SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

VERB BE+Ving HAVE+V (past participle) HAVE+BEEN+Ving

FORM FORM FORM FORM
(+) S + VERB (past) + COMP. (+) S + WAS/WERE + VERB (ing) + COMP. (+) S + HAD + VERB (p. part) + COMP. (+) S + HAD + BEEN + VERB (ing) + COMP.
(-) S + DIDN'T+ VERB (BF) + COMP. (-) S + WASN'T/WEREN'T + VERB (ing) + COMP. (-) S + HADN'T + VERB (p. part) + COMP. (-) S + HADN'T + BEEN +VERB (ing) + COMP.
(?) DID + S + VERB (BF) + COMP? (?) WAS/WERE + S + VERB (ing) + COMP? (?) HAD + S + VERB (p. part) + COMP? (?) HAD + S + BEEN + VERB (ing) + COMP?
USES USES USES USES
P Completed actions in the past. Interupted action in the past or background. Completed action before other one in the past Actions that happened until a moment in the past for some time
A Actions in progess in the past.
S - Michael went to the cinema yesteday. - He was working when the earthquake started - She only understood the movie because she had read the book. - She had been going out with Mark for 7 years before he proposed.
T
Series of actions in the past Parallel Actions - Kristine had never been to an opera before.
- Last week, we traveled to Rome and the we visited a lot of - -
museums While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Before that trip, had you ever seen any place so beautiful?
* * The contraction for: HAD can be 'D, but it is only used in informal * stative verbs cannot go in this continuous tense either
speech.
the verb TO BE has a different structures for negative senteces and there are some indicator of this time, such as: WHILE and WHEN, that
questions. The two forms of the verb TO BE are WAS and WERE usually let us know these are actions that happened for some time.
FORM
* FORM FORM FORM
(+) S + VERB (HE/SHE/IT V+s) + COMP. (+) S + AM/IS/ARE + VERB (ing) + COMP. (+) S + HAVE/HAS + VERB (p. part) + COMP. (+) S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB (ing) + COMP.
(-) S + DON'T/DOESN'T+ VERB (BF) + COMP. (-) S + AM NOT/ISN'T/AREN'T + VERB (ing) + COMP. (-) S + HAVEN'T/HASN'T + VERB (p. part) + COMP. (-) S + HAVEN'T/HASN'T + BEEN + VERB (ing)+ COMP.
(?) DO/DOES + S + VERB (BF) + COMP? (?) AM/IS/ARE + S + VERB (ing) + COMP? (?) HAVE / HAS + S + VERB (p. part) + COMP? (?) HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + VERB (ing)) + COMP?
USES USES USES USES
P
R Habits or routines Actions at the time of speaking or around it. Actions in an "unespecified time" in the past. Actions that happened until now
E - Irene sleeps in on Sundays. - They are playing now. / We're studying English this month. - Experience: I've never been to France - She's been writing for 2 hours now.
S Facts Something is in the process of changing - Change over time: You have grown so much Actions in which one can clearly see the results
E
- Cats don't like dogs. - It is getting colder and colder each day. - Accomplishments: She hasn't graduated yet - I am sweating. I have been running for three hours.
N
T ALSO USED FOR FUTURE Multiple actions at different times
1º in certainty 2º in certainty - My son has read that book 4 times already.
Scheduled events Arrangements Actions during a moment that hasn't finished-
The train leaves tomorrow at 7. We're going to the concert; we have already bought the tickets - Have you seen Joan
The contraction for: today?
* Have -> 've * stative verbs cannot go in this tense either
Has -> 's
FORM FORM FORM FORM
BE GOING TO BE GOING TO BE GOING TO BE GOING TO
(+) S + AM/IS /ARE GOING TO + VERB (BF) + COMP. (+) S + AM/IS /ARE GOING TO +BE + VERB (ING) + COMP. (+) S + AM/IS /ARE GOING TO +HAVE + VERB (P.PART) + COMP. (+) S + AM/IS /ARE GOING TO +HAVE + BEEN + VERB (ING) + COMP.
(-) S + AM NOT/ISN'T/AREN'T GOING TO + VERB (BF) + COMP. (-) S + AM NOT/ISN'T/AREN'T GOING TO + BE + VERB (ING) + COMP. (-) S + AM NOT/ISN'T/AREN'T GOING TO + HAVE + VERB (P.PART) + COMP. (-) S + AM NOT/ISN'T/AREN'T GOING TO + HAVE + BEEN + VERB (ING) + COMP.
(?) AM/IS ARE + S + GOING TO + VERB (BF) + COMP? (?) AM/IS ARE + S + GOING TO + BE + VERB (ING) + COMP? (?) AM/IS ARE + S + GOING TO + HAVE + VERB (P.PART) + COMP? (?) AM/IS ARE + S + GOING TO + HAVE + BEEN + VERB (ING) + COMP?
3º in certainty WILL WILL WILL
USES (+) S + WILL + +BE + VERB (ING) + COMP. (+) S + WILL + HAVE + VERB (P.PART) + COMP. (+) S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB (ING) ) + COMP.
Plans or Intentions (-) S + WON'T + BE + VERB (ING) + COMP. (-) S + WON'T + HAVE + VERB (P.PART) + COMP. (-) S + WON'T + HAVE + BEEN + VERB (ING) + COMP.
- We are going to travel next year. (?) WILL + S + BE + VERB (ING) + COMP. (?) WILL + S + HAVE + VERB (P.PART) + COMP? (?) WILL + S + HAVE + BEEN + VERB (ING) + COMP?
Predictions with evidence you'd normally use WILL Although it is possible to use be going to, it is not common. normally use WILL because it is more practical

