Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

AIR EMISSIONS MONITORING REPORT

FOR

3rd OF 2021

COMPANY NAME ALPHA PACKAGING (PVT) LTD

CONTACT PERSON SHE OFFICER
PHONE NUMBER +263 774 605 547
PROJECT ADDRESS 49 BARKING RD, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
NUMBER OF SAMPLED POINTS TWO (2)

REPORT PREPARED BY
TITAKU ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS P/L
Harare Office: 516 Throgmorton House, Cnr S.Machel/J.Nyerere, HARARE

Bulawayo Office: 610 CIPF Building, Cnr J.Moyo/9th Ave, BULAWAYO

Contact Numbers: +263 772 264 451 /+263 773 248 676 / +263 779 418 394
E-Mail Address: titakuenvengineering@gmail.com

WILLOWVALE - HARARE
Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Globally, the packaging market has increased by 6.8% from 2013 and to 2018 largely
from less developed markets. In Zimbabwe, the packaging industry is driven largely by
the food industry with Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd as a typical company involved in the food
packing production. Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd began operations in 2012, manufactures
a wide variety of packaging products for various local companies ranging from egg trays,
paper bags and corrugated boxes. Alpha Packaging operations supported by a Hitex-
Thermax Steam Boiler and an F.G Wilson Diesel-Powered standby Generator on its
premises on Number 49 Barking Road in Willowvale, Harare. The operation of these
appliances results in the release of several atmospheric gaseous emission which are a
harmful to the atmosphere and the surrounding environments. These gases include;
Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Particulate
matter (PM). In Zimbabwe appliances which emit such gases into the atmosphere must
be monitored so as to quantify the amount and quality of gas pollutants released into the
atmosphere. It is for this reason that Alpha Packaging engaged Titaku Environmental
Engineers on 24th of September 2021 and 5th of October 2021 to carry out air emissions
monitoring surveys for their standby generator and steam boiler. The air emission
monitoring surveys were done in accordance to the requirements of the Environmental
Management Act (Cap 20:27) Section 63, air quality standard) and Statutory Instruments
72 (Atmospheric Pollution Control) Regulations. The results from the air emission surveys
show that the standby generator is in the RED Atmospheric Pollution Band which is
considered a High Environmental Hazard whilst the Boiler falls in the GREEN
Atmospheric Pollution Band which is considered a Low Environmental Hazard. The
proponent is also recommended to use coal with a lower Sulphur content so as to
minimize the concentration of Sulphur that is emitted by the boiler. We declare that the
results and observations reflected in this report are a true reflection of conditions
encountered during the survey.

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. ii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Project Location..................................................................................................................1
1.3 Survey Justification ............................................................................................................2
1.4 Purpose of Site Assessment Findings................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 2: LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 3
2.1 Legal Compliance Status ...................................................................................................3
2.2 Licences and Categorization of Pollutants .......................................................................4
2.3 Significance of the Pollutants ............................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 6
3.1 Air Emissions Sampling......................................................................................................6
3.1.1 Quality Assurance (QA) & Quality Control (QC) ..................................................... 6
3.1.2 The Instrument ....................................................................................................... 6
3.1.3 Operation Procedure.............................................................................................. 6
3.2 Particulate Matter Sampling..............................................................................................6
3.2.1 Quality Assurance (QA) & Quality Control (QC) ..................................................... 7
3.2.2 The Instrument ....................................................................................................... 7
3.2.3. Operation Procedure............................................................................................. 7
3.3. Calculating Total Air Pollutant Quantities Emitted Per Hour ..........................................7
CHAPTER 4: BASELINE INFORMATION ................................................................................... 8
4.1 Weather Conditions and Other Characteristics ................................................................8
4.2 F.G Wilson Generator Specifications ................................................................................9
4.3 Hitex-Thermax Boiler Equipment Specifications ........................................................... 10
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS PRESENTATION ................................................................................. 11
5.1 Air Emissions Monitoring Results for the Generator..................................................... 11
5.1.1 Total Pollutant Load for the Generator ............................................................... 11
5.2 Air Emissions Monitoring Surveys for the Boiler ........................................................... 13
5.2.1 Total Pollutant Load for the Boiler ...................................................................... 13
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 15
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 15
Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 15
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 16
Calibration Certificate for KANE 905 Hand-held Combustion Analyser ............................. 17
Calibration Certificate for Temtop PMD 351 Hand-held Air Quality Particle Counter. ...... 18

