SOCSCI032  Diversity: Most Progressive: South K, Japan,

ASIAN REGIONALISM Singapore.

 Most Poor: Cambodia, Laos, Nepal
REGIONALISM
 Most Populated: China and India
 Formal process of intergovernmental  World’s smallest: Bhutan and Maldives
collaboration between two / more states.  AS A REGION
 Expression of the common sense of identity and  1/3 of world’s land mass
purpose combined with the creation and  2/3 of global population
implementation of institutions that express a  Largest share of global GDP at 35%; USA
particular identity and shape collective action 23%; Europe 28%
within a geographical region.  Over 1/3 of world’s exports
 Prevalence of poverty, HIV/AIDS,
GLOBALIZATION
gender inequality, and other socio
 Refers to the increasing global relationships of economic problems
culture, people and economic activity.  US Strategy: Pacific Pivot: Committing
 Global distribution of the production of goods more resources and attention to the
and services, through reduction of barriers to region
international trade such as tariffs, export fees THE REGION AS AN OBJECT IMPACTED BY
and import quotas.
GLOBALIZATION
 Used to explain, justify and anticipate the rapid
expansion and intensification of social relations EXTERNALIST VIEW
across world time and space (Steger, 2013).
1. Colonial rule and dominance
 CORE CLAIMS
 Advantage and disadvantages of colonial
 Deregulation of markets
rule
 Liberalization of trade
 Colonized Asian countries
 Privatization of state owned enterprises.
 Non colonized Asian countries (Japan &
 1. Liberalization and Global Integration
Thailand)
of Markets (reduction of gov.
 19th & 20th Century: movements for
interference)
nationalism and independence
 2. Globalization is inevitable and
emerged.
irreversible
2. World War II
 3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
 Influenced by external forces
 4. Globalization benefits everyone In the
long run  Japan and US
3. Adoption of export oriented growth
FRAMEWORK  Japan, Korea, & Taiwan (1980’s and
1990’s)
ASIA PAC. & S.
GLOBALIZATION
ASIA  Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam (late
1980’s and 1990’s)
 SEA tigers: Reliance on infusion of
 EXTERNALIST VIEW
foreign capital
 GENERATIVE VIEW 4. IMF and WB (Bretton Wood System)
 THE REGION AS AN  Cornerstone of economic liberalization
ALTERNATIVE TO and globalization in post war global
GLOBALIZATION
economy
REGION’S STRENGTH  Indonesia Case: Suharto regime and
story
 Asia Pacific & South Asia: N.East Asia, SEA, Pacific  Thailand Case: Export oriented growth
Islands, S. Asia.
  Philippine Case: Cozy relaysh with F.  Increase in no. of McDonald stores in
Marcos asia
5. Asian Financial Crisis  Rise of domestic fast food chain
 Root Cause: Poor policies, weak  Rapid expansion of supermarket
government, corruption, poor
INFLUENCE ON DIETS
institutions, inadequate liberalization
 Globalization played a role in the 1997  Asia have been increasingly westernized
crisis  Wheat replaced rice as staple food
 Showed how deeply integrated the  McDonaldization
economy was in the global financial  MTV-ization
system  Hollywoodization
6. Membership to WTO
7. Liberalization of Economy GENERATIVE VIEW
 Rise of China: Deng Xiaoping 1970’s GENERATING GLOBALIZATION: ASIA AS A
economic reform- liberalization of the SPRINGBOARD
economy: high level of growth and became
more integrated into the global economy 1. Spice trade
 Rise of India: Liberalized economy in 1991: 2. Early modern world economy: Asia as center
Increased trades and FDI in textile and 3. Colonialism: Influenced the colonizers as well
