Earth and life science A.

Y 2021-2022

● He introduced electrical sparks into the mixture . After

OUTLINE a few days, molecules similar to amino acids that are
1. Introduction to life science found in all living things were formed, his experiment
2. Characteristics of life proved that the first organic molecules could have
3. Biologist been formed from primitive earth.
4. Cells
5. Evidence of evolution Characteristics of life
6. Ecosystems Wag na mag intro yawa HAHAH
All living living things are made up of cells
Introduction A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is
❖ How did life on earth begin? responsible for all of life's processes
For some the origin of life could be explained by the Two types of cells
spontaneous generation theory which states that life forms can ● Unicellular- Single celled organism
be generated from inanimate objects. This belief had been Types:
around since the time of aristotle. ➢ prokaryotic cells/ organisms
Spontaneous generation ➢ Eukaryotic cells/ organisms
● The outmoded theory that living organism, rather than Examples: Bacteria, yeast, Amoeba
coming from the reproduction of their species, arise ● Multicellular- made up of more than one cell
from the non-living objects Examples: Humans, plant, cells
Francesco Redi Cytology- the study of cells. All living things are made up of
● Was able to disprove the spontaneous generation cells. Life starts from a cell
theory when he experimented by placing meat in a jar. All living things reproduce
Reproduction is one thing that’s a major part in life, as it is
something that every organism can do.
Two Types of reproduction
● Asexual- genetically fromed by one parent.
● Sexual- needs 2 parent to reproduce (example human
hahahah o lam mo na tawag don)
All living things are based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
DNA is the genetic code found in every cell. It also can be
inherited from parents and controls your traits.
DNA= Deoxyribonucleic acid
● DNA is pivotal to our growth, reproduction, and
health.
➢ Factors: air and smell
Living things grow and develop
Lazzaro Spallanzani, 1784 The Growth and development of living organisms are not the
● 1st artificial insemination in a dog
same things. Growth is the increase in size and mass of that
● Believed that spallanzani was the first to report the
organism. Development involves the transformation of the
effects of cooling on human sperm
organism as it goes through the growth process.
● He noted in 1776 that sperm cooled by snow became
Living things obtain and use materials and energy
motionless
Living things obtain and use material and energy to grow,
Alexander Oparin develop, and reproduce.
● In 1953, He was a russian scientist who hypothesized
Metabolism- The combination of chemical reactions through
that the atmosphere of primitive earth contained gases
which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
like ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and water vapor.
Multiple ways of getting food
He explained the energy of lightning and ultraviolet
Autotroph They make their own food
rays from chemical compounds. As they mixed with EX: Plants, lichens, and algae bakit?? Kasi nag
rain and hot seas, they formed complex organic produce sila ng photosynthesis.
molecules which was similar to what living things are Heterotroph Known as consumers EX: dogs, humans.
made of Decomposer Break down dead material for food EX: fungi,
Stainley I. Miller bacteria, worms etc.
● An American scientist, Stanley L. Miller performed an
experiment using a mixture of the glass suggested by All living things responds to their environment
oparin.

Earth and life science

 ● Internal stimuli- Internal stimuli are changes in He discovered the basic principles of heredity through
condition inside the body. EX: being hungry ganun experiments in his monastery’s garden
● External stimuli- external stimuli are changes in ● foundation of modern genetics and leading to the
condition outside the body. EX: sweating study of heredity.
living things maintains a stable internal environment There are seven different traits 2 types of traits
Homeostasis- also means “steady” and “same”. It helps the Shape of seed Shape of pods Dominant traits
body to maintain a stable internal environment. Color of seed Plant height Recessive traits
3 main components of homeostasis Color of pods Position of flowers
receptor Is the structure that monitors internal conditions Flower color
Control It receives and processes infos from the receptor EX: The
center nucleus is like the remote control center of the cell. It acts Charles darwin
as the cell's brain by telling it what to do, how to grow, and ● English naturalist
when to reproduce.
Contribution- the collection of a tremendous amount of genetic
effector Is any organ or tissue that receives infos from the control
data, and attempt to provide a theoretical framework for its
center and acts to bring about the changes needed to
maintain homeostasis interpretation. He formulated a developmental theory of heredity
“PANAGENISIS”
Taken as a group, living things change over time CELL
Taken as a group, living things evolve. Over generations, groups ● A cell is a fundamental unit of life
of organisms evolve, or change over time. Evolutionary change ● All the living organisms are made up of a cell
links all forms of life to a common origin more than 3.5 billion ● Known as the fundamental unit of life because it
years ago. regulates all the functions inside an organisms
Biologist ● latin= a little room
● Robert Hook (1665)
Carolus Linnaeus Two types of cells
● Father of taxonomy 1. Prokaryotic
● Swedish naturalist and explorer ● Lacks nucleus
Contributions- “development of a hierarchical system of ➢ EX: bacteria
classification of nature” it includes the 8 taxa 2. Eukaryotic
8 Taxa ● Contains nucleus
1. Domain 5. Order ➢ EX: plants and bacteria
2. Kingdom 6. Family Part of cells and its functions
3. Phylum 7. Genus Cell membrane Controls what enters and exit the cell
4. Class 8. Species Nuclear membrane Controls what enters and exit the
nucleus
Thomas Malthus nucleus Control center of the cell
● English economist and demographer chromosomes Genetic info in the nucleus
Contribution- “Population growth will always tend to outrun the Endoplasmic reticulum Transport system in the cell
food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible Ribosome Organelle that makes protein
without strict limits on reproduction.” Golgi body Organelle that packages proteins
Vacuole Stores water or waste
Jean Baptiste De Lamarck
Lysosome Brakes down old cells parts
● French biologist and evolutionary theorist
Mitochondria (is a … charot) Organelle for cellular respiration
● Founder of invertebrate paleontology provides energy
He is best known for his idea that acquired characters are
inheritable known as “Lamarckism”. Human cells
Charles lyell ● Bone cells
● Scottish geologist ● Rbc (red blood cells)
● Author of principles of geology ● White blood cells
He introduced the theory of uniformitarianism ● Motor neuron
➢ According to him, “all features of the earth’s surface ● Intestine cells
are produced by physical, chemical, and biological ● Ovum
processes.” ● Sperm cells
Gregor Mendel
● Botanist, teacher, and agustinian prelate
● “Father of modern genetics”

