday sarI enAéf¶dMbUg²énC½yCmñH.
5
GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx The Unexpected Vicotry rbs;elak Tim Carney.
6
karerobrab;BIkarpÁt;pÁg;PsþúParTIRkúgéRBnKr tam With Firm Steps: Southern Vietnam Since Liberation 1975-1977
¬haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/ qñaM1978¦.
7
kaEstjÚvy:kEfms_/ éf¶TI14 Exkkáda qñaM1975.
8
karvaytémøGMBIkarxUcxatTaMgGs; tamsunÞrkfarbs; eGog sarI enAmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCa
Cati naExtula qñaM1976 nigtamr)aykarN_sm¶at;rbs;GgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati.
9
KMrUenA ram nigkMBg;esam KWdkRsg;BIkarcuHykBt’manmYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM
1978.
10
karBiBN’natamkareFVIsmÖasn_ FIriT§ edayGñkniBn§ nigesovePA{karvilRtLb;eTARkúgPñMeBj}
rbs;elak GuI pan;dara (Paris, A.M. Métaillé, 1982).
11
12
karvaytémøTaMgenH sMGagelIkareRbóbeFobmYynUvcMnYntYelxrbs;elak ebn eXonin nig elak
esþehVn huID½r. ´Føab;snñidæanfa GtItPUmiPaK]tþr)anpþl;T½BbIkgBlFMeTA[mCÄim. BIrkgBlFM
sßitenAPñMeBj/ kgBlFMTIbI RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTARBMEdnPaK|san. PUmiPaKbUB’a pþl;eTA[RkúgPñMeBjEt
mYykgBlFMb:ueNÑaH ¬EdlsßitenAkñúgkgT½BmCÄim¦ nigrkSaTukBIrkgBlFM. PUmiPaKBiess )an
køayeTACaPUmiPaKrbs;mCÄim nig)anRbKl;kgT½Brbs;xøÜneTA[RkúgPñMeBjTaMgGs;. kgBlFMEt
mYyKt;rbs;PUmiPaKBay½Bü EdlmancMnYnT½BminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[enAnwgkEnøg. PUmiPaK
nirtI )anpþl;T½B[RkúgPñMeBjmYykgBlFM ¬b:uEnþRtÚvdak;[RbcaMkarenAkMBg;esam kñúgPUmiPaKrbs;xøÜn
dEdl¦ ehIy)anrkSakgT½Brbs;xøÜnBIrkgBlFMeTot.
13
Rbvtþirbs;PUmiPaKnirtI KWsMGagelIGtßbT {BI b:ul Bt dl;Eb:nsuvNÑ>>>} rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r
EdlKat;)anEføgenAkñúgsnñisITGnþrCatisþIBI\NÐÚcin nigbBaðasnþisux nigsißrPaBenAGasuIPaKGaeKñy_
¬saklviTüal½yCULaLúgkn/ )agkk/ qñaM1980¦.
14
CIvRbvtþirbs; tam:uk yktamcemøIysarPaBrbs; ng sYn EdlsresrenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg
enAéf¶TI21 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
15
CIvRbvtþirbs; esa Pwm yktamcemøIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg/ GtßbTbkERb
rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r nigtamniekçbbTfñak;bNÐitrbs; ebn eXonin ³ etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNac
EbbNa/ RbvtþiénlT§ikumµúynisþenAkm<úCa 1930-1970 ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ sakl
viTüal½y x½rENl/ qñaM1978¦.
16
Ehm samin RtÚv)ansmÖasn_edayelak esþehVn ehd½r.
17
sMLÚt CakarseRmccitþedImdMbUgrbs;kumµúynisþ kñúgkarcab;epþImkarts‘UedayGavuF ehIyéf¶TI17
ExmkraqñaM1968)ankøayeTACaéf¶ExénkarbegáItkgT½Bbdivtþn_. CYn RbsiT§i EdleFVIsmÖaseday
GñkniBn§.
18
19
kñúgGtßbT {sRmÜcstiGarmµN_vNÑ³GFn>>>}/ TsSnavdþITg;bdivtþn_RbcaMExkBaØa-tula qñaM1976
EdlGtßbTenHRtÚv)anbkERbedayelak kwm sus nig FImU:FI xarnI.
20
esovePA {RtútsÁI/ BüakarIRbdab;edayGavuF} rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher “The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879-
1921), karbkERbBIesovePACaPasa)araMgrbs;elak eb: eb:h‘Súy (Paris, Julliard, 1962).
21
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþ>>>}/ sunÞrkfaenAExkBaØa qñaM1978.
22
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
24
esovePA {sþalIn} rbs;elak .
Isaac Deutscher (op. cit.)
25
Ibid.
26
esovePA “A History of Russia” rbs;elak Sir Bernard Pares (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), TMBr½ 507.
27
Franz Schurmann et Orville Schell (op. cit.), TMB½r409-410.
28
Ibid., TMB½r211. ¬bdivtþn_TIBIrbs;sþalIn nigneya)aymhaelatepøaHrbs;cin )anseRmcCMruj
Epñkesdækic©eTArk]sSahUbnIykmµ nigEkERbkarRbRBwtþiepSg² edIm,InwgeFVI[RbCaCnkñúgRbeTs

eCOfa eKQancUlsm½yTMenIbehIy. BYkExµrRkhmminsÁal;BIeCaKC½y EdlmankMNt;enH
pgeT¦.
29
elak haNah_ Gaer:n )anniyayBüakrfa ³ {kalNaRBHraCakan;Etpþac;kar bdivtþn_Edlnwgmk
CMnYskEnøgrbs;RBHGgÁkan;Etpþac;karCagRBHGgÁeTAeTot}/ kñúgkarniBn§l,gsþIBIkarbdivtþn_
(Gallimard, 1985). eTvraCaénRbeTskm<úCa KWCaRBHraCakan;GMNacpþac;karCageKmYyGgÁkñúgcMeNam
RBHraCa Edlkan;GMNacpþac;karCageK ehIyBYkExµrRkhmCaGñkbdivtþn_eRbIGMNacpþac;karCageK

kñúgcMeNamGñkbdivtþn_ EdleRbIGMNacpþac;karCageK.
30
D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1970).
31
esovePAmancMNgeCIgfa {GgÁr} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds.
32
viTüúRkúgPñMeBj/ éf¶TI12 Exmifuna qñaM1975 kñúgRBwtþibRtBt’manrbs;xøÜnCaPasabreTs.
33
esovePA {GgÁr} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds EdlRsg;mþúM²manniyayCasMGagedayelak lVIs_
hVINUt.
34
smÖasn_rbs;emdwknaMcMeBaHBYkGñkkaEstyUehÁasøavI. Edward Conze dans Buddhism, Its Essence and
Development (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1959) EdlKU s bBa¢ a k; f a eKaledArbs; R BHBu T § s asnaKW
{eFVI[mnusS mancitþs¶b;s¶at;}.
35
GñkkarTUtcin EdlsmÖasn_edayGñkniBn§ nigmanbMNg[rkSaGnamikPaB.
36
esovePA {KMnithYsvis½yEdlbNþal[manmnusSsøab;Gs;CaeRcIn} rbs; Bin y:aéf/ GñkrYcBI
eRKaHfñak;énGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_km<úCamñak; niyaybgðaj[eXIjerOgenaH (Paris, R. Laffont, 1979),
TMB½r97-98.
37
A.L. Bashman, The Wonder That Was India (New York, Grove Press, 1954).
38
Bin y:aéf/ op. cit., TMB½r35.
39
CYn RbsiT§i EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.
40
kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× ecjéf¶TI27 Exemsa qñaM1975.
41
esovePA “Origins of the conflict” rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r/ Southeast Asia Chronicle, ExkBaØa-tula
qñaM1978.
42
kardMNaleLIgvijGMBIvibtþinavaém:y:aehÁ KWBwgEp¥kCasMGagelI{karcab;navaém:y:aehÁ}/svnakar
rbs;sPaGaemrikaMgenAqña1M 975 nigesckþkI t;Tku xø²I EdlsresredayGñkniBn§kgúñ »kasénsnñsi TI
kaEstEdleFVIeLIgeday eGog sarI sþIBIerOgenH enATIRkúgjÚvy:knaéf¶TI6 ExkBaØa qñaM1975.
43
esckþIkt;TukxøI²rbs;GñkniBn§ nigGtßbTkñúgkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×éf¶TI8 ExkBaØa qñaM1975.
44
TsSnavdþIEfm éf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.
45
esovePAesþIgsþIBIvimanrMB£kviBaØaNkçn§GtItyuT§CnenARbeTsevotNam/ Rkúgv:asuInetan/ D.C..
46
TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúg)agkk epIJeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI5 Ex]sPa qñaM
1975.
47
sun esn )anRbkasfa Kat;Føab;)ansikSaBIs®gÁamTaMgLayrbs;GWr:ub kñúgkareFVIsmÖasn_mYy
Edlpþl;dl;elak esþehVn ehd½r enAqñaM1979.
48
karerobrab;GMBIkariyaFibetyü ¬GMNac/ Tmøab;/ rebobcat;Ecgkic©karrdæ¦ nigkarRbRBwtþeTArbs;
rbbenH KWyktamkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;GñkniBn§eTAkan;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAqñaM1978 nigkar
smÖasn_CaeRcIn Edl)aneFVIenACMnan;enaH.
49
EpñksMxan;²énCIvRbvtþiTak;Tgnwg nYn Ca KWyktamniekçbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..
50
enAxN³enH kgT½B)anTTYlbBa¢a[bBa©b;muxkarepSg²rbs;xøÜnCasnþisux EdlrYmmankarsmøab;
mnusSpg.elakLÚr:a samm½r nigebneXonin )anbkRsayerOgenHfadUcCabBa¢amYy[bBaÄb;kar
smøab;TaMgGs;. b:uEnþ vahak;dUcCafa BMumankarp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñkñúgkarsmøab;mnusSeT b:uEnþfa
kic©karcaM)ac;enH RtÚv)anRbKl;[EpñksnþisuxenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgEdldwknaMeday Duc vij.
tamBit KWeRkaymanbBa¢aenHbnþic EdlmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgcab;epþImdMeNIrkar.
CMBUkTI6
1
sMbuRtenH CacMENkmYyénÉksarrbs; hYt bu)öaNa enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg EdlrkeXIjedayGñk
niBn§enAmCÄmNÐlenH ehIybkERbenAnwgkEnøgeday CMu bUrI CamKÁúeTÞsk_rbs;rdæaPi)al. kñúg
ÉksarenHmanémÖmYydMu ³ esckþIRbkasrbs;nagenAéf¶EdlsnþisuxnaMxøÜnmkdak;Kuk/ CIvRbvtþirbs;
nag/ karlatRtdagBIeQµaHsmaCikEdleKGHGagfa CaExSbNþajrbs;nagcMnYn 15c,ab; cemøIy
sarPaBGMBIsMbuRtCaeRcIn EdlnagsresrepJI[sVamIrbs;nag/ CIvRbvtþimYyrbs;bþInag nigmti
ENnaMy:agEvgrbs; Duc epJIeTA[kmµaPi)alEdlTTYlbnÞúksYrcemøIy. BYkGñkEfrkSasarmnÞIr
TYlEsøg)anniyayR)ab;´fa enHCaÉksarRkas;CageKkñúgcMeNamÉksarenATIenaH.
2
RTI em:ghYt nig buin Nal; EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.
3
tamc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ Edle)aHBum<pSay nigviPaKeday emon sg;KIm kñúg Southeast Asian Affairs,
qñaM1977.
4
bTePøgCatiRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSay kñúgTsSnavdþI {km<úCaRbCaFibetyüe)aHCMhaneTAmux} EdlCa
TsSnavdþIpøÚvkarmYyrbs;rbbenH.
5
smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.
6
Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), TMB½r53. {BIkarPUtkuhk eTAGMeBIhigSa
.
(Paris, Calmann - Lévy, 1972)
7
.
Ibid., p. 55
8
Ibid., p. 55.
9
Rbvtþirbs; bu)öaNa nig Edt KWsMGagelIÉksarrbs;nagenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. kareRbIR)as;
ÉksarenH nigÉksarepSg²eTot EdleRbIsRmab;bBa¢ak;GMBIsm½yenH KWRtÚv)anjúaMg[pusKMnit
edayelak Jonathan Spence, The Death of Woman Wang (New York, Penguin, 1982).
10
esovePA “The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse” rbs; sak;s‘ut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center
for Military History, 1980).
11
karykBt’manEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAsm½yenaH.
12
sUmGanerOg {ramayN³} ¬ramekrþ×¦ edIm,IdwgBIerOgyuT§kfaTaMgmUl.
13
karBiBN’naGMBImnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgtamkareFVITsSnkic©rbs;GñkniBn§enAqñaM1983. lkçN³Bitén
cemøIysarPaBCaeRcInenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg KWRtÚv)anGHGagbEnßmeday eGog sarI kñúgkareFVI
smÖasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmnwgGñkniBn§ ehIyRtÚve)aHBum<pSaykñúgGtßbT {bnÞb;mrN³rbs;BYkExµr
Rkhm}rbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× éf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1981.
14
bTsmÖasn_TaMgLayrbs;GñkniBn§enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg nigkarBiPakSaCamYy edvId hk.
15
bTsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§ edayBYkGñkePosxøÜnEdlcUlcitþlak;GnamikPaB.
16
eGog sarI EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.
17
bNþaemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§enAExFñÚ qñaM1978.
18
sUmGanGtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx {shkrN_TaMgLaykñúgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} rbs;elak LÚr:a
samm½r/ ExsIha qñaM1981 nigkareFVIsmÖasn_ eGog sarI edayGñkniBn§.
19
tamGtßbTrbs;elak LÚr:a samm½r/ op. cit..
20
Rbvtþirbs;RKÜsarém: KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmÖasn_EdlGnuBaØatpþl;dl;GñkniBn§edaysmaCikRKÜsar
Edlrs;ranmanCIvitcMnYn4rUbKW suIsupa/ bUpa/ sUem:t nig »Pa.
21
22
23
Ibid.
24
25
karerobl¥itl¥n;sþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrxagBaNiC¢kmµrbs;BYkExµrRkhm nigRkúmh‘un er:nhVúg (Ren Fung, Co.)
kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUB’a (FEER) éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM1977.
26
r)aykarN_dMNac;qñaM rbs;rdæaPi)al KWelIkmkniyayCasMGagkñúgesovePArbs;elak David
Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December 1976 ¬bTGnþraKmn_
enAsnñisITRBIns_tun sþIBIRbeTskm<úCa/ Exvicäika qñaM1982¦.

