What is Globalization?

Ito ay isang sistema na kung saan nagkakaroon ng pakikipag-ugnayan at pag-kukuha ng mga idea ng mga bawat tao
nang-gagaling sa isang bansa. Dito din tayo nagkakaroon ng trading kung tawagin natin. Mas napapadali ang transaction
ng isang product papunta sa kinagagalingan.

Halimbawa ng Global Economic Imperialism : Katulad nalang ni Juan nag-aaral sa kolehiyo. Tuwing lunes pumupunta siya
sakanilang bakuran upang magkaroon ng ehersisyo na sa pamamagitan ng “ Jumping Rope” at Pagkatapos pupunta na
siya CR upang maligo na ang kanyang gamit na sabon ay “DOVE” na gamit pa ang kanyang Tsenelas na “Havanas” galling
sa divisoria na ito ay local na product na galling sa pilipinas. Pagkatapos ang kanyang pagligo , naka-ugalian na din niyang
kumain ng paborito niyang ulam sa umagahan na “SPAM” nanggaling sa abroad na ito ay isang “IMPORTED” regalo ng
kanyang mga kaibigan sa ibang bansa. Dali niya aayusin ang kanyang mga gamit sa skwelahan at gamit niyang sapatos na
nanggaling sakanyang tatay na nagtratrabaho sa ibang na brand “World Balance” at isang sapatos niya para sakanyang
PE ay ang “NIKE” . Napagsyahan nila na sasakay sa isang sasakyan na tawagin na “TAMARRAW XS” na gawa sa Pilipinas
na kanyang material ay galling sa iba’t ibang bansa. Habang nasa sasakyan sila ay kumakain na din sila na kanilang
paboritong pagkain tulad ng “PASAS,APPLE at ORANGE”. Kanyang telephono ay “Iphone 6 Triple Sim”magpaalam na
sakanyang para nakarating na sakanyang skwelahan.

All Amounts Of Product (9Products)

Global Economic Imperialism – Ito ay isang tao na marami na ang kanyang nagagamit na producto na galling sa iba’t
ibang bansa.

Reich (1998)
Say that it is a term whose meaning is obscure.

Schottle (1995)
State that “globalization stands for quite a large spread across the world as one of the defining terms of 20th Century
social consiciousness.

Rosenau (1996)
Recognize such a tendency when he state that:
Globalization is not the same as globalism, which points our aspiration for an end state of affairs wherein values are
shared by or pertinent to the all world’s five billion people, their environment, their roles as citizens, consumers and
procedures with an interest in collective action designed to solve common problems. Nor it universalism – values that
embrace all humanity.

Mcgrew (1990)
Globalization is described as something that is comprised of multiple sameness and interconnectedness that go beyond
the nation states. It is a process in which individuals and organizations in one part of the world are affected by the
activities, affairs, and convictions on another part of the globe.
Isang platform na ginagamit ang mga tao sa ibang bansa.

Cerny (1997)
Defines it is a cluster of economic and political frameworks and procedures deriving from the changing marks of the
interests and assets that comprise the foundation of the international political economy , specifically , the expanding
structural differences of those interests and assets.

PROCESS VS IDEOLOGY
Unang dekada nagkaroon ng debate ang mga scholar tungkol sa globalization na tulad ng iba ay consider na process
ngunit hindi sila naniniwala na kinokompera na ideology.
Freeden (2003)
Posits that globalization denotes a range of processes nesting under one rather unwieldy epithet. In par, it is conceptual
difficulty to handle or control arises from the fact of that global flows occur in different physical and mental deminsions.

Appaduari (1996)
Proposed five dimensions of global cultural flow namely ETHONSCAPES, TECHNOSCAPES, MEDIASCAPE, FINANSCAPES,
and IDEOSCAPES. These landscapes are created due to movement of people, technologies, information through media,
money, and commodities and political ideas.

Steger (2005 & 2014)

A term globalization should be limited to set of intricate social processes that modify prevailing social statuses based on
the modern regime of self-dependent nation states.

Steger (2005)
Use the term globality to mean globalization as a conditions. For him, globality denotes “Future Goal condition
characterized by thick economic, political and cultural interconnections and global flaws that make currently existing
political borders and economic barriers irrelevant.

