ENGINEERING FACULTY

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Year: 2019-2020 Semester: Spring
Course Name: 14ENV302 – Unit Operations II
TAKEHOME FINAL EXAM QUESTION-ANSWER SHEET
SIGNATURE: EXAM DATE:
INSTRUCTOR’S NAME & TITLE: P rof.Dr.Ç et i n Kant ar 01/06/2020
TIME: 09:00
SIGNATURE: DUE DATE:
STUDENT’S NAME/SURNAME: 01/06/2020
STUDENT ID #: TIME: 17:00
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TOTAL
POINT:
Point
Prog. PO2 PO2 PO2
Outcomes

1) Water with the following properties is to be treated for hardness removal. Water temperature = 25 oC

Species Concentration Concentration (mg/L CaCO3) Species Concentration Concentration (mg/L as CaCO3)
(mg/L) (mg/L)
Ca2+ 15 37.5 CO32- 0.0085 7.08x10^-3

Mg2+ 4.1 17.08 SO42- 11.2 8.75

Na +
6.3 28.6 Cl -
7.8 11.1
K+ 2.3 6.05 NO3- 1 0.8
H+ 0.32 (µg/L) ------------------------------------- SiO2 13.1 10.9
HCO3 -
58.4 47.8

a) (5 p.) Calculate water pH

H+ = 3.2x10-7 g/L = 3.2x10-7 , pH = -logH+ = 6.49

b) (5 p. ) Calculate H2CO3 concentration (mg/L CaCO3)

K1 = 1014.8435 – (3404.71 / 298.15) – (0.032786 x 298.15) = 10 -6.35
K2 = 106.498 – (2909.39 / 298.15) – (0.02379 x 298.15) = 10 -10.35
𝐶T = [𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] + [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] + [𝐶𝑂32-]
𝛼1 = [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] / 𝐶T
𝛼1 = 1 / ( ([H+] / K1) + 1 + (K2 / [H+]) )
𝛼1 = 1 / ( (10-6.49/ 10-6.35) + 1 + (10-10.35 / 10-6.49)
𝛼1 = 0.58
CT = [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] / 𝛼1 = 0.000957 / 0.58 = 1.65x10-3 M
CT = [𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] + [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] , 1.65x10-3 M = 0.000957 + [𝐻2𝐶𝑂3]
[𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] = 6.93x10-4 x 62000 = 42.97 mg/L
[𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] = 69.37 mg/L CaCO3

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 c) (5 p.) Calculate the alkalinity (mg/L CaCO 3)

d) (10 p.) Draw bar diagram of the untreated water

e) (10 p.) Estimate the hardness distributed based on the measured concentrations of alkalinity, calcium and
magnesium (TH, Ca-CH, Mg-CH, Ca-NCH, Mg-NCH).

TH (mg/L CaCO3)

Ca-CH (mg/L CaCO3)

Mg-CH (mg/L CaCO3)

Ca-NCH (mg/L CaCO3)

Mg-NCH (mg/L CaCO3)

f) (5 p.)Determine which water softening method is suitable for the hardness removal from the untreated raw
water.

2
 ENGINEERING FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Year: 2019-2020 Semester: Spring
Course Name: 14ENV302 – Unit Operations II
TAKEHOME FINAL EXAM QUESTION-ANSWER SHEET
SIGNATURE: EXAM DATE:
INSTRUCTOR’S NAME & TITLE: P rof.Dr.Ç et i n Kant ar 01/06/2020
TIME: 09:00
SIGNATURE: DUE DATE:
STUDENT’S NAME/SURNAME: 01/06/2020
STUDENT ID #: TIME: 17:00
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TOTAL
POINT:
Point
Prog. PO2 PO2 PO2
Outcomes

2) Water with the following properties is to be treated for hardness removal. pH = 7; Water temperature = 10 oC
Species mg/L Eqv. weight mg/L CaCO3 a)
(5 p.) Draw bar
Ca2+ 40 20 100
diagram of the
Mg2+ 30 12 125
untreated water
HCO3- 190 61 155.7
93.5 0
100 225
Ca Mg
H2CO3 HCO3-

155.7

K1 = 1014.8435 – (3404.71 / 283.13) – (0.032786 x 283.13) = 10–6.47

K2 = 106.498 – (2909.39 / 283.13) – (0.02379 x 283.13) = 3.11x10-11
𝐶T = [𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] + [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] + [𝐶𝑂32-]
𝛼1 = [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] / 𝐶T
𝛼1 = 1 / ( ([H+] / K1) + 1 + (K2 / [H+]) )
𝛼1 = 1 / ( (10-7/ 10–6.47) + 1 + (3.11x10-11/ 10-7)
𝛼1 = 0.77
CT = [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] / 𝛼1 = 0.00311 / 0.77 = 4.039x10-3 M
CT = [𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] + [𝐻𝐶𝑂3-] , 4.039x10-3 M = 0.00311 + [𝐻2𝐶𝑂3]
[𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] = 9.29x10-4 x 62000 = 57.6 mg/L
[𝐻2𝐶𝑂3] = 92.9 mg/L CaCO3

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 b) (5 p.) Estimate the hardness distributed based on the measured concentrations of alkalinity, calcium and
magnesium (TH, Ca-CH, Mg-CH, Ca-NCH, Mg-NCH).