27
Chandler, op. cit..
28
kareFVIsmÖasn_ nigTsSnkiic©enAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyürbs;GñkniBn§enAqñaM1978.
29
kareFVIsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§edayvisVkr r:UdulhVÚ hSúyGaer: EdlCYsCulRbB½n§Farasa®sþ
rbs;RbeTsenHBIExsIha qñaM1980 dl;Exkkáda qñaM1982.
30
31
karBiPakSaCamYysa®sþacarü ®hVg; GuhVm:an Edl)anbMPøW´GMBIcMNucenH.
32
elIkmkniyayCasMGagkñúgesovePA “The Norms and Standards International Human Rights and Khmer Rouge Rule
in Democratic Kampuchea 1975-1979” rbs;elak edvId hk EdlCitecjpSay.
33
Rbvtþirbs; han tav sMGagelIbTsmÖasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§enAqñaM1979 nigRtÚv
)anbMeBjbEnßm edaykareFVIsmÖasn_CnCaticinkat;Exµr R)aMmYynak;epSgeTot.
34
sunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbnþeRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.
35
karerobrab;BIkare)assm¥atfµI² KWyktambBa¢IeQµaHCnrgeRKaHEdlCab;Kuk nigRtÚvsmøab;enA
mnÞrI XMXu aMg s-21 eRkamrbb b:lu Bt/ eGog sarI. mnÞrI enHsßti enAkñgú GtItviTüal½yTYlsVayéRB
RkúgPñMeBj ¬ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelx/ sarmnÞIrTYlEsøg/ BMumancuHkalbriecäTeT¦.
36
smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.
37
David Hawk, op. cit..
38
bTsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ edayelak qaMg sug/ GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgBt’manrbs;
saFarNrdæExµr.
39
{BIkarPUtkuhkeTAGMeBIhigSa} rbs;elak Gaer:nd_.
40
David Hawk, op. cit..
41
Xøa b¤GtßbTmþMú² KWdkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþIyuvCnbdivtþn_ tamesovePA “Communist Party Power in
Kampuchea (Cambodia): Documents and Discussion” rbs;elak Timothy Carney, Conell University Southeast Asia Program,
.
Data Paper No 106, Ithaca, 1977)
42
GtßbT {GñkNaxøHCaBYkExµrRkhm?} rbs;GñkRsI eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r cuHpSaykñúgkaEst
v:asuInetanb:usþ× ExmIna qñaM1974.
43
v:un EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM1978.
44
embBa¢akar BIn EdlsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.
45
karkt;smÁal;rbs;GñkniBn§kñúgry³eBlénkareFVIdMeNIrenAqñaM1978.
46
karsmÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM1979.
CMBUkTI7
1
tamcemøIysarPaBrbs; b‘U pat ¬sMuNMuÉksarenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg¦.
2
karerobrab;BImnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg nigsmÖar³eFVITaruNkmµ tamkareFVITsSnkic©EdleFVIeLIgeday
GñkniBn§enAqñaM1983.
3
edvId hk/ {mnÞIrsmøab;mnusSTYlEsøg Index on Censorship, Londres, Exmkra qñaM1986.
4
karerobrab;GMBIkare)assm¥atenAPUmiPaK]tþr nigBay½Bü KWyktamÉksarepSg²rbs;elak
Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power in Democratic Kampuchea, ¬ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelxEdlBinitüeLIg
vijenAExsIha qñaM1982¦.
5
6
Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power..., (op. cit.).
7
karcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab; kuy FYn KWyktamesovePAexµA/ ehtukarN_ nigPsþútagepSg²énGMeBI
QøanBan nigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa ¬PñMeBj/ 1978¦ nigbBa¢ICn
rgeRKaH EdlCab;Kuk nigsmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21 kñúgrbb b:ul Bt / eGog sarI/ GtItviTüal½y
TYlsVayéRBenARkúgPñMeBj ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ sarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_enA
TYlEsøg/ PñMeBj/ KµankalbriecäT.
8
tambBa¢ICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.).
9
karvaytémøtambBa¢ICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.) nigkarRsavRCavrbs;elakesþehVn ehd½r nigelakedvId
hk.
10
ÉksarcuHkalbriecäTéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976/ mancMNgeCIgfa {cemøIyrbs; X. elIkTI mYy ³
karsnÞnaCacMhGMBIbdivaTkmµnwgRkúghaNUy sþIBIkareRCIserIséf¶ExqñaMénkarbegáItbkS/ 1951
b¤ 1960 ¬ÉksarenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg¦/ GtßbTbkERbrbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r. karerobrab;
TaMgGs; EdlmanCabnþ KW)anmkBIcemøIysarPaBTaMgenH.
11
bBaðaénéf¶xYbkMeNIt KWyktamelak David Chandler, “Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuche:a When Was the
Birthday of the Party?”, Pacific Affairs, rdUvePøóg qñaM1983.
12
David Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December, 1976, ¬GtßbT
vayGgÁúlIelx EdlbgðajCUnenAsnñisITRBIns_tun sþIBIRbeTskm<úCa/ Exvicäika qñaM1982¦.

13
Ibid.
14
Rbvtþirbs; RTI em:ghYt tamkarsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§.
15
smÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§.
16
Ibid.
17
.
David Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate (op. cit.)
18
esckþIdkRsg;BIcemøIysarPaBrbs; h‘U nwm Edle)aHBum<pSaykñúgesovePA “The Bureaucracy of Death:
Documents from Inside Pol Pot’s Torture Machine” rbs;elak Anthony Barnett, Ben Kierman, Chantou Boua, New Statement
(Londres), éf¶TI2 Ex]sPa qñaM1980.

19
tambTsmÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAExkkáda qñaM1981.
20
elak ®hVg; hVaNug/ RKÚeBTüxagcitþviTüa ekItenAekaHm:aTInik EdleFVIkarenARbeTsGal;ehSrI
nig)ankøayeTACabkSB½n§énkarbdivtþn_enATIenaH. esovePA {BYkGñkrgTukçxøaMgenAelIEpndI} rbs;
Kat; EdlGYtGMBIksikr nigkarbdivtþn_tamry³kareRbIkmøaMg )anCH\T§iBleTAelImnusSniymeqVg
nigGñkbdivtþn_CaeRcIn kñúgTsvtSr_ 1960 CaBiessenAGa®hVik nigGaemrikxagt,Úg.
21
GVI²EdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; kumÖÚt KWyktamkarCYbsmÖasCaeRcInelIkEdleFVIeLIgedayGñk
niBn§.
22
GVI²EdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; pat KWyktamcemøIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.
23
esovePAEdlrkeXIjenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøgedayelak edvId hk nigbkERbedayelak esþehVn
ehd½r.
24
Gñk)aneXIj-)andwg-)anB¤ enAPUmiPaKnirtI EdlsmÖasedayelak edvId hk nigGñkniBn§.
CMBUkTI8
1
smÖasn_EdlRBmpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExmkra qñaM1979.
2
esovePA {savtaréns®gÁam>>> nigesckþIsgÇwm} rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette - Stock,
1979).
3
cMnYntYelx KWyktamcemøIyCalaylkçN_GkSrrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHsMNYrepSg²EdlecaTsYr
edayGñkniBn§ nigelak rIqad Dudm:an enATIRkúgPñMeBj naExFñÚ qñaM1978.
4
karerobrab;BIEpnkar 4qñaM tamsunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþelIkeRCag>>>}/ PñMeBjExkBaØa
qñaM1978.
5
bTsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ enAExFñÚ qñaM1978.
6
Ibid.
7
karviPaKGMBIPUmiPaKbUB’a KWyktam ³
X esckþIsegçbénkarkat;eTas ¬edaykM)aMgmux¦ b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI enAExsIha qñaM1979
enAPñMeBj EdlmanpSaytamviTüúCapøÚvkar.
X esovePA “Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens and Cormorans” rbs;elak Ben Kiernan, kñúgesovePA “Revolution and Its
Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays rbs;elak David Chandler nig Ben Kiernan (New Haven, Yale University Southeast
Asia Chronicle, No 64 ¬ExkBaØa - Extula qñaM1978¦.
X karsmÖasn_nwg Ehm samin EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r enAExkkáda qñaM1981.

