Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G amtamokslinis
U G D Y M A S
N atural Science
EDUCATION
Естественнонаучное
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Scientific Methodical Center „Scientia Educologica“, Lithuania,
the Associated Member of Lithuanian Scientific Society, European Society for the
History of Science (ESHS) and ICASE (International Council of Associations for
Science Education)
2013
This journal is indexed in Kieran Lim's list of Chemical Education and Science Education Journals (Australia), list of
Journals of Interest to Chemical Educators (USA), a list of Science Education Journals (USA), Copernicus Index (Po-
land), and Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI)
GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
N a r i a i (Editors)
– Pasvalio Lėvens pagrindinė mokykla (Lėvens Basic School,
Nerutė Augustonytė Pasvalys, Lithuania)
– Hradec Kralove universitetas (University of Hradec Kralo-
Prof. dr. Martin Bilek ve, Czechia)
Prof. dr. Andris Broks – Latvijos universitetas (University of Latvia, Latvia)
– Rygos mokytojų rengimo ir švietimo vadybos akademija
Prof. dr. Janis Gedrovics
(Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management
Academy, Latvia)
– Karelijos valstybinis pedagoginis universitetas (Karelian
Dr. Liudmila Korozhnieva State Pedagogical University, Russia)
Dr. Jarmila Kmetova – Matej Bel universitetas (Matej Bel University, Slovakia)
Prof. dr. Jari Lavonen – Helsinkio universitetas (University of Helsinki, Finland)
Dr. Iwona Maciejovska – Jogailos universitetas (Jagiellonian University, Poland)
Dr. Rita Makarskaitė- – Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas (Vilnius Pedagogical
-Petkevičienė University, Lithuania)
– Karelijos valstybinis pedagoginis universitetas (Karelian
Dr. Eleonora Melnik State Pedagogical University, Russia)
***
NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION – is a periodical, peer reviewed, scientific-methodical journal,
issued by the SMC „Scientia Educologica“. It is an international journal, wherein the scientific and met-
hodical articles published in Lithuanian, English and Russian languages. This journal is intendent for the
teachers of general education schools, the lecturers of higher educational institutions and all, who are
interested in the problems of natural science education.
Leidžiamas nuo 2004 metų tris kartus per metus / Published since 2004 three times a year
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Gomes de Gouvêa L., Campos dos Santos V., Arroio A. Visualization and Teacher Educa-
tion: Some Trends in Chemical Education _______________________________________ 17
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Vincentas Lamanauskas
Šiaulių universitetas, Lietuva
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epizodinių darbų minėtu laikotarpiu buvo parengta. Galima paminėti H. Jonaičio (1989)
knygą, skirtą fizikos mokymo istorijai, taip pat to paties autoriaus parengtą ir išleistą
(1992) darbą apie fizikos mokymą nepriklausomos Lietuvos mokyklose 1918–1940 me-
tais. Įdomus L. Klimkos (2007) straipsnis apie XIX a. viduryje Lietuvoje veikusių gimna-
zijų fizikos kabinetus.
Kiek plačiau istoriniai gamtamokslinio ugdymo pradinėje mokykloje aspektai ana-
lizuoti knygoje Gamtamokslinis ugdymas pradinėje mokykloje. Pasaulio pažinimo didak-
tikos pagrindai (Lamanauskas, 2001). Apskritai šiems klausimams neskiriama deramo
dėmesio. Po 1990 metų buvo jaučiamas šioks toks pakilimas, noras geriau pažinti sukaup-
tą patirtį. Šiais klausimais Lietuvoje kiek aktyviau domisi tik keletas autorių. A. Kulbis
gana aktyviai renka iki 1900 metų išleistus spaudinius, kurių daugelis yra gamtos ir geog-
rafijos mokslų tema. Autorius II nacionalinėje konferencijoje „Gamtamokslinis ugdymas
pagrindinėje bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje“ yra pristatęs pranešimą apie svarbiausius pa-
pildomojo gamtamokslinio ugdymo Lietuvoje 1918–1940 metais bruožus (Kulbis, 1996).
Jis taip pat yra paskelbęs keletą straipsnių, nagrinėjančių lietuvių gamtos vadovėlio istori-
ją. Epizodiškai šiuos klausimus nagrinėjo A. Zulumskytė (2000, 2006).
Kaip puikų pavyzdį būtina paminėti mūsų kaimynės Latvijos pavyzdį. Čia 2010
metais išleistas Daugpilio universiteto mokslininkės E. T. Vaivuodės parengtas funda-
mentalus veikalas, skirtas gamtamokslinio ugdymo istorijai 1774–1940 metų laikotarpiu
(Vaivode, 2010). Šiame veikale susisteminta sąlyginai ilgo laikotarpio edukacinė patirtis.
Turint galvoje problemišką prieigą prie šio laikotarpio šaltinių, taip pat jų negausumą,
drąsiai galima teigti, kad toks darbas yra unikalus ir turi išliekamąją vertę. Būtų gerai jei
panašus veikalas būtų parengtas ir Lietuvoje.
Šiems klausimams daugiau dėmesio galėtų skirti ir bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų
gamtos mokslų dalykų mokytojai. Nemenką pagalbą galėtų suteikti istorijos mokytojai.
Kaip žinia, daugelis bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų turi kraštotyros ar mokyklos istorijos
muziejus. Tikėtina, kad šiuose muziejuose galima būtų rasti vertingos medžiagos gamta-
mokslinio ugdymo istorijos klausimais. Tokią medžiagą būtina sisteminti ir publikuoti. Į
tokią veiklą galima įtraukti ir moksleivius taikant projektinės ar kitos veiklos formas.
Per ilgą laiką sukaupta patirtis apie gamtos mokslų dalykų mokymą(si) įvairaus
lygmens ir tipų Lietuvos švietimo institucijose turėtų būti sisteminama, saugoma, anali-
zuojama. Nekyla abejonių, kad ši patirtis yra unikali, nes Lietuvos švietimo sistema buvo
veikiama įvairių didaktinių srovių. Be to, pastaruosius du dešimtmečius per daug žavima-
si įvairiomis „importinėmis“ idėjomis ir patirtimis, pamirštant savąją. O juk per ilgą laiką
patikrintos ir išlikusios idėjos, praktinė patirtis, mokymo(si) prieigos ir technologijos
tampa didaktikos klasika.
Literatūra
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Summary
Vincentas Lamanauskas
University of Šiauliai, Lithuania
In the latter years education in Lithuania has been analysed in various aspects. Howe-
ver, it is obvious that almost all research works are focused on analysis of nowadays problems,
sometimes not escaping certain prognostic elements (future education insight). This is certain-
ly a good thing. However, concentrating attention only to present, the experience is forgotten
which Lithuanian teachers, researchers accumulated earlier. It can be safely stated, that natural
education experience in Lithuania is abundant, however very poorly investigated.
Since 1995 only a few reports devoted to natural science education history questions
have been presented in annually held national practical conferences „Natural Science Educa-
tion at a General School“. Over that period totally 442 articles on various natural science edu-
cation questions were published. Only 8 articles (1, 8 %) deal with historical natural science
education aspects.
Comprehensive school natural science teachers could devote more attention to these
questions as well. Quite a big help could provide history teachers. As it is known, many com-
prehensive schools have ethnographical or school history museums. It is probable, that valuab-
le material on natural science education history might be found in these museums. Such mate-
rial must be systematized and publicized. Pupils might be included into such an activity apply-
ing project or other activity forms.
Experience about natural science subject teaching / learning at different levels and ty-
pes accumulated over a long period of time in Lithuanian educational institutions should be
systematized, stored, analysed. It is without doubt, that this experience is unique, because Lit-
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huanian education system was influenced by various didactic trends. Finally, over the last two
decades various “imported” ideas and experiences have been admired too much forgetting at
the same time about the own one. After all, the ideas which were checked over a long period
of time and remained, practical experience, teaching / learning approaches and technologies
become didactics classic.
Key words: comprehensive school, history, natural science education.
Vincentas Lamanauskas
Professor, Department of Education, Šiauliai University, P.Višinskio Street 25, LT-76351 Šiauliai, Lit-
huania
E-mail: v.lamanauskas@ef.su.lt
Website: http: / / www.lamanauskas.puslapiai.lt
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Anotacija
Įvadas
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Tyrimo metodologija
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
99 IV kurso (10,8 %). Kaip matyti, daugiausiai trečio kurso studentų, mažiausiai – ketvir-
to (1 lentelė).
