Roles of

Genes in
Heredity
De Lima
Suiza
Salvador
Sabiniano
 LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS
- What gene heredity?
- Roles of Genes
- Common genetic disorders
- Effects of genes in the environment
- Gene Mutation
Our - DNA Code

Agenda - The genetic code

for Today
What is
genetic
heredity?
Refers to the genetic heritage passed down by
our biological parents.
More specifically, it is the transmission of
traits from one generation to the next.
These traits can be physical, such as eye color,
blood type or a disease, or behavioural.
The roles of genes in
heredity
Suiza
All living beings have genes.

They exist throughout the body.

Genes are a set of instructions that determine
what the organism is like, its appearance, how it
survives, and how it behaves in its environment.
Genes are made of a substance called
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
They give instructions for a living being to make
molecules called proteins.
Genes vary in complexity. In humans, they range in
size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2
million bases.
Genes contain the data needed to build and
maintain cells and pass genetic information to
offspring.
A gene is a basic unit of heredity in a living
organism. Genes come from our parents. We may
inherit our physical traits and the likelihood of
getting certain diseases and conditions from a
parent.
Each cell contains two sets of chromosomes: One
set comes from the mother and the other comes
from the father. The male sperm and the female
egg carry a single set of 23 chromosomes each,
including 22 autosomes plus an X or Y sex
chromosome
Most Common Genetic
Disorders
Salvador
Genetic disorders occur when there
are gene abnormalities – including
gene mutations or an additional
chromosome. While genetic disorders
are uncommon, there are some
abnormalities that occur more often
than others.
1. Down Syndrome

When the 21st chromosome is copied an extra

time in all or some cells, the result is down
syndrome – also known as trisomy 21. In the US,
this occurs in about one out of every 700 babies.
While most people with down syndrome can live
normal lives, they may experience some
symptoms, including:
· Physical growth
· Characteristic facial features
· Mild to moderate intellectual disability
2. Cystic Fibrosis

Inherited when both parents contain the cystic fibrosis gene, the
genetic disorder causes patients to produce thick and sticky mucus –
inhibiting their respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. More
than 30,000 people nationwide have cystic fibrosis, and their
symptoms may include:
· Very salty-tasting skin
· Persistent cough
· Frequent lung infections – like pneumonia or bronchitis
· Wheezing or shortness of breath
· Poor growth or weight gain
· Frequent greasy, bulky stools
· Difficulty making bowel movements
· Male infertility
3. Thalassemia

Part of a hereditary genetic condition, thalassemia limits the amount of

hemoglobin an individual can naturally produce. There are two types of
thalassemia based on which oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood
cells is lacking – alpha and beta. About 100,000 babies are born each
year with the genetic disorder, and some of the common symptoms
include:
· Severe anemia
· Fatigue
· Weakness
· Pale or yellowish skin
· Facial bone deformities
· Abdominal swelling
· Dark urine
4. Sickle Cell Anemia

A lifelong genetic condition passed down from both parents. It causes

red blood cells to change from their usually donut shape to a sickle
shape – causing them to clump together and become caught in blood
vessels. Approximately 100,000 Americans are affected by the disease,
with common signs including:
· Severe pain
· Frequent infections
· Organ damage
· Acute respiratory syndrome
· Swelling of hands and feet
5. Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s disease causes certain nerve cells in the brain and central
nervous system to degenerate. This causes dementia and other
complications and usually doesn’t develop until the person is in their
30s and 40s. It’s estimated that one in 10,000 Americans will experience
the genetic disorder. The most common symptoms include:
· Involuntary jerking
· Slow or abnormal eye movement
· Difficulty speaking or swallowing
· Lacking impulse control
· Diminished awareness of one’s own behavior and abilities
· Difficulty learning new information or processing thoughts
· Depression
· Insomnia
Fatigue
Huntington’s Disease
6. Duchenne’s Muscular
Dystrophy

Also known as DMD, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy causes flaws in

the gene that controls the health of muscles. The disease primarily
impacts males, with one in 3,500 male births resulting in a child with
the disorder. The condition impacts a child around three-six years old
and causes the following symptoms:
· Difficulty rising from a lying or sitting position
· Fatigue
· Large calf muscles
· Muscle pain and stiffness
· Scoliosis
· Contractures
· Headaches
· Trouble concentrating
Duchenne’s
Muscular
Dystrophy
7. Tay-Sachs Disease