X karmÖasn_CamYy h‘un Esn nig G‘uk b‘uneQOn EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAPñMeBj/ qñaM1983.
X Rbvtþisa®sþbkS.
8
smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r enAExsIha qñaM1980.
9
karviPaKGMBI\riyabfrbs;km<úCacMeBaHRbeTsevotNam KWyktamesovePAdUcxageRkam ³
X Cambodi:a The Search for Security rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1967).
X Document on Border Issue ¬haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTsevotNam/ éf¶TI7 Exemsa qñaM1978¦.
X “Origins of the conflict” rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r (op. cit.).

10
Stephen Heder, ibid..
11
smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.
12
smÖasn_EdlGnuBaØat[GñkniBn§.
13
smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.
14
karelIksresIrenH nigGVI²EdlmanbnþmkeTot KWdkRsg;ecjBIsunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {mha
C½yCmñHrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.
15
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.
16
smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.
17
elak Nay:an; can;da kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUB’a (FEER) ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978.
18
smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExvicäika qñaM1977.
19
tamTIPñak;garBt’manevotNamfµI.
20
tamviTüúkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
21
karerobrab;GMBIkare)assm¥at nigkarsmøab; esa Pwm KWyktamesovePA “Wild Chicken...” (op. cit.)
rbs;elak Ben Kiernan.
22
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExkkáda qñaM1979.
23
cMnYnEdlGHGagedayelak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..
24
elak Nay:an; can;da kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUB’a/ qñaM1979.
25
sunÞrkfa b:ul Bt {eyIgbnþ>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.
26
esckþIdkRsg;BIlixitpøÚvkarrbs;BYkGñkkaEstkñúg “Seven Days”, éf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.
27
r)aykarN_eBjeljéndMeNIrenHmankñúg Robert Brown, The New Face of Kampuchea (Chicago, Liberator Press,
1979).
28
karkt;smÁal;epSg²rbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHelak emor_dal; nigKN³RbtiPUEblhSik KWyktam
karsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmedayb:ul BtcMeBaHelakhSg;emor_dal;nig b:ul BtsnÞnaCamYyKN³
RbtiPUsmaKmEblhSik-km<úCa/ PñMeBj/ ExsIha qñaM1978.
29
tamkarsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§ dUckarelIkGVI²mkniyayCasMGagrbs; han tav Edr.
30
esovePA{q¶ayhYseCIgemX/R)aMqñaMCamYyBYkExµrRkhm}rbs;GñkRsI LÚr:g;Bic (Paris, Barrautt, 1984).
31
Ibid.
32
erOgEdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; suIsupa KWyktamkarsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.
33
esovePA {karRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij/ RbeTskm<úCa ³ BIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_eTAkartaMgCaGaNa
niKm} rbs;elak GuI pan;dara. kareFVICasakSI ¬GarmÖkfa edayelak Jean Lacouture, Paris, A : M. Métailié,
. karGHGagbEnßmBIkarpøas;bþÚrrebobcat;Ecgkargareday LÚr:g;Bic (op. cit.) nig RTI em:ghYt
1982)
¬smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExkkáda qñaM1979¦.
34
cemøIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlbkERbeTACaPasaGg;eKøs edayelak esþehVn ehd½r
¬ÉksaenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg¦. tamkmµviFIrbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa/ qñaM1978.
CMBUkTI9
1
sUmGanesovePA ³ ehtukarN_epSg² nigPsþútagénGMeBIQøanBan nigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTs
evotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa ¬PñMeBj/ qñaM1978¦ edIm,I[dwgPaKl¥itl¥n;EfmeTot.
2
Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations ¬ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelx/ éf¶TI12 ExkumÖ³
qñaM1978¦.
3
Rbvtþisa®sþrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePATaMgLaydUcxageRkam ³
X Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. 1 : From Colonialism to the Viet-Minh rbs;elak Joseph Buttinger (New York,
Praeger, 1967).
X bNþaRbCaCnenA]bTVI\NÐÚcinrbs;elak hS½ksWeds/ Paris, Dunod, qñaM1962.

X A History of South-East Asia rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall (New York, St. Martin’s Press, qñaM1970.
4
Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations (op. cit).
5
Rbvtþirbs; hU CImij/ lT§iCatiniym nigkumµúynisþniymrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePAdUc
xageRkam ³
X {hU CImij} rbs;elak hSg; LaKUeTor/ ):arIs/ qñaM1968.
X “Vietnamese Anticolonialism” rbs;elak David Marc (Berkely, University of California Press, 1971).
X {lT§ikumµúynisþniym nigCatiniymrbs;evotNam} rbs;elak EBür rUest ¬)arIs/ Galilée,

qñaM1978¦.
6
EBür rUest/ op. cit., TMB½r200-202.
7
Ibid.
8
Rbvtþisa®sþbkS.
9
TUrelxCapøÚvkarcuHéf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM1952 rbs;KN³kmµkarkic©karbreTs. Echols Collection,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
10
Rbvtþisa®sþbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa/ op. cit..
11
kmµviFIneya)ayrbs;rNsirSCatirMedaHevotNamxagt,Úg ¬eqkUsøÚv:aKI/ qñaM1967¦.
12
esovePA Chinese foreign Policy in an Age of Transition: The Diplomacy of Cultural Despair rbs;elak Ishwer C. Ojha
(Boston, Beacon Press, 1971).
13
Elizabeth Becker, “The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam: Changing Alliances”, Indochina Issues, No. 1, ExmIna qñaM1979.
14
Ishwer Ojha, op. cit..
15
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enARkúghaNUy/ qñaM1979.
16
hSg; LaKUeTor/ op. cit..
17
cMnYntYelx nigkarerobrab;BIkarxUcxat KWyktam ³
XThe Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam rbs; James Harrison (New York, Free Press, 1982).
XWith Firm Steps: Southern Vietnam Since Liberation 1975-1977 ¬haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCa PasabreTs/
qñaM1979.
XAlexandro Casella, “Dateline Vietnam: Managing the Peace”, Foreign Policy, niTaXrdUv qñaM1978.
18
CemøaHrvagevotNam-km<úCa ¬haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/ qñaM1979¦.
19
20
Harrison Salisbury, War between Russia and China (New York, W.W. Norton, 1969).
21
22
CemøaHrvagevotNam-km<úCa (op. cit.).
23
Ibid.
24
RbCaCnevotNam 929>600nak; )anePosxøÜneTAbreTsenAqñaM1984 tamkar[dwgrbs;
GKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn. BIrryhasibBan;nak;eTot TMngCasøab;
kñúgsmuRT.
25
Van Tien Dugn, Our Great Spring Victory, karbkERbCaPasaGaemrikaMgrbs;elak John Spragens Jr. (New York,
Monthly Review Press, 1977).

26
karBiBN’naBITIRkúgéRBnKr eRkaysm½ys®gÁam KWyktamesovePAepSg²dUcxageRkam ³
X“The Fall of Saigon” rbs;elak James Fenton, Granta (Londres) No 15, 1985.
X“Giai Phong : The Fall and Liberation of Saigon” rbs;elak Tiziano Terzani (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1976).
X .
With Firm Steps (op. cit.)
Van Tien Dung, op. cit..

X
“The Myth of a Liberation” rbs; Truong Nhu Tang, New York Review of Books, éf¶TI21 Extula qñaM1982.
X
27
sgáat;GtßbTmþúMenH nigGVI²TaMgGs;EdlmanteTAeTot EdlepþateTAelI\riyabfrbs;RbeTs
evotNam eRkaysm½ys®gÁam KWsMGagelIkarsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ eday
m®nþIpøÚvkar)araMgmñak;EdlR)afñalak;GnamikPaBrbs;xøÜn.
28
Troung Nhu Tang, op. cit..
29
Tiziano Terzani, op. cit..
30
Ibid.
31
Hoang Nguyen EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§enARkúghaNUy qñaM1983.
32
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.
33
smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmnwgGñkniBn§ enARkúghaNUy qñaM1979.
34
cMnYntYelxénplitplRsUv/ GtiprNa nigkarxVHxatRsUv KWRsg;ecjBIGtßbT ³ {RbeTsevotNam
RbwgERbgbnþkarGPivDÆn_ ³ karsnüaeFVIsgÁmniym/ vibtþiP½yBIeRKaHFmµCati nigkarhat;eronCa
Gcié®nþy_}/ vb,Fm’ nigkarGPivDÆn_ ¬saklviTüal½ykatUliklUvuaMg/ EblhSik/ qñaM1979¦.
35
Vietnam: A Socialist Economy in Transition, r)aykarN_sm¶at;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak/ éf¶TI5 ExmIna
qñaM1980/ PaKTI1/ TMB½r15.