Steger (2004)
Defines ideology as a system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values and ideals accepted as
a truth by some groups. An ideology is defined by core claims. Since globalization has more claim, hence, it is an
ideology.
Uses the terms of globalism to mean globalization as an ideology. He identifies five core claims of globalism.
First, globalization is about the globalization and global integration of markets. Second globalization is inevitable and
irreversible. Third, nobody is in charge of globalization. Fourth, globalization benefits everyone and fifth, globalization
furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

For a political scientist, globalization serves as a challenges to nation – states.

In fact, some corporations have bigger revenues than the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of some countries (Trivett ,
2011). In 2010, Microsoft’s revenue of $65.48 million is bigger than Croatia’s $60.59 million GDP. In 2018, according to
Fortune, Microsoft ranked 30th biggest corporations with $89.95 million revenue.

For an economist , globalization means increase of free trade , speed of trade , global economic organization , and
regional trade blocks.

Internationality Monitoring Found

World Bank
World Crew Organization
International Labor Organization
European Free Trade Area

Furthermore , for culture and communications experts , globalizations , refers to the concept of a global village. Through
globalization, the world has become a borderless world. Communication technology makes the world shrink. McLuhan
(1964) believes that media has connected the world in ways that created a global village.

LESSON 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

Steger’s 2014 - Definition of globalization as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness
across world time and space implies that there are various forms of connectivity. Globalization is a multidimensional ,
phenomenon , creating economic , political , cultural , and even technological forms of connectivity.

Shangquan 2000 - Attributes to the growing scale of cross-border trades commodities and services flow of international,
capital , and wide and rapid spread of technology.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS (FDI)

Ito isang pamumuhunan kung saan ang isang kompanya nagtatakda ng isang Negosyo paggawa ng mga kalakal na
serbisyo ng isang halimbawa nito ay ang “Toyota Coorporation” na nakabase sa Japan na galling din sa China, Taiwan at
iba pa.
2008 Tinukoy ng International monitoring fund ng globalization ng ekonomiya ang resulta ng pagbabago ng tao at pag-
unlad ng techonolohiya.
Economic Globalization refers to the increasing intergration of economics around the world, particularly through of
movement of goods, services, and capital borders. (IMF, 2008)
Kilosang pang-ekonomiya sa (Asya , Africa , at Eruopa sa pamamagitan ng “SILK ROAD” isang network ng kalakal connect
to south particularly (China at Kanluran)

1521
Walang ideya sa pilipinas , Naghahanap sila ng panpapalasa ng kanilang pagkain.

Benzes 2014
Identifies 4 Interconnected Dimensions of Economic
Globalization of Trades of goods and services
Globalization of Financial and Capital Markets
Globalization of Technology and Communication
Globalization of Production

World Trade Organization (WTO) - 1995 “ensures that trade flows as smoothly , predictability , and freely as possible”
(WTO , 2012)
BPO - According to Sage.com, Business Process Outsourcing or BPO , refer to the process of contracting standard
business function to handle by a party outside the company.
Call Center Companies ay isang uri ng BPO na mayroong tiyak na serbisyo sa mga “Employee” samantala ang BPO ay
hindi lamang limitado sa pagbibigay ng serbisyo sa mga “Employee” kundi pati na din usaping Negosyo.

Transaction - The second dimension of economy (globalization of financial and capital markets). This is seen in cross-
listing of shares on one more foreign stock exchange, cross-ledging and diversification of portfolio , and round-the-clock
trading worldwide (National Research Council , 1995). Ang “Coca-Cola” ay isang halimbawa ng Multi-National
Coorporation. Nakabase din sila “Planta, Negorya at USA” ang company gumagawa lamang ng “Serap Concentrate”
ginagamit sa cola at binebenta sa ibang bansa. Isang pang halimbawa nito ay “Toyota” nong 1998.

Economic Globalization

Szentes 2003 - Economic Globalization the process of “making the world economy an organic system by extending
transitional economic processes and relations to more and more countries and by depending the economic
interdependencies among them”.

Boyer and Drache 1996 - State that the role of nation-states as manager of the national economy is being redefined by
globalization.

Brodie 1996 - Calls the government as the “midwives” of globalization.

On the other hand, some experts claim that the actors are now the “GLOBAL CORPORATIONS”

Ohmae 1995 - Argues that the nation-state has ceased to exist as the primary economic organization unit in the global
market.
Example ang “SALE”. Ang “Samiguel and Jollibee Company”
Arrighi 2005 - Globalization creates mutual dependence between developing and developed countries.