service sector 4. Rise of Japan on procurement of raw materials
5. Rise of China as a producer and consumer
EFFECTS ON EMPLOYMENT PRACTCES 6. Rise of India on IT / Software dev. and in
Outsourcing and offshoring as Global service
 CHARACTERISTICS
provide
 Temporary and part time employment
7. International migrant labor
 Informal employment: self-
8. Remittance from migrant workers (Ph = 11% of
employment, family workers, informal
the Ph economy)
enterprise workers
Rise of regional free trade arrangements
 Underemployment: Ph 18% of work
9. Open regionalism
force; Indonesia 25 %
10. Asia Products in Global Market
 No legal contracts
 Poor working conditions and safety REGION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GLOBALIZATION
issues at factories that manufacture
goods for Western companies THE ANTI GLOBAL IMPULSE: REGIONAL
ALTERNATIVES TO GLOBALIZATION
EFFECTS ON POLICTICS
1. Japan’s colonization of the region in 1930s and
 Fall in authoritarian regime; Rise in democratic 40s- East Asian Co- Prosperity Sphere
regime 2. Asian way
 Due to  Reach consensus on national goals with
 Rising middle classes
the democratic framework to take the
 More globally connected world
middle path to exercise tolerance and
 End of Cold War
 Fall of Suharto, May 1998 sensitivity towards others
 Contrast to Western values: every
INFLUENCE ON CULTURE individual can do what he likes, free
from any restraint by government
 Globalization as cultural westernization:
McWorld  Asians respects hard work, thrift,
authority, community over the
 Globalization leading to cultural homogenization
individual
& destruction of cultural diversity
  Operates based on Harmony and  Integration based largely on the
consensus rather than on majority rule principle of non- interference or
 Regional arrangements intervention in domestic matters
 East Asian Economic Caucus (an APEC
DRIVING FORCES OF REGIONALISM
without western states)
 ASEAN +3 (China, S. Korea, and Japan) 1. Management of Independence
 Asian Monetary Fund (no USA), acts  Former colonies need mechanisms to
autonomously from IMF, was a failure administer their domestic affairs and
 Regional terror network: JI- Jemaah relations between themselves, their
Islamiyah (an alternative vision of colonizers, and with other states.
political and social organization in the  Managing these areas well is important
region; clashes directly with as they can be a conflictual process, this
globalization paradigm) is by entering into regional
 Local movements that emerged arrangements
 Santi Suk in Thailand: created its own
currency 2. Management of Interdependence
 Japan: Community Supported  States need to manage their economic,
Agriculture an Seikatsu Club political, and social interdependence
(encouraged to buy locally and ethically) with other states
 Set down norms and rules by which they
THE MAKING OF THE MIDDLE CALSS IN SOUTHEAST
can collectively achieve such goals as
ASIA
security, trade, and investments
1st Wave : 1950s-1970s: Japan  Regional norms and rules are expected
to shape the behavior of member states
2nd Wave: 1960s- 1980s: S. Korea, Taiwan,
Hongkong, Singapore 3. Management of Internationalization
3 rd
Wave: 1980s-1990s: Thailand, Malaysia,  States need to manage their affairs in a
Indonesia, Philippines multilateral, interstate system.
Proponents of regionalism as building
4th Wave: Urban Centers in China blocks argue that:
REGIONALISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE (MIDDLE CLASS
ASIA) 1. Such arrangements promote internal
