BASIC PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION
COURSE OUTLINE TOPICS

DEFINITION AND PURPOSES

OF COMMUNICATION
BY THE END
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION OF THIS
PRESENTATIO
ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION N THE
STUDENTS
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
WERE ABLE
MODELS OF
TO LEARN
COMMUNICATION THESE SAID
TOPICS.
What is Communication?
 According to Newman and Summer, “Communication is exchange of
facts, ideas, opinion or emotions by two or more persons”
According to McFarland, “Communication is a process of meaningful
interaction among human beings, more specifically, it is the process by which
meanings are perceived and understanding are reached among human
beings.”
According to Cumming M.W, “the word communication describes the
process of conveying messages (fats, ideas, attitudes and opinions) from one
person to another, so that they can understood.”
5 MAJOR purposes of
communication

BY Sydney Hoffman
 The Tornado siren goes off informing that
TO INFORM we need to take shelter immediately.

Advertisements may persuade us to buy

TO PERSUADE their product.

We use information to learn things.

TO EDUCATE
When your parents tell you to do the dishes,
TO CONTROL you do them.

TO We are entertained by our favorite TV

shows or favorite music artists.
ENTERTAIN
Process Of
Communicatio
n
 Messag
e

Receiver Sender

Feedback

Communication is a process and, as such, it comes in stages. It starts

with the encoding and ends with the decoding.
 Sender Message Receiver

In a written communication where the reader does not give his

feedback to the writer, the communication process may be presented this
way.
Theories of Communication
Bow- wow Theory. This theory states that languages is a product of man’s mimicking of the
sounds of nature.

Ding- dong Theory. Similar to the bow- wow theory, the ding- dong theory attributes the
development of a language to man’s imitative nature. However, human beings did not
imitate only sounds coming from nature. They also imitated the sounds emanating from
those things they themselves produced.

Pooh- pooh Theory. According to this theory, languages of men came as a result of their
emotional outbursts.

Yo- he- ho Theory. This theory states that a language is a product of man’s physical
activities. Human beings utter words as they exert effort in accomplishing their physical
task.
Ta- ta Theory. Allied to the yo- he- ho theory, the ta- ta theory attributes man’s language
to some physical acts of men, particularly their hand gestures. It states that language is
produced out of their ability to form words based on the movements of their hands.

Ta- ra- ra- boom- de- ay Theory. According to this theory , rituals of primitive men were
responsible for the birth of languages. Rituals were an indispensable part of their lives.
During these rituals, there were dancing, singing or chanting, and shouting. The words that
came out of their mouths as they chanted and shouted later became expressions in their
respective languages.
Elements of Communication
 SOURCE/SENDER

-The person who encode and sends the

messages to the expected receiver
MESSAGE
-It is the content of the communication and
may contain verbal, non-verbal or symbolic
language
-It is the encoded idea
 -It is the process of assembling the message
ENCODING (information, ideas and thoughts ) into a
representative design with the objective of
ensuring that the receiver can comprehend it.
 -It is a medium through which is a message is
CHANNEL sent or received
 Classification 1. VISUAL CHANNEL
of - Facial expression, body language, posture,
gesture, picture with written words, mass media and
Channels etc.
of 2. AUDITORY CHANNEL
Communication . - Spoken words, sounds, telephone or mobile
communication, delivering audio content ( radio,
voicemail ) etc.
3. TACTILE CHANNEL
- touch sensation
4. COMBINED CHANNEL
- Audio-visual media , consoling a person with
touch and spoken words
RECEIVER
- An individual or group of individuals
intended to receive, decide and interpret the
message sent by the sender/source of
message
- also known as “decoder”
 FEEDBACK
- It is conveying a message back (reply)
- It allows the sender to ensure that the
original message was interpreted correctly by
the receiver.
Types of Communication?
Non- verbal Communication

– Includes an extensive scope of concepts we transmit without the

use of words or speech. The message is communicated by the use of
hands, head, feet, and other parts of the human body.
Non- verbal communication is studied in the following subfields of linguistics
(CHOPKO).

Chronemics- the study of the time element in communication. The length of time a
speaker talks and the rate with which he talks are the concerns of chronemics. The speaker
does not own all the listener/ s’ time so he has to limit his speech to the time allotted for his
speech or to an appropriate length.

