Tutorial On Localic Topology

Tutorial on Localic Topology
Jorge Picado
Department of Mathematics
University of Coimbra
PORTUGAL
January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 0

– p. 0
OUTLINE
AIM: cover the basics of point-free topology

Slides give motivation, definitions and results, few proofs

– p. 1
OUTLINE
AIM: cover the basics of point-free topology

Slides give motivation, definitions and results, few proofs
Part I. Frames: the algebraic facet of spaces
Part II. Categorical aspects of Frm
Part III. Locales: the geometric facet of frames
Part IV. Doing topology in Loc

– p. 1
WHAT IS POINT-FREE TOPOLOGY?
It is an approach to topology taking the lattices of open sets as the

primitive notion.

– p. 2
WHAT IS POINT-FREE TOPOLOGY?
It is an approach to topology taking the lattices of open sets as the

primitive notion.
The techniques may hide some geometrical intuition, but often offers
powerful algebraic tools and opens new perspectives.

– p. 2
WHAT IS POINT-FREE TOPOLOGY? is developed in the categories

frames
Frm
frame homomorphisms

– p. 2

frames
Frm
frame homomorphisms
‘lattice theory applied to topology’

– p. 2

frames
Frm
frame homomorphisms
‘lattice theory applied to topology’ ‘topology itself’

– p. 2

frames locales
Frm Loc Frmop
frame homomorphisms localic maps

– p. 2

frames locales
Frm Loc Frmop
!The topological structure of a locale cannot live in its points: the points,
if any, live on the open sets rather than the other way about."
P. T. J OHNSTONE
[The art of pointless thinking, Category Theory at Work (1991)]

– p. 2

frames locales
Frm Loc Frmop
!(...) what the pointfree formulation adds to the classical theory is a

remarkable combination of elegance of statement, simplicity of proof, and
increase of extent." R. B ALL & J. WALTERS -WAYLAND
[C- and C -quotients in pointfree topology, Dissert. Math. (2002)]

– p. 2

frames locales
Frm Loc Frmop
!(...) what the pointfree formulation adds to the classical theory is a

remarkable combination of elegance of statement, simplicity of proof, and
increase of extent." R. B ALL & J. WALTERS -WAYLAND
[C- and C -quotients in pointfree topology, Dissert. Math. (2002)]
MORE: different categorical properties with advantage to the

point-free side.

– p. 2
SOME HISTORY
The idea of approaching topology via algebra (lattice theory)

goes back to the ’30s-40’s:
Stone, McKinsey and Tarski, Wallman, ...

– p. 3
SOME HISTORY

ORIGINS:
Seminar C. Ehresmann (1958) “local lattices”
1st talk (H. Dowker, Prague Top. Symp. 1966)
groundbreaking paper (J. Isbell, Atomless parts of spaces, 1972)
1st book (P. T. Johnstone, Stone Spaces, CUP 1982)

– p. 3
SOME HISTORY

ORIGINS:
Later: autonomous subject with

– p. 3
SOME HISTORY

ORIGINS:
Later: autonomous subject with
RAMIFICATIONS: category theory, topos theory, logic and

computer science.
– p. 3
MAIN BASIC REFERENCES
P. T. Johnstone, Stone Spaces, CUP 1982.
S. Vickers, Topology via Logic, CUP 1989.
S. MacLane and I. Moerdijk, Sheaves in Geometry and Logic - A

first introduction to topos theory, Springer 1992.
B. Banaschewski, The real numbers in pointfree topology, Textos
de Matemática, vol. 12, Univ. Coimbra 1997.
R. N. Ball and J. Walters-Wayland, C- and C*-quotients in pointfree
topology, Dissert. Math, vol. 412, 2002.
JP, A. Pultr and A. Tozzi, Locales, Chapter II in “Categorical
Foundations”, CUP 2004.
JP and A. Pultr, Locales treated mostly in a covariant way, Textos de
Matemática, vol. 41, Univ. Coimbra 2008.
– p. 4
MAIN BASIC REFERENCES

– p. 4
PART I. Frames:
the algebraic facet of spaces

– p. 5
FROM SPACES TO FRAMES
Top
pX, OX q

– p. 6
Top
pX, OX q pOX, q

– p. 6
Top complete lattice:

Ui Ui , 0 H
pX, OX q pOX, q U ^V U XV, 1X

Ui intp Ui q

– p. 6

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
more:

U ^ I Vi I pU ^ V i q

– p. 6

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
f
more:

pY, OY q pOY, q U ^ I Vi I pU ^ V i q

– p. 6

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
f f 1 rs
more:


– p. 6

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
f f 1 rs
more:


f rs preserves and ^
1

– p. 6
Top complete lattice L

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
f f 1 rs
frame:

pY, OY q pOY, q a^ I bi I pa ^ biq

frame homomorphisms: h: M Ñ L preserves and ^

– p. 6
Top
O
Frm complete lattice L

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
f f 1 rs
frame:



– p. 6
Top
O
Frm complete lattice L

Ui Ui , 0 H

Ui intp Ui q
f f 1 rs
frame:


The algebraic nature of the objects of Frm is obvious.

More about that later on...
– p. 6
MORE EXAMPLES of frames
Finite distributive lattices, complete Boolean algebras, complete

chains.

– p. 7

chains.
01
1: 2:

– p. 7

chains.
01
1: 2:
subframe of a frame L: S L closed under arbitrary joins

(in part. 0 P S ) and finite meets (in part. 1 P S ).

– p. 7

chains.
01
1: 2:
subframe of a frame L: S L closed under arbitrary joins

(in part. 0 P S ) and finite meets (in part. 1 P S ).
intervals of a frame L: a, b P L, a ¤ b
ra, bs tx P L | a ¤ x ¤ bu, Ób r0, bs, Òa ra, 1s.

– p. 7
For any ^-semilattice pA, ^, 1q, DpAq tdown-sets of Au is a

frame:

, .

– p. 8

frame:

, .
D
SLat K Frm
G (forgetful functor)

– p. 8

frame:

, .
D
SLat K Frm

– p. 8

frame:

, .
D
SLat K Frm
HomFrm pDpAq, Lq
h
ÞÑ HomSLat pA, GpLqq
prh : a ÞÑ hpÓaqq

pg : S ÞÑ grS sq ÑÞ g

– p. 8
For any distributive lattice A, IpAq tideals of Au is a frame:

, J _ K ta _ b | a P J, b P K u.