1 lentelė
Tiriamųjų charakteristika (N/%)
Pagal lytį Studentė (mergina) Studentas (vaikinas) Iš viso
579 / 63,1 339 / 36,9 918 / 100
Pagal kursus I kursas II kursas III kursas IV kursas
212 / 23,1 239 / 26,0 368 / 40,1 99 / 10,8
Tyrimo instrumentas
Duomenų analizė
Tyrimo rezultatai
Interneto portaluose vartotojas gali susikurti savo profilį, susirasti draugų, bendrau-
ti interesų grupėse ir panašiai. Tikslinga buvo paklausti: Kodėl jums patinka socialiniai
tinklalapiai? Respondentų atsakymai į šį klausimą buvo gana įvairūs, gavome 470 atsa-
kymų. Apibendrinę, juos pabandėme suskirstyti į keturias grupes (1 pav.). Studentams
socialiniai tinklalapiai patinka, nes juose: ● galima bendrauti, ● susipažinti, ● rasti infor-
macijos, ● pramogauti. Didžiausias atsakymų skaičius – apie tai, kad studentai gali ben-
drauti (218 / 46.4 %). Jie pažymi, kad socialiniuose tinklalapiuose lengvai ir greitai gali-
ma virtualiai „susitikti“ su visais pažįstamais ir ypač su draugais bei giminėmis, gyvenan-
čiais užsienyje. Džiaugiamasi, kad yra galimybė dalintis mintimis, išgyvenimais su tais,
kurių nematai kasdien, negali su jais susitikti. Tai labai svarbu jaunam žmogui, nes dažnai
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išvykstama studijuoti ar dirbti toliau ar net labai toli nuo gimtųjų namų. Socialiniai tinkla-
lapiai – tai tarsi tiltas su artimaisiais.
Kodėl patinka
socialiniai tinkla-
lapiai?
(N/%), N = 470 - atsakymų
skaičius
2 pav. Studentai apie tai, kas juos paskatino sukurti asmeninį profilį socialiniuose
tinklalapiuose
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Galima bendrauti
330 / 43,7 %
Galima savirealizacija
100 / 13,2 %
Taupomi pinigai
21 / 2,8 %
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dabar, galima rasti informacijos, taip pat ir pasidalinti ja su kitais. Galima greitai paskleis-
ti naujieną apie save ir kitus, pasidalinti nuotraukomis ir pan. Svarbus socialinių tinklala-
pių privalumas – ir saviraiškos galimybė (100/13,2 %). Studentai pažymi, kad galima
laisvai reikšti nuomonę, gerinti anglų kalbos žinias, virtualaus bendravimo įgūdžius. Yra
galimybė tenkinti savo smalsumą stebint, kaip sekasi draugams, matyti pokyčius kitų
žmonių gyvenime. Galima savireklama. Kitas privalumas – galimybė rasti draugų, naujų
pažinčių (80/10,6 %). Socialiniuose tinklalapiuose galima susipažinti, bendrauti grupėse,
forumuose. Čia lengviau išsakyti savo nuomonę, polinkius, reikšti pažiūras. Nedidelė res-
pondentų dalis pažymi, kad ST – puikus laisvalaikio praleidimo būdas (46/6,1 %). Tai ir
įvairūs žaidimai grupėse, nuotraukų, filmų žiūrėjimas, įvairios reklamos skleidimas. Buvo
paminėta ir tai, kad taupomi pinigai (21/2,8 %), nes toks bendravimas yra pigus, nedaug
kainuoja, palyginti su realiu draugų susitikimu.
Anketoje buvo pateiktas klausimas, kur prašoma išvardinti bent keletą socialinių
tinklalapių trūkumų. Apie ST trūkumus gauta 630 atsakymų. Teiginių įvairovę suskirs-
tėme į dešimt grupių ( 4 pav.).
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
kartais parandama laiko nuovoka. Kai kurie studentai teigia, kad tai laiko vagis. Kartais ir
labai stengiesi, bet negali atitrūkti, o tai jau trukdo susikaupti mokslams (18/2,9 %). Bet
apie tai prabyla tik nedidelė dalis respondentų. Jie taip pat teigia, kad ST skatina tingumą,
neugdo valios ir užsispyrimo. Respondentai pažymi, kad kai kurie portalo vartotojai, ypač
vaikai, tampa priklausomi (54/8,8 %), nes nesaikingas lankymasis ST ne tik didina pri-
klausomybę, bet ir atitraukia nuo realaus bendravimo (17/2,7 %). Nukenčia „gyvo“ ben-
dravimo reikšmė, mažėja bendravimo įgūdžiai realiame gyvenime, susvetimėjama. O tada
jau ne tik atsiranda sunkumų bendraujant gyvai bet ir mažėja noras tiesiogiai bendrauti,
žmonės tampa uždari ir priklausomi nuo interneto. Keletas respondentų nurodė, kad so-
cialiniuose tinklalapiuose būna per daug reklamos (28/4,4 %), kuri ne visada įdomi, in-
formatyvi ir naudinga. Pastebima, kad ST pasitaiko netinkamos informacijos vaikams
(17/2,7 %), paaugliams, ji jaunimą bukina ir neskatina tobulėti. Pastebėta, kad ST kenkia
sveikatai (10/1,6 %), nes ilgas sėdėjimas prie kompiuterio atsiliepia bendrai žmogaus bū-
senai, o ypač akims. Taip pat paminėtas šnipinėjimas, t. y. galimybė domėtis apie asmenį
jam nežinant ir ta informacija dalintis su kitais, kartais neteisingai interpretuojant vieną ar
kitą poelgį.
Išvados
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2013, Nr. 1 (36)
Literatūra
Summary
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
carried out in 2012, in which participated 918 university study 1st–4th course students. Using
open questions, qualitative analysis of the obtained data was carried out.
Students like SN websites because in them there is a possibility to communicate with
acquaintances, with friends and relatives living abroad, to get acquainted with various people
not only from Lithuania but also from the whole world, to find useful, suitable information, to
share it with the other participants of the portal, have entertainment, i.e. play games, listen to
music, look through the photos and so on. SN websites is a joyful way of spending time.
To create SN website personal profile(s) was encouraged by friends, relatives, especial-
ly those living abroad, the desire to find out how everything is going on, the wish to broaden
one’s outlook, not to stay behind the others, to follow the novelties. The creation of the profile
was also determined by the possibility to get in touch with somebody very quickly, easy and
visual communication with portal participants, the wish to make acquaintances and show one-
self, also different games.
Students point out the following SN website advantages: the possibility to communica-
te with many people at one time, to get in touch with the people seen long ago also with the
friends and relatives living abroad, the possibility to find proper information and share it, self-
realization possibility, because one can freely express ideas, improve English language know-
ledge and virtual communication abilities, there is a possibility to find friends and new acqu-
aintances.
Respondents notice SN website disadvantages too, such as information publicity, lack
of privacy, insecurity of presented data, possible lies, deceptions, there is a lot of inaccurate
information, a possibility arises to get acquainted with bad people. The participation in SN
websites takes a lot of time and this already hinders concentration to studies. Immoderate SN
website visit not only increases addiction, but also distracts from real life communication. The
communication abilities in real life diminish, it leads to alienation. It is noticed, that unsuitable
information for children, teenagers might be found in SN websites which makes the youth
dumb and doesn’t encourage improvement. It is noted, that long sitting at the computer is
harmful for health and negatively affects general condition of a person.
Key words: qualitative analysis, social networking websites, survey, university students.
Loreta Ragulienė
Senior Researcher, Natural Science Education Research Centre, Siauliai University, P. Visinskio Street
25-119, LT-76351 Siauliai, Lithuania
E-mail: loretar@gmail.com
Website: http: / / www.gutc.su.lt
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2013, Nr. 1 (36)
Abstract
The current scenario of teaching chemistry has introduced the visual tools as a way to
solve the cognitive demand of students and teachers. These tools contribute to facilitate the
teaching of various chemistry topics, making visible the microscopic interactions. Despite the
wide variety and functionality of the visual tools, teachers have been faced with the unknown,
since they are not prepared to use these tools in the classroom. Motivated by this fact, re-
search on pre-service and in-service teacher educational programs has shown paths and initi-
atives aiming to assist and prepare the teacher to use the visual tools. This study presents a
reflexive approach of some researches about the use of visualizations and teacher training
programs (in-service and pre-service). Based on the trends presents in selected papers, it was
concluded that researchers raised the ideas of teachers about the uses of these tools. This can
base initiatives to work with these conceptions, solving doubts, questions and fears of using
the computer. The teachers show interest in use these tools in their classes showing the im-
portance and the current necessity of courses that enable the teacher to use visualization
tools. Although there are some proposals for teacher training programs, there is much more
to study and research in this area.