36
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§enARkúghaNUy enAqñaM1979.
37
esckþIraykarN_GMBIrbskmµenAsaFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam/ GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþr
Cati/ TIRkúgLúgRd_/ qñaM1981.
38
Duyen Anh EdleFVIsmÖas_eday Lik ehatan; kñúg Index on Censorship, TIRkúgLúgRd_/ ExmIna qñaM 1984.
39
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enARkúghaNUy enAqñaM1979.
40
karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enARkúghaNUy enAqñaM1979.
41
karviPaKGMBIbBaðaCnCatiPaKticcin nigkarRsavRCavkrNIenH KWyktam ³
XÉksarvayGgÁúlIelx The Chinese Community in North Vietnam : Comrades in Confrontation (1979) rbs;elak
Alexandro Casella nig Paul Quinn-Judge, kareFVIsmÖasn_GñkePosxøÜnCabnþbnÞab;enATIRkúghugkug BIéf¶TI4
dl;éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1979/ kñúgnaménGgÁkar American Friends Service Committee ¬Éksarvay

GgÁúlIelx¦. karsikSaBIkrNIenH KWmYyEpñkFMdkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTrbs;elak .
Casella
42
Alexandro Casella, The Chinese community in North Vietnam (op. cit.).
43
Elizabeth Baker, “The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam” (op. cit.).
CMBUkTI10
1
eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r/ kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×/ qñaM1975.
2
BImun/ GaharUbkrN_CaeRcInrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTs )anCMruj[mankarsikSaRsavRCavBI
\NÐÚcin. sUmGanGtßbT “Cambodian Tragedy”, Problems of Communism rbs;GñkRsI eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r/
Ex]sPa-mifuna qñaM1984.
3
GtßbTmþúM²sþIBIsmaKmGas‘an KWyktamkareFVIsmÖasn_GñkkarTUtCaeRcInrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH nig
karykBt’manepSg²enACMnan;enaH.
4
EpñksþIBIRbeTsLav KWdkRsg;tamGtßbT “Laos : The Widening Indochina Conflict” rbs;GñkRsI eGlIhSaEbt
eb‘kx½r/ Indochina Issues, No 2 ¬Exmifuna qñaM1979¦.
5
smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§.
6
karerobrab;GMBIclnasnþiPaBniymeRkayqñaM1975 KWeFVItamkarkt;smÁal;epSg²rbs;GñkniBn§
nigkarsnÞnaCamYyskmµCnCaeRcInnak;.
7
karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; xUr:a ev:s suT§EtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFIVsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;
dl;GñkniBn§ enAExkkáda qñaM1983.
8
karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; hSÚeGn)aeG KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmÖasn_EdlRBmpþl;dl;GñkniBn§
enAExtula qñaM1982.
9
karerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk KWdkRsg;BIbTsmÖasn_ Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enAExFñÚ
qñaM1981.
10
karbkRsayrbs; pan; ehon GMBIkarcrca KWyktambTsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enARkúg
haNUy enAqñaM1983. karbkRsayrbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk tamkareFVIsmÖasn_ Edlyl;RBm
pþl;[GñkniBn§.
11
karsmÖasn_smaCikmñak;énRkúmkargar EdlR)afña[lak;GnamikPaB.
12
karyl;eXIj nigkarerobrab;TaMgLayrbs; hUlRb‘Úk KWdkRsg;BIkarsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgCamYy
GñkniBn§enAExFñÚ qñaM1983.
13
hUlRb‘Úk nig pan; ehon)anGHGagbEnßmeTAvij eTAmknUvkarbkRsayBIkarcrcarrbs;eKenATIRkúg
):arIs kñúgkareFVIsmÖasn_CamYyGñkniBn§dac;edayELkBIKña.
14
smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§.
15
karbriyayerOgrbs; esþehVn sULa nigkarerobrab;TaMgLay KWyktambT smÖasn_Edl
yl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§ enAExsIha qñaM1982.
16
karBiPakSatTl;rvag Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI - suIrusv:an;s_ sþIBIneya)ayGaemrikaMgenAGasuI KWBwgEp¥kCa
sMGagelIBt’manepSg²EdlpSayecjenACMnan;enaH RBmTaMgelIkareFVIsmÖasn_EdlRBmpþl;[
GñkniBn§ edaymnusSBIrnak; ¬mñak;enAExkkáda nigmñak;eTot enAExvicäika qñaM1981¦ nigedaybNþa
shkarIrbs;Kat; rIqad hUlRb‘Úk ¬enAExemsa qñaM1981 nigExvicäika qñaM1983¦/ ém:xWl
GUkesnbWk ¬enAExvicäika qñaM1981¦ nig r:UbWtGUklI ¬enAExFñÚ qñaM1981¦pg. karerobrab;TaMgGs;
-elIkElgEtBt’manpÞúy- suT§EtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmÖasn_TaMgenH.
17
bTGnþraKmn_rbs; suIrusv:an;s_ enA Asia Society enARkúgjÚvy:k/ qñaM1977.
18
TUrelxEdlGñkniBn§manmeFüa)ayyk)an edaysarRbPBBt’manepSg² EdlecjBIrdæaPi)al.
19
karykBt’manEdlbMeBjedayGñkniBn§enACMnan;enaH ehIyEdlmYyEpñk)anecjpSaykñúg
kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× enAéf¶TI1 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978.
20
sUmGansarNarbs;elak xaF½r nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI ³
X {GnusSavrIy_rbs;RbFanaFibtImñak;} rbs;elak CImmIxaF½r/ Paris, Plon, qñaM1984.
X “Power and Principe : Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981” rbs;elak b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI (New York,
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).

21
karerobrab;BIkarcrcatamkareFVIsmÖasn_nana EdlRBmpþl;dl;GñkniBn§eday egVón kUfac;/ rIqad
hUlRb‘Úk nig ém:xWl GUkesnbWk.
22
karmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAExFñÚ qñaM1981.
23
tamcemøIyCalaylkçN_GkSrrbs;elak CImmI xaF½r tbnwglixitsYrrbs;GñkniBn§EdleFVI[Bisþar
kñúgsarNa énGtItRbFanaFibtI (op. cit.).
24
kalb,vtþienH KWsMGagelIGtßbTepSg²EdlecjpSayenAsm½yenaH CaBiesskñúgTsSnavdþI
esdækic©cugbUB’a (Far Eastern Economic Review).
CMBUkTI11
1
CMBUkEdlmanbnþmkeTot KWEp¥kelIkMNt;xøI² nigrUbftCaeRcInEdlftedayGñkniBn§ enAkñúgry³
eBléndMeNIrBIrs)þah_rbs;xøÜnenAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü naExFñÚ qñaM1978.
CMBUkTI12
1
smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ enAExtula qñaM1980.
2
smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ enAExmkra qñaM1979.
3
smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ enAExkkáda qñaM1981.
CMBUkTI13
1
RksYgkarbreTsrbs;shPaBsUevot)ansYrsMNYreTA GuIhÁ½r rU:háaqUv>>> enH nigÉksarrbs; rU:háaqUv
TaMgGs; nigBaküsmþIdkRsg;pÞal;TaMgGs;KWEpñkelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy r:UháaqUv enATIRkúg
):arIs enAéf¶TI22 Extula qñaM1991 nigenATIRkúgjÚy:k enAéf¶TI23 ExkBaØa qñaM1992.
2
PasacinEdlKat;niyayKW {BiessEmnETn ehIynigBieraHEmnETn}. bTsmÖasenATIRkúg
v:asIunetan DI>sIu> CamYy Yassen N. Zassoursky EdlCaRBwT§bursrbs;mhaviTüal½ysarBt’manviTüa
enAsaklviTüal½ym:UsÁÚ .
3
r:y manGarmµN_fagayRsYleFIVTMnak;TMngCamYy rU:háaqUv Nas;>>> bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy
esþbPøWlfun r:y enATIRkúgv:asIunetanDIsIu enAéf¶TI1 Exkkáda qñaM1991.
4
{Kat;RtÚv)ankt;smÁal;edaysarkarKitEbbminTak;TgeTAnwgsasna nigedaysarPaBTn;Pøn;>>>>}.
bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Yevgniy V. Afansyev enAéf¶TI 17 ExkBaØa qñaM1991.
5
cab;taMgBIGayu16qñaM enAeBlEdlKat;e)aHbg;kareronsURtenAfñak;viTüal½y>>> luHRtaNaEt
niyaymü:ageTot ral;BaküsmþIdkRsg;pÞal; nigÉksarRbvtþirUbrbs; elaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn
TaMgGs; KWsm¥ageTAelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§enA TIRkúgPñMeBjenAéf¶TI08 Exmkra qñaM1983/
enATIRkúgs½ssug rbs;RbeTs)araMg enAéf¶TI10 Exvicäikar qñaM1988/ enATIRkúgPñMeBj enAéf¶TI 20
ExmIna qñaM1989/ enATIRkúg):arIs enAéf¶TI28 Exkkáda qñaM1989 nigéf¶TI30 ExsIha qñaM1989/
enATIRkúgPñMeBj enAéf¶TI5 Ex]sPa qñaM1992.
6
Kat;)anniyayfa {´mansMNag}. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAqñaM1983.
7
dUecñH Kat;)aneLIgCiHynþehaHenAvtþnaKv½nþ>>> bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAExmIna qñaM1989.
8
{>>>eRKaHfñak;minEmnRtwmEtenAkñúgTVIbGasIueTb:uEnþBITIVbGasIueTAkan;BiPBelak}.semþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu/ GñkniBn§/ “Sihanouk Center Stage,” Washington Post éf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1979.
9
{qakCIvitrbs;´KWCaerOgpÞúyRsLH>>>} enAkñúgGtßbTxagelIdEdl.
10
enAkñúgkayvikarqÁgxusBIFmµta>>> Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy: The War After the War (San Diego: Harcourt,
Brace, Jovanovich, 1986), p. 365.
11
{eyIg)anR)ab;Kat;}. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYy rIqad hUlRbÚk enAqñaM1983.
12
{enAExmkra qñaM1997 kñúgTIRkúgjÚy:k ´TTYlsÁal;faxøÜn´KYr[GaNitdUc Job Edr >>>} Souvenirs doux
et amers.
13
{ebIBinitüemIlGMBIkarRKb;RKgCamunrbs;rdæaPi)alevotNamCamYybBaðasuvtßiPaB>>>}. bTsmÖas
rbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Robert B. Oakley enAéf¶TI26 Exmifuna qñaM1979.
14
{KµanpøÚvEdlelakGacTTYl)an>>>}. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYy rIqad hUlRbÚk enAéf¶TI29 Exvicäika
qñaM1983.
15
RbeTskm<úCaenAEtenA)attaragdEdl>>>. sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, Punishing the Poor: The International
Isolation of Kampuchea (Oxford: Oxfam Publishers, 1988), p. 77.
16
{´manyl;sbþiGaRkk;mYy>>>}. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu/ Washington Post
éf¶TI27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1980.
17
enAGayu35qñaM køÚt m:aTIn enAekµg>>>. enH nigral;BaküsmþIdkRsg;nigBt’manTaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§nwg
køÚt m:aTIn KWEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§EdleFIVenATIRkúg ):arIs enAExvicäikaqñaM1989enAExkkáda
qñaM1990 nigenAExFñÚ qñaM1991 ehIynigEp¥kelIlixit nigkarsnÞnatamTUrsBÞBITIRkúgeb:kaMg enA
Exvicäika qñaM1990 nigExkkáda qñaM1992 nigBITIRkúghugkug enAEx]sPa qñaM1991.
18
Ep¥kelIÉksarCasarBt’man nigbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§enAtamRBMEdn.
19
{enATIenH mankarcMNayRCúl edayKµankarsgS½yeLIy}. bTsmÖasrbs; GñkniBn§ Washington Post
enAéf¶TI1 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1981.
20
karBiBN’naGMBITIRkúgPñMeBj edayEp¥kelI William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and
Modern Conscience (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).
21
sUmemIl Report of the International Conference on Kampuchea, New York: United Nations, July 13-17, 1981.
22
{karTUtEbb esþbPøWlfun r:y}. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAExtula qñaM1984.
23
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anGeBa¢IjGñkRbCaFibetyümkBITIRkúgRbÚkKIøn>>> GñkniBn§smÖasCamYy
Stephen Solarz enAExkkáda qñaM1991.
24
elakRsI Griffith )anniyayfa {eyIg)anniyayc,as;ehIy}. GñkniBn§smÖas CamYy Ann Mills
Griffith enAEx]sPa 1991.
25
enAeBlEdl ehÁa)aqUv kan;GMNac>>> ÉksarenHBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelI Michael Dobbs, Down with Big
Brother, The Fall of the Soviet Empire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997).
26
mIxaGuIl ehÁa)aqUv eFIVdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkúgkMBg;Ep Vladivostok... Vital Speeches of the Day, pp. 706-11.
27
kalb,vtþiEdlEp¥kelIÉksarCasarBt’manBI New York Times, Washington Post, Bangkok Post, and Patrick
Raszelenberg and Peter Schier, The Cambodia Conflict: Search for a Settlement, 1979-1991, an Analytical Chronology
.
(Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 1995)
28
{eyIgviPaKedayesµaHRtg; nigTTYlsÁal;y:agkøahan>>>} Asia 1988 Yearbook, Far Eastern Economic Review,
p.252.
29
{elakr:UháaqUv KWsMxan;bMputsRmab;´>>>}.enHnigBaküsmþIdkRsg;bnþbnÞab;KW BwgEp¥kelIbTsmÖas
rbs;GñkniBn§enATIRkúg):arIs enAqñaM1989 nig1991/ enATIRkúgPñMeBj enAqñaM1989 nigqñaM
1991 nigenATIRkúgv:asIunetan enAqñaM1991.
30
manExSTMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜnpgEdr>>> ehtukarN_énerOgenHKWBwgEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy
Jean-Jacques nig Khek Galabru enATIRkúg):arIs kñúgqñaM1989 nig1990 nigÉksarcmøgrbs;TUrelx
cMnYn14 rvagelaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn nigsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.