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Photo Collage ......................................................................................................................... 19

Table of Figures
Figure 1.1: Site Location ......................................................................................................... 1

List of Tables
Table 1.1: GPS coordinates for the sampled sites at Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd ................ 2
Table 2.1: Legislation Governing the Survey.......................................................................... 3
Table 2.2: Air emissions limits (S.I.72 of 2009) .................................................................... 4
Table 2.3: Permitted emissions of smoke (S.I 72 of 2009).................................................. 4
Table 2.4 Permissible pollutant load (S.I 72 of 2009) .......................................................... 4
Table 2.5: The significance of pollutants ............................................................................... 4
Table 5.1: Conditions Encountered During the Survey for the Generator ........................... 8
Table 5.2: Conditions Encountered During the Survey for the Boiler................................... 9
Table 4.2: Specifications for the Generator ........................................................................... 9
Table 4.3: Specifications for the Boiler ................................................................................ 10
Table 5.1: Air Emissions Monitoring Results for the Generator ......................................... 11
Table 5.2: Air Emissions Monitoring Results for the Boiler ................................................. 13

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd is a Zimbabwean Registered Company that manufactures and
sells packaging products since 2012. Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd manufactures a wide
variety of packaging products for various local companies ranging from egg trays, paper
bags and corrugated boxes. Its operatiosn at No 49 Barklign Road, Willowvale Harare are
supported by a standby F.G Wilson Diesel-Powered Generator and a Hitex-Thermax
Steam Boiler. There is release into the atmosphere of gases which include; Carbon
monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Particulate matter (PM).
Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd an environmentally committed company aims to have scientific
and evidence based environmental management plans and also compliance with the
Environmental Management Act requirements. Air emissions monitoring is key in
providing such data and information for decision making and environmental aspect and
impact management improvement.

1.2 Project Location

Alpha Packaging Pvt Ltd is located at 49 Barking Road, Willowvale Industrial Site in
Harare. The site can be accessed from the Willowvale road approximately 13 km from
Harare CBD. Figure 1.1 below shows the geographical location of the sampled sites at
Alpha Packaging P/L.

Figure 1.1: Site Location

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Table 1.1: GPS coordinates for the sampled sites at Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd
Sampled Point Eastings (X) Northings (Y) Elevation (m)
F.G. Wilson Generator 36K285136 8021407 1439
Hitex Boiler 36K285075 8021354 1438

1.3 Survey Justification

The purpose of the survey was to measure and report air emission parameters from the
standby generator and the steam boiler as the main point sources of air pollution. The
testing was conducted to provide information for the Environmental Management
Agency’s Air Quality Unit as required by the Environmental Management Act and SI 72.
The key objective for the air quality survey was meant to:

 Manage and monitor ambient air quality in a bid to promote the company’s
environmental performance through scientific and evidence based information.
 Comply with all applicable laws, regulations, standards and guidelines for the
protection of the environment (Environmental Management Act and SI 72of 2009.
 Adopt the best practicable means available to prevent or minimize adverse
environmental impacts and air pollution abatement.
 Development of informed environmental management and mitigation plan

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

CHAPTER 2: LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Environmental Management Act Chapter 20:27, and SI 72 of 2009, Environmental
Management (Atmospheric Pollution Control) Regulations are the key legal instruments
in Zimbabwe which regulates air emission from all air emissions sources (point and non-
point sources).

2.1 Legal Compliance Status

Table 2.1 below shows Alpha Packaging’s legal compliance to various legislation
requirements.

