GOOD AFTERNOON!

EXIT TICKET #3
 Event Description of events

G1 phase 1.  
2.  

S phase 1.  
2.  

G2 phase 1.  
2.  

G0 phase 1.   
2.  

M phase 1.  
2.   
CELL DIVISION

Mitosis vs.
Meiosis
Cell Division
What is it?
Why do Cells
do it?
Why is it
important to
me?
 Mitosis  Meiosis
 Mitosis Parent cell  Meiosis
Diploid (2n)

Parent cell
Diploid (2n)
1st division 1st division
Diploid (2n) Diploid (2n)

2nd division 2nd division

Daughter cell Daughter cell
Haploid (n) Haploid (n)

Daughter cell Daughter cell

Diploid (2n) Diploid (2n)
2nd division 2nd division
Daughter cell Daughter cell
Haploid (n) Haploid (n)
 THE NUMBERS
• The cells created from mitosis are diploid or 2n.
• The cells created from meiosis are haploid or n

Definitions:
• Diploid (2n) – two of each type of chromosome (in
homologous pair – carry the same trait)
• Haploid (n) – one of each type of chromosome
 LET’S TRY IT…
• Human cells have 46 chromosomes.

• Therefore, the diploid number (2n) of

chromosomes in humans is 46.

• The haploid number (n) of chromosomes in

humans is 23.
 THE REASON WHY:
MITOSIS
• To replace other cells that have been
damaged or worn out

• To allow multicellular organisms to grow

• For asexual reproduction

• Because they get too big!

 THE REASON WHY:
MEIOSIS
Meiosis results in four cells
with half the number of
chromosomes
so that when the sex cells
(sperm and egg) combine, the
original or normal number of
chromosomes will be restored
 ONE LAST THING… [THE]
WHERE?

•Mitosis occurs in normal body

cells (i.e. skin cells)
• meiosis occurs in sex cells (i.e.
sperm and egg) only.
•Lets see mitosis and
meiosis in action!
MITOSIS
 The Mitotic Phase
 Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
(+) PLUS
 Cytokinesis
 Prophase
 To begin mitosis, the
nuclear membrane
breaks down.
 while the
chromosomes shorten
and thicken

 http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm
 Prophase
 Chromatids condense
becoming visible.
 The centrioles (an organelle
that makes microtubules)
appears and migrate to
opposite sides.
 spindle fibers start to form
between them

 http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm
Prophase DNA supercoils*
chromatin
condenses and
becomes sister
chromatids, which
The centrosomes are visible under a
move to opposite light microscope
poles of the cell and
spindle fibres begin
to form between The nuclear
them membrane is
broken down and
disappears
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Metaphase
The spindle has
now formed and
the nuclear
membrane has
broken down
 Metaphase
 Chromosomes
line-up on the
metaphase plate
 Centromeres are
attached to
spindle fibers
 Metaphase
Spindle fibers from
each of the two
centrosomes attach
to the centromere of
each pair of sister
chromatids
Contraction of the microtubule
spindle fibers cause the sister
chromatids to line up along the
center of the cell. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Anaphase
 Spindle fibers contract
 Centromeres divide
 Sister chromatids are
pulled away from each
other towards the poles
 Renamed as
chromosomes
Anaphase Continued contraction of the
microtubule spindle fibers cause
the separation of the sister
chromatids

The chromatids are now referred

to as chromosomes

Chromosomes
move to the
opposite poles
of the cell

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Telophase
 The chromosomes reach
the poles
 The spindle has broken
down and disappeared
 Nuclear membranes
form around the 2 new
nuclei
 Telophase
 The cell membrane
pinches in (forms a
cleavage furrow)
along the center
creating two separate
cells .
 Telophase
 At this time, the
chromosomes uncoil
and become less
visible (as they are
during Interphase),
the nuclear membrane
reforms.
Telophase The chromosomes uncoil de-
condense to chromatin (and are
no longer visible under a light
Chromosomes microscope).
arrive at the
poles.
Microtubule
spindle
fibers
disappear
New nuclear
membranes reform
around each set of
Now cytokinesis begins!
chromosomes http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Cytokinesis
 The cytoplasm
distributed equally Animal Plant
between the 2 new cells
 In animals, a cleavage
furrow forms from
outside in
 In plants, a cell plate
forms from inside out
What Mitosis Actually Looks Like

Interphase
Prophase Metaphase

Anaphase Telophase
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.html
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm
 At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell Cycle?