Like down syndrome, Tay-Sachs results from a defect to the 15th

chromosome. It’s typically fatal when found in children, as it gradually
destroys the nervous system – resulting in death by the age of five.
About every one in 27 Jews in the US is a carrier of the gene. Common
symptoms include:
· Loss of motor skills
· Exaggerated reactions to loud noises
· Seizures
· Vision and hearing loss
· Muscle weakness
· Movement problems
EFFECTS OF
GENES IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
GENE EDITING ON HUMANS
Sabiniano
What are the
effects of genes in
the Environment?
What Are Genes?

Genes are short sections of DNA. They

determine our traits, which are things like hair
color, height, body type, and other things that
make a person unique. Genes also play a role in
a person's risk for some diseases and health
conditions. Each of us has about 24,000
different types of genes.
DNA is located inside the chromosomes
 According to:
National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences

Subtle differences in one person’s genes can

cause them to respond differently to the same
environmental exposure as another person.
As a result, some people may develop a disease
after being exposed to something in the
environment while others may not.
 What are the Can your
effects of genes environment
in the change your
Environment? DNA?
 According to:
Simon Gregory

Environmental factors such as food, drugs, or

exposure to toxins can cause epigenetic
changes by altering the way molecules bind to
DNA or changing the structure of proteins that
DNA wraps around.
 According to:
Simon Gregory

Environmental factors such as food, drugs, or

exposure to toxins can cause epigenetic
changes by altering the way molecules bind to
DNA or changing the structure of proteins that
DNA wraps around.
 According to:
Simon Gregory

“You are what you eat,”

but also,
“You are what your grandparents ate.”
What Is a Gene Mutation?

A gene mutation (myoo-TAY-shun) is

a change in one or more genes. Some
mutations can lead to genetic
disorders or illnesses.
Causes of
Mutation
 the nuclear attacks on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in August 1945
The Radiation Effects Research Foundation estimates the
attributable risk of leukemia to be 46% for bomb victims.

For all other cancers, incidence increase did not appear

until around ten years after the attacks. The increase was
first noted in 1956 and soon after tumor registries were
started in both Hiroshima and Nagasaki to collect data on
the excess cancer risks caused by the radiation exposure.
The most thorough study regarding the incidence of solid
cancer (meaning cancer that is not leukemia)
 The DNA
Code and
Genetic
Code
DE LIMA
THE DNA
CODE The DNA code is really
the 'language of life. ' It
contains the
instructions for making
a living thing.
The DNA code is made
up of a simple alphabet
consisting of only four
'letters' and 64 three-
letter 'words' called
codons.
It may be hard to believe that most of the wonderful
diversity of life is based on a 'language' simpler than
English—but it’s true.
This code isn't literally made up of letters and words.
Instead, the four letters represent four individual
molecules called nucleotides: thymine (T), adenine (A),
cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The order or sequence of
these bases creates a unique genetic code.
These codon 'words' in the genetic code are each three
nucleotides long—and there are 64 of them. If you do the
math, this is as many three-letter combinations words as
you can get with just four letters. ATG and CCC are a
couple of examples of codons
Just as there is more to human languages like English than
letters and words, such as punctuation, commas, etc., the
same is true for the genetic code. For example, instead of
capitalizing the start of a sentence, the genetic code almost
always signals the start of new instructions with ATG, one
of those three-letter codons.
And instead of periods, genes end with one of three
different codons: TAG, TAA, or TGA. There are other parts
of the DNA that are not codons that can act as sort of
punctuation or signals that, for example, indicate when,
where, and how strongly a gene should be read.
The genetic code is a set of instructions that direct the
translation of DNA into 20 amino acids, the basic units
of proteins in living cells. The genetic code is made up
of codons, which are three-letter chains of nucleotides.
Each codon codes for one specific amino acid.
The code determines the order in which amino acids
are added to a polypeptide chain during protein
synthesis.
Therefore, the genetic code dictates the sequence of
amino acids in a protein.
For most genes, encodement involves a single
scheme, which is often called the standard genetic
code or genetic code, although there are codes that
vary form this such as the code found in human
mitochondria.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
DE LIMA
SALVADOR
SUIZA
SABINIANO
Lesson 4
Biodiversity and
Healthy Society
CONTENTS OF REPORT