Table 2.1: Legislation Governing the Survey

# Legal Instrument Key Salient Feature Compliance Mechanism
2 (Atmospheric This statutory instrument regulate air Alpha Packaging P/L is
Pollution Control) pollution activities from the following: compliant with its air
Regulations (S.I. 72 Burning of waste at landfill; emission licenses in
of 2009) Any activity that causes the emission of place and also submits
a pollutant into the atmosphere such quarterly air emissions
as boiler diesel combustion (generator survey report to the
and heavy vehicles). regulator.
It calls for licensing of air emission
point sources and quarterly monitoring Air emissions quality
of such. and quantity is done
every quarter and the
air emissions survey
reports are submitted to
the regulator’s air
quality unit department.
3 Environmental Section 63 of the Act states that, any Alpha Packaging P/L is
Management Act person who emits any substances compliant with air
20:27 which cause air pollution (that is, by the emission licenses in
emission of substances in excess of a place.
prescribed amount for a particular
source) in contravention of emission Air emissions quality
standards established under this Part
and quantity is done
shall be guilty of an offence and liable
every quarter and the
to a fine not exceeding level fourteen or
fifteen million dollars, whichever is the air emissions survey
greater, or to imprisonment for a period reports are submitted to
not exceeding five years or to both such the regulator’s air
fine and such imprisonment. quality unit department.
Section 64 further states that, no
owner or operator of a trade or any
establishment shall emit a substance
or energy which causes or is likely to
cause air pollution without an emission
license issued by the Board

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 Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

2.2 Licences and Categorization of Pollutants

Presumptive limits were obtained from the Environmental Management (Atmospheric
Pollution Control) regulations S.I 72 of 2009. They are categorised into bands of the "pay
to pollute" principle.

Table 2.2: Air emissions limits (S.I.72 of 2009)

Pollutant Blue Green Yellow Red
Particulates <60mg/m3 <90mg/m3 <100mg/m3 <120 mg/m3
SO2 <30mg/m3 <40 mg/m3 <45mg/m3 <50 mg/m3
NOx <70mg/m3 <100mg/m3 <130mg/m3 <150mg/m3
CO <40 mg/m3 <60 mg/m3 <80 mg/m3 <100 mg/m3
NOTE: Blue - environmentally safe; Green - low environmental hazard; Yellow - medium
environmental hazard; Red - high environmental hazard. A separate license for each
emission source or combined license is optional, in case of the latter; the worst colour
band is applied.

Table 2.3: Permitted emissions of smoke (S.I 72 of 2009)

Blue Green Yellow Red
Ringelmann System 0 1 2 3
Smoke Density (%) 0 20 40 60

Table 2.4 Permissible pollutant load (S.I 72 of 2009)

Volume (V) Volume (V) Volume (V) Volume (V) Volume (V)
V<5 ton 5ton <V< 50ton 50ton <V<100ton 100ton V>200ton
<V<200ton
Per quarter Per quarter Per quarter Per quarter
Per quarter
License Band US$ US$ US$ US$ US$
Blue 100 145 280 555 1110
Green 145 280 555 1110 2000
Yellow 280 555 1110 2000 4500
Red 555 1110 2000 4500 9000
N.B: These figures excludes 5% Admin and 15% Value Added Tax (VAT) fees.

2.3 Significance of the Pollutants

Table 2.5: The significance of pollutants
# Pollutant Description & Toxic Effects

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 Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