Haptics- the study of the touch element in communication. A speaker close to a listener
can touch the latter.

Oculetics- the study of eye contact in communication. A speaker’s sincerity is

sometimes gauged by means of eye contact he has with a listener.
 Proxemics- the study of Proximity between the parties to a communication. A speaker
should be aware of social distance or the amount of space between him and the listener/s’.
Intimacy is conveyed by the interlocutors who are positioned next to each other.

Kinestics- the study of movements used in communication. A speaker must always be

on guard of the movements of his head, hands, hips, feet and the like. These movements of
the different body parts called gestures convey meanings so when they are wrongly
executed, they can cause confusion or spell problems or trouble on the part of the speaker.

Objectics- the study of objects or artifacts used in communication. Object such as

specimens and graphic aids, as well as artifacts, are used by many public speakers. These
objects do not only clarify the meaning of the spoken words; they also serve to reinforce or
replace the spoken words.
Verbal Communication

Verbal communication makes use of either spoken words, written words, or both. It
is classified into two basic groups: intrapersonal and interpersonal. Intrapersonal
communication occurs within a person, that is, when a person talks to himself as in a
monologue or a soliloquy. On other hand, interpersonal communication exists
between two or among three or more persons.
Interpersonal Communication is further subdivided into the following:

Dyadic Communication. As the term suggests, a dyadic communication takes place

when two persons are engaged in a conversation.

Small- group Communication. Communication that involves a small number of

individuals.

Public Communication. Also known as public speaking, public communication occurs

when a speaker delivers a speech before a group of listeners numbering ten and above.
These listeners are collectively called the public.

Mass Communication. Popularly called mass media, mass communication involves a

very big number of people because it is far- reaching. Unlike the other forms of
communication, it uses channels of communication such as radio and television.
 Models Of
Communication
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
 The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle
explains that speakers should adjust their messages according to their audience and the
occasion to achieve a particular effect.
Shannon and Weaver’s
Communication Model
It uses eight components to show how the process of communication works in diverse
disciplines:
1. Information Source – creates and sends the message
2. Message – what the information source sends to the destination
3. Transmitter – has at least two layers of transmission for a face-to-face
communication (1st layer – mouth and body; 2nd layer – channel)
4. Signal – it flows through a channel
5. Channel – air, light, radio waves, paper, postal system etc.
6. Noise – secondary signal that obscures or confuses the signal carried
7. Receiver – eyes and/or ears
8. Destination – a person who consumes and processes the message
Interactive Model by Weiner
A variant of Shannon and Weaver’s model that contains Weiner’s inclusion of feedback,
which makes the model a two-way interchange of ideas.

1. Destination – provides feedback to the message he receives to allow

the information source to modify the message in real or present
time
2. Feedback – a message or a set of messages
• The original source of feedback becomes an information source
• The original consumer of feedback turns into a destination
• Feedback is transmitted, received, and potentially disrupted by noise
• Feedback is delayed because the destination needs to wait until he receives
the message from the information source
Osgood- Schramm Model of
Communication
-It seeks to explain how meaning is transferred between individuals, corporations, and
others.
-Most commonly taught and widely used theory of communication
1. The communication process is circular because each communicator takes on both
roles of sender and receiver.
2. The sender encodes the message, which is transmitted in the form of a
signal to the receiver who decodes the message and responds by encoding another
signal even before the sender has completely sent the message.
3. Communication is therefore fluid since the sending and the receiving of
messages are simultaneous.
 4. It contains fields of experience which is defined as “life experiences,
attitudes, values and beliefs that each communicator brings to an interaction and
that shape how messages are sent and received”.
5. The overlap of the sender‘s and receiver’s fields of experience is the
shared area.
6. Since the model is based on the convergence or network approach, various
kinds of noise can possibly distort the message at any point in the process till it
reaches the receiver.
7. The feedback helps solve the problem.
White’s Stages of Oral
Communication
 According to White, it is possible to begin at any of the stages outlined in his model.
People are under the mistaken impression that when we communicate, we usually start
with thinking, but that is not necessarily the case. Since it is a circular model, it means that
oral communication is a continuous process with no real beginning or end. The most
important contribution from Eugene White’s model is the concept of feedback, which can
only be processed by the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the
listener.