and international dynamics that
 Asian middle class will play an increasingly enhance the prospects for
important role in the shift of the balance of multilateralism
global demand and change over the next few 2. Regionalism can have important
decades. demonstration effects in accustoming
 Rise will present many challenges, but will open actors to the effects of liberalization
up new and unprecedented opportunities for 3. Increased nos. of regional
the region and the world arrangements can weaken opposition to
 Asian Development Bank multilateral liberalization because each
successive arrangement reduces the
A. SUPRANATIONALISM value of the margin of preference
 States pool sovereignty in a way that 4. Regional agreements are often more
limits their autonomy in deciding over to do with strategic or political alliances
issues, whether economic, military, or than trade liberalization
political in nature. 5. Regionalism has more positive than
B. INTERGOVERMENTALISM negative political effects
REGIONALISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE ASEA VISION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN ASIA & EMERGENCE OF
The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and
MIDDLE CLASS IN ASIA
purposes of the Association are:
APEC (FTAAP)
(1) to accelerate the economic growth, social progress
 Canada and cultural development in the region through joint
 Chile endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in
 Hong Kong order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and
 Mexico peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations.
 Papua New Guinea (2) to promote regional peace and stability through
 Peru abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the
 Russia relationship among countries in the region and
 Chinese Taipei adherence to the principles of the United Nations
 U.S Charter.
ASEAN +6 TIMELINE
 Australia 1992- ASEAN Free Trade Agreement
 New Zealand 1997/98- Economic crisis- acceleration of economic
 India integration initiatives- ASEAN Vision 2020
2003- Bali Concord II- the launch of ASEAN Community
ASEAN +3
by 2020
 China 2005- The launch of ASEAN charter process
 Japan 2006/07- The acceleration of ASEAN Community to 2015
 Korea 2007- ASEAN charter drafting and the ASEAN Economic
Community Blueprint
ASEAN 2008- ASEAN Charter ratification
 Brunei ASEAN COMMUNITY (VISION 2015)
 Indonesia
 Malaysia ASEAN Security Community
 Philippines  Rules- based Community of Shared Norms and
 Vietnam Values
 Singapore  Cohesive, Peaceful, Stable and Resilient Region
 Thailand with shared responsibility for comprehensive
 Cambodia security
 Laos  Dynamic and Outward-looking Region in an
 Myanmar increasingly integrated and interdependent
world
ASEAN SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
 Formed on Aug. 8, 1967: Bangkok, Thailand,
with the signing of ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok  Human Development
Declaration)  Social welfare and Protection
 Founding Father of ASEAN  Social Justice and Rights
 Adam Malik (Indonesia)  Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
 Narciso R. Ramos (Philippines)  Building ASEAN Identity
 Tun Abdul Razal (Malaysia)
ASEAN Economic Community
 S. Rajaratnam (Singapore)
 Thanst Khoman (Thailand)  Single Market and Production Base
 Competitive Economic Region
  Equitable Economic Development DIGITAL DIVIDE
 Integration into Global economy
 Gap in technological skills between those who
*SEE WEB IN PPT* have ready access to technological devices and
GLOBAL MEDIA internet and those who do not