 Different cells can be

in different stages
 Interphase
 Mitosis:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
 Cytokinesis
 The Daughter Cells
 In humans, the 2
daughter cells will have 46
chromosomes (23 pairs)
 Each chromosome is said
to have the same gene
sequence
Identical
daughter
cells
MITOSIS – ONION ROOT TIP

 Interphase  Metaphase  Prophase

 Telophase  Anaphase
1.6.U1 MITOSIS IS DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS INTO TWO GENETICALLY
IDENTICAL DAUGHTER NUCLEI.

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
 http://www.flickr.com/photos/chuckp/252924532/
 What Happens After Mitosis?
 The cell
returns to
interphase
 The cycle
repeats itself
over &
over…
 Cell Cycle Tidbits
How long is one cell cycle?
 Depends on the cell- skin cells = ~24 hours,
nerve cells = never after maturity, cancer
cells = very short
 Remember: every cell only has a certain # of
divisions it can undergo, then it dies =
apoptosis (programmed cell death)
 Getting Older…
 All cells are only allowed to complete a certain
number of divisions
 Then they die (programmed cell death)

How does cell division change over a lifetime?

 Childhood = cell division > cell death
 Adulthood = cell division = cell death
 The Later Years = cell division < cell death
Why Do Cells Divide?
 The larger a cell
becomes, the more
demands the cell
places on it's DNA.
 It also has more
trouble moving
enough food and
wastes across its cell
membrane.
Food goes in The bigger
the cell gets
the harder
it becomes
to move
food and
waste
across the
membrane
 Waste goes out
 Protein Pumps
This happens
because the
surface area
and volume
ratio does not
stay the same
as the cell
size
increases.
 The cell's ability
to either get
substances from
the outside or
eliminate waste
from the inside is
related to the
surface area of
the cell
membrane.
(outside)
 How much food
and other
material is
required, and
how much waste
the cell produces
and has to get rid
of, is related to
the volume of the
cell. (inside)
 As a cell gets
bigger there
comes a time
when its surface
area is not large
enough to meet
the demands of
the cell's volume
and the cell stops
growing.
So, once cells
reach a certain
size they must
divide in order to
continue to
function – or they
will no longer be
able to take in
nutrients and
eliminate waste.
Why Is Cell Division Important?

1. All Living Things are made of Cells

 2. The Cell is the basic unit of Structure and
Function in Living Things.
 3. All Cells come from pre-existing Cells
MEIOSIS
is the process by which ”gametes”
(sex cells) , with half the number
of chromosomes, are produced.
During Meiosis diploid cells are reduced to haploid
cells

Diploid (2n)  Haploid (n)

If Meiosis did not occur the chromosome number in

each new generation would double…. The offspring
would die.
Meiosis is Two cell divisions
(called meiosis I and meiosis II)
with only one duplication of
chromosomes.
 Meiosis in males is called
spermatogenesis and
produces sperm.

Meiosis in females is called

oogenesis and produces ova.
 Interphase I
• Similar to mitosis interphase.

• Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

• Each duplicated chromosome consist of

two identical sister chromatids attached
at their centromeres.

• Centriole pairs also replicate.

 Interphase I
• Nucleus and nucleolus visible.

chromatin nuclear
membrane

cell membrane

nucleolus
 Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by one-half.