1 Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur gas contributes to the formation of sulphuric acid rain which
(SO2) affects plants by inhibiting growth through destruction of leaves and
roots. Inhalation of SO2 by humans and animals causes bronchial
constriction, irritation and inflammation of tissue.
2 Carbon CO is a colourless, odourless poisonous gas with a high affinity for
Monoxide (CO) oxygen, formed from incomplete combustion of carbon in fuel for
motor vehicle emissions, industrial processes, non-transportation fuel
combustion, and natural sources such as wild fires. It quickly oxidizes
to form a precursor (CO2) for carbonic acid formation. CO is absorbed
by the lungs and reacts with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
(COhb) reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and adequate
supply of oxygen to body tissue. Generally CO is associated with global
warming, CO poisoning, angina pectoris, neurological dysfunction,
brain damage, foetal abnormalities and asphyxiation.
3 Nitrogen oxides NOx refers to the sum of NO, NO2 and other oxides of nitrogen that
(NOx) play a major role in the formation of ground level ozone, fine
particulate matter, photochemical smog and acid rain. The acid is
detrimental to the environment as it inhibits plant growth and destroy
leaves stomata and roots cells. Long term exposure to NO2 may lead to
increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause
permanent alterations in the lung. NO2 is very toxic at high levels as it
cause: NO2 poisoning, asthma, lowered resistance to infection and
global warming.
4 Particulate Participate matter entails a mixture of solid particles and liquid drop
matter let's found in the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be
seen as spot or smoke whereas some are small and can hardly be
detected with an electron microscope. PM2.5 describes the "fines"
particles that are ≤ 2.5 µ in diameter (Ø). "Coarse" particles refer to
particles ≥ 2.5, but ≤ 10 µ in diameter (Ø). PM10 refers to all particles
≤ 10 µ in Ø. To put that into perspective, 10µ ten are about 1/7 × Ø of
human hair. PM, when inhaled pose respiratory health risks to workers
that work close to the generator and those in the nearby environment.
Particulate matter < 10 µ in Ø gets into lower respiratory system,
particularly during exercises. Generally PM aggravate the following in
the respiratory system: asthma; bronchitis; reduced lung function;
cancer and heavy metal poisoning.

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY

3.1 Air Emissions Sampling

The sampling and analysis that was performed under this assessment confirm to the
procedures outlined in the ISO 10396:2007: Automated gas emissions measurement
standard. The measurements were conducted during the day and 3 samples were
measured from each emission point at 3-4 minute intervals whilst the appliance was
running. Ringelmann System was used to determine smoke emitted.

3.1.1 Quality Assurance (QA) & Quality Control (QC)

QA/QC of this survey was accomplished by the following mechanisms:
1. Ensure the correct charger is used or damage may occur to the instrument.
2. Check the language selection calibration, countdown time, CO gas alarm, NOx %
for calculation, time and date, printer header name and telephone number.
3. Check if the particulate filter is not dirty and the water trap and the probe line are
empty of water.
4. Check if the water trap is properly fitted and if the instrument upright and that the
flue temperature is connected.

3.1.2 The Instrument

The instrument used was a KANE 905 Hand-held Combustion Analyser.
Serial Number (043618509) which confirms to BSEN50397-3 KANE International 905.
Last date of calibration: 19/03/2021.
Next date of calibration: 19/03/2022

3.1.3 Operation Procedure

1. Switch on the instrument first and wait for 180 seconds for sensors to fully stabilise.
2. Once the control module is switched on the main menu is displayed.
3. Select fuel type from the menu for the instrument to perform gas analysis of the fuel
type used by the proponent.
4. Insert the probe in the exhaust and the instrument will display the result in 60
seconds.
5. Press the STORE key to save results.
6. Press the PRINT key to send the results to a wireless receiver, android device with
KANE application or PC with KANE Live software.
7. Results can also be stored in the KANE 905 device as it can store up to 150 entities.

3.2 Particulate Matter Sampling

Sampling for Particulate Matter was done using the Temtop PMD 351 Hand-held Air
Quality Particle Counter.

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

3.2.1 Quality Assurance (QA) & Quality Control (QC)

QA/QC of this survey was accomplished by the following mechanisms:
1. Ensure the correct charger was used or damage may occur to the instrument.
2. Check the language selection calibration, countdown time, dust alarm and scale.
3. Check if the particulate filter is not dirty.
4. Check if the dust trap is properly fitted, the instrument upright and the timer is set
at zero.

3.2.2 The Instrument

PMD 351 is a small, light and battery-powered aerosol 9mass0 monitor with five
channels for simultaneous detection of PM1.0, PM2,5, PM10 and Total Suspended
Particles (TSP) mass concentrations
Product Name: PMD 351, Serial Number: TD351051003
Date of Calibration: 17/05/21

3.2.3. Operation Procedure

1. Switch on the machine by pressing the power button for two seconds;
2. When the monitor is on, press the menu button to enter the MENU interface. In
the MENU interface, press to switch options
3. Pres OK to confirm the option
4. Press the Start/Stop button to start or stop sampling.