– p. 9

, J _ K ta _ b | a P J, b P K u.
I
DLat K Frm
E (inclusion as a non-full
subcategory)

– p. 9

, J _ K ta _ b | a P J, b P K u.
I
DLat K Frm
E (inclusion as a non-full
subcategory)

– p. 9
EXAMPLES of frame homomorphisms
All homomorphisms of finite distributive lattices.

– p. 10

Complete homomorphisms of complete Boolean algebras.

– p. 10

For any frame L, a P L:
∆a : L Ñ Óa ∇a : L Ñ Òa
x Þ xâ
Ñ x Þ x_a
Ñ

– p. 10

x Þ xâ
Ñ x Þ x_a
Ñ
For any frame L, there exist unique 2 Ñ L, L Ñ 1.

– p. 10

x Þ xâ
Ñ x Þ x_a
Ñ
initial object terminal object

– p. 10

x Þ xâ
Ñ x Þ x_a
Ñ
initial object terminal object

: IpLq Ñ L : DpLq Ñ L

J Þ Ñ J S Þ Ñ S

– p. 10
BACKGROUND: POSETS AS CATEGORIES poset pA, ¤q

pA, ¤q as a thin category

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
MORPHISMS: a ÝÑ b whenever a ¤ b
(there is at most one arrow between any pair of objects)

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
(there is at most one arrow between any pair of objects)
1a 1b
f
a b
In fact, a preorder suffices: gf g
(1) reflexivity: provides the identity morphisms 1a . c

(2) transitivity: provides the composition of morphisms g f .
1c

– p. 11
BACKGROUND: PREORDERS AS CATEGORIES

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
FUNCTORS: f: A B

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
FUNCTORS: f: A B
a f paq
order-preserving maps
¤ ¤
a1 f pa1 q

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
FUNCTORS: f: A B
a f paq
¤ ¤
a1 f pa1 q
(binary) PRODUCTS: a ? b
meets

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
FUNCTORS: f: A B
a f paq
¤ ¤
a1 f pa1 q
(binary) PRODUCTS: a ? b
meets

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
FUNCTORS: f: A B
a f paq
¤ ¤
a1 f pa1 q
(binary) PRODUCTS: a a^b b

meets

– p. 11

OBJECTS: a P A
D!
FUNCTORS: f: A B
a f paq
¤ ¤
a1 f pa1 q
(binary) COPRODUCTS: a a_b b

joins

– p. 11
BACKGROUND: PREORDERS AS THIN CATEGORIES
“Existence of limits” means “existence of products”

(because equalizers exist trivially in thin categories)

– p. 12

so “existence of limits” (i.e. “complete category”)
means “complete lattice”.

– p. 12

so “existence of limits” (i.e. “complete category”)
means “complete lattice”.
From this point of view: category theory is an extension of lattice th.

– p. 12
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS
f paq ¤ b iff a ¤ g pbq

f
pA, ¤q pB, ¤q
g

– p. 13
HomB pf paq, bq HomA pa, g p bq q
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

f
pA, ¤q pB, ¤q f %g
g

– p. 13
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

f
g
fg ¤ id and id ¤ gf
(“quasi-inverses”)

– p. 13
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

f
g
Properties
1 f gf f and gf g g.

– p. 13
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

f
g
Properties
f
2 pA, ¤q pB, ¤q
g

g rB s f rAs

– p. 13
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

f
g
Properties
f
2 pA, ¤q pB, ¤q g rB s ta P A | gf paq au
g

g rB s f rAs f rAs tb P B | f g pbq bu

– p. 13
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS
ADJOINT FUNCTOR THEOREM.

Let f : A Ñ B be an order-preserving map between posets. Then:

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

(1) If f has a right adjoint, then f preserves all joins that exist in A.

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS


P ROOF : Let f % g, S A, S exists. fp Sq
?
tf psq | s P S u

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS


?
tf psq | s P S u
upper bound X

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS


?
tf psq | s P S u
upper bound X
least upper bound: f psq ¤ b s iff s ¤ g pbq s
?

fp Sq ¤ b iff S ¤ gpbq
– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS


?
tf psq | s P S u
upper bound X
?

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS


?
tf psq | s P S u
upper bound X
?

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS


?
tf psq | s P S u
upper bound X
X

– p. 14
GALOIS ADJUNCTIONS

(2) If A has all joins and f preserves them, then f has a right adjoint g ,
uniquely determined by f :

g pb q ta P A | f paq ¤ bu.

?
tf psq | s P S u
upper bound X
X

– p. 14
FRAMES as HEYTING ALGEBRAS
Heyting algebra: lattice L with an extra Ñ satisfying
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

– p. 15
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

i.e.
a ^ pq % a Ñ pq.

– p. 15
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

i.e.
a ^ pq % a Ñ pq.
A complete lattice is an Heyting algebra iff it is a frame.

– p. 15
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

i.e.
a ^ pq % a Ñ pq.
Proof: This is the ADJOINT FUNCTOR THEOREM!

– p. 15
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

i.e.
a ^ pq % a Ñ pq.
ñ: a ^ pq is a left adjoint ñ preserves joins.

– p. 15
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

i.e.
a ^ pq % a Ñ pq.

ð: a ^ pq preserves joins (=colimits) ñ it has a right adjoint.

– p. 15
a^b¤c iff b¤aÑc

i.e.
a ^ pq % a Ñ pq.

ð: a ^ pq preserves joins (=colimits) ñ it has a right adjoint.
6 frames = cHa. BUT different categories (morphisms).
– p. 15

aÑp bi q pa Ñ bi q. Properties
H1

– p. 16

H1
H2 a ¤ b Ñ c iff b ¤ a Ñ c.

– p. 16

H1

H3 p aiq Ñ b pai Ñ bq.
..
.

– p. 16

H1

..
.

Pseudocomplement: a a Ñ 0 tb | b ^ a 0u.

– p. 16

H1

..
.

Example: U int pX r U q.

– p. 16

H1

..
.

P1 a¤b ñ b ¤ a .

– p. 16

aÑp bi q
pa Ñ bi q. Properties
H1

..
.

P1 a¤b ñ b ¤ a .
P2 a ¤ a , a a .

– p. 16

aÑp bi q
pa Ñ bi q. Properties
H1

..
.

P1 a¤b ñ b ¤ a .
P2 a ¤ a , a a .

