11/8/2019

Air University Fall 2019 (Ver. 2.0)

Analog & Digital Communications

EE 330
Lecture # 08
Digital Modulation

Muhammad Tilal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Air University (AU) Islamabad

The theme of this presentation is an inspiration from the one used in S2 Department of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Previous Lecture
• Digital Modulation Schemes
– Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
– Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
– Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
– Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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Session Overview

Topic Digital Modulation

Polar Representation of Sinusoids, Constellation Diagram,
Digital Modulation, Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), On Off
Concepts Keying (OOK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift
Keying (PSK), BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM), 8 QAM, 16 QAM, 32 QAM
Recommended
Reading
Keywords Digital, Polar, Constellation, ASK, PSK, BPSK, QPSK, QAM

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Polar Representation of Sinusoids

http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf

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Constellation Diagram

http://computing.dcu.ie/~HUMPHRYS/Notes/Networks/tanenbaum/2-25.jpg

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Digital Modulation
• Digital modulation is the process • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
of modulation where an analog – Frequency of the sinusoidal is
sinusoidal signal is modulated by varied to carry Information.
the digital data.
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
– Phase of the sinusoidal is varied
• One or two parameters to carry Information.
(Amplitude, Frequency and
Phase) of the sinusoidal • Quadrature Amplitude
waveforms are modified with Modulation (QAM)
respect to the digital data. – Amplitude and phase of the
sinusoidal is varied to carry
Information.
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
– Amplitude of the sinusoidal is
varied to carry Information.

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

• In ASK, the amplitude of the • All the other parameters of the
carrier is changed in response to carriers are kept constant which
information and all else is kept include frequency and phase.
fixed.
• On Off Keying (OOK) is a special
case of ASK where one of the
• Bit ‘1’ is transmitted by the amplitudes is ‘Zero’.
carrier of one particular
amplitude.

• Bit ‘0’ is transmitted by the

carrier of another amplitude.

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

• In FSK the frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to carry
information.
• Different binary signals are
represented by different
frequency sinusoids.
• The simplest Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK) is Binary FSK.
• In BFSK, a binary ‘1’ is
represented by one frequency
while a binary ‘0’ is represented
by another frequency.

• All other parameters including

amplitude and phase are kept
constant.

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

• Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the • Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
type of modulation in which the – Two phase levels represent ‘1’
phase of the carrier sinusoid is and ‘0’.
varied according to the digital
data. • Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) or 4-PSK
– Four phase levels represent 4
• PSK uses finite number of phases different bit combinations or
to represent single bits or unique symbols.
combination of bits.
• 8-PSK
– Eight phase levels represent 8
• Depending upon the number of different bit combinations or symbols
bits represented by a phase, PSK
has different variants known as
M-PSK.

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Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

BPSK Constellation Diagram
• In BPSK, a binary ‘1’ is
represented by a phase of zero
degrees while a binary ‘0’ is
represented by 180 degrees. All
other parameters of the carrier
sinusoid are kept constant.

BPSK Time Domain Signal

http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/papers/modulation_1.pdf

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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

• In QPSK, four different symbols
are represented by four distinct
phases.

Bit # 01 Bit # 02 Phase

(Degrees)
0 0 45
1 0 135
0 1 -135
1 1 -45

QPSK Constellation Diagram

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8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK)

• In 8-PSK, eight different binary
symbols are represented by 8
distinct phases.
Bit # 01 Bit # 02 Bit # 03

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1 QPSK Constellation Diagram

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• In Quadrature Amplitude 16 QAM
Modulation (QAM) both
amplitude and phase are varied
simultaneously to carry
information.

8 QAM

http://cnx.org/content/m35715/latest/graphics20.png

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
32 QAM

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Find Answers to
• What is Grey Coding?
• Spectral Comparison of ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM?

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References

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