R1GID SOLUTIONS

Review School for Civil Engineering

Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila

Energy Gradient – A line above the hydraulic gradient by an

amount equal to velocity head
FLUID FLOW AND PIPES
HEAD LOST IN THE PIPE FLOW
Flow Rate
i. Major Losses – due to skin friction
ii. Minor Losses– due to change in velocity and direction
of flow

I. MAJOR HEAD LOST (FRICTIONAL LOSSES)

MODULE 3 - HYDRAULICS
Continuity Equation A. DARCY-WEISBACH FORMULA

Where A = cross-sectional area of flow B. MANNING’S FORMULA

v = mean velocity of flow

Pipes – closed conduit thru which a liquid flows and subjected to

pressure

ENERGY EQUATION
Where R = hydraulic radius = A/P
Total Energy of Flow S = slope of EGL = hf / L

Use D = 4R for non-circular pipes

Where
2 For circular pipes, the following formula may be used
v
= velocity head (K.E.)
2g
ρ
= pressure head (P.E.)
γ
Z = elevation head (P.E.)
C. HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

Where: E1 = Total Energy (head) at section 1

HA = head added (by the pump)
HE = head extracted (by turbine or any other device)
HL = total head lost Where:
R = hydraulic radius
Hydraulic Gradient – a line that connects the liquid level inside S = slope of EGL = hf / L
the piezometer tubes placed at intervals along the C1 = Hazen William’s coefficient
pipes. This is the representation of the total potential
energy

II. MINOR HEAD LOST

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 R1GID SOLUTIONS
Review School for Civil Engineering
Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila

Minor losses are due to changes in direction and velocity of flow, Equations
and is expressed in terms of the velocity head at the smaller a. hf1 = elevation A – elevation B
section of the pipe in case of constrictions b. hf3=elevation B – elevation C
If Q1 > Q3
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Case2
If Q1 < Q3
Q3 = Q1+Q2
Case1
Equations Q1 > Q3
Where K = coefficient of minor loss 1. Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Case3
2. El. A – El. B= hf1+hf2
HEAD LOST THROUGH NOZZLES 3. El. B – El. C=hf3-hf2 #1
#2
4. El. A – El.C= hf1+hf3

Equations Q1 < Q3 #3
1. Q3 = Q2 + Q1
2. El. A – El. B= hf1-hf2
RESERVOIRS 3. El. B – El. C=hf3+hf2
For a pipe or system of pipes connecting two reservoirs, the total 4. El. A – El.C= hf1+hf3
head lost is equal to the difference in water surface elevation of
the reservoirs. Situation 1:
EQUATIONS CE BOARD, Water pump through a 500 mm diameter circular
pipe which is 800 m long at velocity 2 m/s.

1. Which is the following nearly gives the headloss using

Darcy-Weisbach equation if f=0.02 ?
a. 6.52 m
b. 8.65 m
c. 7.34 m
d. 5.65 m
2. Which is the following nearly gives the headloss using
Manning’s formula equation if n=0.013 ?
a. 19.74 m
b. 24.97 m
c. 17.94 m
d. 14.97 m
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation 3. Which is the following nearly gives the headloss using
Hazen William equation if C=110 ?
v12 + p1 + z1 = v22 + p2 + z2 a. 259.86 m
2g σ 2g σ b. 262.38 m
c. 266.28 m
p1 -p2 = v22 - v22 + ( z2 - z1) d. 264.63 m
σ σ 2g 2g

1. Continuity Equation
Q1 = Q 2
A1v1= A2v2
2. Pressure Head Equation
p = σh
h =p/σ
Q actual = C*Q theoretical
Qt= Area x Velocity
C = Cc = Cv
Where:
C = coefficient of discharge
Cc= coefficient of contraction
Cv = coefficient of velocity