• four phases:
a. prophase I
b.metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d.telophase I
 Prophase I
• Longest and most complex phase.
• 90% of the meiotic process is spent in
Prophase I
• Chromosomes condense.
• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes
come together to form a tetrad.
• Tetrad is two chromosomes or four
chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
 Prophase I - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids sister chromatids

Tetrad
During Prophase I
“Crossing Over” occurs.
Crossing Over is one of the Two major occurrences of
Meiosis
(The other is Non-disjunction)

• During Crossing over segments of

nonsister chromatids break and
reattach to the other chromatid. The
Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of
crossing over.
 Crossing Over
creates variation (diversity) in the offspring’s traits.
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over
Question:
• A cell containing 20
chromosomes (diploid) at the
beginning of meiosis would, at its
completion, produce cells
containing how many
chromosomes?
Answer:

•10 chromosomes
(haploid)
Question:

• A cell containing 40 chromatids

at the beginning of meiosis
would, at its completion, produce
cells containing how many
chromosomes?
Answer:

•10
chromosomes
Prophase I
spindle fiber centrioles

aster
fibers
 Metaphase I
• Shortest phase
• Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
2. Variation
3. Formula: 2n
Example: 2n = 4
then n = 2
thus 22 = 4 combinations
 Metaphase I

OR

metaphase plate metaphase plate

 Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes
separate and move towards the
poles.

• Sister chromatids remain

attached at their centromeres.
Anaphase I
 Telophase I
• Each pole now has haploid set
of chromosomes.

• Cytokinesis occurs and two

haploid daughter cells are
formed.
Telophase I
 Meiosis II
• No interphase II
(or very short - no more DNA
replication)

• Remember: Meiosis II is
similar to mitosis
 Prophase II
• same as prophase in mitosis
 Metaphase II
• same as metaphase in mitosis

metaphase plate metaphase plate

 Anaphase II
• same as anaphase in mitosis
• sister chromatids separate
 Telophase II
• Same as telophase in mitosis.
• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.

• Remember: four haploid daughter cells

produced.

gametes = sperm or egg

Telophase II
 At the end of Meiosis
the individual
Gamete cell has
divided from one cell
to four.
 Males produce 4
viable sperm.
 Females produce 1
viable egg and 3 non-
functioning polar
bodies.
 OOGENESIS

 SPERMATOGENESIS
  Meiosis
ensures that
all living
organisms
will maintain
both Genetic
Diversity and
Genetic
Integrity
Non-disjunction
Non-disjunction is one of the Two major occurrences of Meiosis
(The other is Crossing Over)

• Non-disjunction is the failure of homologous

chromosomes, or sister chromatids, to
separate during meiosis.
• Non-disjunction results with the production
of zygotes with abnormal chromosome
numbers…… remember…. An abnormal
chromosome number (abnormal amount of
DNA) is damaging to the offspring.
Non-disjunctions usually occur in
one of two fashions.
• The first is called Monosomy, the second
is called Trisomy. If an organism has
Trisomy 18 it has three chromosomes in
the 18th set, Trisomy 21…. Three
chromosomes in the 21st set. If an
organism has Monosomy 23 it has only
one chromosome in the 23rd set.
 Common Non-disjunction
Disorders
• Down’s Syndrome – Trisomy 21
Common Non-disjunction Disorders
• Turner’s Syndrome
– Monosomy 23 (X)

 https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/chromosome-and-gene-anomalies/turner-syndrom
e
Common Non-
disjunction
Disorders
Klinefelter's
Syndrome – Trisomy
23 (XXY)

 https://patienttalk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Klinefelter-syndrome.jpg
 Common Non-disjunction
Disorders
• Edward’s Syndrome – Trisomy 18

 http://www.johnyfit.com/edwards-syndrome-6/
Answer the following:
• Module 3: Cell Cycle
• Pages 7-10 (Activity 2, 2.1, and 2.2)