3.3. Calculating Total Air Pollutant Quantities Emitted Per Hour

The specific air pollutant quantity emitted during this quarter from each emission point
was determined using the equation below;

[𝑪𝒑 ] × 𝑻 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝑸𝒙𝟏𝟐

𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where [Cp] is the mass concentration of the pollutant in mg/m3 (where the pollutant can
be either CO, NOx, PM or SO2);
T is the time of operation (hrs/week);
Q is the volumetric flowrate of the flue gas (m3/s)
However, the total air pollutant load from each emission point per quarter was then
determined using the equation below;
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑴𝑪𝑶 + 𝑴𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑴𝑵𝑶𝒙 + 𝑴𝑷𝑴
Where;
MCO is the tonnage of CO emitted from the point in a quarter
MSO2 is the tonnage of sulphur dioxide emitted from the point per quarter
MNOx is the tonnage of oxides of nitrogen emitted per quarter
MPM is the tonnage of Particulate Matter emitted per quarter

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

CHAPTER 4: BASELINE INFORMATION

4.1 Weather Conditions and Other Characteristics

The table below summarizes the weather conditions which were encountered at the time
of the survey.

Table 5.1: Conditions Encountered During the Survey for the Generator
PART A: SURVEY INFORMATION
PARAMETER DETAIL
Date of survey 24/09/21
Test Personnel Titaku Environmental Engineers
PART B: CONDITIONS DURING THE SAMPLING OF THE GENERATOR
Weather conditions
Wind Speed 5 km/h
Temperature 19ºC
Cloud Cover Sunny
Humidity 30%
Wind Direction SE
Precipitation 0 cm
Pressure 1008hPa
Plume Opacity Clear Plume
Plume pattern Fanning
Sensitive Receptors Observed 15 m away
Tallest structure in proximity About 25 m

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Table 5.2: Conditions Encountered During the Survey for the Boiler
PART A: SURVEY INFORMATION
PARAMETER DETAIL
Date of survey 05/10/21
Test Personnel Titaku Environmental Engineers
PART B: CONDITIONS DURING THE SAMPLING OF THE BOILER
Weather conditions
Wind Speed 8 km/h
Temperature 23ºC
Cloud Cover Sunny
Humidity 28%
Wind Direction NE
Precipitation 0 cm
Pressure 1024hPa
Plume Opacity Clear Plume
Plume pattern Fanning
Sensitive Receptors Observed 15 m away
Tallest structure in proximity About 25 m

4.2 F.G Wilson Generator Specifications

The table below shows the specifications for the generator which was sampled at Alpha
Packaging (Pvt) Ltd on the 24th of September 2021.

Table 4.2: Specifications for the Generator

Serial Number FGWNAVO2HFOB04416
Generator Exhaust Height (m) 2.1 m
Voltage 200 Kva
Generator Exhaust Diameter (m) 0.11 m
Sampling Port Height (m) 2.1 m
Fuel Type Diesel
Current Hours 1404.4 hours
Last Service 04/03/21
Next date of service 1600 hours

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

4.3 Hitex-Thermax Boiler Equipment Specifications

The table below shows the specifications for the boiler which was samples at Alpha
Packaging (Pvt) Ltd on the 5th of October 2021.

Table 4.3: Specifications for the Boiler

Pressure Vessel Number HIL42
Capacity 10 Lacs kcal/hr
Boiler Exhaust Height (m) 18 m
Boiler Exhaust Diameter (m) 0.3
Sampling Port Height (m) 4m
Fuel Type Coal

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS PRESENTATION

5.1 Air Emissions Monitoring Results for the Generator

Air emissions monitoring surveys for the generator for the 3rd quarter of 2021 were
carried out on the 24th of September and results are as follows.