COMMUNICATION DIGITAL

 Importing or exchange of information by  Using or storing data or information in the form

speaking, writing, or using other medium of digital signals
 Successful conveying of ideas and feelings  Involving or using computer technology
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
ELECTRONIC
 Western Capitalist Society (20th C)
 Having or operating with components such as
 Overall Impact and intellectual guidance exerted
microchips and transistors that control and
by media on public opinion, taste, and values
direct electric currents
GLOBAL MEDIA
MEDIA
 Corporations or entities globally engaged in
 Main means of mass communication
media production and / distribution
PRESS
GLOBAL VILLAGE
 Newspapers or journalists viewed collectively
 International community formed by constant
interaction between citizens of various country
BROADCAST MEDIA
 Bound by shared cultural experiences
 Transcends geographical distance and physical  Media channels that transmit information
contact through radio or T.V, and Internet through social
 Marshall McLuhan: Predicted the global village, media, search engines and web explorers
one world interconnected by electronic nervous
system, making it a part of our popular culture PRINT MEDIA
before it actually happened
 Jack Lule: Globalization and media are  Printed means of mass communication: printed
combining to create a divided world of gated publications, newspaper, magazines\
communities and ghettos, borders and
PERFORMING ARTS MEDIA
boundaries, suffering and surfeit, beauty and
decay, surveillance and violence invoking the
 Media channels that convey a message/s
biblical town punished for its vanity by seeing its
through creative activity, performed in front of
citizens scattered, its language confounded and
an audience, music, dance and drama
its destiny shaped by strife (tower of Babylon)
SCRIPT
IMAGINED COMMUNITY
 Handwriting as distinct from print, written
 Community formed by like-minded individuals
characters, writing using particular alphabet
 Bound by common interest, shared aspirations,
 Automated series of instructions carried out in
collective identity and etc.
specific order
LANGUAGE AND METAPHOR
Globalization can be seen as 6 metaphors
 Globalization as our era: An outcome that has
been achieved in our time
 Globalization as an unstoppable force:
Inevitable
 Globalization as rising tire: Globalization is a
natural dev. that will elevate and enrich all
 Globalization as benefactor: The benefits it
brings, bringing positive change, distribute
benefits
 Globalization as networked world: Barriers of
the world have come down
 Globalization as empire: Economic and military
expansion
BEGINNING OF GLOBALIZATION
 Arjun Appadurai: Began in late 1900’s because
of advances in media (T.V, computers,&
cellphones) combined with changes in
migration pattern
 Robert Marks: Started in 1571, in Manila
because of Spain’s colonization of the
Philippines in that year was the final link in a
truly global trade route
 Others say that globalization began since the
beginning of humanity
 Author states “There are no right answers that
exists as to when globalization began”
History of Role of Media in Globalization
 Media is media tech. that are intended to reach
a large audience by mass communication.
 Media plays a key role in globalization
 Media also plays an important role in facilitating
culture exchange flows of information between
countries
 Media spreads through int’l news broadcast,
new technologies, T.V programming, film and
music
 Technology and social change
 Digital Media
 No globalization without media
History of Media
 AMERICA plays a prominent role in global scene
in media industries. Established a decisive and
fundamental leadership in the cultural sphere
 GLOBAL MEDIA has immense power in terms of
how it covers events outside the developed
world
 GLOBAL NEWS AGENCIES and MAJOR
BROADCASTING ORGANIZATION responsible
for the selection and packaging of news from the
third world
 Third World issues sustains the unequal
relations of power that exist between the West
and the Third World
 A handful of firms dominate the globalized part
of media system. The six largest are: AOL, Time
Warner (U.S), Disney (U.S) and Rupert Murdoch’s
News Corporation (Australian)
FROM CULTURAL IMPERIALISM TO GLOBAL
CAPITALISM AND MEDIA IMPERIALISM
1. Major forces leading to cultural
globalization are economic and
organizational
 Cultural Globalization requires
organizational infrastructure
 One form of globalization occurs as
a result of the activities in advanced
counties of news and
entertainment media that produce
films, T.V programs, and popular
music and distribute them to
countries all over the world
2. Dominance of a particular country in the
global media marketplace is more a function
of economic than cultural factors
 Small no. of media conglomerates
based in a few Western countries,
dominate the production and global
distribution of film, T.V, popular
music and book publishing
THEORITICAL MODELS OF MODELS OF CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION/ CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THEORY
1. Argues that global economic system is
dominated by a core of advance countries while
third world countries remain at the periphery of
 the system with little control over their
economic and political development
2. Multinational or Tans-national Corporations
are key actors in this system, producing goods,