P3 p ai q pai q .
De Morgan law (Caution: not for )

– p. 16
PART II.
Categorical aspects of Frm

– p. 17
ALGEBRAIC ASPECTS OF Frm
1 Frm is equationally presentable i.e.

– p. 17
Objects are described by a (proper class of) operations and equations:
OPERATIONS
0-ary: ÑL
0, 1 : L0
binary: L2 Ñ L, pa, bq ÞÑ a ^ b

κ-ary (any cardinal κ): L Ñ L, pai qκ ÞÑ κ ai
κ

– p. 17
Objects are described by a (proper class of) operations and equations:
OPERATIONS
0-ary: ÑL
0, 1 : L0
binary: L2 Ñ L, pa, bq ÞÑ a ^ b

κ-ary (any cardinal κ): L Ñ L, pai qκ ÞÑ κ ai
κ
EQUATIONS
pL, ^, 1q is an idempotent commutative monoid
with a zero 0 sat. the absorption law a ^ 0 0 0 ^ a a.

0 ai 0, aj ^ κ ai aj , a ^ κ ai κ pa ^ aiq.
– p. 17
Then, by general results of category theory

[E. Manes, Algebraic Theories, Springer, 1976]:

– p. 18

COROLLARY.
Frm has all (small) limits (i.e., it is a COMPLETE category)
and they are constructed exactly as in Set (i.e., the forgetful func-
tor Frm Ñ Set preserves them).

– p. 18
2 Frm has free objects: there is a free functor Set Ñ Frm (i.e., a
left adjoint of the forgetful functor Frm Ñ Set):

– p. 19
CONSTRUCTION (in two steps):

F D
Set forgets ^ SLat forgets

Frm

– p. 19

F D

Frm

– p. 19

F D

Frm

– p. 19

F D

Frm
X F pX q
f F fpq
Y F pY q

– p. 19

F D

Frm

X F pX q tS X | S finite u,
f F fpq S
Y F pY q f rS s

– p. 19

F D

Frm
F pX q
ηX
THE UNIT: X
x tx u
D! ϕ PSLat
f
A

– p. 19

F D

Frm
F pX q
ηX
THE UNIT: X
x tx u
D! ϕ PSLat
f
A

– p. 19

F D

Frm
F pX q
ηX
THE UNIT: X
x tx u
D! ϕ PSLat
f
A

– p. 19

F D

Frm
F pX q
ηX
THE UNIT: X tx 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n u
x tx u
D! ϕ PSLat
n
pxi q
f
A
i 1f

– p. 19

F D

Frm

– p. 19

F D

Frm
A DpAq
h pq
D h
B DpB q

– p. 19

F D

Frm
A DpAq tS A | ÓS S u
pq
D h
S
h
B DpB q ÓhrS s

– p. 19

F D

Frm
DpAq
ηA
THE UNIT: A
a Óa
D! ϕ PFrm
f
L

– p. 19

F D

Frm
DpAq
ηA
THE UNIT: A
a Óa
D! ϕ PFrm
f
L

– p. 19

F D

Frm
DpAq
ηA
THE UNIT: A
a Óa
D! ϕ PFrm
f
L

– p. 19

F D

Frm
DpAq
ηA
THE UNIT: A S
a Óa
D! ϕ PFrm
ª
f psq
f
L
P
s S

– p. 19


– p. 20

COROLLARY.
Frm is an ALGEBRAIC category. In particular:

– p. 20

COROLLARY.
(1) It has all (small) colimits (i.e., it is a COCOMPLETE category).

– p. 20

COROLLARY.
(2) Monomorphisms = injective.

– p. 20

COROLLARY.
(3) Epimorphisms need not be surjective;
Regular epis = surjective.

– p. 20

COROLLARY.
(4) pRegEpi, M onoq is a factorization system.

– p. 20

COROLLARY.
(4) pRegEpi, M onoq is a factorization system.
(5) Quotients are described by congruences; there exist presen-
tations by generators and relations.

– p. 20
EXAMPLE: PRESENTATIONS
PRESENTATIONS BY GENERATORS AND RELATIONS:
just take the quotient of the free frame on the given set
of generators modulo the congruence generated by the pairs
pu, vq for the given relations u v.

– p. 21
EXAMPLE: PRESENTATIONS Frame of reals LpRq
generated by all ordered pairs pp, q q, p, q P Q, subject to the relations

(R1) pp, q q ^ pr, sq pp _ r, q ^ sq,
(R2) pp, q q _ pr, sq pp, sq whenever p ¤ r q ¤ s,

(R3) pp, q q tpr, sq | p r s qu,

(R4) p,q PQ pp, q q 1.
p_r q^s
p q
p
r
p qq qs
p

– p. 21



p
p q s
p
r
p qq qs
p

– p. 21



p q
p q
pppp p p q q q qqq

– p. 21



pppp p p q q q qqq

– p. 21
Nice features: Continuous real functions,
semicontinuous real functions, ...
MORE, in next lectures.

– p. 21
Jorge Picado
PORTUGAL

– p. 0
PART III. Locales:
the geometric facet of frames

– p. 1
MAKING THE PICTURE COVARIANT: the category of locales
O Contravariant
Top Frm
pX, OX q pOX, q
f f 1 rs
pY, OY q pOY, q

– p. 2
O Contravariant
Top Frm
Loc Frmop Covariant

– p. 2
O Contravariant
Top Frm
Loc Frmop Covariant
OBJECTS: locales = frames (=cHa)

– p. 2
O Contravariant
Top Frm
Loc Frmop Covariant

MORPHISMS: L L

preserves (incl. 0)
f h
^ (incl. 1)
M M
Loc

– p. 2
O Contravariant
Top Frm
Loc Frmop Covariant

MORPHISMS: L L

preserves (incl. 0)
f h
^ (incl. 1)
M M
Loc Frm

– p. 2
O Contravariant
Top Frm
Loc Frmop Covariant

MORPHISMS: L L

frame homomorphisms preserves (incl. 0)
f h
taken backwards
^ (incl. 1)
M M
Loc Frm

– p. 2
We can put this in a more CONCRETE way:

– p. 3
Each h : M Ñ L in Frm has a UNIQUELY defined right adjoint

h : L Ñ M
that can be used as a representation of the h as a mapping

going in the proper direction.