Key words: chemical education, teacher education, visualization.
Introduction
The great development of hardware that allows us to use powerful computers that
support the design of several visualizations with scientific models, especially dynamic
models, simulations and interactive modeling software that can be displayed and
manipulated in a virtual format and by remote access.
The accelerated development of Information and Communication Technologies in
Natural Science Education followed by several studies in the cognitive theory area, have
promoted the construction of many visual tools (animations, simulations, games, statics or
dynamics virtual 2D and 3D images, multimedia software’s, etc.) that have been placed to
the disposition of educators (Arroio, 2012).
Teaching chemistry requires tools that assist teachers and students in the educational
process, since the chemistry requires visualization of interactions that occur at the submi-
croscopic level, which are difficult to understand. According to Touli, Radid and Talbi
(2011), when chemical concepts are misunderstood or misinterpreted by students, it opens
a space for inadequate conceptions which may accompany the student through basic edu-
cation and stay in even higher level of education. Van Berkel, Pilot and Bulte (2009)
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
point out that these are also inadequate conceptions belonging to teachers, who can not
have well established concepts, often because the abstractions required for understanding
the chemical processes. To overcome this barrier, students and teachers create ways to
accept the invisible using only definitions and explanations macroscopic and probably no
real meaning (Van Berkel, Pilot and Bulte, 2009).
To improve this situation, visual tools (pictures, simulations, animations, software,
etc.) have been developed to assist in the education process of chemistry, enabling the
visualization of atoms and molecules in order to meet the cognitive needs of students.
Treagust and Chandrasegaran (2009) showed that students who attend classes with uses of
visualization tools have a better and deeper understanding of chemical concepts compared
to students who attended to traditional teaching tools. Currently, there are several visual
tools that have been developed with the technological advance enabling tools that address
different subjects in a contextualized form.
With technological development, projects aimed at the integration of computers in
schools are becoming increasingly evident. But it cannot just insert computational tools in
schools; it should also train the teachers to know how to use these technologies in a way
that makes them educational tools. The computer programs for teaching chemistry do not
work by itself as an educational tool; it depends on the interactions that occur in the class-
room and their adjustment to the curriculum (Carrarer, 1992). So, it is necessary to pre-
pare teachers with skills that make them able to use visual tools in order to assist students.
In the research ACOT (Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow), resulting from collabora-
tion between Apple Computer and several schools, a survey was conducted from 1986 to
1989 in order to identify what happens when teachers and students gain access to technol-
ogies. In the research, Dwyer, Ringstaff and Sandholtz (1990) presented five stages (En-
try, Adoption, Adaption, Appropriation and Invention) crossed by teachers while adapting
to technologies. These stages were updated by Bilek, Machkova and Simonova (2011), as
follows:
1. Non-user classroom – teacher may have personal ICT (Information and
communications technology) skills but has not taught with ICT;
2. Adopter Programme – ICT teacher uses the materials it comes When It fits in
with the teaching;
3. Adapter style – teacher modifies materials to suit different pupil groups and
existing teaching;
4. Appropriator – Develops teacher and uses the ICT tools in a different context
or topic novel mode of use (implying a shift of pedagogy);
5. Creator – teacher creates new materials and / or fosters ICT use in colleagues
(Bilek, Machkova, Simonova, 2011 p. 397).
To cross one stage to another is necessary that the teacher has passed by training
processes. Each phase has its importance and be inserted in each one, one at a time, may
help the teacher to build the knowledge, making him more active and safe in their classes.
Given the above, the aim of this paper is to address the use of visualization and in
teacher training programs, showing trends in research in this area. This reflection is im-
portant since the knowledge about the theme visualization and about the pre-service and
in-service teacher educational program, enables us to perceive what is being done in re-
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searches about teacher training programs to use visual tools and recognize the importance
of these studies.
Methodology of Research
In this work, a search for articles was done. The objective was select papers that dis-
cuss visualizations and teacher training programs in teaching chemistry. The search was
made in the ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), Science Direct and
Google Scholar databases, using the keywords: visualization, teacher training program,
in-service teachers, pre-service teacher and chemistry teaching. The articles were chosen
by presenting relevant results at the area of teacher training in the field of visualizations
for chemistry teaching
Based on Taylor (2010), the articles were read for completely and critical analyzed,
focusing on determine the current trends and what paths the researchers opened in the
creation of initiatives to train teachers in use of visualizations in their classes. The articles
were organized according with their research focus, showing data and findings, presenting
a summary of their collaborations for the research in chemical education. Finally, the are-
as that need more research was analyzed, showing possible further works who aimed
teacher training programs.
Results of Research
The articles on the use of visualizations and teacher training have shown researches
are being conducted with focus in training in-service teacher as well in training pre-
service teachers, as show in table 1. In addition, selected articles show that the goals of
the researches can be divided into two categories:
1. Survey of teacher's conceptions about the use of visualizations;
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Discussion of Results
The investment in research about in-service teachers training can be due to lack of
adequate training for pre-service teachers. Training courses for teachers are not preparing
future teachers for the use of visual tolls adequately or, as often happens, the teachers do
not even know the existence of these tools due to problems in the initial training.
Some of the articles selected on the use of visualizations have shown the vision of
teachers in training on visual tools, raising the needs they present. Among these studies,
there are the articles: Ferreira and Arroio (2009); Savec, Vrtacnik and Peklaj (2006);
Aksela and Lundell (2008); and Bilek, Machkova and Simonova (2011) which present a
summary of responses to questionnaires designed to investigate the use and conceptions
of teachers in training on the use of visual tools.
Ferreira and Arroio (2009) administered questionnaires to pre-service teachers,
who attended the course Methodology of Teaching Chemistry at University of São Paulo
- Brazil. Among the 24 students who answered the questionnaire, 16 had some practice as
a teacher, the others had not. From the responses of pre-service teachers, Ferreira and
Arroio (2009) observed that the most used visual tools by the student teachers who had
taught are the images and the models because they are easier to use due to access or com-
fort. This statement of the authors shows that teachers still have some anxiety on using
computational tools for having the idea that these are difficult to use. The authors note
that the figures and models are most used where abstractions are required. It may be noted
that teachers use visual tools in most cases where the content is more complex, but these
tools could be used at other times as a different way to approach the content, motivating
the students. The authors also found that pre-service teachers have the conception that the
representations are copies and not the real attempts to show something invisible:
Considering also the specifics of these tools, it fears that in the initial training
courses, these teachers often are not fitted properly the notion that these mo-
lecular objects are representations of the molecular entity and imagery can be
defined as an analogy of what happens in the plane assume submicroscopic
matter and not a picture of reality. (Ferreira and Arroio, 2009, p. 35).
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The conception of the teachers of recognize the tools as a reproduction of the real
must be worked out in detail in the training courses, showing that the visuals are alterna-
tives that scientists have found, after much work, to represent and explain an invisible
world. Finally, the authors highlight that, according to the questionnaire responses, the
student teachers feel unprepared for the use of visual tools, as these topics are covered
superficially in the undergraduate course. The research of Ferreira and Arroio (2009)
shows how that teachers in pre-service have little knowledge about the variety of visual
tools and their applications in teaching chemistry.
Another research that deals with the survey of visualization and opinions of teach-
ers is Savec, Vrtacnik and Peklaj (2006), which analyzed responses from questionnaires
administered to pre-service teachers and in-service teachers in continuing education re-
garding the use of models in teaching chemistry. The survey was conducted with 54
chemistry teachers from different regions of Slovenia and 21 teachers in training at the
University of Ljubljana and University of Maribor. The authors found that in both groups
of teachers believe that it is important to use models in teaching chemistry, but especially
in the teaching of organic molecules. As in the work of Ferreira and Arroio (2009), Savec,
Vrtacnik and Peklaj (2006) contacted teachers use visual tools to more complex concepts
of chemistry.
The results obtained by the researchers showed that the majority of teachers said
they would use molecular models often if the school conditions were more favorable
(Savec, Vrtacnik and Peklaj, 2006). A possible reason is the lack of government support
for the acquisition of teaching materials. Perhaps, it is noteworthy that the molecular
models can be built with alternative materials providing the same function as industrial
models.