1. The impact of biodiversity on human life.

2. Human population growth
3. Pollution and destruction in our environment
4. Destruction of habitat
5. Exploitation of plants and animals
6. Signs of environmental contamination.
7. Consumption of energy Fossils for fuels
 Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living
species on Earth, including plants,
animals, bacteria, and fungi. While
Earth’s biodiversity is so rich that many
species have yet to be discovered, many
species are being threatened with
extinction due to human activities,
putting the Earth’s magnificent
biodiversity at risk.
The Impact of
Biodiversity on
human Life
 What does biodiversity mean for human health?

People depend on biodiversity in their daily lives, in ways that are not always
apparent or appreciated. Human health ultimately depends upon ecosystem
products and services (such as availability of fresh water, food and fuel
sources) which are requisite for good human health and productive
livelihoods. Biodiversity loss can have significant direct human health impacts
if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs. Indirectly,
changes in ecosystem services affect livelihoods, income, local migration and,
on occasion, may even cause or exacerbate political conflict.
Threats to biodiversity and health

There is growing concern about the health

consequences of biodiversity loss. Biodiversity
changes affect ecosystem functioning and
significant disruptions of ecosystems can
result in life sustaining ecosystem goods and
services. Biodiversity loss also means that we
are losing, before discovery, many of nature's
chemicals and genes, of the kind that have
already provided humankind with enormous
health benefits.
Nutritional impact of biodiversity
Biodiversity plays a crucial role in human nutrition through its influence on world food
production, as it ensures the sustainable productivity of soils and provides the genetic
resources for all crops, livestock, and marine species harvested for food. Access to a
sufficiency of a nutritious variety of food is a fundamental determinant of health.

Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many levels: the ecosystem, with food production as
an ecosystem service; the species in the ecosystem and the genetic diversity within species.
Nutritional composition between foods and among varieties/cultivars/breeds of the same
food can differ dramatically, affecting micronutrient availability in the diet. Healthy local
diets, with adequate average levels of nutrients intake, necessitates maintenance of high
biodiversity levels.

Intensified and enhanced food production through irrigation, use of fertilizer, plant
protection (pesticides) or the introduction of crop varieties and cropping patterns affect
biodiversity, and thus impact global nutritional status and human health. Habitat
simplification, species loss and species succession often enhance communities
vulnerabilities as a function of environmental receptivity to ill health.
 Importance of biodiversity for health research and
traditional medicine

Traditional medicine continue to play an essential role in health care, especially in primary health care. Traditional
medicines are estimated to be used by 60% of the world’s population and in some countries are extensively
incorporated into the public health system. Medicinal plant use is the most common medication tool in traditional
medicine and complementary medicine worldwide. Medicinal plants are supplied through collection from wild
populations and cultivation. Many communities rely on natural products collected from ecosystems for medicinal and
cultural purposes, in addition to food

Although synthetic medicines are available for many purposes, the global need and demand for natural products
persists for use as medicinal products and biomedical research that relies on plants, animals and microbes to
understand human physiology and to understand and treat human diseases.
 Infectious diseases

Human activities are disturbing both the structure and functions of ecosystems and altering native
biodiversity. Such disturbances reduce the abundance of some organisms, cause population growth in
others, modify the interactions among organisms, and alter the interactions between organisms and
their physical and chemical environments. Patterns of infectious diseases are sensitive to these
disturbances. Major processes affecting infectious disease reservoirs and transmission include,
deforestation; land-use change; water management e.g. through dam construction, irrigation,
uncontrolled urbanization or urban sprawl; resistance to pesticide chemicals used to control certain
disease vectors; climate variability and change; migration and international travel and trade; and the
accidental or intentional human introduction of pathogens.
 Climate change, biodiversity and health
Biodiversity provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial to human
90%
well-being at present and in the future. Climate is an integral part of ecosystem
90%
functioning and human health is impacted directly and indirectly by results of
70%
climatic conditions upon terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Marine biodiversity is
affected by ocean acidification related to levels of carbon in the atmosphere.
50% is influenced by climate
Terrestrial biodiversity 50% variability, such as extreme
weather events (ie drought, flooding) that directly influence ecosystem health and
40% and availability of ecosystem goods and services for human use.
the productivity
Longer term changes in climate affect the viability and health of ecosystems,
influencing shifts in the distribution of plants, pathogens, animals, and even
human settlements.
 Key Facts