– p. 3
Each h : M Ñ L in Frm has a UNIQUELY defined right adjoint

h : L Ñ M
that can be used as a representation of the h as a mapping

going in the proper direction.
LOCALIC MAP: a map f : L Ñ M that has a left adjoint

f in Frm, i.e., preserving finite meets:
(1) f p1q 1.
(2) f pa ^ bq f paq ^ f pbq.

– p. 3
PROPOSITION. Let f : L Ñ M have a left adjoint f . Then:

– p. 4

(1) f p1q 1 iff f rL r t1us M r t1u.

– p. 4

(2) f pa ^ bq f paq ^ f pbqa, b P L iff
f pf paq Ñ bq a Ñ f pbq a, b P L.

– p. 4

P ROOF : (1)
ñ:

– p. 4

P ROOF : (1)
ñ: f paq 1

– p. 4

P ROOF : (1)
ñ: f paq 1 ñ 1 f p1q f f paq

– p. 4

P ROOF : (1)
ñ: f paq 1 ñ 1 f p1q f f paq ¤ a.

– p. 4

P ROOF : (1)
ð: f f p1q ¥ 1

– p. 4

P ROOF : (1)
ð: f f p1q ¥ 1 ñ f p1q 1.

– p. 4

P ROOF : (2) ñ:

– p. 4

(2) f pa ^ bq f paq ^ f pbq
a, b P L iff
P ROOF : (2) ñ: x ¤ f pf paq Ñ bq

– p. 4

a, b P L iff
P ROOF : (2) ñ: x ¤ f pf paq Ñ bq iff f pxq ¤ f paq Ñ b

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b
iff x ^ a ¤ f pbq

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b
iff x ^ a ¤ f pbq
iff x ¤ a Ñ f pbq.

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b
iff x ^ a ¤ f pbq
ð: f pa ^ bq ¤ x

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b
iff x ^ a ¤ f pbq
ð: f pa ^ bq ¤ x iff a ¤ b Ñ f pxq

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b
iff x ^ a ¤ f pbq
ð: f pa ^ bq ¤ x iff a ¤ b Ñ f pxq f pf pbq Ñ xq

– p. 4

a, b P L iff

iff f px ^ aq ¤ b
iff x ^ a ¤ f pbq
ð: f pa ^ bq ¤ x iff a ¤ b Ñ f pxq f pf pbq Ñ xq

iff f paq ^ f pbq ¤ x.

– p. 4
Loc
MORPHISMS:
L fp Sq f rS s

– p. 5
Loc
MORPHISMS:
L fp Sq f rS s
f f pa q 1 ñ a 1

– p. 5
Loc
MORPHISMS:
L fp Sq f rS s
f f pa q 1 ñ a 1
M f pf paq Ñ bq a Ñ f pbq

– p. 5
O
Top Frm is immediately modifiable to a functor

– p. 6
O
Lc
Top Loc
X OX
f Of pOf q Lcpf q
Y OY

– p. 6
O
Lc
Top Loc
X OX
f Of pOf q Lcpf q
Y OY

– p. 6
O
Lc
Top Loc
X OX U
f Of pOf q Lcpf q
Y OY Y r f rX r U s

– p. 6
O
Lc
Top Loc
X OX U
f Of pOf q Lcpf q
Y OY Y r f rX r U s
Why?
f 1 rV s U iff V Y r f rX r U s

– p. 6
O
Lc
Top Loc
X OX U
f Of pOf q Lcpf q
Y OY Y r f rX r U s
Why?
f 1 rV s U iff V Y r f rX r U s (since f 1 rs % f rc sc )

– p. 6
O
Lc
Top Loc
X OX U
f Of pOf q Lcpf q
Y OY Y r f rX r U s
Why?
f 1 rV s U iff V Y r f rX r U s (since f 1 rs % f rc sc )

iff V int pY r f rX r U sq Y r f rX r U s.
– p. 6
THE SPECTRUM OF A LOCALE
Top a point x of X is a continuous map tu ÝÑ X

– p. 7

Lc
Loc Lcptuq 2 ÝÑ LcpX q

– p. 7

Lc
Extension: a point of a general locale L is a localic map

p: 2 Ñ L

– p. 7

Lc

p: 2 Ñ L
1 ÞÑ 1

– p. 7

Lc

p: 2 Ñ L
1 ÞÑ 1
0 ÞÑ a 1.

– p. 7

Lc

p: 2 Ñ L
1 ÞÑ 1
0 ÞÑ a 1.
x^y ¤ a pp0q iff p pxq ^ p py q ¤ 0

– p. 7

Lc

p: 2 Ñ L
1 ÞÑ 1
0 ÞÑ a 1.
x ^ y ¤ a pp0q iff p pxq ^ p py q ¤ 0
ñ ppxq 0 or p pyq 0

– p. 7

Lc

p: 2 Ñ L
1 ÞÑ 1
0 ÞÑ a 1.
a1

ñ ppxq 0 or p pyq 0 ^-IRREDUCIBLES
iff x ¤ pp0q a or y ¤ pp0q a. (P RIME ELEMENTS )

– p. 7

Lc

p: 2 Ñ L
1 ÞÑ 1
0 ÞÑ a 1.
a1

ñ ppxq 0 or p pyq 0 ^-IRREDUCIBLES
iff x ¤ pp0q a or y ¤ pp0q a. (P RIME ELEMENTS )
PtpLq
– p. 7
a P L, Σa tp P PtpLq | a pu.

– p. 8
This is a TOPOLOGY in PtpLq:

– p. 8
Σ0 H,

– p. 8
Σ0 H, Σ1 PtpLq,

– p. 8
Σ0 H, Σ1 PtpLq, Σa X Σb Σa^b ,

– p. 8

Σ0 H, Σ1 PtpLq, Σa X Σb Σa^b , Σa Σ a . i i

– p. 8
This is a TOPOLOGY in PtpLq: SPECTRUM of L


– p. 8

Pt
Loc Top
L PtpLq
f f|PtpLq
M PtpM q

– p. 8

Pt
Loc Top
L PtpLq
f f|PtpLq
M PtpM q

– p. 8

Pt
Loc Top
L PtpLq
f f|PtpLq
M PtpM q

– p. 8

Pt
Loc Top
L PtpLq
f f|PtpLq Localic maps send points to points
M PtpM q

– p. 8

Pt
Loc Top
L PtpLq
f f|PtpLq Localic maps send points to points
M PtpM q
Ptpf q1 pΣb q tp P PtpLq | b f ppqu tp | f pbq pu Σf pbq .