Savec, Vrtacnik and Peklaj (2006) also shows that, besides the scarcity of molecu-
lar models in schools, most teachers do not know how to use computer programs to build
molecular structures. According to the authors, teachers are aware of the importance of
learning to use computational tools and have an interest in improving their knowledge.
Based on the research the authors present some initiatives that can be used to improve this
situation:
1. The financer – the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport – should be in-
formed about the situation and encouraged to allocate funds for the improve-
ment of schools` instructional infrastructure;
2. The existing curriculum for the tertiary education of prospective teachers`
should be improved by giving more emphasis to topics regarding models of
molecules and crystals (introducing contemporary technologies, discussing
possible misconceptions, and indicating more practical examples of their use);
3. Special training courses for in-service chemistry teachers, aimed at improving
their scientific computer literacy and indicating practical examples of how
models can be used in the educational process, should be developed;
4. Educational materials focusing on molecular and crystal models, equipped with
methodological suggestions for their use, should be developed to support the
educational process. The materials should be preferably in electronic format
(e.g. web-based or CD-ROM) to enable direct access to pseudo-3D models;
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Aksela and Lundell (2008) were also based on the application of questionnaires to
teachers in continuing education, working in schools in Finland that attended modeling
courses. The objectives were to identify the reasons for the use of modeling or not, how
they are used and the resources required for the use in the classroom. The authors ob-
served that teachers have found several benefits of using modeling from observation of
their own practice. The main reason for using this tool was raised as access to visualiza-
tion, illustrating difficult concepts of understanding. According to the authors most teach-
ers use modeling to show 3D molecules in teaching isomerism, chemical bonding and
molecular orbitals. As in the previously cited works, teachers use visual tools in explain-
ing complex concepts.
According to Aksela and Lundell (2008), some teachers had never used visual tools
in their classes due to lack of software or opportunities to use computers in schools. How-
ever there is currently a wide variety of free software for teaching chemistry. What may
have occurred is the lack of knowledge about the existence of free tools by the teacher. It
is also worth mentioning that there are visual tools that do not require the use of comput-
ers. Also, models can be built with alternative materials (Styrofoam ball, cover refriger-
ate, toothpicks, plastic straws, etc.).
The main uses of modeling tools were in homework or classroom works. The au-
thors highlight that must be included initiatives that propose training to teachers, aiming
the knowledge on how create and use different approaches using visual tools. In relation
to the resources needed to use the modeling, the teachers made it clear they needed more
preparation to use the tools, noting that, even with easy to use software, they had difficul-
ties to make them become educational tools.
The research presented in Bilek, Machkova and Simonova (2011) was applied to
pre-service chemistry teachers of the Czech Republic, aiming to remedy the problem that
they had to create, implement and evaluate activities that include computational simula-
tions and animations. The data collection was made from observation and questionnaires
to raise difficulties in the use of visual tools. As a result, the authors report that teachers in
training know the visual tools and can propose activities making use of these tools. These
teachers prefer using animations and simulations in the explanatory part of the lesson.
Little space is given to apply these tools into exercises or as introduction of concepts.
Bilek, Machkova and Simonova (2011) show that most teachers in training agree
that the visual tools can never replace the experimental classes in science teaching. Ac-
cording to the authors the visual tools should explain microscopically the interactions oc-
curring in the experiments or should be used when the experiment is impossible to be held
in the school environment by shortages of materials, being dangerous or any other prob-
lem. The authors also emphasize the need for further research pedagogical and psycholog-
ical that the advance in the technology demands.
22
2013, Nr. 1 (36)
From the research cited above is possible to note the pros and cons that student
teachers encounter when faced with visual tools. These researches can provide base for
the creation of new initiatives aiming to train teachers. Training activities can be devel-
oped based on previous conceptions of teachers as those raised in the polls above.
Some articles selected in this paper present the results of training initiatives (work-
shops and training courses). The researches of Weerawardhana, Ferry and Brown (2006),
Gabini and Diniz (2009) and Dori and Barnea (1997), show that student teachers are be-
ing exposed to activities that aimed to create kits, instructional sequences, schedules and
mini-courses.
The research of Weerawardhana, Ferry and Brown (2006) was conducted with
eight teachers in training, who participated in two workshops that targeted the use of vis-
ual tools in teaching chemistry. In the first workshop was conducted a review of the con-
cepts of chemical equilibrium, using the CHEM software and VisChem. In the second
workshop, teachers in training split up into three groups and were encouraged to reorgan-
ize the interface of this software in order to place them, along with other tools in sequenc-
es education that would be applied by them in two public schools. The article's authors
used interviews and observations of lessons to assess the importance of these sequences in
chemistry teaching and the professional development of teachers in training.
As results, the authors found that pre-service teachers used a variety of visual tools
methodologies and the three representational levels (macroscopic, microscopic and sym-
bolic) in their approaches. Also, it was possible that teachers adapt the various visual tools
existing to meet the needs of teaching chemistry. The authors highlighted the fact that the
sequences are made in groups favoring the sharing of ideas and experiences, favoring pro-
fessional development and showing the effectiveness of workshops to train teachers with
specific bases to teach chemistry (Weerawardhana, Ferry and Brown, 2006).
Gabini and Diniz (2009) show a workshop for teachers of 36 high schools in con-
tinuing education, during the course attended averaged 30 teachers. The workshop in-
volved the use of free software, software available in the market and on websites for
teaching chemistry. Besides the use of softwares teachers in continuing education had to
propose a plan using these softwares. Teachers also have access to a virtual environment
where they could discuss articles, textbooks, softwares and exchange experiences during
the development of the workshop. The authors used the discussion forums, reviews, re-
ports and records researcher to evaluate the workshop.
According to Gabini and Diniz (2009), the workshop was not intended to give
teachers a methodology of how to use the visuals tools in the classroom. Instead, its role
was to encourage self review and evaluation of their teaching practice analyzing whether
the action really brings contribution for what is being taught. According to the authors,
the exercise of analyses software and create activities with the use of visual tools favored
the development of a critical view of the teachers. The discussions made in the virtual
environment give the teachers the opportunity to review and rework their proposals ac-
cording to the exchanges of experiences that occurred during the workshop.
Dori and Barnea (1997) developed a module for teaching polymers and used it to
investigate the effect of a training course on the attitudes of teachers in service as to the
uses of computers in the classroom. The study was constituted by two teacher groups: an
experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was composed of 39
23
GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
teachers. The control group was composed of 27 teachers who participated of a training
program.
Teachers participating in the research of Dori and Barnea (1997) were challenged
to use a program module on polymers to develop your own mini-course. This task given
to teachers aimed to help eliminate the fear of computer use by promoting the introduc-
tion of different technologies. The results obtained by the authors showed that teachers
who had attended the training showed greater safety when using the polymers module
including by reporting the use of these in their classes since the beginning of the course
participation. Initially, the teachers in the experimental group saw no advantages in using
the polymers module. After the training they realized that the tool can improve under-
standing of the student. The authors highlight the difference of performance between the
groups showing that the control group had a higher utilization and that the experience is a
very important factor for better use of visual tools.
The above research led the understanding that the teacher training program brings
satisfactory results in training teachers to use visualizations. However, much more still
needs to be studied due to the constant technological progress which is directly reflected
in the school, requiring continuous training teachers. Given the analysis of the research
presented here can infer some aspects that should be present in training courses for teach-
ers. These are shown below:
Assist teacher to lose the fear of using the computer in the classroom;
Assist teacher to recognize the existing visual tools;
Assist teacher to understand that visual tools are not copies of real;
Assist teacher to learn how to create activities that include visual tools validly
and bring meaning to students;
Encourage self-critical to teacher that he grants to create and recreate their se-
quences of classes and select tools that best meet their goals in the classroom;
Train teachers to let them know to use the available software for the teaching
of chemistry;
Encourage the use of visual tools in other content besides the considered com-
plex and difficult understanding as technology facilitator of knowledge con-
struction;
Encourage the practice and experience exchange among teachers on the use of
visual tools that can build more knowledge within that aspect;
Encourage critical view of teacher training so that they can select visual tools
that do not show conceptual errors that may confuse students.
Teach teachers to seek the web free tools on the web
Show that in schools where resources are scarce, alternative materials can be
used to build models, it is just needed the simply stimulus of the creativity of
teacher.
Conclusions
In this study, some researches that address visualizations and teacher training was
grouped. The articles read address different research topics, but all of them focus on as-
sisting the teacher in the exercise of its function as an educator.