Table 5.1: Air Emissions Monitoring Results for the Generator

Sampling Time 10:04:18 10:07:29 10:11:31
Parameter Unit Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average
Oxygen (O2) % 10.5 10.1 9.6 10.06666667
CO(n) mg/m3 92 124 184 133.3333333
CO2 % 7.72 7.98 8.38 8.026666667
EFF(combustion) % 71.3 72.3 74.2 72.6
PI (Poison Index) CO/CO2 % 0.1 0.12 0.18 0.133333333
∆T (Tf-Ta) oC 433.1 432 422.5 429.2
Tf (flue gas temperature) oC 457.1 458 451.2 455.4333333
Ta (ambient temperature) oC 23.9 26 28.7 26.2
λ (Excess Air) % 100.9 94.4 85.1 93.46666667
Flow (π) m/s 28.7 27.7 25.8 27.4
Prs (flue draught pressure) mbar -0.48 -0.37 -0.26 -0.37
Particulate Matter (PM) mg/m3 68.2 67 68.5 67.9
NO (Nitric Oxide) mg/m3 769 775 877 807
NOx (Nitric Oxides) mg/m3 807 813 921 847
SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide) mg/m3 0 0 0 0

5.1.1 Total Pollutant Load for the Generator

The generator is operated for approximately 10 hrs in a week. Therefore, the specific air
pollutant tonnage per quarter was calculated using the following equation;

[𝑪𝒑 ] × 𝑻 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝑸𝒙𝟏𝟐

𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulate matter emission levels =67.9 mg/m3
𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(67.9) 3 ×120 ×3600 ×0.08
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly Particulate Matter emitted = 0.002 tonnes/quarter

FOR CARBON MONOXIDE

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

The emission level for carbon monoxide = 133 mg/m3

𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(133) 3 ×120 ×3600 ×0.08
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly CO emitted = 0.005 tonnes/quarter

FOR NITROGEN OXIDES
The emission levels for oxides of nitrogen =847 mg/m3
𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(847) 3 ×120 ×3600 ×0.08
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly NOx emitted = 0.029 tonnes/quarter

FOR SULPHUR DIOXIDE
The sulphur dioxide emission levels =0 mg/m3
𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(0) 3 ×120 ×3600 ×0.08
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly SO2 emitted = 0 tonnes/quarter

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑴𝑪𝑶 + 𝑴𝑷𝑴𝟏𝟎 + 𝑴𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑴𝑵𝑶𝒙+
= 0.005 + 0.002 + 0 + 0.029
=0.036 tonnes/quarter < 5 tonnes/quarter

OVERALL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT BAND IS RED.

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

5.2 Air Emissions Monitoring Surveys for the Boiler

The air emissions monitoring surveys for the boiler for the 3rd quarter of 2021 were
carried out on the 5th of October and results are as follows

Table 5.2: Air Emissions Monitoring Results for the Boiler

Sampling Time 12:33:41 12:36:12 13:39:16
Parameter Unit Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average
Oxygen (O2) % 13.6 13.9 18.2 15.23333333
CO(n) mg/m3 12 10 7 9.666666667
CO2 % 6.46 6.19 2.36 5.003333333
EFF(combustion) % 79.3 79.1 52.5 70.3
PI (Poison Index) CO/CO2 % 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.016666667
o
∆T (Tf-Ta) C 205.3 198.7 172.1 192.0333333
o
Tf (flue gas temperature) C 235.5 229.8 204.3 223.2
o
Ta (ambient temperature) C 30.2 31.1 32.2 31.16666667
λ (Excess Air) % 184.8 196.9 487.1 289.6
Flow (π) m/s 20.7 20.9 47.5 29.7
Prs (flue draught pressure) mbar -0.23 -0.15 0.14 -0.08
NO (Nitric Oxide) mg/m3 121 117 33 90.33333333
NOx (Nitric Oxides) mg/m3 99 105 34 79.33333333
3
SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide) mg/m 680 674 127 493.6666667
Particulate Matter 85.1 88.4 80 84.5

5.2.1 Total Pollutant Load for the Boiler

The boiler is operated for approximately 20 hrs in a week. Therefore, the specific air
pollutant tonnage per quarter was calculated using the following equation;