Earth and life science

 3. Anatomy
The female body 4. Embryology
A. Estrogen 5. Biochemistry
● Development of secondary sex characteristics
● Growth of uterus during puberty Radiocarbon dating is a method that provides objective age
● Initial growth of endometrium during estimates for carbon-based materials that originated from living
menstrual cycle organisms. An age could be present in sample and comparing
B. Progesterone this against an intentionally used reference standard
● Development of breast during puberty Patterns of evolution
● Growth of endometrium during menstrual Parallel evolution
cycle ● Two related species made similar evolutionary
● Inhibition of uterine contractions during changes after their divergence.
pregnancy ● Marsupial and placental mammals
Testosterone (male) Example
A. Optimal testosterone ➢ Sugar glider in Australia and flying squirrel in
● Sharper mind north america.
● Happy Patterns for natural selection
● Healthy heart Convergent evolution
● Plenty of energy ● When two species look alike but do not have common
● Confident ancestor
● Increased muscle mass Characteristics
● Strong erections ➢ Similar in appearance
● Strong bones ➢ Similar in function
B. Low testosterone ➢ Different in development, origin, and anatomy
● Low energy Example
● Increased fat tissue ➢ Opossum and Aye-Aye
● Increased risk of E.D and low libido
● High risk of alzheimer's disease Anatomical evidence of evolution focuses on similarities and
● Depressed differences in the body structures of different species.
● High risk of osteoporosis Homologous structure
Evidence of evolution Synonym- Homologues
In evolution, there are body parts of species that have similar
Evolution features, indicating common ancestor or same developmental
Evolution is the process of biological change by which species origin
of organisms change over time. Example
● Evolution is a central theme in all fields of biology ● Human heart and turtle heart
today. Analogous structure
Have the same functions, but have different evolutionary origins.
Example
● Bird and insect wings.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting
with each other and their nonliving environment .
What makes up an ecosystem?
● All living things
➢ Plants, animals and bacteria
● Non living things
➢ Sun, soil and rocks
Evidence Concept
1. The fossils record Everything in the natural world is connected
2. Biogeography plants and animals depend on each other to survive
● Geographic distribution of species has revealed that (biodiversity)
unrelated species in different regions of the world look
like when found in similar environments.

Earth and life science

 plants and animals within an area interact with each
other with nonliving elements of the area, such as
climate, water, soil and so on.
Functions of eco systems
Habitat functions
Ecosystems provide habitat to wild plants and animals and thus
conserve biological and genetic diversity. It supports different
food chains
Production functions
Production of a wide range of goods ranging from food to raw
materials.
Regulatory functions
Ecosystems regulates essential ecological processes and life
support systems and renders stability
● Every ecosystems regulates and mountains itself and
resist any stresses disturbance upto a certain limit this
is known as cybernetic systems
Information functions
Ecosystems provide an essential “reference function” and
contribute to maintenance of human health providing
opportunities for spiritual enrichment, cognitive development,
recreation and aesthetic experience
2 types of ecosystems
Biotic
Composed of living things
Abiotic
Composed of non- living things

Roles in an ecosystems
1. Producers
Plants- they use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make
their own food
2. Consumers
Animals- they must eat plant or other animals for food
3. Decomposers
Bacteria and fungi- get energy by feeding on the dead bodies
of plants and animals

Earth and life science