controlling markets, and disseminating products
using similar techniques
3. Imperialism With the concept of “globalization”
suggests “interconnection and interdependency
of all global areas” happening “in a far less
purposeful way”
4. Cultural Imperialism re-conceptualized as media
imperialism despite its weakness it remains a
useful perspective because it can be used to
analyze the extent to which some national actors
have more impact than others on global culture
and therefor are shaping and reshaping cultural
values, identities, and perceptions
5. Cultural globalization corresponds to a network,
which no clearly defined center or periphery.
Globalization as an aggregation of cultural flows
or networks is a less coherent and unitary
process than cultural imperialism and one in
which cultural influences move in many different
directions
 “The Americanization process
becomes far more formidable when
the fundamental concepts of
society’s national identity are
remodeled in the American image”
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
1. A kind of cultural domination by powerful
nations over weaker nations
2. Viewed as purposeful and intentional because it
corresponds to the political interests of the
United States and other powerful capitalist
societies
3. The effects of this type of cultural domination,
reflecting the attitudes and values of western,
particularly American capitalist societies, are
viewed as extremely pervasive and as leading to
the homogenization of global culture
4. Attempt to promote a Western Lifestyle and
possible Americanize the world
BASICS OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
1. Diffusion of ideas and cultures amongst all of the
civilizations of the world
2. Trend that will eventually make all of human
experience and customs the same since all
cultures are coming together into one
3. Occurs in the everyday life, through wireless
communication, electronic commerce, popular
culture and int’l trade
4. Attempt to promote a Western lifestyle and
possible Americanize the World
Contributing Factors
1. New technology and forms of communication
help integrate different cultures into each other
2. Transportation technologies and services along
with mass migration and individual travel
contribute to this form of globalization allowing
cross-cultural exchanges
3. Infrastructures and institutionalization
embedded change
Benefits that Allow for Profits to Companies and
Nations
1. Offers opportunities for development and
advancement in economics, technology and
information and usually impacts developed
countries
2. Creates a more homogeneous world
3. Generates interdependent companies amongst
companies
CONCLUSION
 Media and globalization will stay as long as
humanity exist
 Only technology can predict the future of social
media but as long as man communicates, media
reverberates
 In Ph. Context, no less than the supreme law of
the land is ever cognizant and gives nation-
building in its Article 2 Sec. 24 declaration of
state principles and policies, provisions which
stipulates that
 The state recognizes the vital role of
communication and Info. In nation-
building
 Clearly implies the value and crucial
role of communication and Info. in
the development and progress of
the Ph. Which is not possible
 without inter—mingling with other
states of the world
GLOBAL RELIGION
RELIGION
 Involves belief in and reverence for a
supernatural power or powers regarded as
creator and governor of the universe
 Personal or institutionalized system grounded in
such belief and worship
 Celebrate a sense of the sacred in life
ORIGINS OF RELIGION
 As old as humankind
 Since the beginning, human beings have looked
to powers outside of themselves for protection
and reassurance
 These beliefs predate the written world , so we
must look to archaeological finds for evidence of
these ancient religious beliefs
 Neanderthal Man (60,000 BC)
- Burial sites with animal antlers on
the body and flower fragments next
to the corpes
 Cro- Magnon Man (35,000-10,000 BC)
- Buried with food, shells, necklaces of
deer teeth, fine skin clothes and
good tools
- Dead also covered in red earth to
look like new born. Indication that
they believed in rebirth after death
or afterlife
 Other religions such as Hinduism, Judaism,
Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, started
thousands of years ago and continue to be
relevant today
WHAT CHARACTERIZES RELIGION
 WISDOM / CREED. Theological beliefs and
scriptures of holy writings of a religion
 Creed is a set of truths that must be
accepted and agreed by the followers/
disciples. Summary of the principle
belief of a religion
 WORSHIP / CULT. Refers to the way of
worshipping. Rituals practiced by the followers.
 Often difficult element to describe
because it involves so many diverse
elements
 WORKS / CODE. Ethical values and the system of
moral practice directly resulting from an
adherence to the beliefs. Set of moral principles
and guidelines that must be respected and
followed by the members of the religion
 Code, When used is a religious sense
simply a summary of the principles and
guidelines by which people choose
which actions are good, and which are to
be avoided
 These three elements (Wisdom/ Worship/
Works) fulfill the three parts of the humans soul:
thought, feelings and action; mind, sensibilities
and will; the intellectual, the aesthetic and the
moral
WESTERN BELIEFS