Biodiversity provides many goods and services essential to life on earth. The management of natural
resources can determine the baseline health status of a community. Environmental stewardship can contribute to
secure livelihoods and improve the resilience of communities. The loss of these resources can create the conditions
responsible for morbidity or mortality.
Biodiversity supports human and societal needs, including food and nutrition security, energy, development of
medicines and pharmaceuticals and freshwater, which together underpin good health. It also supports economic
opportunities, and leisure activities that contribute to overall wellbeing.
Land use change, pollution, poor water quality, chemical and waste contamination, climate change and other causes
of ecosystem degradation all contribute to biodiversity loss and, can pose considerable threats to human health.
Human health and well-being are influenced by the health of local plant and animal communities, and
the integrity of the local ecosystems that they form.
Infectious diseases cause over one billion human infections per year, with millions of deaths each year globally.
Approximately two thirds of known human infectious diseases are shared with animals, and the majority of recently
emerging diseases are associated with wildlife.
Human Population
Growth
Human Population Growth

Global human population growth is around 75 million annually, or 1.1%

per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7
billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, though predictions differ
as to when and if this growth will plateau.
 Human Population Growth

The “population growth rate” is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a
given time period as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the
change in population over a time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in
the population at the beginning of that period.
Loong-term Consequences of Population Growth
 Long-term Consequences of Population Growth

The “population explosion” seen in the last century has led to dire predictions. In 1968, biologist Paul
Ehrlich wrote, “The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s, hundreds of millions of people
will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date, nothing can
prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate. ” Although many critics view Ehrlich’s view as
an exaggeration, the human population continues to grow exponentially. The laws of nature dictate
that exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely.

Despite efforts to curb population growth, such as the “one-child policy” in China (introduced in 1979
but relaxed in the early 2000s), the human population continues to grow. A primary concern
regarding this growth is that the demand for ever-more food will lead to widespread shortages, as
forecast by Ehrlich.
World population growth from 1800 to 2100: United Nations projections in 2010 give “high” (red line), “medium”
(orange) and “low” (green) scenarios for world population growth. The highest estimate projects the world
population may rise to 16 billion by 2100 or it may decline to 6 billion, according to the lowest estimate.
In addition to the threat of food shortages, human population growth is
damaging to the environment in potentially permanent ways. Most scientists
agree that climate change caused by the emission of the greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide (CO2) is a significant consequence of human activities. In a series of
treaties in the late 20th century, many countries committed to reducing their
CO2 emissions to prevent continuous global warming; however these treaties
have not been ratified by every country, largely due to economic and political
concerns. The role of human activity in climate change is hotly debated in some
circles. The future holds considerable uncertainty for curbing human population
growth and protecting the environment.
 Overcoming Density-Dependent
Regulation

Humans have exceeded density-dependent limits on population by

enacting various environmental changes to accommodate our needs for
hygiene, shelter, and food.
Humans are uniquely able to consciously alter their environment to increase its carrying capacity.
This capability is an underlying reason for human population growth as humans are able to
overcome density-dependent limits on population growth, in contrast with all other organisms.

Human intelligence, society, and communication have enabled this capacity. For instance, people
can construct shelters to protect them from the elements; food supply has increased because of
agriculture and domestication of animals; and humans use language to pass on technology to new
generations, allowing continual improvement upon previous accomplishments. Migration has also
contributed to human population growth. Originating from Africa, humans have migrated to nearly
every inhabitable area on the planet.

Public health, sanitation, and the use of antibiotics and vaccines have lessened the impact of
infectious disease on human populations. In the fourteenth century, the bubonic plague killed as
many as 100 million people: between 30 to 60 percent of Europe’s population. Today, however, the
plague and other infectious diseases have much less of an impact. Through vaccination programs,
better nutrition, and vector control (carriers of disease), international agencies have significantly
reduced the global infectious disease burden. For example, reported cases of measles in the United
States dropped from around 700,000 a year in the 1950s to practically zero by the late 1990s.
Globally, measles fell 60 percent from an estimated 873,000 deaths in 1999 to 164,000 in 2008. This
advance is attributed entirely to a comprehensive vaccination program.
 Age Structure, Population Growth, and Economic
Development
A population’s growth is strongly influenced by the proportions of individuals in different
age brackets, which in turn is influenced by economic development.