– p. 8
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt

– p. 9
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
A frame is SPATIAL if it is isomorphic to some topology.

– p. 9
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
LcpX q is always spatial.

– p. 9
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
A space X is SOBER if every meet-irreducible open is of the form
X r txu
for a unique x P X . T2 Sob T0

no relation with T1

– p. 9
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
A space X is SOBER if every meet-irreducible open is of the form
X r txu
for a unique x P X . T2 Sob T0

no relation with T1
PtpLq is always sober.

– p. 9
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt

– p. 10
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
UNIT: ηX : X Ñ Pt LcpX q
x Þ Ñ X r txu

– p. 10
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
x Þ Ñ X r txu
PROPOSITION: ηX is a homeomorphism iff X is sober.

– p. 10
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
x Þ Ñ X r txu
COUNIT: εL : Lc PtpLq Ñ L
Σa Þ Ñ tb P L | Σb Σa u

– p. 10
Lc
SPACES AND LOCALES
Top K Loc
Pt
x Þ Ñ X r txu
COUNIT: εL : Lc PtpLq Ñ L
Σa Þ Ñ tb P L | Σb Σa u
PROPOSITION: εL is an isomorphism iff L is spatial.

– p. 10
SPACES and LOCALES
Lc
Top Loc
K
Pt

– p. 11
SPACES and LOCALES
Lc
Top Loc
K
Pt
Sob
SpLoc

equivalence
Perception: Sob more representative of all of Top than SpLoc of Loc.

– p. 11
SPACES and LOCALES
Lc
Top Loc
K
X
Pt
Pt Lc
Sob
SpLoc
Pt LcpX q
equivalence
“soberification” of a space
– p. 11
SPACES and LOCALES
Lc
Top Loc
K
X
Pt L
Pt Lc
Sob Lc Pt
SpLoc
Pt LcpX q
equivalence
Lc PtpLq
“soberification” of a space “spatialization” of a locale

– p. 11
THE BOOLEAN CASE: non-spatial locales
PROPOSITION: L is spatial iff each a 1 is a meet of points of L.

– p. 12
L has “enough points”

– p. 12
COROLLARY: In a Boolean algebra, every meet-irreducible is a co-

atom. Therefore a Boolean locale B is spatial iff it is atomic.

– p. 12

P ROOF : Let p x, p meet-irreducible.

– p. 12

P ROOF : Let p x, p meet-irreducible. Then
0x^ x¤p

– p. 12

0x^ x¤p ñ x¤p

– p. 12

0x^ x¤p ñ x¤p ñ x ¤ x ñ x 1.

– p. 12

0x^ x¤p ñ x¤p ñ x ¤ x ñ x 1.
By the Proposition,
B spatial ñ each a 1 in B is a meet of co-atoms

– p. 12

0x^ x¤p ñ x¤p ñ x ¤ x ñ x 1.
By the Proposition,
B spatial ñ each a 1 in B is a meet of co-atoms

each a 1 in B is a join of atoms (by complement.).
– p. 12
PART IV.
Doing topology in Loc

– p. 13
GENERALIZED SUBSPACES: SUBLOCALES
DEFINITION: S L is a SUBLOCALE of L if

– p. 14
L
1

(1) A S, A P S ,

– p. 14
L
1
S

(1) A S, A P S ,
S

– p. 14
L
1
S

(1) A S, A P S ,
(2) a P L, s P S, a Ñ s P S . S

– p. 14
L
1
S

(1) A S, A P S ,
(2) a P L, s P S, a Ñ s P S .
S

, Ñ Ñ 0
S is itself a locale: S L S L
s ts P S | s ¤ su.
but i i

– p. 14
L
1
S

(1) A S, A P S ,
(2) a P L, s P S, a Ñ s P S .
S

, Ñ Ñ 0
S is itself a locale: S L S L
s ts P S | s ¤ su.
but i i
Motivation for the definition:
PROP:
S L is a sublocale iff the embedding jS : S L is a localic map.

– p. 14
THE SUBLOCALE LATTICE SℓpLq: sublocales of L, ordered by

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u
PROPOSITION. SℓpLq is a co-frame.

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

pA _ B i q A _ p
?
Bi q
P ROOF :

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

pA _ B i q A _ p
?
Bi q
P ROOF : i, x ai ^ bi (ai P A, bi P Bi ).

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

pA _ B i q A _ p
?
Bi q

P ROOF : i, x ai ^ bi (ai P A, bi P Bi ). Let a a P A.
i

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

pA _ B i q A _ p
?
Bi q

P ROOF : i, x ai ^ bi (ai P A, bi P Bi ). Let a a P A.
i

x pai ^ bi q a ^ p bi q ¤ a ^ bi ¤ ai ^ bi x.
i

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

pA _ B i q A _ p
?
Bi q

P ROOF : i, x ai ^ bi (ai P A, bi P Bi ). i Let a a P A.

i
Then x a ^ bi , i ñ aloomoon
Ñ bi does not depend on i.
(H)
b P B i

– p. 15

0 t1u, 1 L, , I Si t A | A I Si u

pA _ B i q A _ p
?
Bi q

P ROOF : i, x ai ^ bi (ai P A, bi P Bi ). i Let a a P A.

i
Then x a ^ bi , i ñ aloomoon
Ñ bi does not depend on i.
(H)
b P B i
(H)
a ^ pa Ñ biq a ^ b P A _ p Bi q.

– p. 15
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
a P L, cpaq Òa CLOSED

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
a P L, cpaq Òa CLOSED
opaq ta Ñ x | x P Lu OPEN

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
a P L, cpaq Òa CLOSED .
- complemented

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
- complemented
Properties
(1) a ¤ b iff cpaq cpbq iff opaq opbq.

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
- complemented
Properties

(2)
cpa q cp a q.
i i

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
- complemented
Properties

(2)
cpa q cp a q.
i i

(3) opai q op ai q.

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
- complemented
Properties

(2)
cpa q cp a q.
i i

(3) opai q op ai q.
(4) cpaq _ cpbq cpa ^ bq.

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
- complemented
Properties

(2)
cpa q cp a q.
i i

(3) opai q op ai q.
(5) opaq ^ opbq opa ^ bq.