TH (mg/L CaCO3) 225

Ca-CH (mg/L CaCO3) 100
Mg-CH (mg/L CaCO3) 55.7
Ca-NCH (mg/L CaCO3) 0
Mg-NCH (mg/L CaCO3) 69.3
c) ( 5 p.)Determine which water softening method is suitable for the hardness removal from the untreated raw
water.
NCH = 0 , Mg-CH = 55.7 mg/L CaCO 3 . So, we can use excess lime soda ash softening
process.

d) (5 p.) Estimate the lime dose requirement for the method selected in part c (mg/L CaCO 3).
Lime soda = H2CO3+ Ca-CH + 2*Mg-CH + MgNCH + excess lime
Lime soda = 93.5 + 100 + 2(125) + (255 – 155.7) + 60 = 572.8 mg/L CaCO3
Lime soda = (572.8 / 50) x 37 =423.9 mg/L Ca(OH)2

e) (5 p.) Estimate the soda ash dose requirement for the method selected in part c (mg/L CaCO 3).
Soda dose = Ca-NCH + Mg-NCH = 0 + 69.3 = 69.3 mg/L CaCO3
Soda dose = (69.3 / 50) x 53 = 73.5 mg/L Na2CO3

f) (5 p.)Estimate the carbondioxide dose (mg/L CaCO 3) required for recarbonation for the method selected in
part c, assuming that the residual calcium hardness in the settled softened water is 40 mg/L as CaCO 3, and the
residual magnesium hardness in the settled softened water is 15 mg/L as CaCO 3 .

The CO2 dose in the first stage = excess lime dose + estimated Mg-H of the finished
water

60 + 15 = 75 mg/L CaCO3 or (75/50) x 22 = 33 mg/L CO2

The CO2 dose in the second stage = raw water alk + soda ash dose – raw water TH + the
total hardness of the finished water

Total hardness of the finished water = 40 + 15 = 55 mg/L CaCO3

155.7 + 69.3 – 255 + 55 = 55 mg/L CaCO3 or (55/50) x 22 = 24.2 mg/L CO2

4
 ENGINEERING FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Year: 2019-2020 Semester: Spring
Course Name: 14ENV302 – Unit Operations II
TAKEHOME FINAL EXAM QUESTION-ANSWER SHEET
SIGNATURE: EXAM DATE:
INSTRUCTOR’S NAME & TITLE: P rof.Dr.Ç et i n Kant ar 01/06/2020
TIME: 09:00
SIGNATURE: DUE DATE:
STUDENT’S NAME/SURNAME: 01/06/2020
STUDENT ID #: TIME: 17:00
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TOTAL
POINT:
Point
Prog. PO2 PO2 PO2
Outcomes

3) Activated carbon sorption may be used to reduce/control trihalomethane (THM) precursors [such as total organic
carbon (TOC)] in drinking water treatment plants prior to prechlorination. The sorption of TOC onto activated
carbon follows the following isotherm: q=250 C 0.5 where C = mg/L and q =mg/g. The design flowrate for the
treatment plant is 0.5 m 3/s, and the raw water contains 19 mg/L of TOC, and the drinking water standard for TOC
is 0.5 mg/L.
a) (10 p) At what rate powdered activated carbon (PAC) must be added (kg/d) to reduce the TOC concentration
to less than 0.5 mg/L?

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b) (10 p) An alternative configuration is to use GAC-packed columns to meet the standards. Given the following
parameters, determine the depth of the column (H) required to treat this water.

K = 0.02 m/s (hydraulic conductivity through GAC packed column)

h = 0.5 m (headloss across the GAC bed)

EBCT = 10 min.

Q h V
Hint: = K EBCT = V = A∗H where h is the headloss, H is the column depth, K = hydraulic
A H Q
conductivity, Q = flowrate, V = empty bed volume, and A = column cross-sectional area.

c) (10 p) If the bulk dry density of the GAC used is 450 kg/m3, estimate the run time to exhaustion (days) for the
column designed in part b.