Population bar graphs for stages of demographic change from expansion to contraction: The leftmost diagram (representing the
age structure of a rapidly-growing population) indicates that the number of individuals decreases rapidly with age. The slow-growth
model shows that the proportion of individuals decreases steadily with age. The stable population diagram is rounded on top; the older
part of the population is a larger proportion of the population than in the other age diagrams. The rightmost diagram represents a
population that may be stable or even declining. The relatively few young people may not be making up for the mortality among the
older age groups.
Polutions and destruction in our environment
Polutions and destruction in our environment

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful
materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can
also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants
damage the quality of air, water, and land.

Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants from
their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and
homes generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides—
chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects—seep into waterways and harm wildlife.
 Air Pollution

Sometimes, air pollution is visible. A person can see dark smoke pour from the exhaust
pipes of large trucks or factories, for example. More often, however, air pollution
is invisible.

Polluted air can be dangerous, even if the pollutants are invisible. It can make people’s
eyes burn and make them have difficulty breathing. It can also increase the risk
of lung cancer.
Water Pollution

Some polluted water looks muddy, smells bad, and has garbage floating in it. Some
polluted water looks clean, but is filled with harmful chemicals you can’t see or smell.

Polluted water is unsafe for drinking and swimming. Some people who drink polluted water
are exposed to hazardous chemicals that may make them sick years later. Others
consume bacteria and other tiny aquatic organisms that cause disease. The United
Nations estimates that 4,000 children die every day from drinking dirty water.

Sometimes, polluted water harms people indirectly. They get sick because the fish that live
in polluted water are unsafe to eat. They have too many pollutants in their flesh.
 Land Pollution

Many of the same pollutants that foul the water also harm the land. Mining sometimes
leaves the soil contaminated with dangerous chemicals.

Pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural fields are blown by the wind. They can harm
plants, animals, and sometimes people. Some fruits and vegetables absorb the
pesticides that help them grow. When people consume the fruits and vegetables, the
pesticides enter their bodies. Some pesticides can cause cancer and other diseases.
Reducing Pollution

Around the world, people and governments are making efforts to combat pollution.
Recycling, for instance, is becoming more common. In recycling, trash is processed so its
useful materials can be used again. Glass, aluminum cans, and many types of plastic can be
melted and reused. Paper can be broken down and turned into new paper.
 Light Pollution
Light pollution is the excess amount of light in the night sky. Light pollution, also called
photopollution, is almost always found in urban areas. Light pollution can disrupt
ecosystems by confusing the distinction between night and day. Nocturnal animals,
those that are active at night, may venture out during the day, while diurnal animals,
which are active during daylight hours, may remain active well into the night. Feeding
and sleep patterns may be confused. Light pollution also indicates an excess use of
energy.

The dark-sky movement is a campaign by people to reduce light pollution. This would
reduce energy use, allow ecosystems to function more normally, and allow scientists
and stargazers to observe the atmosphere.
Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is the constant presence of loud, disruptive noises in an area. Usually, noise
pollution is caused by construction or nearby transportation facilities, such as airports.

Noise pollution is unpleasant, and can be dangerous. Some songbirds, such as robins, are
unable to communicate or find food in the presence of heavy noise pollution. The sound
waves produced by some noise pollutants can disrupt the sonar used by marine animals to
communicate or locate food.
Habitat Destruction
Habitat Destruction

Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered unable to

support the species present. In this process, the plants and animals which previously
used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity.
 Different types of Habitat Loss

Mass Deforestation Habitat Degradtion

Different types of Habitat Loss

Habitat Fragmentation
ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES
Cause of Natural Habitat loss and Destruction

● Agriculture
● Business
● Invasive Species
● Increase in Population needs
Effect of Habitat loss and destruction

