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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

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GEOGRAPHY 2217/01
Paper 1
October/November 2004

1 hour 45 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer three questions, one from each section.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
The insert contains Photograph A for Question 3 and Fig. 6 for Question 4.

This document consists of 12 printed pages, 4 blank pages and an insert.

SP (DR) S70174/3
© UCLES 2004 [Turn over
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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) What is meant by the term ‘natural increase of population’?

Explain how it is calculated. [3]

(b) Fig. 1 shows the growth of population in world regions from 1950 to 2050.

World Population in billions

10

North America
Europe
8
North Africa / West Asia
Latin America
& the Caribbean
6
Sub-Saharan Africa
Population
(billions)
4

Asia and Oceania

2

0 1950 60 70 80 90 2000 10 20 30 40 50
Forecast
Year

Fig. 1

(i) What does the diagram show about

A the rate of growth of the world’s total population from 1950 to 2000, [2]

B the proportions of population in the world regions over the 100 year period? [4]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the growth of population is

A large in some world regions, [5]

B much less in other world regions. [5]

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(c) Now study Fig. 2 which refers to Japan, a major developed country in Asia. It shows how the
population aged over 60 is likely to develop by 2050 both in percentage terms and
dependency ratio.

A B
Population aged 60 years or over (%) Dependency Ratio
50 50 1:1 1:1

40 40

30 30 1:2 1:2

20 20

10 10 1:5 1:5

0 0
1980 90 2000 10 20 30 40 50 1980 90 2000 10 20 30 40 50
Forecast Forecast
Year Year

Fig. 2

(i) What is meant by the term ‘dependency ratio’? [2]

(ii) With reference to data from Fig. 2, explain why the expected developments shown will
create problems for the country now and in the future. [4]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows a settlement hierarchy.

capital/primate city
Number of functions (services) provided

cities

X large towns
(tourist resort)

small towns

Y
villages (dormitory settlement - where people live
but most work in other towns and cities)

Population, size of settlements

Fig. 3

(i) Explain what ‘settlement hierarchy’ means. [1]

(ii) What does Fig. 3 suggest about the relationship between the number of and the sizes of
settlements? [1]

(iii) Fig. 3 also shows that two types of settlement (X and Y) may not fit into the general
relationship shown.
Describe the position of each of these settlements on the graph and suggest a reason for
each position. [2,2]

(iv) State the type of functions (services) found in most villages and explain how they may
differ from those in towns. [4]

(v) Explain how the functions of a capital/primate city may differ from the functions
(services) found in other settlements within a country. [3]

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(b) Now look at Fig. 4 which shows the percentages of land use in the CBD (Central Business
District) of a large city.
Give reasons for the pattern shown. [5]

Percentage of land use in the CBD of a large city

transport residential
public buildings
(including entertainment)

shops

offices

Fig. 4

(c) Explain why many towns and cities throughout the world are restricting the use of private
vehicles in central areas and are encouraging the use of public transport. [7]

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Photograph A (Insert) shows a wave breaking along a coastline.

(i) On the photograph, locate by means of an arrow and label ‘swash’, ‘backwash’ and
‘crest’. [3]

(ii) The wave shown is a destructive wave. What is meant by a destructive wave and how
does it differ from a constructive wave? [4]

(b) (i) State two factors which influence the energy of a wave. [2]

(ii) What is the difference between hydraulic action and corrasion (abrasion) by waves? [4]

(iii) By means of a labelled diagram or sketch map only, describe the process of longshore
drift. [4]

(c) Fig. 5 shows a stretch of coastline protected by the building of a sea wall and structures such
as X - Y.

Key:
accumulation of
beach material
cliff
X

sea wall

sea

Fig.5

(i) Suggest how the cliff was being eroded before the sea wall was built. [4]

(ii) Describe the structure X - Y and explain how it may reduce the longshore drift of beach
material. [4]

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4 (a) (i) Fig. 6 (Insert) is a diagram of tropical rain (evergreen) forest.

With the aid of labels added to Fig. 6, describe five of the main features of this type of
natural vegetation. [5]

(ii) Explain three ways in which features of tropical rain forest are adapted to the climate. [3]

(b) Study Fig. 7 (opposite) showing the distribution of tropical rain forest in part of central Africa
and answer the following.

(i) Which country named on the map has the largest percentage of its area covered by
tropical rain forest? [1]

(ii) Which one of the five named countries has the lowest percentage of its area covered
with tropical rain forest? [1]

(iii) Which part of the Central African Republic is lacking in tropical rain forest? [1]

(c) Now read the newspaper extract below, Fig. 8, which was published in 2002 and relates to
the area of tropical rain forest shown in Fig. 7.

Big Five seek to

save Congo forests
The world’s five richest
countries, international
conservation groups and
giant logging companies,
will pump up to U.S. $100m
into trying to save the forests
of the Congo basin. This is
the largest stretch of
unbroken forest in the world
after the Amazon.
The Congo basin was until
a decade ago virtually
untouched forest. It has now
been invaded by European-
based logging companies.
The wood is exported
mainly to Europe and almost
all is known to have been
felled illegally, with little or
no monitoring of the
industry. The scale of
destruction in the Congo
basin is now thought to be so
serious and rapid that up to
20% of the forest could be
lost within 15 years. This
could result in climate
changes, more river flooding
and the loss of plant species.