24
2013, Nr. 1 (36)
The studies show that teachers have an interest in participating in activities, cours-
es, lectures and workshops, which can assist them to use visual tools. They show that dif-
ferent methodologies are being studied to teach teachers to use and create activities which
use visualizations in their approaches. In addition, they show the importance of teacher
reflection on their own teaching practice. To accomplish that, himself has to evaluate its
performance benefits and the performance of the methodology applied in order to im-
prove it.
There is still a need for initial training and continuing courses for chemistry teach-
ers. These courses should help them in the use of visual tool, since the technologies re-
flects on the students the need for new approaches to them to solve the doubts and make
them reflect and understand the chemistry at all levels providing concrete and coherent
learning. It is needed more investigations on the effectiveness of training for undergradu-
ate chemistry students, or teachers in initial training, on the use of visual tools at chemis-
try classes.
Also, there is a need of works trying to identify deficiencies of the initial prepara-
tion of teacher at the University and the relation of these deficiencies with the difficulties
that these teachers present in service. From in-service teachers, it was possible note they
need to know the applications of visual tools, because they do not know how to use them
even knowing its importance to the teaching of chemistry. In addition, in-service teacher
must attend training courses that assist in creating activities that use visualizations so it
does not become meaningless to the student. For the in-service teachers that have not par-
ticipated in training that aims at the use of visual tools, continuing education should be
studied in order to solve the problems of initial training. For the pre-service teachers the
initial formation should be improved, addressing several teaching tools.
Acknowledgements
References
Arroio, A. Visualizations in Natural Science Education: What we can “see”? Journal Baltic
Science Education, 11 (2), 2012.
Aksela, M., & Lundell, J. (2008). Computer-based molecular modelling: Finnish school
teachers’ experiences and views. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 9,
301–308.
Bilek, M., Machkova, V., & Simonova, I. (2011). The Virtual World in the General Chemistry
Education - Experience in Developing the Pregraduate Teachers' Competences in the
Czech Republic. Information Society (i-Society) International Conference, pp. 393–
397.
Carrarer, D. (1992). O papel do computador na aprendizagem. Acesso, 5, 21–30.
Dori, Y. & Barnea, N. (1997). In-servisce chemistry teachers’ training: the impact of
introducing teachers’ attitudes and classroom implementation. International Journal
of Science, 5, 577–592.
Dwyer, D., Ringstaff, C., & Sandholtz, J. (1990). Teacher Beliefs and Practices Part I:
Patterns of Change The Evolution of Teachers’ Instructional Beliefs and Practices in
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26
2013, Nr. 1 (36)
Laima Railienė
Šiaulių universitetas, Gamtamokslinio ugdymo tyrimų cen-
tras, Lietuva
Anotacija
Mokyklai, ugdomajam procesui būdinga kaita. Šią kaitą lemia nemažai veiksnių: eko-
nominiai, politiniai, socialiniai, žmonių gyvenimo pokyčių ir kt. Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo
ugdymo turinio kaitą nusakantys dokumentai pabrėžia, kad šiuolaikinėje mokykloje labai
svarbu taip pritaikyti ugdymo turinį, kad kiekvienas mokinys pagal savo poreikius įgytų ben-
drųjų ir dalykinių kompetencijų, kurios jam padėtų tolimesniame mokymosi procese, aktyvia-
me šiuolaikinės visuomenės gyvenime. Svarbu, kad mokinys bręstų kaip asmenybė, būtų pilie-
tiškas ir ugdytųsi tautinę savimonę. Ugdymo procese svarbiausias dėmesys turi būti nukreip-
tas į mokinį, jo asmenybės ugdymą. Šiuolaikinėje pamokoje pats mokinys turi būti aktyvus ug-
dymo(si) proceso dalyvis, o ne pasyvus klausytojas (Kompetencijų ugdymas, 2012).
Straipsnyje pateikiamas pavyzdys geografijos pamokos, kurioje buvo skatinama aktyvi
mokinių veikla, ugdomos geografijos dalyko ir bendrosios kompetencijos, mokoma bendra-
darbiauti.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: geografijos dalyko ir bendrosios kompetencijos, pamokos struktūra,
ugdymo(si) procesas.
Įvadas
Vienas svarbiausių sėkmingos pamokos veiksnių yra tinkamų mokymo stilių ir me-
todų panaudojimas. Daugybė mokymo strategijų leidžia mokiniams pasiekti vienu ar ke-
liais balais geresnių mokymosi rezultatų nei mokant įprastais ugdymo metodais. Kadangi
strategijų, kurios galėtų pagerinti mokinių darbą, daug, reikia rinktis tą, kuri duotų dau-
giausiai naudos. Į kiekvieną mokinį reikia žiūrėti kaip į individualią asmenybę, kuriai bū-
dingi saviti poreikiai. Tai sąlygoja ne tik dalykas, kurio mokinys mokosi, bet ir kiekvieno
mokinio asmeninės savybės, atskirų dalykų žinios, mokymosi motyvacija, kuri lemia
sėkmingą mokymą. Todėl būtina skatinti moksleivių mokymosi motyvaciją. Šiam tikslui
reikia panaudoti tinkamiausias mokymosi strategijas, stilius ir metodus.
Bendrojoje pagrindinio ugdymo geografijos programoje nurodoma, kad labai svar-
bu plėtoti mokinių geografinį pasaulėvaizdį, skatinti domėtis savo ir kitų šalių gamtos ir
visuomenės įvairove, plėsti mokinių geografijos žinias ir supratimą, padėti ugdyti sociali-
nę kompetenciją. Puoselėjamas mokinių nusiteikimas ir gebėjimas naudotis geografijos
žiniomis ir įgūdžiais asmeniniame, profesiniame gyvenime. Geografijos pamokose moki-
niai:
mokosi orientuotis gamtinėje ir visuomeninėje aplinkoje;
ugdymo(si) procese naudoja kartografinius kūrinius kaip patikimus informa-
cijos šaltinius;
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Kiekviena pamoka, taip pat ir geografijos, turi tam tikrą specifiką ir struktūrą. Tai
priklauso nuo pamokos temos, keliamų uždavinių, turimų resursų. Negalima palikti be
dėmesio ir tam tikros klasės mokinių pasirengimo mokytis, jų motyvacijos. Svarbūs yra
integraciniai ryšiai tarp geografijos ir kitų mokomųjų dalykų. Pamokos struktūra gali būti
įvairi, tačiau visada labai svarbu nustatyti, kiek mokiniai išmoko pamokoje, kokią padarė
pažangą, kokių tolimesnių veiksmų ir strategijų reikia imtis mokytojui, kad pasiektų lau-
kiamų rezultatų. Ypač svarbu, kad mokiniai patys pastebėtų savo mokymosi pažangą.
Šiame straipsnyje pristatoma 6 klasės geografijos pamoka, kurios tema ,,Sutartinių
ženklų analizavimas“. Visos pamokos struktūra pateikiama lentelėje (pav. 1).
Mokymosi uždaviniai:
mokiniai, remdamiesi turima patirtimi, išvardins 1–2 sutartinius ženklus, pastebėtus
savo aplinkoje;
remdamiesi geografinės informacijos šaltiniais (vadovėliu, žemėlapiais, sutartinių
ženklų lentelėmis ir kt.) nustatys ženkluose užkoduotą informaciją;
išnagrinėję sutartinius ženklus, minimaliai skaitys topografinį žemėlapį.
Mokymo metodai: aiškinimas, diskusija, Mokymosi motyvacijos skatinimas:
individualus moksleivių darbas ir dar- moksleivių aktyvumo skatinimas, sudominimas,
bas grupėse, didaktinis žaidimas, prak- atsakymų kortelių naudojimas, mokymosi individu-
tinis darbas. alizavimas ir diferencijavimas.
28
2013, Nr. 1 (36)
9. Individualus darbas. Mokiniai atlieka Mokiniai rankų judesiais kartojasi pagrindines pa-
užduotį ,,Topografinė kelionė“. saulio kryptis.
10. Prisimenami svarbiausi pamokos Mokiniai pagal mokytojos skaitomą tekstą pateik-
teiginiai. tuose lapuose piešia sutartinius ženklus. Po to pasi-
tikrina, kaip atliko užduotį.
11. Darbas su atsakymų kortelėmis.
Kartojasi sutartinių ženklų reikšmę, jų naudojimą.
12. Įsivertinimas.