– p. 16
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES It is a co-frame!
SℓpLq
L opLq
cpLq
opLq topaq | a P Lu
complemented
(a frame)
cpLq tcpaq | a P Lu
(a co-frame)

– p. 17
SPECIAL SUBLOCALES It is a co-frame!
SℓpLq
L opLq
cpLq
opLq topaq | a P Lu
complemented
(a frame)
cpLq tcpaq | a P Lu
(a co-frame)

– p. 17
CLOSURE and INTERIOR

CLOSURE: S tcpaq | S cpaqu

– p. 18
Ò a

CLOSURE: S tcpaq | S cpaqu cp ta | a ¤ S uq cp S q.

– p. 18
Ò a


INTERIOR: int S topaq | opaq S u.

– p. 18
Ò a


EXAMPLE:

opbq cp opbqq cpb Ñ 0q cpb q.

– p. 18
Ò a


EXAMPLE:

opbq cp opbqq cpb Ñ 0q cpb q.
By complementation, int cpbq opb q.

– p. 18
ISBELL’S DENSITY THEOREM
Ò a


S is DENSE: S L

– p. 18
Ò a



S is DENSE: S L Òp S q L

– p. 18
Ò a



S is DENSE: S L Òp S q L S 0 0 P S .

– p. 18
Ò a



Hence: intersections of dense sublocales are dense,

– p. 18
Ò a



Hence: intersections of dense sublocales are dense,

i.e., there exists the smallest dense sublocale of a locale!

– p. 18
Ò a



THM. BL tx | x P Lu tx | x xu is the least dense sublocale.

– p. 19
Ò a




P ROOF : 0 P BL so BL is dense.

– p. 19
Ò a




S dense ñ BL S : x x Ñ 0 P S .
PS

– p. 19
Ò a




PS
BL is a sublocale:

– p. 19
Ò a




PS
BL is a sublocale:

xi p xi q .

– p. 19
Ò a




PS
BL is a sublocale:

xi p xi q .
a Ñ x a Ñ px Ñ 0q a ^ x Ñ 0 pa ^ xq .
– p. 19
Jorge Picado
PORTUGAL

– p. 0
SPACES versus LOCALES
Lc
Top Loc
K
X
Pt L
Pt Lc
Sob Lc Pt
SpLoc
Pt LcpX q
equivalence
Lc PtpLq
“soberification” of a space “spatialization” of a locale

– p. 1
DOING TOPOLOGY IN Loc Regularity
F
x

– p. 2
U
F V
x

– p. 2
U P OpX q, x P U, DV P OpX q : x P V V U . U
F V
x

– p. 2
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U P OpX q, U tV P OpX q | V U u

– p. 2
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U P OpX q, U tV P OpX q | V U u
V U

– p. 2
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U P OpX q, tV P OpX q | V U u
U
V U
V U X rV X r U X r V Y U X V Y U X.

– p. 2
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U

In a general locale L: opaq, opaq topbq | opbq opaqu

– p. 2
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U


– p. 2
RECAP: SPECIAL SUBLOCALES
,
complemented
-
Properties

(2) cpai q cp a i q.

(3) opai q op ai q.
(5) opaq ^ opbq opa ^ bq.

– p. 2
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U

cpb q

– p. 3
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U

cpb q^cpaq 0

– p. 3
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U

cpb _ aq cp1q

– p. 3
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U


b a b _ a 1 a P L, a tb P L | b au

– p. 3
F V
So X is regular iff
x

U
V U


b a b _ a 1 a P L, a tb P L | b au
(Conservative extension: X is regular iff the locale OpX q is regular.)
– p. 3
DOING TOPOLOGY IN Loc partial order
Properties
1 a b ñ a ¤ b.

– p. 4
Properties
1 a b ñ a ¤ b.
2 a¤b c¤d ñ a d.

– p. 4
Properties
1 a b ñ a ¤ b.
2 a¤b c¤d ñ a d.
$
3 & a1 _ a 2 b1 _ b2
ai bi pi 1, 2q ñ %
a1 ^ a2 b1 ^ b2

– p. 4
DOING TOPOLOGY IN Loc Complete Regularity
X
F
x

– p. 5
X f r0, 1s
F
f pxq 0
x
f rF s t1u

– p. 5
X f r0, 1s
F
f pxq 0
x
By Urysohn’s Lemma, f rF s t1u
X is completely regular iff U P OpX q, U tV P OpX q | V U u

– p. 5
X f r0, 1s
F
f pxq 0
x
V U D pWq qqPQXr0,1s : W0 V, W1 U, p q ñ Wp Wq .
[B. Banaschewski (1953)]

– p. 5
X f r0, 1s
F
f pxq 0
x
V U the largest INTERPOLATIVE relation contained in

– p. 5
X f r0, 1s
F
f pxq 0
x

So, for a general locale L:

L is completely regular if a P L, a tb P L | b au.

– p. 5
X f r0, 1s
F
f pxq 0
x

So, for a general locale L:

a P L, a tb P L | b au.
L is completely regular if
(Conservative extension: X is c. reg. iff the locale OpX q is c. reg.)

– p. 5
DOING TOPOLOGY IN Loc Compactness

– p. 6

A L is a cover of L if A 1.
A locale L is compact if every cover of L has a finite subcover.

– p. 6

A L is a cover of L if A 1.
A locale L is compact if every cover of L has a finite subcover.
(Conservative extension: X is compact iff the locale OpX q is compact)

– p. 6
DOING TOPOLOGY IN Loc An illustrative result
PROPOSITION. Each compact regular locale is completely regular.

– p. 7
P ROOF : Suffices: (i.e., interpolates).

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

b tx P L | x bu
regularity

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

b tx P L | x bu
regularity
Therefore ta u Y tx | x bu is a cover.

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

b tx P L | x bu
regularity
compactness

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

b tx P L | x bu
regularity
compactness
a _ x 1 _ _ xn 1
looooooomooooooon
c

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

b tx P L | x bu
regularity
compactness
a _ x 1 _ _ xn 1
looooooomooooooon a c.
c

– p. 7

Let a b a _ b 1.

b tx P L | x bu
regularity
compactness
a _ x 1 _ _ xn 1
looooooomooooooon a c.
c
Further
xi b pi 1, . . . , nq ñ c b.
– p. 7
THE (constructive) STONE-Čech compactification
Ideals of L: IpLq (I1) b ¤ a P J ñ b P J, (I2) a, b P J ña_bPJ

– p. 8

LEMMA 1. IpLq is a compact locale.

– p. 8


P ROOF : (any intersection of ideals is an ideal).

– p. 8


(any intersection of ideals is an ideal).
P ROOF :

Ji t F | F finite, F Jiu.