SITUATION 2: The velocity of oil flowing thru a 30 mm diameter

pipe is equal to 2 m/sec. Oil (sg = 0.8)has dynamic viscosity of
0.04 Pa-s. If pipe has a length of 120 m , Detemine the FF.
THREE RESERVOIRS
4. Reynolds No.
1. Assume the elevation of Energy Grade Line at the a. 1300 b. 1200 c. 1100 d. 1400
junction equal to B and solve for Q1 and Q2. 5. Friction Factor
2. Compute Q1 and Q3 and get the correct equation. a. 0.043 b. 0.053 c. 0.075 d. 0.023
6. Head loss of the pipe
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AMBON
 R1GID SOLUTIONS
Review School for Civil Engineering
Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila

a. 149.55m
SITUATION : CE BOARD The head loss in 9 m of 30 cm b. 141.45m
diameter pipe is known to be 8 m when liquid (s.g = c. 136.1m
0.9) of viscosity 0.04 Ns/m^2 flows at 0.06 m^3 / s. d. 160.75m
Determine the following; 15. Which of the following which nearly gives the power
generated by the turbine if efficiency is 75 percent?
7, Shear stress at the wall of the pipe. a. 215.65 kW
a. 31.8 Pa b.0.188 c. 14,324 d. 2.32
b. 145.70kW
8, Value of its shear velocity.
c. 194.27kW
a. 31.8 m/s b.0.188 c. 14,.324 d. 2.32
9. Reynolds number d. 180.50kW
a. 31.8 b.0.188 c. 14,324 d. 2.32
Situation :

Situation: A pump draws water from reservoir A pipeline with a pump leads to nozzle as shown
El. 15.2 A and lifts it to a
reservoir B as shown. The loss of head from A to 1
m 16. Find the flow rate in liters/s when pump “P” develops
is 3 times the velocity head in the 150mm pipe and
the loss oh head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity
head in the 100 mm pipe. If the discharge is 20 Lit /
sec,

24.4m head. Assume head loss in 152mm pipe

expressed by 5V1522/2g while head loss in the 102mm
pipe is 12V1022/2g.
a. 82 c. 95
b. 41.5 d. 103
17. Find the pressure head at the suction side.
10. Which of the following most nearly gives the power a. 87.5 m c. 3.56 m
delivered by the pump? b. 4.51 m d. 75.6 m
e. 59.24 kW 18. Velocity at the jet having a diameter of 75mm.
f. 48.42 kW a. 9.394 m/s c. 21.5 m/s
g. 52.49 kW b. 9.094 m/s d. 19.8 m/s
h. 41.80 kW
Situation:Three reservoir are joined by three pipes as shown
11. Which of the following most nearly gives the pressure
Diameter
head at point 1? Pipe Length (m) n
(mm)
e. 19.74 m
f. 24.97 m A 500 1800 0.012
g. 17.94 m
h. 14.97 m B 450 1500 0.016
12. Which of the following most nearly gives the pressure
head at point 2? C 620 1200 0.015
e. 259.86 m
Formula:
f. 262.38 m
Hf = 10.29 n2 L Q2 / D(16/3)
g. 266.28 m Elev.What
19. 97m is the flow rate in pipe A in L/s?
h. 264.63 m a. 482
b. 304
c. 610
d. 585 Elev. 72m
20. What is the flow rate in pipe B in L/s? EL. 38m
a. 205
b. 790
c. 610
d. 585
21. What is the flow rate in pipe C in L/s?
Situation:Reservoir A and B have elevations 250m and 100m, a. 205
respectively, and are connected with a pipe having a b. 790
diameter of 250mm and a length of 250m. A turbine is c. 610
d. 585
installed at point between reservoir A and B. The
discharge in the pipeline is 140 L/s. Use C=120. PIPIE IN SERIES 210mm
13. Which of the following nearly gives the headloss in the
pipe due to friction?
a. 9.17m
b. 7.35m
c. 6.15m
d. 8.55m
14. Which of the following most nearly gives the head
extracted by the turbine? PIPE IN PARALLEL
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AMBON
 R1GID SOLUTIONS
Review School for Civil Engineering
Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila

Situation:Due to government water privatization, a bustling

metropolitan city is has now a substantial and
continuous water supply. Before, the supply was only
200L/s for the old pipes and it has now 680 L/s
running for the new steel pipe network.

Given: f= 0.02 for all pipes

Pipe Length (m) Diameter (mm)

1 450 600

2 600 500

3 360 450

4 480 450

5 540 600

22. Compute the discharge in the upper branch in m3/s.

a. 0.56
b. 0.30
c. 0.41
d. 0.55
23. Compute the discharge in the lower branch in m3/s.
a. 0.34
b. 0.27
c. 0.13
d. 0.49
24. Which of the following most nearly gives the total head
loss of the pipe system?
a. 15m
b. 25m
c. 8m
d. 21m

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