Mokiniai, pakeldami korteles, atsako į skaidrėse
13. Refleksija. pateiktus teiginius.
Mokiniai lentelėje pagal pateiktą skalę įsivertina
savo darbą.
Mokiniai, 1 min. pagalvoję, turi pasakyti, kokių
naujų žodžių išgirdo pamokoje.
Namų darbai. Įdomioji užduotis. Mo- Apibendrinimas. Aptariami pamokoje atlikti darbai,
kiniai turi papuošti (aprengti) gyvūną atkreipiamas dėmesys į sėkmingai ir ne taip sėk-
topografiniais ženklais, panaudodami mingai atliktus darbus. Dar kartą primenama sutar-
tam mažiausiai 4–5 ženklus. tinių ženklų svarba.
IKT panaudojimas: multimedija, interaktyvioji len-
ta.
29
GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Uždaviniai
Sutartinių ženklų analizavimas • Mokiniai, remdamiesi turima patirtimi,
išvardins 1-2 sutartinius ženklus, pastebėtus
savo aplinkoje.
• Remdamiesi geografinės informacijos
šaltiniais (vadovėliu, žemėlapiais, sutartinių
ženklų lentele ir kt.) nustatys ženkluose
užkoduotą informaciją.
• Išnagrinėję sutartinius ženklus, skaitys
topografinį žemėlapį.
30
2013, Nr. 1 (36)
1 užduotis (grupėms)
Kokių sutartinių ženklų teko
pastebėti aplinkoje? Pagalvoti ir pasakyti po 1-2
ženklus, kuriuos teko pastebėti
aplinkoje.
Užduotys grupėms
Topografinė kelionė
• Grupių nariai analizuoja sutartinių ženklų lentelę (vad.
psl. 34) ir randa 1-2 palyginimus su tikrovėje matomais
objektais.
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Užduoties lentelė
Paaiškinimas: vienam topografiniam ženklui
1 2 3 4 5 6 ir pasaulio krypčiai skiriamas 1 langelis.
7 8 9 10 11 12
Topografinės kelionės
atsakymas
Pamokos pabaigoje mokiniai įsivertina darbą, aptaria, kaip jiems sekėsi atlikti už-
duotis, kas buvo sunkiau, kas pavyko geriau.
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2013, Nr. 1 (36)
Mokiniams labai patinka, kai pamokoje kaip metodas yra naudojamas didaktinis
žaidimas. Taip jie geriau įsimena naują informaciją. Didaktinis žaidimas mokiniams su-
teikia daug teigiamų emocijų.
Šeštos klasės mokiniai tik pradeda geografijos pamokoje dirbti ne tik individualiai,
bet ir grupėje. Jie turi išmokti laikytis darbo grupėje taisyklių. Labai svarbus pamokos
pabaigoje mokinių darbo aptarimas, jų įvertinimas, pačių mokinių įsivertinimas. Kaip ma-
tome iš pateikčių, šioje pamokoje panaudota iš pačių mokinių gauta informacija: nubrai-
žyti kelio į mokyklą planai, pateikti matytų ir žinomų sutartinių ženklų pavyzdžiai.
Apibendrinimas
Sėkminga pamoka labai priklauso nuo tinkamų mokymo stilių ir metodų panaudo-
jimo. Tinkamai parinkta mokymo strategija leidžia mokiniams pasiekti vienu ar keliais
balais geresnių mokymosi rezultatų nei mokant įprastais ugdymo metodais.
Labai svarbu, kad geografijos pamokose mokiniai įgytų dalykinių ir bendrųjų
kompetencijų.
Geografijos pamoka turi savo specifiką ir struktūrą. Tai lemia pamokos tema, ke-
liami uždaviniai, turimi resursai. Labai svarbus ir tam tikros klasės mokinių pasirengimo
mokytis lygis, jų motyvacija. Šeštokams sėkmingiau įsiminti naują medžiagą ugdymo(si)
procese labai padeda didaktinis žaidimas.
Literatūra
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Summary
Laima Railienė
Šiauliai University, Lithuania
Nowadays school training process faces different changes. This changing is influenced
by various factors: economical, political, social, people’s life changes and others. Teaching
contents must give students some certain knowledge and competence in the lessons.
One of the most successful lesson’s aspects is suitable teaching style’s and method’s
use. There are lots of teaching strategies which helps students to achieve higher results if
compared with usual teaching methods. It is necessary to choose the method which could be
most useful. It is important for students to acquire subject and common competences in geog-
raphy lessons. Every lesson, geography as well has got some certain specifics and structure. It
depends on the lesson’s topic, aim and resources. Student’s preparation for work and motiva-
tion are of great importance too.
The article introduces geography lesson in 6th form when students work individually
and in groups.
Key words: geography and common competences, lesson structure, teaching process.
Laima Railienė
PhD, Senior Researcher, University of Šiauliai, 25 P. Višinskio Street, Šiauliai, Lithuania. Teacher-
Expert, Kėdainiai „Rytas“ Basic School, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
E-mail: laimarailiene@yahoo.com
Website: http: / / www.gutc.su.lt
34
2013, Nr. 1 (36)
Abstract
Introduction
In today’s learning process, the importance of acquiring various skills and obliga-
tory knowledge for improving the general quality of individual lives and society as well
as for developing a responsible attitude towards the living environment is increasing. The
application of the sustainability principle is the assurance for a responsible attitude to-
wards the environment; education and training were recognized as key elements in posi-
tive changes of the value and attitude towards the environment. The announcement of the
period between 2005 and 2014 as the “Decade of Education for Sustainable Develop-
ment” by the United Nations (Council of the European Union, 2010) has confirmed that.
Due to the increasing awareness of the importance of sustainable development and
the need for education for sustainable development in accordance with international
documents, such as UNECE Strategy for Education for Sustainable Development
(adopted in Vilnius 2005), Slovenia has also developed a series of strategic documents as
well as Education Guidelines for Sustainable Development from pre-school to pre-
university education, 2007 (Resolution 57 / 254 on the United Nations Decade), action
plans and initiatives that have stressed the importance of environmental education and
encouraged the inclusion of nature and environmental protection contents into the school
area with the awareness that success in changing unsustainable trends will largely depend
on the high quality education for sustainable development at all levels of education (Sti-
pek, 2002).
By emphasizing the importance of protecting nature and the environment, contem-
porary trends in society, new environmental technologies, standards and legislations in
the EU, which require new skills and competences, follow also the need to develop new
professional profiles in the field of nature and environmental protection (Hvala
35
GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
In 2009–2010, the state of Slovenia launched two projects from the ESF (European
Social Fund) for innovative education and for creating appropriate conditions for experi-
ential education for sustainable development. Within these two projects, the Dravinja Val-
ley learning region was established, connecting two educational polygons, 15 learning
trails, 7 learning observation points, 3 cycling educational trails and the Development
Centre in Nature. With the establishment of the Dravinja Valley learning region an out-
door classroom in nature for the purpose of current development research in climate
change, green technology, bio-economy, self-sufficient supply, traditional practices of
environmental management and innovation was created.
This paper provides an evaluation of the Dravinja Valley learning region in terms
of sustainable ecosystemic dimensions: the dimension of integrity, prosperity and self-
sufficient supply, involving the local population. The main interest was the learning re-
gion´s contribution to the achievement of the educational goals for sustainable develop-
ment. For that reason and based on the sustainability factor, the criteria were developed
and an evaluation of the learning region according to the level of sustainability was made
in order to classify it in an appropriate model of sustainability.
This paper presents both educational polygons with the emphasis on experimental
learning about current environmental issues. Both polygons are equipped classrooms in
nature, aimed to raise the motivation of students and provide better possibilities for re-
search and practical training. The polygon for ecoremediation is intended for learning
about the adaptation to climate change, while the second polygon is focusing on how to
increase self-sufficient supply.
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2013, Nr. 1 (36)
This polygon was established within the framework of the project Establishing
Conditions for Experiential Learning for Sustainable Development, which was financially
supported by the Slovenian Ministry of Education in 2010.
The polygon is located in
the village of Dole in the
municipality of Poljčane in
Slovenia and covers 1.2 ha.