– p. 8


P ROOF :


p Jiq X K pJi X K q.

– p. 8


P ROOF :


: obvious

– p. 8


P ROOF :


:

– p. 8


P ROOF :


: x x1 _ _ xn P p Jiq X K (xj P Ji ) j

– p. 8


P ROOF :


pI1q ¤P
xj x K
xj P Ji X K ñ x P pJi X K q
j

– p. 8


P ROOF :


pI1q ¤P
xj x K
P Ji X K ñ x P pJi X K q
xj j

Ji L Q 1 ñ 1 x1 _ _ xn (some xj P Ji ). j
n n
Then 1 P j 1 Ji ñ L j 1 Ji .
j j

– p. 8
Regular ideal: (Ir) a P J Db P J : a b. RpLq

– p. 9
LEMMA 2. RpLq is a subframe of IpLq, hence compact.

– p. 9
a P L, σ paq tx P L | x au.
By interpolation property of , each σ paq is a regular ideal of L.

– p. 9
LEMMA 3. RpLq is a completely regular compact locale.

– p. 9
P ROOF : By the Lemma it suffices to show that RpLq is regular.

– p. 9

For each regular J , J tσpaq | a P J u tσpaq | a P J u.

– p. 9

For each regular J , J tσpaq | a P J u tσpaq | a P J u.
Now, suffices: b a in L ñ σ pbq σ paq in RpLq which is easy!

– p. 9
INTERMEZZO: DENSE MAPS
Dense localic map: f : L Ñ M such that f rLs is dense in M

– p. 10
i.e. 0 P f rLs

– p. 10
i.e. 0 P f rLs f p0q 0.

– p. 10
Frm Loc
f p1q 1 f paq 1 ñ a 1
f pa q 0 ñ a 0 f p0q 0
hpaq 0 ñ a 0

– p. 10
Frm Loc
hpaq 0 ñ a 0

– p. 10
Frm Loc
hpaq 0 ñ a 0

– p. 10
LEMMA 4. For each completely regular L,
βL : RpLq Ñ L

J ÞÑ J
is a dense surjection.

– p. 11
THEOREM. There is a functor R : CRegFrm Ñ CRegFrm

L RpLq
h pq
I h
M RpM q

– p. 12

L RpLq
h pq
I h
M RpM q
and a natural transformation
β : R Ñ Id RpLq
βL
L
R h pq h
R pM q
βM
M
such that:

– p. 12

L RpLq
h pq
I h
M RpM q
β : R Ñ Id RpLq
βL
L
R h pq h
R pM q
βM
M
such that:
(1) Each RpLq is compact.

– p. 12

L RpLq
h pq
I h
M RpM q
β : R Ñ Id RpLq
βL
L
R h pq h
R pM q
βM
M
such that:
(2) Each βL is a dense surjection.

– p. 12

L RpLq
h pq
I h
M RpM q
β : R Ñ Id RpLq
βL
L
R h pq h
R pM q
βM
M
such that:
(2) Each βL is a dense surjection.
(3) βL is an isomorphism iff L is compact.
– p. 12
REAL NUMBERS POINTFREELY
The frame of reals:
LpRq Frm x pp, —q, p—, q qpp, q P Qq |

– p. 13
The frame of reals:
LpRq Frm x pp, —q, p—, q qpp, q P Qq | (R1) pp, —q ^ p—, qq 0 for p ¥ q ,

– p. 13
The frame of reals:
(R2) pp, —q _ p—, q q 1 for p q ,

– p. 13
The frame of reals:
(R2) pp, —q _ p—, q q 1 for p q ,

(R3) pp, —q ¡ pr, —q,
r p

(R3) p—, q q
s q —, sp q,

– p. 13
The frame of reals:
(R2) pp, —q _ p—, q q 1 for p q ,

(R3) pp, —q ¡ pr, —q,
r p

(R3) p—, q q p
s q —, s q,

(R4) p PQ pp, —q 1,

(R4) q PQ p—, q q 1 y

– p. 13
CONTINUOUS REAL FUNCTIONS POINTFREELY f : LpRq Ñ L

– p. 14
The spectrum PtpLpRqq R (usual space of reals).

– p. 14

From the adjunction
Lc
Top Loc
Pt
there is a natural isomorphism

HomTop pX, PtpLqq ÝÑ HomLoc pLcpX q, Lq.

– p. 14

From the adjunction
Lc
Top Loc
Pt

For L LpRq:
CpX q HomTop pX, Rq ÝÑ HomLoc pLcpX q, LpRqq

– p. 14

From the adjunction
Lc
Top Loc
Pt

For L LpRq:
CpX q HomTop pX, Rq ÝÑ HomLoc pLcpX q, LpRqq
CpLq HomFrm pLpRq, Lq

– p. 14
SIDE NOTES The frame of extended reals LpRq
Generators pp, —q, p—, qq, p, q P Q

Relations (R1) pp, —q ^ p—, q q 0 whenever p ¥ q
(R2) pp, —q _ p—, q q 1 whenever p q

(R3) pp, —q r¡p pr, —q and p—, q q s q p—, sq

(R4) pPQ pp, —q 1 qPQ p—, q q

– p. 15
SIDE NOTES The frame of extended reals LpRq



Similarly, we have the extended continuous real functions:
CpLq HomFrm pLpRq, Lq
B. B ANASCHEWSKI , J. G UTI ÉRREZ G ARC ÍA & J. P.

Extended real functions in pointfree topology, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 216 (2012)

– p. 15
SIDE NOTES




– p. 15
SIDE NOTES The frame of partial reals LpIRq




PtpL IR q is the partial real line.

– p. 15
SIDE NOTES The frame of partial reals LpIRq



Similarly, we have the partial continuous real functions:
ICpLq HomFrm pLpIRq, Lq
I. M OZO C AROLLO, J. G UTI ÉRREZ G ARC ÍA & J. P.

On the Dedekind completion of function rings, Forum Mathematicum to appear

– p. 15
(GENERAL) REAL FUNCTIONS POINTFREELY Motivation
Any f: X ÝÑ R

– p. 16
Any f : pX, P pX qq ÝÑ pR , Tq is continuous.