IMS ( International Monetary Systems)

Are sets of internationally agreed rules , conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross
border investment and generally there allocation of capital between nation states.the Bretton Woods System, and the
European Monetary System (EMS)

GOLD STANDARD - Ito ay gumaganap ng exchange rate of golds. The gold standard functions as a fixed exchange rate
regime, with gold as the only international reserve and participating countries determine the gold content of national
currencies (Benzes , 2014)

EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM (EMS)

National currencies were abandoned and member states delegated monetary policy onto a supranational level
administered by European Central Bank (European Commission , 2008)

!!ALWAYS REMEMBER!!
Developed Countries for “RICH COUNTRIES”
Developing Countries for “POOR COUNTRIES”

WORLD BANK , 2002

First , Some even destroy nature without doing anything to rehabilitate it. Second , economic globalization does not
benefit all nations.

WALLERSTIEN , 2005
Third , claims that capitalism created the different level of wages in the economic arena of worlds systems.

As of June 2021, what is the world’s highest-valued currency unit?

AS 2021-2000
Acoustics - Aircraft Noise Intrusion - Building Siting and Construction (FOREIGN STANDARD)
Provides guidance on the siting and construction of new buildings against aircraft noise intrusion and on the acoustical
adequacy of existing buildings in areas near aerodromes. The assessment of potential aircraft noise exposure at a given
site is based on the Australian Noise Exposure forecast (ANEF) system. The Standard also provides guidelines for
determining the type of building construction necessary to provide a given noise reduction.

LESSON 3: MARKET INTERGRATION

1945
 Tinakda ng United Nations 1994
 The World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 2 Kinds of International Financial Institution
 Citigroup at Merrill Lynch
(INTERGOVERMENT and PRIVATE)

5 Kinds Inside in World Bank

Ito ay isang load o nagpapautang para sa mahihirap na bansa.
 The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
 International Development Association
 International Financial Corporations
 Multilateral Investment
 Guarantee Agency
 International Center for Settlement and Investment Disputes
 THE FIRST COUNTRY TO RECEIVE A WORLD BANK LOAD WAS FRANCE.

1960 - Asian Development Bank (ADB)

1964 - African Development Bank (AfDB)

Citigroup at Merrill Lynch – Is an American multinational investment banking and financial corporation. It is the FOURTH
largest bank in the US (citigroup.com)
World Bank - It helps in project lending, establishes structural reforms , provides support and technical assistance, and
helps design modern and durable social safety nets for the benefits of both developed and developing nations (Stiglitz ,
1998)

HARVEY 1990
Sees the cities and countries were able to extend their reach beyond borders and patterns of trade technology, because
of developments in shipping and navigation.
AMERICAN HISTORY
o -International Telephone and Telegraph bought Avis Rent-a Car
o -Continental Banking Sheraton Hotels
o -Harford Fire Insurance (American History, 2018)

Dower 1992 - These companies prospered as the primary and global makers of trucks for the Japanese Military.

Iwan 2012 - Identifies the differences among international , multinational , transnational , and global companies.

International Companies - Are the importers and exporters with no investment outside their countries.

Multinational Companies MNC - Have an investment in other countries but do not have a coordinated product
offering in cash country. They are more focused on adapting their products and services to each individual local
market.

Global Companies - Have investment and are present in many countries. They typically market their products and
services to each individual local market.

Transnational Companies TNCs - Are more complex organizations that have investments in foreign operations , have
a central corporate facility but give decision-making , research and development , and marketing powers to each
individual foreign market.

Caroll 2003 - Terned the emergence of international , multinational , global , and transnational , companies in the
United States (US) , the European (UE) , and Japan as the Triad-the major economics of the worlds.
Gerefi 2001 - Identifies three structural periods in the existence of global corporations after the war ,
They are the:
o Investment-based period (1950-1970)
o Trade-based (1970-1995)
o Digital globalization (1995) onwards.

FDIs - As funding made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside the economy of the investor in
which their purposes is to gain an effective voice in the management of the enterprise (UNCTAD , 2011).

