Class: 5D Name: Tai Ying Hei, Joyce ( 19 ) Date: 21st December, 2020

11 Cell cycle and division

11.1 Chromosomes (Book 2, p. 11-3)

 (1) Cell division (細胞分裂) is a process in which a cell

((2) parent cell) divides to form new cells ((3) daughter cells).

 Cell division involves the passing on of (4) genetic information from parent cells to
daughter cells. This information is important in determining the structure and
functions of the cells and is carried in (5) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Inside the
nucleus, DNA and proteins together form structures called (6) chromosomes (染色體).

 When a cell is not dividing, individual chromosomes are not visible. They exist as a
mass of long and thin fibres called (7) chromatin (染色質).

 At the time cell division begins, the chromatin fibres coil up tightly. Each chromosome
is seen to consist of two identical (8) chromatids (染色單體).

a (9) chromatid

(10) chromatin fibre

protein (11) centromere ( 著

絲點 )

DNA molecule

two (12) sister chromatids ( 姊妹染色單體 ) make

up one chromosome

▲ Structure of a chromosome at the time cell division begins

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 Chromosomes exist in pairs called (13) homologous chromosomes (同源染色體) in
body cells.
- One member in a homologous pair comes from the male parent and is called the

(14) paternal chromosome (父系染色體).

- The other one comes from the female parent and is called the (15) maternal
_chromosome_ (母系染色體).
 Each body cell has (16) two sets of chromosomes and is described as
(17) diploid (二倍體) (2n).
 A gamete (配子) has (18) one set of chromosomes and is described as
(19) haploid (單倍體) (n).
 The (20) number of chromosomes is always the same among individuals of the
same species but it varies from one species to another.

11.2 The cell cycle and mitotic cell division (Book 2, p. 11-6)

 Many body cells can divide by (1) mitotic cell division

(有絲細胞分裂). The (2) cell cycle (細胞週期) is the sequence of events that takes place
in a body cell from one cell division to the next.

A What are the stages of the cell cycle? (Book 2, p. 11-6)

Stage Description

(3) Interphase (間期) It is also called cell growth.

It consists of (4) nuclear/ cytoplasmic division and

Mitotic cell division
(5) cytoplasmic/ nuclear division.

1 Interphase (cell growth)

 Many biochemical activities take place to prepare for cell division, including:
- synthesis of new (6) organelles and proteins.

- DNA (7) replication (複製). Each chromosome becomes duplicated (複製) and it
consists of (8) two identical DNA molecules.
- the growth of cell to its (9) maximum size.
 Chromosomes are (10) invisible (visible / invisible) at this stage.

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2 Mitotic cell division
 A body cell divides to form (11) two daughter cells. The daughter cells contain the
same (12) number/ kinds and (13) kinds/ number of chromosomes as their
parent cell.

i) Nuclear division
 The nuclear division of mitotic cell division is called (14) mitosis (有絲分裂).
It involves the separation of the (15) sister chromatids of each chromosomes and
the equal (16) distribution of the separated chromatids between two daughter
nuclei.
 Mitosis can be divided into four stages:

Stage Description

  Chromosomes shorten and thicken.

(17) Prophase They become (18) visible .

(前期)  The (19) nuclear membrane

breaks down.

  The chromosomes line up along the

(20) Metaphase (21) equator .

(中期)  (22) Spindle fibres (紡錘絲) attach

to the chromosomes.

  The spindle fibres (24) contract .

(23) Anaphase The (25) sister chromatids

(後期) separate and move to opposite poles

of the cell.
 The (26) cytoplasm starts to divide.

  New (28) nuclear membranes form

(27) Telophase around each group of chromosomes.

(末期)  The chromosome uncoil to become

(29) chromatin again.