31
Ep¥kelIkarykBt’manrbs;GñkniBn§CMuvijkic©RbCMuBIrrvagelaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn nigsemþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu.
32
enAkñúgbTsmÖassresrd¾EvgmYy>>>. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAExkkáda qñaM1988.
33
elak qaTIéq Qunhav:an )anR)ab;TIRbwkSaekµgTaMgBIenH>>>. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYyelak qaTIéq
Qunhav:an, Kraisak Choonhaven, nig Pansak Vinyaratn, enATIRkúg)agkk enAqñaM1990/ ehIyBaküsmþI
dkRsg;epSgeTotBI Pansak KWBwgEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§enAkñúgTIRkúg):arIs enAqñaM1989
enAkñúgTIRkúg)agkk nigTIRkúgv:asIunetan enAqñaM1991.
34
dMeNIrTsSn³kic©rbs;elaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn Ep¥kelIesckþIraykarN_ tamsarBt’manBI
Bangkok Post nig The Nation (Bangkok) .
35
ÉksarBI James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy, Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s
Sons, 1995), pp. 72-83.
36
ÉksarCasarBt’man nig Dobbs, Down with Big Brother.
37
ÉksarCasarBt’mannig Donald Morrison, ed., Massacre in Beijing: China’s Struggle for Democracy (New York: Times,
Inc., 1989).
38
Ep¥kelIkaryksarBt’manrbs;GñkniBn§enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_ nigÉksarpøÚvkarrbs;snñisITenATI
Rkúg)arIs.
39
kic©RbCMuCamYy Nguyen Co Thach nig General John W. Vessey, Jr. EdlEp¥kelI bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§
CamYy Vessey enATIRkúgva:sIunetanDIsIu enAqñaM1991.
40
enAÉkic©RbCMu sULÚm:Un )anR)ab; køÚt m:aTIn GMBIEpnkarrbs; ebkK½r>>> ral;BaküsmþIdkRsg;TaMgGs;BI
rIqat sULÚm:Un nigr)aykarN_GMBIkic©RbCMukarTUtrbs;Kat;EdlEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enA
qñaM1991 nigqñaM1992.
41
enAéf¶TI2 Exmkra qñaM1990 rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs James Baker )anepJIrlixitmYy>>>. eday
Ep¥kelIkMNt;ehtuÉkCnrrbs;m®nþIGaemrikCan;x<s;mñak;Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgkic©ccarTaMgenH.
42
KMnitkñúgkarekaHRbCMusmaCikGcié®nþy_rbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCati. bTsmÖas
CamYy sULÚm:Un nig cn bUltun.
43
karerobrab;GMBIkicRbCMurbs;smaCikGcié®nþy_TaMg5 rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlEp¥kelI
bTsmÖasCamYy sULÚm:Un/ rU:háaqUv/ m:aTIn/ bUltun nigkMNt;ehturbs;m®nþImñak;EdlminsÁal;eQµaH.
44
{manmnusSmYyRkúmenAkñúgCYrrdæ)al>>>}. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Robert Kimmit, enATIRkúg
v:asIunetan DI>sIu> enAExFñÚ qñaM1990.
]bsm<½n§sþIBIÉksarepSg²enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg ¬GtItmnÞIrs-21¦
kñúgCMBUkTIbI ´)anerobrab;BIRbvtþirbs; b‘U pat; EdleKsÁal;eRkameQµaHfa pat; ehA hgS