1960 - In the UN cited FDIs as the major drivers of global corporate development, and in 1990, FDIs tripled (Hedley,
1999)

2000 - With this around 20,000 new corporate alliances were formed in a span of two years (Gilpin , 2000)
 Neubauer 2014- PRODUCER-DRIVEN value streams have integrated their corporate structures to reduce the effect
of time and distance in the production and consumption of goods , while BUYER-DRIVEN value streams have
changed the behavior of corporations in retailing their goods and services via the internet.
-Identities three of them an agent of desired economic development and economic prominence, and a very
powerful entity that can create a crisis.

 As Cammett 2002 - Designing, ordering, factory processing , inventory , delivery , branding and advertising have
been driven by digital operations since the 1990s.

Contemporary Lesson 4: GLOBAL STATE SYSTEM

Weber 1997
Describe the state as a compulsory political organization with a centralized goverment that maintain the
legitimate use of force within a certain territory.

Schattle 2014
The concept of nation emphasizes the organic ties holds groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty
and belonging
- Ethnicity , Language , religion
- They are also accountable for a host of international norms and standards , find themselves is subordinate
positions to protect their economy , and face new kinds of pressures of supranational integration and focus of
local fragmentation.
- The statehood of the members is not dissolve, what has changed is only how the nation-state function, in
terms of economy and politics, as part of whole.

Nation State
Can be defined as a political community that emanates from civic society to legitimate execute peace.

5 Current Situation in our world

- First , globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation-state
- Second , effect of globalization on nation-states is the establishment of economic and political and political integration
- Third , effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and principles
- Fourth, effect of globalization is the rise of transnational activism. (TNA)
- Fifth, last effect of globalization is the creation of new communications network.

Friedman 2005
Claims that nation-state is in danger of losing important elements of economic sovereignty because of the notion that
neo-liberalism is beyond contestation as an aspect of globalization

5 Permanent Members
1. US
2. CHINA
3. UK
4. RUSSIA
5. FRANCE
10 Non-Permanent Members
1. AFRICA
2. ASIA
3. LATIN & CARIBBEAN
4. WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE
5. US , CHINA , UK , RUSSIA , FRANCE
 2 Non- Member of United Nations
1. VATICAN CITY
2. The Holy See
3. Palestine
July 1 , 2002
Established Internation Criminal Court

Andrew Henderson
Believe me or not , the three first world powers United States , Russia and China - aren't part of the ICC , each for itd
own particular reassons.

Keck & Sikkink 1998

When a nation-state recognize international interventions and changes its behavior in response to international
pressure , it reconstitutes their relationship amomg the nation-state , its citizens and international actors.

Castells 2009
Beacuse of the so-called network society , nation-states must reshape themselves to become part of global networks in
the arena of finance , education , science , technology , arts and sports.

North Korea
- There are only 4 TV Channels

IGO
- Intergovermental Organization

1967 Association South-East Asian Nation

10 MEMBERS HANGARIN
1. To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region
2. Promote regional progression
3. Advance peace and sustainability
4. Promote active and beneficial cooperation and assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, technical,
cultural, administrative and scientific fields
5. Provide assistance to each other in the framework of training and research installations in the educational,
professional, technical, and administrative spheres
6. Work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of agriculture and industries
7. Advance Southeast Asian research and
8. Preserve close and beneficial collaboration with current international and regional institutions with similar aims and
purposes

European Union (EU) an IGO with 28 state members, was established in November 1993. Its goals are
1. To promote peace, its values, and the well-being of its citizens
2. Offer freedom, security and justice without internal borders
3. Upload sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and price stability
4. Combat social exclusion and discrimination
5. Promote scientific and technological process
6. Enhance economic, social, and territorial cohesion and solidarity among member countries
7. Respect cultural and linguistic diversity and
8. Establish an economic and monetary union

Examples of IGO
 a. International Criminal Court
b. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
c. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Internationalism is basically anchored on the opinion that nationalism should be outrun because links that bind people
of different countries are more powerful than those that disconnect them. (Anora, 2014 )

Immanuel Kant 1795

Stated that agreements among nations must be reached

Guiseppe Mazzini 1859-1872

around that nationalism and international cooperations complemented each other. He believed that cooperation among
nation-state is essential.

Social Internationalism
fOn the other hand , contradicts liberal internationalism. This form of internationalism is based on the view that
capitalism is a global system and that the working class must unite a global class to forward the struggle against
capitalism.