Student Book answers C9 Crude oil and fuels

C9.1 Hydrocarbons

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a mixture of hydrocarbons 1
1b fuels, plastics, and many other products 1
1c because it is a mixture of different substances with different 1
boiling points
2 crude oil mixture contains a wide range of hydrocarbons, 1
components have different properties so better to separate 1
into fractions with different specific uses
3a CnH(2n + 2) 1
3b hexane, C6H14 1
heptane, C7H16 1
octane, C8H18 1
nonane, C9H20 1
decane, C10H22 1
4a similar to C9.1, Figure 3 with 8 C and 18 H 2
4b 46 1
4c 15 1
4d compounds of H and C only 1
with maximum number of H atoms possible in their molecules / 1
contain only single covalent C–C bonds

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 Student Book answers C9 Crude oil and fuels

C9.2 Fractional distillation of oil

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1ai larger hydrocarbon → higher boiling point 1
1 a ii larger hydrocarbon → lower volatility 1
1 a iii larger hydrocarbon → higher viscosity 1
1b short-chain: it will burn with a clean flame / not smoky 1
2 table which effectively shows patterns in boiling points (gets 1
higher),
volatility (gets lower), 1
viscosity (gets more viscous), 1
and flammability (gets less flammable) as size of hydrocarbon 1
molecules increases
3 crude oil heated and enters fractionating column near bottom 1
as vapour,
temperature decreases going up column, 1
gases condense when they reach their boiling points 1
so different fractions collected as liquids at different levels in a 1
continuous process,
hydrocarbons with smallest molecules have lowest boiling 1
points and are collected as gases from top of the column
where temperature is lower,
fractions with higher boiling points collected nearer the bottom 1

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 Student Book answers C9 Crude oil and fuels

C9.3 Burning hydrocarbon fuels

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a carbon dioxide 1
water 1
1b carbon dioxide: turns limewater cloudy / milky, 1
water: turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink / white anhydrous 1
copper sulphate blue
2a CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 3
2b 2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l) 3
2c difficult to detect because colourless 1
odourless gas 1
3 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O 2

Mr C3H8 = 44 Mr O2 = 32 1

16 000 g
44 = 363.63 moles propane 1
×5 = 1818.18 moles O2 1
×32 = 58 180 g (or 58.18 kg) (to 4 sig. fig.) 1

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 Student Book answers C9 Crude oil and fuels

C9.4 Cracking hydrocarbons

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a to meet demands for fuels (petrol and diesel) from crude oil 1
1b hydrocarbon vapours passed over a hot catalyst / mixed with 2
steam at very high temperatures
2ai B 1
2 a ii hydrocarbon containing at least one C=C double bond 1
2 a iii alkene 1
2bi A 1
2 b ii alkane 1
2c thermal decomposition 1
3 C12H26 → C8H18 + 2C2H4 3

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