[𝑪𝒑 ] × 𝑻 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝑸𝒙𝟏𝟐

𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulate matter emission levels =84.5 mg/m3
𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(84.5) 3 ×240 ×3600 ×0.67
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly Particulate Matter emitted = 0.023 tonnes/quarter

FOR CARBON MONOXIDE

The emission level for carbon monoxide = 9.7 mg/m3

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(9.7) 3 ×240 ×3600 ×0.67
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly CO emitted = 0.006 tonnes/quarter

FOR NITROGEN OXIDES
The emission levels for oxides of nitrogen =79.3 mg/m3
𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(79.3) 3 ×240 ×3600 ×0.67
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly NOx emitted = 0.04 tonnes/quarter

FOR SULPHUR DIOXIDE
The sulphur dioxide emission levels =493.7 mg/m3
𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑚3
(493.7) 3 ×240 ×3600 ×0.67
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑠
The quarterly pollutant load = 𝑚
𝑚𝑔
1000000000
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒

Therefore, total quarterly SO2 emitted = 0.29 tonnes/quarter

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑴𝑪𝑶 + 𝑴𝑷𝑴𝟏𝟎 + 𝑴𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑴𝑵𝑶𝒙
= 0.006 + 0.05 + 0.29 + 0.04
=0.386 tonnes/quarter < 5 tonnes/quarter

OVERALL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT BAND IS GREEN.

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
Alpha Packaging (Private) Limited engaged Titaku Environmental Engineers P/L to carry
out air monitoring tests at their premises in Willowvale. The stack emission surveys were
conducted by the consultant on the 24th of September and on the 5th of October 2021.
Two appliances were tested and these are the F.G Wilson diesel powered generator and
the Hitex-Thermax A KANE 905 Handheld Combustion and a Temtop PMD 351 were
used during these surveys. The air emission surveys focused on the pollutant species
prescribed in the Environmental Management (Atmospheric Pollution Control)
Regulations (S.I. 72 of 2009). These pollutant species include; Particulate matter
(PM10), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) which
when released into the atmosphere may pose detrimental effects to human, plant and
animal health. The air monitoring results for the generator showed that it falls in the
RED (High Environmental Hazard) Atmospheric Pollution Band. The generator results
however showed no traces of sulphur dioxide emissions and this is attributed to the use
of diesel. The air emission results for the Boiler shows that it falls in the GREEN (Low
Environmental Hazard) Atmospheric Pollution Band. High Sulphur dioxide was detected
in the emission results for the boiler and this is attributed to the use of coal for powering
up the boiler. However, it should be noted that the flat roof shade for the boiler reduces
the air emission fall-out distance resulting in confining pollutants close to lower
atmosphere. There is need for the regular servicing of the generator and the boiler so
that the appliances operate within the Blue (Environmentally Safe) Atmospheric Pollution
Band.

Recommendations
Based on the results of the air emission surveys carried out at Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd,
the following recommendations are made.
 Continuously monitor the smoke density of the exhausts and compare it with shades
highlighted in the Ringelmann system, as it gives indications to combustion related
problems which will translate into environmentally hazardous emissions.
 Minimize fuel use and continuous use of low Sulphur containing diesel e.g. Diesel 50.
 The exhausts soot need to be regularly checked for complete combustion and its
operational temperature in order to maintain or lower its emissions, timeous
attention keeps emissions in the safe band.
 Signage, banding to reduce/minimize fuel spillage into the environment and should
be placed around the generator site.
 Use of catalytic oxidizers to break down hazardous gases into non-reactive
substances

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

APPENDICES

CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES

PHOTO COLLAGE

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Calibration Certificate for KANE 905 Hand-held Combustion Analyser

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Calibration Certificate for Temtop PMD 351 Hand-held Air Quality Particle Counter.

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Air Emissions Monitoring Report for Alpha Packaging (Pvt) Ltd 3rd Quarter of 2021

Photo Collage

A B

C 9

A – Air Emissions Monitoring Surveys for the Generator

B – Air Emissions Monitoring Surveys for the Boiler
C – Temtop PMD 351 Hand-held Air Quality Particle Counter
D - KANE 905 Hand-held Combustion Analyser

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