It is intended for the
purposes of education on
self-sufficient supply, from
the preschool education
level to the lifelong learning
level. Many educational
contents are presented as a
part of this educational
polygon concept, from
Figure 1: The educational centre in Dole with objects planning land use according
for sustainable energy use and garden patches to relief, exposition and
(photo by the author, 2012). inclination, soil
characteristics, water availability, to the field research of landscape components. Together
with land use, energy is a crucial issue in self-sufficient supply. The focus of the
educational polygon is on identifying the possibilities of using natural resources for self-
sufficiency regarding energy, which is closely related to gaining knowledge about the
soil, humus, organic material, water condition, climate conditions and animals. It is also
strengthening the
cooperation within the
local community.
The aim of the
educational polygon for
self-sufficient supply is to
present the possibilities
of an individual's self-
sufficiency in terms of
available resources and to
simultaneously explore
new possibilities of an
economical relationship
towards nature and
environment in
Figure 2: The soil cultivation is the basic task
innovative ways. The
of the educational polygon (photo by the author, 2012)
educational polygon
offers various knowledge contents in the field of permaculture and the natural way of
living. The key objective of the education on self-sufficient supply is to connect – through
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
experiential learning – the contents of natural sciences with those of social sciences,
which is also the mission of geography (www.ucilnicavnaravi.si).
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Conclusion
Educational polygons represent the complex classroom in nature with its most im-
portant natural and anthropogenic forms of ecoremediation and self-sufficient supply that
were recognized as an opportunity for cognition and understanding of ecosystemic func-
tions so that we can find sustainable ways of solving ecological problems in the course of
sustainable development. These polygons enable acquisition of interdisciplinary knowl-
edge and competences in the field of nature preservation by using a variety of learning
methods that the experts emphasise as vital: practical class (learning by doing), project
work, experimental work and problem-based teaching (Boekaerts, Corno, 2005; Cortese,
1999).
The key purpose of the polygons is that the learner in the outdoor classroom tries to
identify basic environmental problems through gathering different measurements, analy-
ses, information processing and by making comparisons. Based on this, the learner can
individually or / and with help of a teacher, as a catalyst in the learning process, discover
causes and effects of various environmental problems and furthermore, based upon the
collected data, look for a solution (Zupan, Vovk Korže, 2008). The basic purpose of the
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
education polygons is to develop and strengthen the individual's ability to recognize and
understand the processes that are taking place in nature and the environment and based
upon that educate students in monitoring and analysing so that they can critically validate
the consequences that are brought upon by the scientific and technological development,
and furthermore to search for alternative solutions in regard to the needs of future genera-
tions. Sustainable development considers natural processes and the carrying capacity of
our planet; therefore it is crucial to know what these processes are.
Acknowledgement
Educational polygons were established within the project that was supported by the
Slovenian Ministry of Education and Sport.
References
Boekaerts, M., & Corno, L. (2005). Self-regulation in the classroom: A perspective on as-
sessment and intervention. Applied psychology: An International Review, 54 (2), 199–
231.
Cortese, D. A. (1999). Education for sustainability; The need for a new human perspective.
Second Nature.
Council of the European Union. Council conclusions on increasing the level of basic skills in
the context of European cooperation on schools for the 21st. century. 3046th Educa-
tion, youth, Culture and Sport Council Meeting. Brussels. 2010;
CPI – Center RS za poklicno izobraževanje. (n.d.). Retrieved 27/02/2013, from
http://www.cpi.si/
Dell’Olio Jeanine, M., & Donk, T. (2007). Models of teaching. Sage Publications. London /
New Delhi.
Hvala Kamenšček, P. (2007). Vidiki, možnosti in priložnosti strukturiranja vsebin področja
varstva naravnih vrednot, varstva kulturne dediščine in varstva okolja pri koncipiranju
novih izobraževalnih modulov. Center za poklicno izobraževanje, pp. 20–25.
Resolution 57 / 254 on the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
(2005-2014), 2002.
Stipek, D. (2002). Motivation to learn; Integrating theory and practice. Fourth Edition. Allyn
and Bacon.
Zupan, A., & Vovk Korže, A. (2008). Dejavnosti za spodbujanje trajnostnega razvoja v šoli =
Educational activities to stimulate the sustainable development. Trajnostni razvoj v šoli
in vrtcu, 1, 25–32.
Učilnica v naravi. Classroom in nature. (n.d.). Retrieved 27/02/2013, from
http://www.ucilnicavnaravi.si
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Сергей Телешов
ГБОУ СОШ № 113, Санкт-Петербуг, Россия
Аннотация
Введение
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контрольная;
координационная;
мотивационная;
развивающая;
самоконтроля;
самообразовательная;
систематизирующая;
формирования знаний;
5. Место учебника среди средств обучения
«Химическое образование» – это понятие, включающее в себя как процесс,
так и результат усвоения систематизированных научных знаний, предметных
умений и ценностных отношений. Оно является системой материальных и
идеальных химических объектов, используемых для достижения всех целей
обучения химии. «Средства обучения химии», в свою очередь, – понятие,
подчинённое более общему понятию «средства химического образования».
Назначением средств обучения является выполнение обучающей функции.
Используя различные литературные источники и собственный методический опыт,
мы предлагаем вниманию коллег обобщающую таблицу (табл. 1), включающую в
себя разнообразные виды средств обучения химии, применяющихся в современной
школе (Телешов, Телешова, 2012).
Таблица 1
Важнейшие школьные средства обучения (фрагмент)
СРЕДСТВА ОБУЧЕНИЯ
учебно-материальные дидактико-методические
символико-графические
УЧЕБНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ
/ УЧЕБНИКИ, ЗАДАЧНИКИ, ХРЕСТОМАТИИ,
СПРАВОЧНИКИ, ЖУРНАЛЫ, НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА;
ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ… / ;
МОДЕЛИ / ЗНАКОВЫЕ. АНАЛОГОВЫЕ / ;
ТАБЛИЦЫ, ПЛАКАТЫ, СХЕМЫ, ДИАГРАММЫ, ГРАФИКИ;
БАНК ДАННЫХ МЕТОДИЧЕСКИХ ПОСОБИЙ;
ЭКРАННЫЕ УСТРОЙСТВА И ПРИСПОСОБЛЕНИЯ / ВИДЕОЗАПИСИ,
МУЛЬТИМЕДИА, ДИАФИЛЬМЫ, ТЕЛЕФИЛЬМЫ
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Таблица 2
Обобщённые критерии для выбора учебного текста
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применение обязательно
номенклатуры
ИЮПАК
энергетическая обязательна в курсе
трактовки (∆G0реак.) желательна – неорганической и
при характеристи- органической химии
ке химических
реакций
имеет место 1. чётко различаются понятия «элемент», «атом», «атомная частица»,
научность «вещество»;
изложения и 2. даны вещественные характеристики всех закономерностей химии
корректность (уравнения реакций, табличные данные);
формулировок, 3. правильная трактовка понятий: «химический элемент», «химичес-
отсутствие кая связь», «степень окисления»;
ошибок 4. химическая связь рассматривается после изучения периодичес-
(противонаучных кого закона;
высказываний), в 5. не допускаются высказывания: «атом отдаёт (?!) электроны»,
т.ч. логических «молекулы состоят из атомов»
6. М.В.Ломоносову не приписывается открытие, в т.ч. эксперимен-
тальное, закона сохранения массы
возможность обязательно
выполнить
образовательный
стандарт
Таблица 3
Диагностика учебников химии для 8 класса
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Таблица 4
Диагностика учебников химии для 9 класса
Таблица 5
Диагностика учебников химии для 10 (11) класса / базовый уровень,
неорганика /
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Таблица 6
Диагностика учебников химии для 11 (10) класса / базовый уровень, органика /
автор (-ы) объём, число чи- предмет- несоответствия, достоинства
год стр: об- стр. на сло ный ошибки
издания щее / из- урок ПР указатель (misconceptions)
учение
Гузей Л.С., 235 / 180 нет рассчитан на 2 13 лаб. опытов;
…, 11 кл., (1 нед / 9,5 12 нед. часа указаны электрон-
2002 ч) (2 нед 3,5 12 ные эффекты
/ ч)
Ерёмин 207 / 182 есть мало практи- 11 лаб. опытов;
В.В., …, 11 (1 нед / 6,3 2 ческих работ (ПР); резюме к главам
кл., 2008 ч) 2,9 2
(2 нед /
ч)
Нифантьев 287 / 236 нет рассчитан на 2 можно применять в
Э.Е., 10 кл., (1 нед / 10,7 9 нед. часа профильных клас-
2010 ч) 4,3 9 сах; есть домашний
(2 нед / эксперимент;
ч)
Цветков 279 / 192 есть рассчитан на 2 можно применять в
Л.А., 10-11 (1 нед / 8,7 9 нед. часа профильных клас-
кл., 2003 ч) 3,5 9 сах; 15 лаб. опытов
(2 нед /
ч)
Шелинс- 206 / 185 есть рассчитан на 2 можно применять в
кий Г.И.. (1 нед / 7,4 6 нед. часа профильных клас-
…, 10 кл., ч) (2 нед 3,2 6 сах; введены эле-
2006 / ч) менты
термодинамики
Таблица 7
Диагностика учебников химии для 11 (10) класса / профильный уровень /
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Таблица 8
Обобщение
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Резюме
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Литература
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION. ISSN 1648-939X
Summary
Sergey Teleshov
Secondary School No.113 in Saint-Petersburg, Russia
History school textbook on chemistry in the Russian Empire beginning in the first half
of the 19th century. Which textbooks in chemistry were the first? Who were their authors?