edaydkRsg;ecjBIÉksarTaMgmUlrbs;Kat; EdlmanenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. kEnøgenH )ankøay
eTACasarmnÞIrmYy nigCabNÑal½ymYy Edlmantmál;sMNuMÉksarGtItGñkeTas cMnYndb;Ban;nak;
dUcCa b‘U pat; CaedIm RBmTaMgÉksarRbvtþisa®sþepSg²eTotsþIBIrbbExµrRkhm.
sMNuMÉksarTaMgenaH rYmpSM)anCaRbPBBt’manmYy EdlminGackat;éfø)an sþIBIRbvtiþsa®sþ
rbs;ExµrRkhm. ÉksarTaMgGs;enH mancMNucsMxan;²CaeRcInsRmab;pSMpÁúMeLIgvij nUvkarCemøaHTaMg
Lay EdlmanlkçN³bt;EbnsµúKsµaj nigGaf’kM)aMgenAépÞkñúgbkS munnigeRkaykarQaneLIgkan;
GMNacrbs;ExµrRkhm edIm,Iyl;dwgBIRbkarEdlbkS)ankan;kab;GMNacenHtammeFüa)ayNa nig
EvkEjkBIkarbMpøicbMpøajRbeTspg.
b:uEnþsMNuMerOgsRmab;pÁúMeLIgenH RtÚv)anraykarN_edayRbúgRby½tñ nigeRbóbeFobeTAnwgÉk
sarRbvtþsi a®sþdéT²eTot. sMNeMu rOgrbs;Gkñ eTasmñak; KWmanEpñkxus nigEpñkRtÚvpg. CIvRbvtþdi bM gU
EdlsresredayGñkeTasmñak; CaTUeTA KWeRcInEtniyayRtg;Gs;BIdYgcitþ eRBaHenAeBlenaH GñkeTas
enAEteCOfa xøÜnGacmanP½BVsMNagRtÚveKedaHElg[manesrIPaBvij. ehIyenAeBlEdleKniyay
erobrab;BICIvitpÞal;rbs;Kat; dUcEdleKsYrnaMenaH Kat;xMRbwgbgðaj[eXIjBIPaBKµaneTaséBr_rbs;
Kat;Canic© ehIybdiesFecalkarecaTRbkan;epSg² EdlBYkGñkRtÜtRtaKuk)anecaTTmøak;mkelIKat;
eTotpg. eRkaymk bnÞab;BIkareFVITaruNkmµ karKMramkMEhg RbqaMgnwgRKÜsar nigbNþamitþPkþirbs;Kat;
GñkeTask¾RBmcuHcaj; ehIysarPaBBIGMeBI]RkidæepSg² EdlKat;BuMEdl)anRbRBwtþTal;EtesaH.
cemøIysarPaBTaMgGs;suT§EtsresrCaPasaExµr elIkElgEtcemøIysarPaBrbs;GñkeTas
breTsmYycMnYnecj EdlminsUvmanplRbeyaCn_xagRbvtþisa®sþb:unµaneLIy. PasaEdlGñkTaMg
enaHeRbIR)as; manlkçN³Bi)akyl;Nas;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaFunmFüm BIeRBaHvaTamTarnUvkarecH
dwgmYyxagEpñkvaküs½BÞ EdlbBa©ÚledayBYkExµrRkhm nUveQµaHmnusS Bakü nigXøaRbeyaKBiess²
EdlBYkeKeRbIR)as;sRmab;EtKñaeKb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH karbkERbÉksarTaMgenH esÞIrEtminGaceFVI)an
eLIysRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn. ´)anehArkGñkRsavRCavCatiGaemrikaMgmñak;eQµaH esþehVn
ehd½r edIm,ICYybkERbÉksarmYyPaKeRcInenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;xøÜn´ ehIy´
RtÚvEtdwgKuNKat;CaerogrhUt. bEnßmBIelIGñkbkERbmñak; ´)anrkmKÁúeTÞsk_mñak;eTot Edl)anBuH
]bsm<½n§sþIBIÉksarepSg²enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg 691
TmøayPaBsµúKsµajénkarecaTRbkan;epSg² nigGkSrsm¶at;rbs;BYkExµrRkhm.
m:üageTot Kat;manTwkcitþTUlMTUlaybMput Edlpþl;[ńUvÉksarepSg² EdlrkeXIjenA
sarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. ehd½r pÞal; nig edvId hk Edl)anesuIbGegátBIbBaðasiT§imnusS )andak;[éRbI
R)as;nUvBt’man nigÉksarCaeRcInEdlKat;RbmUl)anenATYlEsøg ehIyEdlGnuBaØat[´)ansresr
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xagbBaðakm<úCanigCasmaCikEpñkkic©karTUt Edlbgðaj[eXIjnUvTwkcitþTUlay eday)anpþl;
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Gg;eKøseTACaPasaExµr EdlGac[eKyl;esckþI)anBIerOgBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa.
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elIkeRcInsa min[éFVIdMeNIreTARbeTskm<úCa nigTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIÉksarepSgenAsarmnÞIr
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)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[cUlemIlÉksarTaMgenaHeT ehIyfa manEtCnbreTsmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH EdleK
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eLIy EdlenAeBlenaHvaCapøÚvEtmYyKt;EdlGaceTAdl;RbeTskm<úCa)an. bnÞab;BI)anesIerIBaküsuM
rbs;éLIgvij ´)anTTYlkarGnuBaØateTAkan;RbeTsTaMgBIrenAqña1M 983 b:Eu nþtaMgBIeBlenaHmkTidaæ kar
epSg²)anRtÚveKRcanecalCanic©. b:uEnþ ÉksarCaeRcInEdl´RbmUl)anenAqñaM1983 )anGnuBaØat
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rbs;bkS )anbBa¢ak;bMPøWBIlkçN³BiténcemøIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edl´)andak;CUnKat;Binitü Ca]TahrN_
nigkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;BYkExµrRkhmkñúgkarRbRBwtþGMeBIsahavyg;Xñg enATYlEsøgedIm,I[rwtEtc,as;
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sMNuMerOgrbs; bU‘ pat CatYy:agKMrUmYy rYmman 8 cMENkEvg² EdlmanCIvRbvtþixus²KñabYn nig
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segçbmYyéncemøIyrbs; pat; cMeBaHsMNYrepSg² EdleKsYrbnþKñaminecHcb; edayGñksYrcemøIy
Gnamikmñak;.
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sRmab;´ enAqñaM1982. ´)aneRCIserIsykÉksarenH BIeRBaHRbvtþirbs; pat; kargarrbs;Kat;kñúg
épÞbkS )anpþl;nUvrUbPaBmYy EdlswgEtsBVRKb;sþIBIsmaCikbkSfñak;mFümmñak; BIeRBaHmuxgarEdl
Kat;)anbMeBjCabnþbnÞab; suT§EtmanCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s;mYycMnYndUcCa exov
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ExµrRkhmEdr. CakUnkMRBaEdlmanmuxrbrkMbuikkMb:uk Kat;)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMtMbn;d¾sMxan;mñak;
bnÞab;mk)anGnþrayCIvit enAkñúgkare)assm¥atd¾FMmYykñúgcMeNamkare)assm¥atFM²rbs;bkS.
edIm,IerobpÁúMeLIgvijnUvRbvtþirbs; pat; ´)aneRbIR)as;Bt’manCaeRcInEdlmanenAkñúgsMNuMÉk
sarrbs;Kat; ehIy´)anykBt’manenHeTAeRbóbeFobnwgÉksarepSg²eTot KWBt’manEdleKrkeXIj
kñúgsMNuMerOgepSg²eTotenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg b¤mkBIRbPBCaeRcInminEmnkumµúynisþ kñúgCMnan; semþc
RBHneratþm sIhnu nig ln; nl;. kñúgsMNuMerOgpÞal;rbs;Kat; CIvRbvtþidMbUgEdlsresredayédrbs;
pat; KWCaRbvtþimYymansarsMxan;CaTIbMput.ehIyxageRkamenHKWCakarbkERbmYy Edlpþl;cMeBaHmitþ
GñkGannUvKMrUmYy énbNþaCIvRbvtþi nigcemøIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edlyk)anmkBITYlEsøg. enHKWCa
karbkERbbRgÜjmYy GtßbTeBjTaMgRsugmanesckþIEvgeBk BuMGaccuHkñúgesovePAenH)aneLIy.
CIvRbvtþimYy
eQµaHedIm ³ bU‘ pat;/ eQµaHbdivtþ ³ hgS GayuEssibqñaM ekItenAPUmiremj RsukekaHGENþt
extþtaEkv.
eQµaH«Buk ³ bU‘ ePaK/ eQµaHmþay ³ nBV kUv. GñkTaMgBIrrksuIciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVIERscmáar.
Kat;TaMgBIr)ansøab;taMgBIénAekµgenAeLIy. ´minEdlnwkRsémeXIjBImuxmat;ragerArbs;Kat;y:ag
dUcemþceT.
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qñaM ehIy¬KitRtwmqñaM1978¦ĆakUneBAeKbg¥s;>>>.
bnÞab;BI)at;bg;«Bukmþay eyIg)anrksuIciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVIERsdEdl>>>.
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bgRbúséQµaH bU‘ Tit CanayTahanBak;skþimYyénkgT½Bq½RteyagRbcaMbnÞayeBaFicintug. BIqñaM
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bMBak;bMb:nGMBIbdivtþrbs;´ )ancab;epþImtaMgBIqñaM1957mk enAviTüal½yÉkCnkm<úCbuRt. ´Føab;
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viTüal½yCaeRcIn.
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bgEhm ¬eQµaHbdivtþ exov sMpn¦. ´RtÚveKcab;xøÜn nigdak;Kuk dMNalKñanwgGñkeFVIkarenAkaEst bYn
nak;epSgeTot edayrdæaPi)alCMnan;enaH. eBlécjBIKku enAedImqña1M 960 ´)aneTAenAvtþsaV yBEB
mYyry³xøI edayenAEteFVIkarTak;TgCamYy bgEhm Canic© EdlenAEtCaemekayrbs;´dEdl>>>.
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nigcayvayeTAelIrbs;eRbIR)as;epSg².
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naykrbs; kaEst)anRtÚveKcab;dak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIecjpSay)anEtmYyelx {GgÁkar})anpþl;bT
bBa¢a[eyIgbBaÄb;karecjpSay nigcab;eFVIskmµPaBedaylYclak;vij.
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xageRkaymnÞIreBTüRBHsgÇ CamYymnusSEdlKYr[emIlgay KWsmmitþ y:a nigvI EdlCaGñkesñI
ebkçPaBrbs;´ nigGñkFana´mñak;eTotKWsmmitþ Ekv mas. [{mnusSEdlKYr[emIlgay} CaBaküEdl
bMBak;elIeQµaHbNþasmmitþEdleCOCak;kñúgxøÜnBIGMeBIk,t;. enAqñaM1978 y:a nig Ekv mas )ankøay
eTACaGñkrgeRKaHBIkare)assm¥atmYy ehIy)anRtÚveKsmøab;ecalTaMgGs;].
enABak;kNþalqñaM1962 smmitþ b:g; EdlmanbuNüskþiFM )annaMéTAeronRTwsþICabnþeTot kñúg
pÞHEdlsßitenAxageRkayeBTüRBHsgÇdEdl edaymanbgTImYy ¬b:ul Bt¦ CaRKÚ]eTÞsnam. GVIEdl
énAEtnwkeXIjkaleNaH KWmankUnsisSEtb:unµannak;b:ueNÑaH>>>>.
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niyayR)ab;´fa ńwgRtÚvcakecjeTAkan;éRBm:aKIkñúgeBlqab;²enHehIy>>>. bnÞab;BIsßitkñúgsPaB
lYclak;cMnYndb;Ex yb;mYy GgÁkar)anykecjBITIenaHenAcugqñaM1962. smmitþ y:a )anR)ab;´
[enArg;caMLanmYy EdlmanelxsmÁal;mYyxuseKenAxageCIgvtþTUlTMBUgtameBlem:agkMNt;Tuk.
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sVayerog tamreTHeKamYyeRKÓg nigqøgcUleTAkñúgRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. ´)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;
TIsñak;karEpñkeXasnarbs;evotkugeTot.
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viTüúpSayCaPasaExµr. bnÞab;mk RbEhlCaenAExkkáda qñaM1963 ´)anCYbbgTImYy nigbgTIBIr Edl
mkykécjBIBYkyYn ehIy´)aneFVIdMeNIreTArs;enACamYy{GgÁkar}eyIg EdlenAeBlenaHrYmman
smasPaB³bgTImYy bgv:an; ¬eGogsarI¦ nigbgexov¬sun esn¦.enAqñaM1964´)anerobkarRbBn§
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nigsmmitþmYycMnYnFMepSgeTot>>>. ĆaGnuRbFanmnÞIrTTYlbnÞúkxagGkSrsm¶at; nigeragBum<>>>.
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bg¥s;>>>. Kat;eTIbEtbgðajCUnBIkmµviFIsikSaRsab;EtkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; ¬eBlenaHCaembBa¢akar
kgT½Brbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu¦ )ancab;eFVIskmµPaBvayqµk;mYy RbqaMgnwgeyIgkñúgcMeNamkar
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bdivtþBuMEmnsemþceT.
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esn EdlnwgkøayeTACaembBa¢akarkgT½BExµrRkhm¦. BIqñaM1969 rhUtmkdl;eBlmanrdæRbhar
´sßitenAkñúgRsukvWunés dEdl ¬extþrtnKirIPaKxaglic¦. bnÞab;BIrdæRbhar ¬qñaM1970¦ bkS)an
cat;taMg[´TTYlbBaðaeyaFa kñúgzan³Casñgkarneya)aykgGnuesnaFMmYy EdlkMBugvayRbyuT§nwg
sRtÚvenARsuk)anlug extþrtnKirI>>>. RbEhlCaenAExsIha qñaM1970 bkS)anEtgtaMgĆasmaCik
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mrNPaB bkS)anRbKl;tMbn;rbs;Kat; ¬103¦ mk[´TTYlxusRtÚvrhUtmkdl;cugqñaM bnÞab;mk
bkS)anbBa¢ÚnRbFanKN³kmµaFikartMbn;fµImñak;eTot edaymanéFVICaelxa>>>.
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sarPaBdMbUgTaMgenH )anqøgBICIvRbvtþiBitR)akdmYyeTAnwgkaresuIbGegátmYysþIBIkMhusCayfaehtu
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rs;enApg. BIeRBaHĆasac;CaQamBitR)akdrbs;bkS.
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eBlenaH KWCacMNuccab;epÒImdMbUgmYy énCMnYyrbs;breTsmYycMnYn ehIyk¾)ansesrRbvtÒi
sa®sþkm<úCaeLIgvij. r:UháaqUv )ankøayCaGñkKaMRT h‘un Esn dMbUgeK. eTaHbIkarbgðaj[eXIjBIeTB
ekaslürbs; hu‘n EsnKWCakarlM)akmYyk¾edayk¾ r:UháaqUv enAEteCOCak;cMeBaHkarbgðajenaHCanic©.
Kat;)anbBa©ÚlkareFVVIdMeNIrmkemIlxusRtÚv h‘un Esn BIr b¤bIdg kñúgmYyqñaM CaParkic©caM)ac;rbs;Kat;.
ehIyRKb;eBlEdlKat;mk KWKat;EtgEtmankareBjcitÒcMeBaHkarvivtÒin_rbs; hu‘n Esn Canic©. {´)an
emIleXIjnUvkarrIkceRmInKMnitrbs;Kat; TaMgkargareRkARbeTs nigkargarkñúgRbeTs ehIyKat;)an
køayCaGñkneya)ayd¾BUEkmYyrUb}.
enATsvtSr_eRkay²mkeTot hu‘n Esn )anBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMg eTAelIGñkCMnYykarsUevotrbs;
Kat;rUbenaH. enAvKÁcugeRkayéns®gÁamRtCak; km<úCa)ankøayeTACakarcab;GarmµN_mYy rbs;Gnþr
Cati. kñúgeBls®gÁamevotNam km<úCaRKan;EtCaGñkbnÞab;bnSMeRkAqakb:ueNÑaH.
karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAelITwkdIkm<úCa RtÚv)anRbeTsnanadak;eFIVCacMNucsMxan; énbBa¢I
bBaðaBiPBelakrbs;BYkeK. bBaðakm<úCa k¾CabBaðamYykñúgcMeNambBaðaTaMgbI Edlkat;pÒac;sm<½n§PaB
bsm<½n§sþIBIÉksarepSg²enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg 703
rvagcin nigsUevotEdr. bBaðaBIreTotKWbBaðaRBMEdn nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotelIRbeTsGahÁanI
sßan. erOgkm<úCak¾RtÚv)andak;enAkñúgnItikalsMxan;enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati. bBaðakm<úCa k¾)anCYy
BRgwgsamKÁIPaBevagcin nigshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsnana enAGas‘anEdr. erOgenaH k¾Caehtupl
cm,g EdlshrdæGaemriminRBmmanTMnak;TMngFmµtavijCamYyevotNamEdr. GVI²nwgmineTAmuxeT
RbsinebIerOgrbs;km<úCaminGacedaHRsay)an.
kalb,vtþisegçb
stvtSr_TI9 dl;TI14 ³ sm½yGgÁr ¬cRkPBExµr¦.