F - Look at their grades.They are going to pass. USES USES USES

U WILL Future actions in progress Completion before a specified point in the future Duration at a definite moment in the future
T (+) S + WILL + VERB (BF) + COMP. - In an hour, I am going to be sitting in front of my TV. - Before they come, we will have cleaned up the house. - Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5 hours
U
(-) S + WON'T + VERB (BF) + COMP.
R
E (?) WILL + S + VERB (BF) + COMP? - In the evening, I will be baking a birthday cake. - John will have eaten the whole cake, by the time the birthday party - By the next year, Ben and his wife will have been living together for 50
4º in certainty starts! years.
USES Guesses Duration in the Future Cause of a future situation
Predictions without evidence - He isn't going to be coming any time soon. He is still at the office. - By this time next year, I will have known Monica for 30 years. - By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be very
- Peru will win the championship. tired.
Promises - Beatrice will be getting married very soon. - Patrick will have lived in Hong Kong for 20 years by 2022. - We will be making a rest stop in half an hour, because you will have
- I won't go out again mom. Polite questions about something or somebody been driving the car for 6 hours by then.
Threats - Are you going to be coming home before or after 10 PM? Certainty About the Near Past
- Give me the money or I will shoot you. - The train will have left by now. We have to look for another way to get * Common Time Expressions:
- Will you be going to the supermarket? I have something to buy. there. By tomorrow / 8 o'clock
This year / month / week
Sudden Decisions Next year / month / week

- Mrs. Kim, your bags look heavy. I'll help you.

PERFECT FORMS
PERFECT BEFORE
LINK
PASSIVE VOICE

BE
*GET
ACTIVE
SUBJECT (agent) VERB OBJECT

PASSIVE

OBJECT BE* + MAIN VERB (pp) complement

ACTIVE You always need to treat fire

Fire always needs TO BE treated

ACTIVE He burned his hands

His hands WERE / GET burned

ACTIVE They accepted me

I WAS / GOT accepted

 VERB
(past participle)

Complement

BY (agent)

with caution

with caution.

badly.

badly
 QUALIFIER (+) (-) (...) VERB/NOUN/ADJ
"+" ADJ
QUITE "+" NOUN
"+" VERB
(+) (-) ADJ
PRETTY
NOUN
(+) (- ) ADJ
FAIRLY
NOUN
(+)(-) VERB
VERB
RATHER
NOUN
ADJ
(-) NOUN
NOT VERY
ADJECTIVE
NOT (-) (?) ADJ, VERB
PARTICULARLY VERB
(+) (-) (?) VERB
SLIGHTLY
AJECTIVES
A LITTLE "+" Verb
(+) (?) Verb
A BIT
ADJ
"+", "-" ADJ
REALLY
VERB
 MEANING POSITION OTHERS
a lot of before adj
to give it more emphasis or importance before noun
completely before verb
Makes adjectives less strong Before adj
a + pretty + adjectives + noun
Makes adjectives less strong Before adj
a+fairly+adjective+noun
Some degree / surprise After verb BEFORE adv Indicates preference as well
BEFORE verb (like/enjoy)
a little stronger before noun A RATHER adjective NOUN
a little stronger before adjective RATHER adjective
In a low degree before adj NOUN a + very + adj + noun
before adj
only a litle: not very or not very much before adj/verb

some degree / a little AFTER verb hardly noticeable

BEFORE adjective
After verbs to mean "a little" "some" After verb
After verbs to mean "a little" After verb
A short period of time
enhances/limit another word's meaning before adj very/truly/honestly
Before VERB
 EXAMPLES
She is quite intelligent.
He is quite a guy.
She quite agree with me.
Arequipa climate is pretty good
We had a pretty good trip
Andrea is fairly beautiful
Miami it's a fairly interesting city to visit
He worked rather fast on that idea.

He has a rather interesting idea.

His idea is rather interesting
You are not a very loyal friend
It was not very hard.
The flowers are not particularly showy.
I don't particularly like to sing.
You confuse me slightly.
You don't confuse me slightly.
Do you confuse me slightly?
This house is slightly larger than my old one.
He saves a little money every month.
I feel a bit less guilty.
It will be ready in a bit.
He's really happy/sad.
We really wanted this to happen.
She swayed as if about fall.
INTENSIFYING ADVERBS

GRADABLE EXTREME ABSOLUTE

VERY ABSOLUTELY COMPLETELY
REALLY REALLY ENTIRELY
A LITTLE UTTERLY TOTALLY
INCREDIBLY
EXTREMELY