 Share a similar view of the world and concept
because they both sprang from Judaism (Islam
and Christianity)
 MONOTHEISTIC- Belief in one God
 Humans must enter into an interpersonal
relationship with God
 Morality is based on learning the will of God,
understanding and living it our individually and a
community
 Time is viewed as linear, from beginning to end
 Judaism (Torah)
 Christianity (Bible)
 Islam (Koran)
EASTERN BELIEFS
 POLYTHEISM – Belief in more than one god
 Main concern is to live a good, happier, better
life
 Creation contains God within it. All elements of
creation from plants to animals have an
animated spirit
 Meditation is central to these faiths
 Life is balanced
 Holy books are not central to the beliefs and
practice
 Time is viewed in cycles
 Time is a belief in reincarnation or rebirth
  Things can be made better or worse through
karma
 Buddhism
 Hinduism
 Confucianism
 Taoism
 Shintoism
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING RELIGION
1. Understand the differences and see similarities
between nations and cultures both political and
philosophical
2. Appreciate our own beliefs by seeing them
alongside those of others
3. Work of Ecumenism through a meaningful
exchange of ideas between religious groups
Similarities of Religion
 Belief in a power greater than humans
 Holy places such as Mecca, Jerusalem
 Set of religious symbols by which the religion is
identified
 Having a liturgy or observance of Holy Days
 Belief in a power greater than human
 Having sacred or Holy Writings, listing of rules
 Number of important people, founders,
prophets, missionaries, historical people
 Place of worship
 Belief in a Golden Rule
Religious Difference
 Their idea of sin or evil
 Their idea of salvation
 Their idea of priesthood
 Their idea of a personal God
 Some believe that their god can
personally communicate with each
human, can be contacted, persuaded,
involve. Others that their god is
unreachable, people are on their own to
find their own answers. Others that their
god is beyond limits of experience or
knowledge
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS RELIGIOUS
PRACTICES AND BELIEFS
 Rising religious fundamentalism as people feel
culturally threatened an influx of strange cultural
factors resulting from the increasing
multicultural societies triggered by globalization
 Conversely, the movement of people and info.
across nation borders increases the rate of social
and cultural liberalization results in potential
loosening of traditional religious structures
 The rise of nationalism as a counter pressure to
globalization may put pressure on ethnic/
religious diversity in some countries. Particularly,
countries that do not have long histories of
multiculturalism or where there has been
historical conflict between ethnic/ religious
groups that had been suppressed due to the rise
of globalization
 The ease of information flow also allows the
rapid movement of religious proselytizing
(preaching) across the world. So, the converts to
regionally non-traditional religions such as
Mormonism and Fundamentalist Christianity in
Latin America, have increased dramatically
HOW DOES RELIGION SPREAD MORE EFFICIENTLY
 Magazines
 Media
 Social media
 Cellphone apps
 Celebrities following and advertising them
RELIGION AND CONFLICT
 Religion is not the main cause of conflicts today
 Surveying the state of 35 armed conflicts from
2013, religious elements did not play a role in 14
or 40 %
 Religion was only one of the three or more
reasons for 67% of the conflicts where religions
featured as a factors to the conflict
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PEACE
 There is no clear statistical relationship between
either the presence or the absence of religious
belief and conflict. Even at the extremes, the
 least peaceful countries are not necessarily the
most religious and vice-versa

How Important is Religion to Understanding Peace

 There are many other socio-economic

characteristics that have more significant
explanatory power in understanding why
conflict and peace occurs than religion does.
 There are some religious factors that are
significantly related to peace
 Multivariate regression analysis reveals that
there is a consistent relationship between
factors such as corruption, political terror,
gender and economic inequality and political
instability which determine poor peach scores as
measured by the Global Peace Index (GPI).
 Clearly indicates that these factors are globally
more significant determinants in driving violence
and conflict in society than the presence of a
religious belief
 There are two religious characteristics which are
associated with peace: restrictions on religious
behavior and hostilities towards religion.
 Countries without a dominant religious group
and on average, more peaceful and have less
restrictions or social hostilities around religion
than countries with a dominant religious group
 Government type has much greater explanatory
power than religion in understanding differing
levels of peace

Can Religion Play a Positive Role in Peacebuilding?

 While a lot of analysis may focus on the negative

role of religion it is important to acknowledge
the potential positive role of religion in peace-
building through inter-faith dialogue and other
religiously-motivated movements
 Religion can be the motivator or catalyst for
bringing about peace through ending conflict as
well as helping to build strong social cohesion.