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ii) Cytoplasmic division
 Cytoplasmic division is also called (30) cytokinesis (胞質分裂). The
(31) cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two equal halves, forming two
daughter cells.
 In animal cells, the cell membrane around the centre of the cell
(32) constricts inwards until the cell separates into two.
cell membrane
constricts inward

▲ Cytoplasmic division in animal cells

 In plant cells, a (33) cell plate (細胞板) is formed between

the two daughter nuclei. It grows outwards from the centre of the cell, dividing the
(34) cytoplasm into two halves.
cell plate
grows outwards

▲ Cytoplasmic division in plant cells

B What is the importance of mitotic cell division? (Book 2, p. 11-11)

 Mitotic cell division produces daughter cells that are genetically

 (35) identical to (identical to / different from) their parent cell.
 Mitotic cell division is important for growth, repair and (36) asexual reproduction (無
性生殖).

 Go to
Practical 11.1 Examination of different stages of the cell cycle
(Book 2 p. 11-10; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-1)

Practical 11.2 Investigation of the relative time spent in each stage of the cell cycle
(Book 2 p. 11-10; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-5)

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11.3 Meiotic cell division (Book 2, p. 11-13)

 (1) Meiotic cell division (減數細胞分裂) occurs only in gamete-producing cells and
results in the formation of (2) gametes .
 Meiotic cell division reduces the chromosome number by (3) half .
It gives rise to (4) four haploid daughter cells which are genetically
(5) different from (identical to / different from) the parent cell and among
themselves.

A How does meiotic cell division occur? (Book 2, p. 11-13)

 Meiotic cell division occurs after (6) interphase . It consists of first meiotic division
and second meiotic division. Each of them starts with nuclear division ((7) meiosis
(減數分裂)), followed by cytoplasmic division.
 First meiotic division involves the pairing and separation of (8) homologous
chromosomes . Second meiotic division involves the separation of the
(9) sister chromatids of each chromosome.
 Stages of first meiotic division:

Stage Description

  Chromosomes shorten, thicken and become

Prophase I
visible.
 Members of each pair of (10) homologous
chromosomes pair up.
 The nuclear membrane breaks down.

  Homologous pairs line up along the

Metaphase I
(11) equator .
 Spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes.

  The spindle fibres contract. The two members

Anaphase I
of each homologous pair separate and move to

(12) opposite poles of the cell.

 The (13) cytoplasm starts to divide.

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   New (14) nuclear membranes form around
Telophase I
each group of chromosomes.

 Stages of second meiotic division:

Stage Description

  The (15) nuclear membrane breaks

Prophase II
down again.

  Chromosomes line up along the

Metaphase
equator.
II
 New (16) spindle fibres attach to the
chromosomes.

  The spindle fibres contract. The

Anaphase II
(17) sister chromatids separate and
move to opposite poles of the cells.
 The cytoplasm starts to divide.

  New nuclear membranes form around

Telophase II
each group of chromosomes.
 The chromosomes uncoil to become
(18) chromatin again.

 Go to
Practical 11.3 Examination of meiotic cell division in a testis squash
(Book 2 p. 11-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-11)

Practical 11.4 Examination of meiotic cell division in an anther squash

(Book 2 p. 11-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-15)

B What is the importance of meiotic cell division? (Book 2, p. 11-17)

1 Producing haploid gametes

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 Meiotic cell division produces haploid gametes for (19) sexual reproduction
(有性生殖). When the male gamete and the female gamete fuse at fertilization (受精) to
form a zygote (合子), the (20) diploid number of chromosome can be restored.

2 Producing genetic variations in gametes

 (21) Genetic variations (遺傳變異) within a species increase the chance for the
species to survive when environmental conditions change.
 Genetic variations in gametes are produced by (22) independent assortment
(獨立分配) of chromosomes and (23) crossing over (互換).

i) Independent assortment of chromosomes

 In meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up (24) randomly along the
equator of the cell. The members of each homologous pair then separate
independently of the other pairs of chromosomes. This is known as independent
assortment or (25) random segregation (隨機分離) of chromosomes.