– p. 16

i.e. FpX q HomTop ppX, P pX qq, pR, Tqq

– p. 16

From the adjunction

Lc
Top Loc
Pt
FpX q HomFrm pLpRq, P pX qq

– p. 16

From the adjunction

Lc
Top Loc
Pt

lattice of subspaces of X

– p. 16

From the adjunction

Lc
Top Loc
Pt

HomFrm pLpRq, S pLqq

dual lattice of sublocales of L

– p. 16

From the adjunction

Lc
Top Loc
Pt

HomFrm pLpRq, S pLqq

dual lattice of sublocales of L
Natural extension:
FpLq HomFrm pLpRq, S pLqq

– p. 16
(GENERAL) REAL FUNCTIONS POINTFREELY f : LpRq ÝÑ S pLq
S pLq is rich enough to allow to segregate the specific classes

of real functions we are interested with in a satisfactory manner:

– p. 17

FpLq

– p. 17

FpLq
LSCpLq f pp, —q P cpLq

– p. 17

FpLq
f p—, q q P cpLq USCpLq LSCpLq f pp, —q P cpLq

– p. 17

FpLq
f p—, q q P cpLq USCpLq LSCpLq f pp, —q P cpLq
CpLq
f rLpRqs cpLq L
J. G UTI ÉRREZ G ARC ÍA , T. K UBIAK & J. P.

Localic real functions: a general setting, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 213 (2009) 1064-1074
– p. 17
REGULARIZATIONS OF A REAL FUNCTION f P FpLq
lower regularization f

– p. 18
ª ª

f pp, —q f pr, —q
f p—, q q f ps, —q
r¡p s q

– p. 18
ª ª

r¡p s q
Then: f P LSCpLq

– p. 18
ª ª

r¡p s q
Then: f P LSCpLq , f ¤f

– p. 18
ª ª

r¡p s q

Then: f P LSCpLq , f ¤ f , f tg P LSCpLq | g ¤ f u.

– p. 18
ª ª

r¡p s q

If tg P LSCpLq | g ¤ f u H then f P LSCpLq.

– p. 18
ª ª

r¡p s q

If tg P LSCpLq | g ¤ f u H then f P LSCpLq.

Dually: the upper regularization f pf q
J. G UTI ÉRREZ G ARC ÍA , T. K UBIAK & J. P.

Lower and upper regularizations of frame semicontinuous real functions, Alg. Univ. (2009)

– p. 18
APPLICATIONS: insertion theorems locale L
TFAE:
(i) L is normal

– p. 19
TFAE:
(i) L is normal
f on ¤ loomo
(ii) loomo g on ñ D h P CpLq : f ¤ h ¤ g
USC LSC

– p. 19
TFAE:
(i) L is normal
f on ¤ loomo
USC LSC
Classically: L OX [Katětov-Tong insertion]

– p. 19
TFAE:
(i) L is normal
f on ¤ loomo
USC LSC
Separation: f χF , g χA [Urysohn’s Lemma]

– p. 19
TFAE:
(i) L is normal
f on ¤ loomo
USC LSC
Separation: f χF , g χA [Urysohn’s Lemma]
Extension: LpRq Ñ cpaq [Tietze’s Extension Theorem]

– p. 19
TFAE:
(i) L is ———-
normal extremally disconnected
f on ¥ loomo
(ii) loomo g on ñ D h P CpLq : f ¥ h ¥ g
USC LSC
Classically: L OX [Lane; Kubiak-de Prada Vicente insertion]
Separation: f χF , g χA [Gillman-Jerison]
Extension: LpRq Ñ opaq [Gillman-Jerison]

– p. 19
TFAE:
(i) L is ———-
normal completely normal
(ii) lof,
omogon, f ¤ g, f ¤ g ñ D h P LSCpLq : f ¤ h ¤ h ¤ g
p q
F L
Classically: L OX [General insertion: Kubiak]

– p. 19
APPLICATIONS: insertion theorems
More: monotone insertion [Kubiak],

strict insertion [Dowker],
bounded insertion [Michael], ...

– p. 20

Tutorial On Localic Topology

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Tutorial on Localic Topology

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 0

AIM: cover the basics of point-free topology

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 1

AIM: cover the basics of point-free topology

Part I. Frames: the algebraic facet of spaces

Part II. Categorical aspects of Frm

Part III. Locales: the geometric facet of frames

Part IV. Doing topology in Loc

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 1

It is an approach to topology taking the lattices of open sets as the

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

It is an approach to topology taking the lattices of open sets as the

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

‘lattice theory applied to topology’

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

‘lattice theory applied to topology’ ‘topology itself’

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

‘lattice theory applied to topology’ ‘topology itself’

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

‘lattice theory applied to topology’ ‘topology itself’

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

‘lattice theory applied to topology’ ‘topology itself’

!(...) what the pointfree formulation adds to the classical theory is a

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

‘lattice theory applied to topology’ ‘topology itself’

!(...) what the pointfree formulation adds to the classical theory is a

MORE: different categorical properties with advantage to the

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 2

The idea of approaching topology via algebra (lattice theory)

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 3

The idea of approaching topology via algebra (lattice theory)

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 3

The idea of approaching topology via algebra (lattice theory)

Later: autonomous subject with

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 3

The idea of approaching topology via algebra (lattice theory)

Later: autonomous subject with

RAMIFICATIONS: category theory, topos theory, logic and

P. T. Johnstone, Stone Spaces, CUP 1982.

S. Vickers, Topology via Logic, CUP 1989.

S. MacLane and I. Moerdijk, Sheaves in Geometry and Logic - A

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 4

the algebraic facet of spaces

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 5

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

Top complete lattice:

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

Top complete lattice:

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

Top complete lattice:

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

Top complete lattice:

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

Top complete lattice:

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

Top complete lattice L

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

January 2015 Tutorial on localic topology BLAST 2015 – 6

The algebraic nature of the objects of Frm is obvious.

subframe of a frame L: S L closed under arbitrary joins

subframe of a frame L: S L closed under arbitrary joins

For any ^-semilattice pA, ^, 1q, DpAq tdown-sets of Au is a

For any ^-semilattice pA, ^, 1q, DpAq tdown-sets of Au is a

For any ^-semilattice pA, ^, 1q, DpAq tdown-sets of Au is a

For any ^-semilattice pA, ^, 1q, DpAq tdown-sets of Au is a

For any distributive lattice A, IpAq tideals of Au is a frame:

For any distributive lattice A, IpAq tideals of Au is a frame:

For any distributive lattice A, IpAq tideals of Au is a frame:

pA, ¤q as a thin category

In fact, a preorder suffices: gf g