● Species and endangerment

of extinction
● Lost of Shelters
● Loss of natural landscape
● Damage to soil quality
● Damage to ecosystem
● Increasing water demand
 What is Exploitation of plants and animals

● Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a

renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. The term
applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing
pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.
● Plant exploitation, the simplest level, is the use of plant defence
chemicals for the benefit of insects. It is illustrated by the use of plant
toxins for defense against predators.
● The raising and killing of animals for the production of certain types of
foods is the most common one, though animals are also killed to
produce clothing, for entertainment, or to be used as labor or tools,
including their use as laboratory tools.
Cause of Exploitation of plants and animals

● Hunting animals and rare

plants for money
● Foods
● Medicines
● Clothes
● Things that need the house
etc.
Effect of Exploitation of plants and animals

While natural ecosystems are essential for plant and animal

growth, overexploitation can lead to severe issues like:
● global warming
● food insecurity
● climate change
● and mineral depletion.
Signs of
environmental
contamination.
 Environmental contamination

Contamination on the other hand is the presence of elevated concentrations of

substances in the environment above the natural background level for the area and
for the organism. Environmental pollution can be referred to undesirable and
unwanted change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water
and soil which is harmful for living organisms.
 Types of pollutants

1. Inorganic pollutants
Industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes contribute to environmental pollution,
which cause adverse harm to human and animal health.
2. Organic pollutants
Organic pollution can be briefly defined as biodegradable contaminants in an
environment.
3.Biological pollutants
Biological pollutants are described as pollutants which exist as a result of humanity’s
actions and impact on the quality of aquatic and terrestrial environment. This type
of pollutants include bacteria, viruses, molds, mildew, animal dander and cat saliva,
house dust, mites, cockroaches and pollen.
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are naturally occurring
elements that are found throughout
the earth’s crust, most environmental
contamination and human exposure
result from anthropogenic activities
such as mining and smelting
operations, industrial production and
use, and domestic and agricultural
use of metals and metal-containing
compounds .
Sources of heavy metals
1. Natural processes
Natural weathering processes can lead to the release of metals from their endemic
spheres to different environment compartments. Heavy metals can be found in the
form of hydroxides, oxides, sulphides, sulphates, phosphates, silicates and organic
compounds.
2. Anthropogenic processes
Industries, agriculture, wastewater, mining and metallurgical processes, and runoffs
also lead to the release of pollutants to different environmental compartments.
 Effect of heavy metals contamination

Heavy metals contamination is becoming a serious issue of concern around the world as it
has gained momentum due to the increase in the use and processing of heavy metals
during various activities to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population. Soil, water
and air are the major environmental compartments which are affected by heavy metals
pollution.

▪️Effect on soil
▪️Effects on water
▪️Effects on air
Consumption
 Consumption of energy Fossils for fuel

Fossil fuels—including coal, oil, and natural gas—have been powering economies for
over 150 years, and currently supply about 80 percent of the world’s energy. Fossil
fuels formed millions of years ago from the carbon-rich remains of animals and
plants, as they decomposed and were compressed and heated underground.
 Oil

Oil constitutes about one-third of U.S. energy consumption. The majority of the
world’s oil is pumped out of underground reservoirs, but can also be sourced from
deposits in shale and tar sands. Once extracted, crude oil is processed in refineries
to create fuel oil, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and non-fuel products such as
pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. The transportation sector
accounts for most oil consumption
 Coal

Coal is primarily used to generate electricity and, in 2020, supplied 19 percent of U.S.
energy consumption. Coal's share has been steadily decreasing as the costs of
natural gas and renewable energy have dropped, making coal less competitive.
 Natural Gas
Natural gas is burned to generate an increasing share of U.S. electricity and now supplies
one-third of the country’s energy consumption. It is most commonly used to produce heat
or electricity for buildings or industrial processes. In 2020, the United States produced
about 24 percent and consumed about 22 percent of the world’s natural gas.
 Reference
● https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60680
● https://www.eesi.org/topics/fossil-fuels/description
● https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/biodiversity-and-health

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1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. NANOSCIENCE
3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. NANO WORLD
4. _ _ _ _
4. ATOM
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. APPLICATION
NANO SCIENCE AND NANO TECHNOLOGY
 The prefix ‘nano’ is referred to a
Greek prefix meaning ‘dwarf’ or something
very small and depicts one thousand millionth
of a meter (10−9 m).