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 parent cell with two
pairs of chromosomes

Arrangement 1 Arrangement 2

two possible arrangements of

chromosomes at

(26) metaphase I

metaphase II

gametes with four

possible genetic
combinations

combination 1 combination 2 combination 3 combination 4

▲ Independent assortment of chromosomes in meiotic cell division

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ii) Crossing over
 Crossing over is an exchange of the corresponding segments of
(27) non - sister chromatids (非姊妹染色單體) in a pair of homologous chromosomes.
 The process of crossing over:

paternal maternal
chromosome chromosome
1 During (28) prophase I ,
homologous chromosomes pair up.

non-sister chromatids

2 Non-sister chromatids wrap around each

other, forming a (29) chiasma ( 交叉 ).

chiasma

3 At the chiasma, the (30) chromatids

break, exchange and rejoin.

segments of chromatids
exchanged

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11.4 Comparison between mitotic and meiotic cell
divisions (Book 2, p. 11-21)
 Similarities:
- (1) DNA has replicated before the beginning of both processes.

- Both involve nuclear division and (2) cytoplasmic division.

- Both involve the movement of chromosomes and the distribution of chromosomes among
daughter cells.
 Differences: Mitotic cell division Meiotic cell division

Place of occurrence  (4) Gamete - producing

 (3) Body cells
cells

Process Number of cell

 (5) One  (6) Two
division

Pairing of  (7) Does not occur

 (8) Occurs (Occurs /
homologous (Occurs / Does not
chromosomes Does not occur)
occur)

Separation of
homologous  (9) Does not occur
 (10) Occurs (Occurs /
chromosomes (Occurs / Does not
Does not occur)
into daughter occur)
nuclei

Crossing over  Does not occur  May occur

Daughter Number  (11) Two  (12) Four

cell produced

Chromosome  Same as parent cell  Half of parent cell

number (diploid / 2n) (haploid / n)

Genetic make-  Same as parent cell  Different from parent cell

up and among daughter and among daughter cells
cells

Cell type  Body cells  (13) Gemetes

Importance  Forms genetically  Forms haploid gametes

identical cells for for sexual reproduction

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 growth, repair and  Produces genetic

asexual reproduction variations that enhance

the survival of the species

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Answers
Ch 11 Cell cycle and division

11.1

1 Cell division 2 parent 3 daughter 4 genetic 5

deoxyribonucleic acid
6 chromosomes 7 chromatin 8 chromatids 9 chromatid 10 chromatin
11 centromere 12 sister chromatids 13 homologous chromosomes 14 paternal
chromosome
15 maternal chromosome 16 two 17 diploid 18 one
19 haploid 20 number

11.2

1 mitotic cell division 2 cell cycle 3 Interphase 4 nuclear /

cytoplasmic
5 cytoplasmic / nuclear 6 organelles 7 replication 8 two
9 maximum 10 invisible 11 two 12 number / kinds 13 kinds / number
14 mitosis 15 sister chromatids 16 distribution 17 Prophase 18 visible
19 nuclear membrane 20 Metaphase 21 equator 22 Spindle fibres 23 Anaphase
24 contract 25 sister chromatids 26 cytoplasm 27 Telophase 28 nuclear
membranes
29 chromatin 30 cytokinesis 31 cytoplasm 32 constricts 33 cell plate
34 cytoplasm 35 identical to 36 asexual

11.3

1 Meiotic cell division 2 gametes 3 half 4 four

5 different from 6 interphase 7 meiosis 8 homologous chromosomes
9 sister chromatids 10 homologous chromosomes 11 equator 12 opposite
13 cytoplasm 14 nuclear membranes 15 nuclear membrane 16 spindle fibres 17 sister
chromatids
18 chromatin 19 sexual 20 diploid 21 Genetic variations
22 independent assortment 23 crossing over 24 randomly 25 random
segregation
26 metaphase I 27 non-sister chromatids 28 prophase I 29 chiasma
30 chromatids

11.4

1 DNA 2 cytoplasmic 3 Body 4 Gamete 5 One

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6 Two 7 Does not occur 8 Occurs 9 Does not occur 10 Occurs
11 Two 12 Four 13 Gametes

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