stvtSr_TI14 dl;TI19 ³ karcuHGab;»nénraCaNacRkGgÁr.
1863-1864 ³ RBHmhakSRtneratþm LayRBHhsþelxaelIsn§isBaØa[manGaNaBüa
)almYyrbs;)araMg EdlmanfirevlarhUtdl;qñaM1953.
1930 ³ ®sþICati)araMg s‘uyhSn kabWueLs begáItBuT§sasnbNÐitüEdlnwgbeRmICamCÄdæanCYy
dl;karrIklUtlas;rbs;clnaTamTarÉkraCümYyrbs;km<úCa nigCamUldæanmYyrbs; sWg
g:ukfaj; eFVIskmµPaBEdr.
XhU CImij begáItbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlpSay\T§iBlmkelIRbeTsevotNam km<úCa
nigLav.
1941 ³ BYkTahanCb:uncUlRkúgPñMeBj.
Xsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RtÚv)anGPieskCaRBHmhakSRtedayrdæPi)alRkúgvIQI.
1942 ³ sWg g:ukfaj; erobcM)atukmµdMbUg²RbqaMg)araMgenARkúgPñMeBj edIm,IKaMRTKMnitCatiniym
rbs;RBHsgÇTaMgLay.
XenATIRkúg)agkk BYkkm<úCa)anbegáItKN³kmµaFikar\sSr³ ¬esrIPaB¦ edIm,Its‘URbqaMgnwg
BYk)araMg.
1945 ³ BYkTahanCb:un )ankm©at;RkúmGñktMNagrdæaPi)al vIQI ecjBIGMNacedaykareFVIBl
RbharmYyehIyyl;RBmpþl; {ÉkraCü} [RbeTskm<úCaedaymansemþc RBHneratþm
sIhnu CaRBHmhakSRtpg.
Xs®gÁamputrlt; semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cg;)ankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYk)araMgmkvij.
XenATIRkúghaNUy hU CImij RbkasÉkraCüsRmab;RbeTsevotNam.
1946 ³ s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy )anpÞúHeLIgrvagkgT½Bevotmijrbs; hU CImij nigBYk)araMg.
1949 ³ saLút s ¬GnaKt b:ul Bt¦ )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkúg):arIs edIm,IeronsURt ehIy)ansßit
enATIenaHrhUtdl;qñaM1953. enAeBlKat;RtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavij KWKat;)ankøayeTA
CaCnkumµúynisþrYceTAehIy.
1951 ³ karbegáItbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr ecjBIbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin.
kalb,vtþisegçb 705
1953 ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anTTYlBIRbeTs)araMgnUvÉkraCüEdlmankMNt;mYy.
1954 ³ kgT½B hU CImij vayRbharBYk)araMgenA eDonebonPU.
snñisITRkúghSWENv edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHrbs;kUer: nig\NÐÚcin.
X
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TTYlkan;kab;GMNacTaMgRsugmYyelIRbeTskm<úCamYy Edl

X
manÉkraCü.
emdwknaMkumµúynisþExµr sWg g:ukmij nigclnakumµúynisþExµrRbEhlBak;kNþal)ancakecj
X
BIRbeTseTAevotNamxageCIg.
1955 ³ kare)aHeqñatenARbeTskm<úCa. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )andak;raCüCaKuNRbeyaCn_
dl;RBHbitaRBHGgÁ. semþc)anbegáItKNbkSCarbs;RBHGgÁpÞal; ehIy)anTTYlC½y
CmñHPøÚkTwkPøÚkdImYy.
1955-1960 ³ BYkkumµúynisþ)ansakl,geRCótRCktaMgenAkñúgRkúgPñMeBjk¾dUcenACnbT.
1959 ³ niBn§naykkaEstmYykñúgcMeNamkaEstBYkkumµúynisþ)anRtÚveFVIXad.
suIvehg emdwknaMkumµúynisþsRmab;EpñkxagkñúgRbeTssuIvehg )ancuHcUlxagsemþc
X
RBHneratþm sIhnu CasaFarN³.

1960 ³ kñúg»kasénmhasnñi)atmYyEdlebIkeFVIenARkúgPñMeBj BYkkumµúynisþ)anbegáItbkS
m:akS-elnIn mYyrbs;km<úCa KWbkSBlkrkm<úCa ¬EdlnwgRtÚvRbsiT§namfa bkSkumµúynisþ
km<úCaenAqñaM1966¦.
1963 ³ enAmhasnñi)atelIkTI2 saLút s )ankøayeTACaGKÁelxaFikarbkS.
PaKeRcInénemdwknaMbkS )ancakecjBIRkúgPñMeBj edIm,IbegáItclnarbs;eKkñúgéRBm:aKI.
X
1965 ³ shrdæGaemrik epþImdak;kgT½BRbyuT§CaelIkdMbUgbg¥s;enARbeTsevotNam.

Xsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngTaMgGs;CamYyshrdæGaemrik.
1966 ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GnuBaØat[BYkkumµúynisþevotNameRbIR)as;tMbn;nana enAtam
RBMEdn nigkMBg;EpsmuRTrbs;RBHGgÁ.
1967 ³ karbHe)arrbs;RbCaksikrRbqaMgnwgkarRbmUlRsUvenAsMLÚt kñúgPaKBay½BüRbeTs.
karegIbbHe)arenH )annaM[BYkkumµúynisþseRmccitþepþImkarts‘UedayGavuFRbqaMgnwg
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.
1967-1980 ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anr:ab;rgedaykarRbyuT§nwgclnaExµrRkhm
d¾tUcEdlman kmøaMgeLIgdl; 5>000nak; - RbQmnwgkgT½BCati 35>000nak;.
1969 ³ karTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgCasm¶at; nigedayxusc,ab;elIeKaledAnanarbs;
evotNam EdlsßitenAkñúgTwkdIExµr.
1970 ³ éf¶TI18 ExmIna ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRtÚvTmøak;BIGMNaceday ln; nl;/ sirimt³
nig ecg ehg.
X éf¶TI23 ExmIna ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RbkasBIkarbegáItrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa
EdlrYmmanBYkExµrRkhmpg.
Xéf¶TI9 Extula ³ saFarNrdæExµr )anRtÚvRbkaseLIgenAkñúgPñMeBj.
1971 ³ kgT½BevotNamxageCIg bnþkarvayRbyuT§Tl;nwgkgT½B ln; nl; kñúgeBlEdlBYkExµr
RkhmbegáItkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. enAExFñÚ kgT½BRkúgPñMeBj )anepþImeFVIRbtibtþikarswkecnLa
TI2 ehIy)anRtÚvrgkarvayRbhary:agxøaMgedaykgT½BevotNamxageCIg. Rbtibtþikar
swkenH minEdlcab;epþImCafµIesaHeLIy.
1972 ³ ln; nl; RtÚv)ane)aHeqñatCab;CaRbFanaFibtI rbs;saFarNrdæExµr.
1973 ³ éf¶TI27 Exmkra ³ karcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógRkúg):arIssþIBIkarbBa©b;s®gÁamenA
evotNam. BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa)anbdiesFmincrca.
X BYkExµrRkhm r:ab;rgkarvayRbyuT§PaKeRcInbMputenAkm<úCa enAeBlEdlBYkkumµúynisþ
evotNam dkfyeTAbNþatMbn;Cab;RBMEdn.
X shrdæGaemrik )ancab;epþImTmøab;RKab;EbkelIRbeTskm<úCaeLIgvij.
X BYkExµrRkhmbBa¢a[begáItshkrN_kñúgtMbn;TaMgGs;EdlBYkeKkan;kab;.
X smaCGaemrikaMg)antRmÚv[bBaÄb;karTmøak;RKab;EbkenAéf¶TI15 ExsIha.
1974 ³ CaqñaMcugeRkayEdleBareBjedays®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCa. BYkExµrRkhmdeNþImyk
karRKb;RKgclnabHe)aredaykm©at;BYkkumµúynisþ EdlRtLb;mkBIevotNamxageCIg
bNþasmaCikénCnCatiPaKticevotNam nigBYksemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu niym.
1975 ³ karvaylukpþac;RBR½trbs;ExµrRkhm )ancab;epþImenAéf¶cUlqñaMskl ¬01-01-
1975¦.
X éf¶TI17 Exemsa ³ BYkExµrRkhmedIrcUlkñúgRkúgPñMeBj nigbBa¢a[CemøósRbCaCnecjBI
rdæFanIPøammYyrMeBc.
éf¶TI30 Exemsa ³ BYkkumµúynisþevotNamQñHs®gÁam nigdeNþImkan;kab;TIRkúgéRBnKr.
X
éf¶TI12 Ex]sPa ³ karcab;navaCMnYjGaemrikaMgeQµaH ém:y:aehÁ edaykgT½BeCIgTwkExµr

X
Rkhm EdlnaM[mankarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg nig]b,tþiehtuF¶n;F¶rmYy.

bdivtþn_ExµrRkhmRbwgERbgerobcMRbCaCnTaMgGs;[rs;enAkñúgshkrN_nana tamCn
bT. enAExkkáda BYkkumµúynisþ)ancab;epþImdak;mnÞIrepSg²rbs;bkS nigrdæaPi)alenARkúg
PñMeBj. enAcugqñaM BYkkumµúynisþ )anbBa¢a[eFVIkarCemøósBYkGñkTIRkúgCaelIkTIBIrBIPUmiPaK
nirtIeTAPUmiPaKBay½Bü nigPUmiPaKepSg²eTot EdlenAPaKxageCIg.
1976 ³ enAmhasniñ)atbkS/ BYkemdwknaM)anseRmcbegáInel,Ónbdivtþn_ nigBRgIkERscmáarEfm
eTot.
karRbkas[eRbIrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
X
semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu sMulaElgBImuxgarTaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgÁCaRBHRbmuxrdæ.

X
karRbkasCapøÚvkarnUvrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüedayman {b:ul Bt} Canayk

X
rdæm®nþI.
mrNPaBrbs; em:A esTug. b:ul Bt cakecjBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;CabeNþaHGasnñ.
X
karepþImeFVIkarsmøab;BYkemdwknaMbkSkñúgRkbxNÐénbBaðamanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTs
X
evotNam.
BYkkumµúynisþbBa©b;kare)assm¥atPUmiPaK]tþr.
X
1977 ³ bkS)anbBa©b;karkm©at;ecalbNþaemdwknaMénrbbcas;esÞIrEtTaMgRsug nigbegáInkareFVI

visuT§kmµkñúgCYrrbs;xøÜnpÞal;.
RbeTskm<úCa bgá]b,tþiehtuepSg²tamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf nigevotNam. KWCamYy
X
RbeTsevotNamenHÉgEdlkarvivaTmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rbMput.
karepþImeFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKBay½Bü.
X
Exkkáda ³ RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTsLav cuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaBmYy EdlBYk

X
kumµúy nisþkm<úCa cat;TukCatRmúysMxan;mYyeq<aHeTArkeKaledArbs;evotNam kñúgkar

begáItshB½n§\NÐÚcinmYy.
ExkBaØa ³ b:ul Bt enATIbMputk¾RbkasCasaFarN³fa RbeTsrbs;Kat;CaRbeTskan;lT§i
X
kumµúynisþ. Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIg edaylatRtdag[dwg

Gaf’kM)aMgfa Kat;Ca saLút s.
s®gÁamtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam)ancab;epþIm.
X
éf¶TI31 ExFñÚ ³ RbeTskm<úCakat;pþac;TMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xøÜnCamYyRbeTsevotNam.

X
1978 ³ BYkevotNam dkfykgT½Brbs;eK BIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa/ BYkExµrRkhmERskRbkasBI

eCaKC½y.
kñúg»kasénkarRbCMuCasm¶at;mYyenAniTaXrdUv BYkemdwknaMevotNam )anseRmccitþcUl
X
lukluyRbeTskm<úCa nigpþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)al b:ul Bt.

kare)assm¥atPUmiPaKbUB’a.
X
edayrYmRbCMuCamhasnñi)at bkSkm<úCa)anbgðajEpnkar]sSahUbnIykmµrbs;xøÜn.
X
ExFñÚ ³ viTüúrbs;evotNam)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN³ BIkarbegáItrNsirSsamKÁI

X
se®gÁaHCatikm<úCa edIm,IRbqaMgnwgrdæaPii)al b:ul Bt.

m:al;xUm xadEv:l RtÚv)aneFVIXadenARkúgPñMeBj.
X
éf¶TI22 ExFñÚ ³ RbeTsevotNamcab;epþImkarvaylukrbs;xøÜn.

X
1979 ³ éf¶TI7 Exmkra ³ kgT½BevotNamdeNþIm)anTIRkúgPñMeBj.

éf¶TI8 Exmkra ³ BYkevotNamRbkasCasaFarN³BIkarbegáItRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_
X
mYy edayman ehg sMrin GtItRbFankgBlFMelx4 CaGñkdwknaM.

éf¶TI16 ExkumÖ³ ³ rdæaPi)al ehg sMrin cuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaBmYyCamYyRbeTs
X
evotNam.
b:ul Bt nigBYkkumµúynisþkum<úCa EdlenAEtesµaHRtg;nwgKat;)anRbmUlpþMúKñaeLIgvijenAtam
X
beNþayRBMEdnrvagRbeTséf nigkm<úCa. edaymankarRKaMRTBIRbeTscin BYkExµrRkhm

)anepþImeFVIs®gÁamT½BéRBmYyRbqaMgnwgkgT½Bkan;kab;evotNam.
eRKaHTurÖikSKMramkMEhgRbeTskm<úCa Edlnwgb:HBal;dl;mnusSBIrlannak;/ enHebItamkar
X
[dwgrbs;BYkemdwknaMfµIenARkúgPñMeBj. kareFVIyuT§nakarpþl;CMnYyCaGnþrCatid¾sem,Im
mk[RbCaCnkm<úCa.
karbegáIt {rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr} edayGtItnaykrdæm®nþI sWn san EdlCa
X
clnats‘UminEmnkumµúynisþRbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam.
kardak;TNÐkmµesdækic©rbs;GaemrikaMgRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam.
X
X karkat;eTasb:ul Btnig eGogsarI edaykM)aMgmux enARkúgPñMeBjBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_.
1980 ³ eRKaHTurÖikSFMmYyRtÚv)anbeBa©ós.
X semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu erobcMbegáItclnats‘UpÞal;RBHGgÁ.
X karRbwgERbgdMbUg²kñúgkarsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij ³ karbBa©ÚlRkdasR)ak;CafµI/ karebIk
mhaviTüal½yevC¢sa®sþ nigkarerobcM[manRbB½n§Gb;rMeLIgvij.
X karelceFøaeLIgnUvmenaseBa©tnaRbqaMgevotNam.
1981 ³ karbBa©b;nUvCMnYyes,ógGahar.
X rbbRkúgPñMeBjRbkasBIkarbegáItbkSm:akS-elnIn fµImYy KWbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa.
X kare)aHeqñatsPa. manEtKNbkSkan;GMNacmYyb:ueNÑaH Gacdak;ebkçCnrbs;xøÜn[Qr
eQµaHe)aHeqñat.
X clnats‘UTaMgbI -ExµrRkhm/ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig sWn san- eRKagbegáIt
rdæaPi)alcRmúHmYy. smaKmGas‘anCaGñkpþl;GavuF nigluykak;eTA[clnats‘UminEmn
kumµúynisþ.
X enARkúgjÚvy:k/ snñisITGnþrCatisþIBIRbeTskm<úCaEdltMNagEtclnats‘U nigsm<½n§mitþ
rbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH.
1982 ³ karvayRbyuT§enAtamRBMEdnéf-km<úCa RbqaMgnwgkgT½BExµrRkhm. karvaylukrbs;
evotNam CaelIkdMbUgRbqaMgnwgclnats‘U.
X enAExmifuna/ clnats‘UrYmKñabegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHmYyCapøÚvkar.
X kardkkgT½Brbs;evotNamCaelIkdMbUg. Eb:n suvNÑ CaCnTI2rbs;rbbRkúgPñMeBj RtÚv
)ankm©at;ecj ¬eday])ay¦ BIGMNac.
1983 ³ karvaylukkan;EtekIneLIg/ BYkevotNam)anvayRbharCMrMCnePosxøÜnnana rbs;clna
ts‘U ehIyedjtamTahanbHe)arrhUtdl;TwkdIéf.
X enARbeTsevotNam manebIksnñisITkMBUlrbs;\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy taMgBIqñaM1970 Edl
[sc©ab½ndl;karRtÜtRtarbs;evotNamelIRbeTsLav nigRbeTskm<úCa.
X niKmCnevotNamCaeRcIn)ancUlmktaMgenARbeTskm<úCa. tamkar[dwgrbs;RkúgéRB-
nKrfa cMnYnrbs;niKmCnTaMgenaH manminelIsBIcMnYnshKmn_evotNam EdlFøab;rs;enA
kñúgRbeTskm<úCaBImuneT.
1984 ³ enAExkkáda/ rdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBjTTYlsÁal;fa s®gÁamtamRBMEdn)anraldalmkkñúg
RbeTsehIyfa sßankarN_mansPaB {tantwg}.
1985 ³ BIExFñÚ qñaM1984 dl;ExmIna qñaM1985/ karvaylukCaTUeTArbs;evotNam enAtam
beNþayRBMEdnéf-km<úCa RbqaMgnwgmUldæanTaMgLayrbs;clnats‘U.
karRcbUkRcbl;kñúgépÞclnats‘U. kareQøaHTas;ETgépÞkñúgCMuvijxøÜn sWn san. semþc
X
RBHneratþm sIhnu Rbkasfa RBHGgÁminR)akdkñúgRBHT½yrkeXIjdMeNaHRsaymYy

enAeBlRBHGgÁ enAmanRBHCnµenAeLIyeT.
h‘un Esn )ankøayeTACanaykrdæm®nþIenAeBlKat;manGayu 34qñaM.
X
GgÁkarGaemrikaMgmYy )anecaTRbkan;rdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBjBIbTrMelaPsiT§imnusSF¶n;F¶r.
X
1986 ³ eCaKC½yrbs;clnatsUkñúgs®gÁamqµk;rbs;xøÜn. dMeNIrlM)akr:ab;rgrbs;BYkevotNam.

enATIRkúgeb:kaMg rdæaPi)alcRmúHrbs;clnats‘URbkasBIsMeNIsnþiPaBfµI².
X
enATIRkúgPñMeBj karpøas;bþÚrkñúgépÞrdæaPi)alEdlRtÚvecaTRbkan;fa BukrlYy.

X
1987 ³ RkúgmUsÁÚ EsVgrkdMeNaHRsaysnþiPaBmYysRmab;RbeTskm<úCa edayrYmbBa©ÚlPaKITaMg

Gs;enAkñúgkarcrca.
C½yCmñHfµI²rbs;BYkExµrRkhm nigBYksemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu niymenARbeTskm<úCa.
X
enAEx]sPa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu e)aHbg;muxtMENgCapøÚvkarrbs;RBHGgÁ.

X
RbeTséf biTCMrMCnePosxøÜncugeRkayeRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;GgÁshRbCaCati KW xav

X
GuIdag.
karCYbKñaCaÉkCnenARbeTs)araMgrvag semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig h‘un Esn EdlRBm
X
eRBógKñasþIBIeKaledA EdlRtÚvQan[dl; ³ ÉkraCüRbeTskm<úCa EdlFanaedaysnñisIT

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នៅពេលសង្គ្រាមរលត់ទៅ-When the war was over by Elizabeth Backer

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នៅពេលសង្គ្រាមរលត់ទៅ-When the war was over by Elizabeth Backer

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