WHAT IS NANO?
NANOSCIENCE
 • Nanoscience is the study of structures and
molecules on the scales of nanometers ranging
between 1 and 100 nm.
 • The development of nanoscience can be traced to
the time of the Greeks and Democritus in the 5th
century B.C., when scientists considered the
question of whether matter is continuous, and thus
infinitely divisible into smaller pieces, or composed of
small, indivisible and indestructible particles, which
scientists now call atoms.
INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF
NANOSCIENCE
NANOSCIENCE

Ex. liquid crystals started with their discovery in 1888 by

the botanist Friedrich Reinitzer, who unexpectedly
observed "two melting points" for crystals extracted from
the root of a carrot. At the end of the nineteenth century,
 •
most scientists did not believe in the existence of "liquid
crystals" as promoted by the crystallographer Otto
Lehmann. The controversies were very vivid; to the point
that the recognition of mesomorphic states of matter by
the scientific community required more than two
decades.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience leading to
the use of new nanomaterials and nanosize components in
useful products. Nanotechnology will eventually provide us
with the ability to design custom-made materials and
products with new enhanced properties, new
nanoelectronics components, new types of “smart”
medicines and sensors, and even interfaces between
electronics and biological systems…

 These newborn scientific disciplines are situated at the

interface between physics, chemistry, materials science,
microelectronics, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Control of
these disciplines therefore requires an academic and
multidisciplinary scientific education.
NANOTECHNOLOGY

 ex. futher research into liquid crystals led to

molecules being fine tuned to give properties
suitable of lcd and screens
WHO IS THE FATHER
OF NANOTECHNOLOGY?

Physicist Richard Feynman

HOW IT STARTED
 The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s
Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at
the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term
nanotechnology was used. In his talk, Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to
manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. Over a decade later, in his explorations of
ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology. It wasn't until 1981,
with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that
modern nanotechnology began.
SILICON DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES
POLYMER ADDITIVES – FILLERS
POLYMER ADDITIVES - PLASTICIZERS
POLYMER ADDITIVES - STABILIZERS
POLYMER ADDITIVES - LUBRICANTS
POLYMER ADDITIVES - COLORANTS
CARBON NANOTUBES
NANOBOTS
IMPLANT CONTRACEPTIVE
 REFERENCES
• https://www.emm-nano.org/what-is-nanoscience-nanotechnology/
• https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.
nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-
benefits%23:~:text%3DNanotechnology%2520is%2520helping%2520to%
2520considerably,environmental%2520science%252C%2520among%252
0many%2520others.&ved=2ahUKEwiLqqfg7p30AhVdslYBHSBTAqcQFn
oECAUQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1Cp2Ok9eXcEzkC27YK9kjH
• https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2020/07/03/7-amazing-
everyday-examples-of-nanotechnology-in-action/?sh=3d04ce2b3e82
• https://www.calgoncarbon.com/wastewater/?fbclid=IwAR3Kj0LQqY9p6j
F5Mvopkw1U0QSTknWmRwsBi_9OOjaXi-HDzmtzRPz6r_g
• https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4668&fbclid=IwAR3M
8Eu6oQ2g5YD9Cd83XWQjgJxTZeE9cs5Gi_dgTPtqsNZOS99KKmDB
mWw#:~:text=Nanotechnology%20drug%20delivery%20applications%2
0occur,that%20are%20poorly%20water%20soluble
• https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-in-energy.ph
NOABCR EODIDIX
CARBON DIOXIDE
LOGABL RNIGMWA
GLOBAL WARMING
E W T E H R A

W E A T H E R
ALCTIEM ACNGHE

CLIMATE CHANGE
SOEEEGUHNR EGSSA
GREENHOUSE GASES
 Earth First

SAVING THE
EARTH STARTS
WITH YO U
GEC 107 : CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4 •
•
•
What is climate change?
Causes of climate change
Effects of climate change
C LIMATE C HA NGE • Effect of climate change in the
AND Philippines
• Energy Crisis
ENERGY CRISIS
• Causes of energy crisis
• Possible solution to energy crisis
 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Climate Change
IT REF ERS TO LO NG-TERM SHIF TS IN TEMP ERA TU RES
A ND WEATHER P ATTERNS .
 2 S HIF TS

