Problem 1

Part a)
Ways of expressing water content.

1. As humidity ( ie. Mass per unit volume): lb/mmscf or kg/m3

2. As a molar percentage or mole fraction of the gas

The assumption that allows us to measure water content is that we assume that it is fully saturated with water at the

Part b)
The methods involved are:

Solvent dehydration (Absorption): this involves injecting a solvent (usually Triethylene glycol) which absorbs most of the water from the gas. The advantage
of this is that it has lower operating costs and has relatively low-pressure differences across the system, making it more stable. However, because the dew
point is 40°C, so the gas must be at a temperature above this.

Solid dehydration (Adsorption): this involves adsorption columns containing adsorption agents such as zeolites or silica gels removing water from the
natural gas. The advantages of this method are that it is simpler to do and removes more water. It also allows lower dew point temperatures, which
remove more water. The quality of product is less affected by temperature change. The disadvantages are that it has very expensive operational and capital
costs. It also requires more regular cleaning than other methods.

Part c)
Natural gas is mainly composed of methane, which has a higher hydrogen to carbon ratio. This gives it a higher energy content. As thermal decomposition
of methane occurs, it produces less carbon dioxide and more water than coal. This is due to the fact of this higher hydrogen to carbon ratio, as more energy
is used to form O-H bonds with water than with C-O bonds in carbon dioxide. Coal has a larger ratio of carbon to hydrogen, and so it will produce more
carbon dioxide and less water per mole of gas burnt. Therefore, it produces less carbon dioxide than coal. About 117 pounds of co2 are produced per
million British thermal units of energy produced from natural gas, whereas 200 pounds of co2 are produced per million British thermal units of energy
produced from coal.

https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=73&t=11#:~:text=The%20amount%20of%20CO2%20produced,carbon%20content%20of%20the%20fuel.&text=
Natural%20gas%20is%20primarily%20methane,CO2%2Dto%2Denergy%20content.
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/bondenthalpies.html

https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/market-reports-show-record-drop-co2-emissions-power-production-2019-and-record-lng-imports-2020-apr-07_en

Global CO2 emissions in 2019 – Analysis - IEA

Part d)
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the generation of electricity from coal powered stations, fell by 26% as compared to the previous year. In 1990, natural gas
accounted for 8.6% of all electricity generation. In 2019, it accounts for nearly 30% of the electricity generated. And in the fourth quarter of 2019, electricity
generated by natural gas increased by 15%. In 2019, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 12%. While a large part (40%) of this was caused
by renewables and nuclear, the main cause was due to switching from coal to natural gas. A large factor was because of Germany increasing the amount of
liquid fuels (including LNG) it bought in 2019.

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/quarterly_report_on_european_electricity_markets_q_4_2019_final.pdf

https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-natural-gas#:~:text=Natural%20gas%20is%20a%20fossil,new%20coal%20plant%20%5B1%5D.

Part e)
Coal powered electricity has fell 40% from 2008 to 2017. Natural gas was cheaper and more abundant in this period. This caused the switch from coal to
natural gas in a lot of areas in the USA. Because the natural gas emites less carbon dioxide than the coal,
Part f)

Drawn using draw.io

Problem 2

Given that the ratio of gas to water is 95:5, this means that for 90,000 moles of gas, there are 4736.9 moles of water at the inlet, which means that for the
inlet, the mole fraction of water is:
4736.8
𝑌𝐴1 = = 0.05
90,000 + 4736.8
This can then be converted to water content in lb/MMscf,
This will be first done by converting the mole fraction into lb by multiplying it by the molecular mass which is 18 lb/lbmol
𝑙𝑏 𝐻2 𝑂
0.05 × 18 = 0.9
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given that at 60°F and 14.7 psia 1 mole of a gas occupies 379.5 scf, then the mass of the water content (W) can be divided by 379.5
0.9 𝑙𝑏𝐻2 𝑂
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0023715415
379.5 𝑠𝑐𝑓

To convert from 𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑐𝑓 to 𝑙𝑏/𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓, we can multiply the value of W by 1,000,000. This results in:
𝑙𝑏𝐻2 𝑂
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 2371.5
𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓
Assume that 99.5% of all water in the gas is removed. Hence:
0.5 𝑙𝑏𝐻2 𝑂
𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2371.5 × = 11.8575
100 𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓

Assume that flow rate of the gas is 10 MMscfd from literature

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289853980_Natural_gas_dehydration_using_Triethylene_Glycol_TEG#:~:text=The%20study%20revealed%20th
at%20a,temperature%20of%20204.4%20%C2%B0C.

Now, we can use the following formula to calculate rate of water removed:

𝑄𝐺 (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑜 )
𝑊𝑟 =
24
2371.5 − 11.8575
𝑊𝑟 = 10 ×
24
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑊𝑟 = 983.184375 = 23596.425
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Assume TEG rate is 3 gal/lb

 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑇𝐸𝐺,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3 × 983.184375 = 2949.55
ℎ𝑟
Assume stripping gas, hence purity of glycol is 99.99%, hence,

𝑋𝐴2 ~0.01

Assume that glycol losses are 0.001% by mass when recycling. Losses are due to possible mixing with gas, some may be evaporated in reboiler as well.
Assume that operating temperature of regenerator is 200°C to minimize loss of TEG.

Considering the impurities and degradation.

2949.55 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑇𝐸𝐺,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 2949.79
0.9999 ℎ𝑟

Problem 3
Part a)
calculations are shown in the excel file

First, the mass flow rate of stream A is converted to molar flow rate, by dividing by the molar mass

Then given we know the molar compositions of the streams B and D as well as the total molar flow rate of each stream, we determine number of moles of
each component. This is done by multiplying mole fraction of the component by the total number of moles in the stream. Then by using mole balance, the
remaining molar flow rate for stream C is calculated. The remaining moles of each component is also calculated. Then the mole fraction is calculated by
dividing the number of moles in each component by the total number of moles in stream C. Using this, we can calculate the mole fraction of water which is
0.070567 or 7.06%.

Part b)
Assumption:

1. flow is horizontal, so gravity negligible

2. Temperature distribution is uniform
3. Pressure remains constant
4. Density is greater in liquids than in gases
The resulting molar flow rates form part a were then multiplied by the molar mass of each component within streams c and d, they were then divided by
the densities provided in the question. Then they were divided by 3600 to give speed in terms of per second rather than per hour. This resulted in a
superficial velocity. This resulted in the superficial velocities for C as 0.29 m/s and for D as 0.088 m/s

Part c)
Using assumption 4 in part b, and the horizontal flow regime diagram below, we can assume that phase C is a gas whereas phase D is a liquid. We can also
see that the flow regime of this stratified flow.