What do You know about first stable tutorials in 1930-ies? All of this is briefly reflected in
proposed to Your attention. You will learn about the first criteria that guided the first authors
of textbooks in 1803 and 1840 уу. You can read also about the pedagogical censorship, which
appeared in 1869. Finally, You will be offered to current approaches to assessing the quality
of the texts. The first formulation of this issue was started in the last decades of the 20th centu-
ry.
The author presents a comparative description of modern Russian textbooks, performed
on the basis of the proposed criteria. Any teacher can evaluate themselves in accordance with
these views and, on that basis, selective tutoring for his school.
Seemingly has everything You need to create the ideal textbook, but it has not yet been
established. At the same time in education appeared e-learning tools, including e-learning
textbook. In addition to traditional types of information - text, tables, pictures etc. - electronic
textbooks may use and new – speech, music, movie videos, animations and other colored. It is
possible to use multiple document, presenting system information, hypertext links. Now, au-
thors and consumers will face two challenges: the quality of these tests and their correlation
with classical, i.e. paper. Thus arises the question of creation of ergonomic tutorial of the
twenty-first century.
All of these issues are also being addressed in the proposed below.
Key words: history textbooks, quality criteria for classic and electronic textbooks, ergonomic
tutorial.
Sergey Teleshov,
Teacher, Secondary School No.113 in Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
E-mail: histmetodik@mail.ru
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INFORMACIJA AUTORIAMS
Moksliniai straipsniai. Tekstas turi būti mokslo straipsniams būdingos struktūros: trumpa anotacija (jos pa-
baigoje pateikiami pagrindiniai žodžiai); įvade atskleidžiama tyrimo problema ir aktualumas, problemos ištyrimo
laipsnis, tyrimo tikslas ir kt., metodologija (tyrimo konceptualusis pagrindas ir metodika); tyrimų rezultatai; išvados;
nurodyta naudota literatūra.
Prie straipsnio (žemiau literatūros sąrašo) turi būti santrauka (jos pabaigoje pagrindiniai žodžiai) anglų kalba
(apie 150–200 žodžių). Straipsnio pavadinimas taip pat pateikiamas anglų kalba.
Literatūros sąrašas sudaromas abėcėlės tvarka, nenumeruojamas, pavyzdžiui, Vaitkevičius J. (2000). Gamta ir
žmogus: kai kurie sąveikos aspektai gamtamokslinio ugdymo kontekste. Kn. Gamtamokslinis ugdymas bendrojo
lavinimo mokykloje: VI respublikinės mokslinės-praktinės konferencijos straipsnių rinkinys. Vilnius, p. 75–78.
Tekste esančiose nuorodose skliausteliuose rašoma autoriaus pavardė ir metai, pavyzdžiui, (Vaitkevičius,
2000). Pateikiant tikslią citatą, nurodomas ir puslapis – (Vaitkevičius, 2000, p. 75).
Kiekvieno straipsnio metrikoje (žemiau santraukos) turi būti nurodyta, kada jis įteiktas redakcijai (data), insti-
tucija (-os), kuriai (-ioms) autorius (-iai) atstovauja, autorių adresai (ir elektroninio pašto).
Straipsnių apimtis iki 7 psl. Tekstas renkamas „PC Windows“ („WinWord“ V2.0, V6.0, V7.0, „Word 98“,
„Word 2000“) teksto redaktoriumi. Raidynas „Times New Roman“, dydis – 12 pt, teksto intervalas normalus. Dėl
didesnės straipsnio apimties tartis su redakcija. Straipsniai recenzuojami.
Metodiniai straipsniai. Tekstas renkamas laikantis tų pačių reikalavimų. Tačiau straipsnio struktūra gali būti
trejopa, atsižvelgiant į straipsnio turinį:
a) apibendrintos pedagoginės patirties aprašymas. Šiems straipsniams būdingas istorinis aspektas, per il-
gesnį laikotarpį atskiro pedagogo ar ugdymo įstaigos sukauptos patirties analizė, apibendrinimas bei įvertinimas;
b) gamtamokslinio ugdymo kokybės vertinamojo tyrimo rezultatai. Tokia straipsnio forma tiks ugdymo
kokybės kontrolę vykdančioms šalies, apskričių, miestų, rajonų institucijoms, įskaitant ugdymo įstaigas, gamtamoks-
linio ugdymo kokybės tyrimų rezultatams publikuoti;
c) pedagoginės veiklos tyrimo rezultatai. Tokiame straipsnyje autorius galės pateikti gamtamokslinio ug-
dymo naujovių efektyvumo tyrimo konkrečioje mokykloje ar klasėje rezultatus, įvertinant taikytų priemonių, inova-
cijų efektyvumą, teikiant rekomendacijas. Ši straipsnio forma bus aktuali aktyviausiems, kūrybingiausiems, mėgstan-
tiems ir drįstantiems eksperimentuoti pedagogams.
Išsamus reikalavimų metodiniams straipsniams aprašymas pateiktas žurnalo „Gamtamokslinis ugdymas“ in-
terneto svetainėje adresu http: / / www.gu.projektas.lt / GUwww / autoriams.htm
Autoriai taip pat turi pateikti informaciją apie save: vardas (būtinai visas), pavardė, institucija, pareigos, tikslus
adresas. Autorius turi raštu patvirtinti, kad straipsnis nebuvo pateiktas kitam leidiniui.
Straipsnius pateikti elektroniniu paštu.
Redakcijos adresas: Mokslinis metodinis centras „Scientia Educologica“, Donelaičio g. 29, LT-78115 Šiauliai. El.
paštas: gu@projektas.lt, gamtamu@mail.ru; telef. +370 687 95 668.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
The journal GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS publishes scientific, methodical (investigations of educational expe-
riences, case study of science education, action research and etc.) articles and other original materials relating to the
results of investigations and new experiences in the field of natural science education. All materials sent to the GU
should not have been previously published or submitted for publication to other national or international journals.
The authors should fulfill the following instructions: The word processed manuscripts of the articles, single
spaced and written in Lithuanian, English or Russian should be sent in duplicate, in white paper (A4), keeping mar-
gins of 2.5 cm. An electronic copy must be included on diskette (PC format). The preliminary text of the article can
be sent as a.doc file in the attachment by e-mail: gu@projektas.lt.
The text must be elaborated in Word for Windows or compatible word processors, using 12 point Times New Roman
letters. The manuscript must have a maximum 7-8 pages, included figures, tables and bibliography. The language
must be clear and accurate. The manuscript should be written in an impersonal style.
The structure for article: Title, names and surnames of the authors, the institution to which they belong, abstract
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The publishing of materials does not mean that the editors are in agreement with the points of view covered by the
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Other information: Authors should give full personal details (full name and surname, address, phone number, e-
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E-mail: gu@projektas.lt; gamtamu@mail.ru ; Phone: +370 687 95668.
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GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS
2013, 1(36)
Sudarė Vincentas Lamanauskas (vyriaus. red.)
Redaktorė Rūta Bukelskytė-Jurkaitienė
Dailininkė Jurgina Jankauskienė
Leidybos vadovė Danguolė Vasiliauskienė
Adresas Address
MMC „Scientia Educologica“ SMC „Scientia Educologica“
Donelaičio g. 29, LT-78115 Šiauliai, Lietuva Donelaičio Street 29, LT-78115 Šiauliai, Lithuania
El. paštas gu@projektas.lt E-mail: gu@projektas.lt
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Interneto svetainė http: / / www.gu.projektas.lt Home page: http: / / www.gu.projektas.lt
Kontaktinis asmuo Laima Railienė Contact person: Laima Railienė
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