NATURAL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

 CLIMATE CHANGE

C AU SES O F C LI MATE
C HANGE
• Oil and Gas
• Deforestation
• Wa s t e
• Power Plants
• Tr a n s p o r t a n d Ve h i c l e s
• Farming
 CLIMATE CHANGE

D IRECT E F F E CTS
THE DIREC T CONSE QUENCES OF M AN-​ M AD E C LIMATE C HANGE
INC LU D E:

• rising maximum • an increase in

temperatures heavy precipitation
• rising minimum (heavy rain and
temperatures hail)
• rising sea levels • shrinking glaciers
• higher ocean • thawing permafrost
temperatures
 CLIMATE CHANGE

I ND IR EC T E F F E C TS
THE I N D I REC T C O N SE Q U E NCE S O F C LIMATE C HANGE , WHICH D I R E C TLY A F F ECT U S
HU MANS A N D O U R E N V I RO NMENT, I N C LU D E:
• an increase in hunger and water crises, especially in developing
countries
• health risks through rising air temperatures and heat waves
• economic implications of dealing with secondary damage related to
climate change
• increasing spread of pests and pathogens
• loss of biodiversity due to limited adaptability and adaptability speed of
flora and fauna
• ocean acidification due to increased HCO3 concentrations in the water
as a consequence of increased CO₂ concentrations
• t h e n e e d f o r a d a p t a t i o n i n a l l a r e a s ( e . g . a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y, e n e r g y,
infrastructure, tourism, etc.)
 CLIMATE CHANGE

E F F E CTS O F C LIMATE C HANGE IN THE

P HILIP P INE S
PH I LIP P I NE S I S THE THIRD MO ST V U LN ERAB LE C O U NTR Y TO C LIMATE
CHA NGE A CCO RD I NG TO THE 2017 WO RLD RI S K RE P O RT

• Philippines to lose 6% • More intense droughts

GDP anually by 2100 • Higher sea level rise
• Major rainfall changes in • Water scarcity
patterns and distributions • Labor productivity declined
• Threats to natural • More public health
ecosystem emergencies
• Coral loss • More women endangered
• Declining rice yields and killed
 WHAT IS ENERGY CRISIS?

ENERGY CRISIS
• An energy crisis is any great
shortfall (or price rise) in the
s u p p l y o f e n e r g y t o a n e c o n o m y.
• The crisis often has effects on the
rest of the economy many
recessions are precipitated by an
energy crisis of some form.
• An energy crisis is any great
bottleneck (or price rise) in the
supply of energy resources to an
e c o n o m y.
ENERGY CRISIS

WHEN WA S THE F IRST

ENERGY CRISIS ?
• The first occurred in
1973.
• Energy crisis started in the
world since 2003, a rise in
prices caused by continued
global increases in petroleum
demand coupled with
production stagnation, the
falling value of the US dollar,
and a myriad of other
secondary causes.
 ENERGY CRISIS

IS THE RE E N E R GY C R IS IS IN THE P HILIP P IN ES ?

• The Philippines is facing a mounting energy crisis as
the Malampaya gas fields deplete, supplying 30% of
Luzon`s energy consumption, are expected to be
depleted by 2024. An ever increasing population, an
Administration-mandated infrastructure boom, and some
of the highest electricity costs in S.E. Asia all combine
to present formidable challenges.
E N E R G Y C R IS IS P REV ENTIO N
• Energy transition to renewable energy sources
• Energy efficiency and conservation
• Buy energy-efficient appliances
 ENERGY CRISIS

Various Causes of Energy TEN

CA U SES
Crisis
OVERCONSUMPTION

OVERPOPULATION

POOR INFRASTRACTURE

UNEXPLORED RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS

DELAY IN COMMISSIONING OF POWER PLANTS

 ENERGY CRISIS

Various Causes of Energy TEN

CA U SES
Crisis
WASTAGE OF ENERGY

POOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

MAJOR ACCIDENTS AND NATURAL CALAMITIES

WARS AND ATTACKS

MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS
 ENERGY CRISIS

P O SSIB LE SO LU TIO NS TO THE P RO B LEM O F GLO B AL

ENERGY CRISIS