Fig. 8

(i) Even though there was an agreement in 2002, it will be difficult to conserve the
remaining tropical rain forest in the region shown in Fig. 7.
A Give your views on what should be done to conserve the forest. [4]
B Explain why conservation will be difficult. [4]

(ii) How does the removal of tropical rain forest influence

A climate,
B rivers,
C plant species? [6]

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CAMEROON
CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC

EQUATORIAL
GUINEA

GABON

CONGO

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

border of country

northern edge of original tropical rainforest

0 200
areas covered by tropical rainforest today
km
protected areas of rainforest,
such as Forest Reserves

Fig. 7 for Question 4(b) opposite

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Fig. 9 shows two features of the climate of Montego Bay (a major tourist resort in Jamaica in
the Caribbean region of central America) and London in the United Kingdom.

Temperature and sunshine statistics for London and Montego Bay

30
Montego Bay
25

20 London
temperature
15
°C
10

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D months
Montego Bay 9.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 Sunshine
hours
(average
London 1.8 2.0 4.0 5.6 6.4 7.6 7.2 6.3 5.0 3.5 2.0 1.6 per day)

Fig. 9

(i) Use the data in Fig. 9 only to suggest why many people from the United Kingdom may
be attracted to visit Montego Bay. [3]

(ii) Name one other climate feature that might interest a tourist planning a visit to Montego
Bay from the United Kingdom. [1]

(b) Give reasons for the increase in international tourism in recent years. [6]

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(c) Fig. 10 shows some of the effects of tourists developments on the environment and on people
living in various parts of the world.

Paradise Lost
Cancun The Balearics
The Mexican government More than 10 million people
built two causeways to a reef now visit Majorca each year.
island. Now it has 19 000 Ibiza, once a remote, rural
hotel rooms, 1.5 million island, now has 2 million
visitors a year and 260 000 visitors a year. The number of
permanent residents. The cars on the island has risen
causeways reduced water by 52% in 10 years; there are
flow into the lagoon, which now more cars than people.
along with waste from the Most of Ibiza’s natural springs
hotels drastically reduced have run dry, and five of the
marine life. seven underground water
sources are contaminated.

The Gambia Kenya Goa

The country’s coastline has Water on the Shaba reserve Luxury hotels require up to
eroded significantly as a has been diverted from a 270000 litres of water a day,
result of tourist developments. spring used by local Samburu often pumped from villages
In some areas beaches are people for use by a luxury which have been left with
disappearing at a rate of 5 hotel. Masai people were only a standpipe. The water
metres every year, and the evicted from their lands to table is now critically low, and
sea is now threatening a make way for safari tourism wells are running dry, even in
major highway. Forests have in the 1980s. winter months.
disappeared to make way for
tower blocks, and local
people say they have been
forced from their farmland
and banned from fishing
close to shore.

Fig. 10

(i) With reference to information in Fig. 10 and from studies you have made, explain how the
growth of tourism has

A changed the natural environment, [4]

B caused problems for local people. [4]

(ii) For a named tourist area, describe the benefits for local people from the growth of the
tourist industry. [7]

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6 (a) (i) Using the information in Fig. 11, explain how electricity may be generated and
transported from a hydro-electric power station. [4]

inlet tower – controls water moving

from the reservoir into the penstock

dam – holding back generator – connected to

the reservoir turbines - produce electricity

power station

transmission lines –
carry electricity to
consumers
reservoir
transformer –
raises the voltage
of the electricity

penstock – tunnel turbines – blades in water outflow –

carrying water from turbines turned by downstream
reservoir flowing water

Fig. 11

(ii) What physical features, including climate, favour the siting of a hydro-electric power
station? [4]

(iii) Why are objections sometimes made when it is proposed to develop a reservoir and
hydro-electric power station in a rural location? [3]

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1 of the world’s population) cannot obtain electricity. Instead many gather

(b) Two billion people (–
3
wood and animal dung for burning as a fuel. Study the newspaper extract (Fig. 12 below) and
suggest reasons why:

(i) so much energy production depends on the burning of wood and animal dung in
developing countries; [2]

(ii) such large-scale burning of wood and animal dung may cause problems for people and
the environment. [6]

backbreaking loads, and the United Nations

Two billion people, or a
third of the world’s
population, cannot get
electricity or any form of
modern energy. In
countries such as Sierra
Leone, Uganda and
Malawi, 95 per cent of the
people lack such power
resources. Instead they
have to gather wood and
dung, often walking for
hours every day carrying
robbing the land of tree
cover and fertility in the
process.
Smoke trapped inside
homes from burning wood
and dung kills 2.2 million
people a year - mainly
women and children - and
is responsible for 5 per
cent of the total burden of
disease worldwide, said
Environment Programme.
Burning the wood and
dung gives off smoke that
contains a cocktail of
poisonous chemicals
likely to cause respiratory
and heart disease.
This pollution is one of
the leading causes of
childhood and infant
mortality.

Fig.12

(c) Alternative energy sources, including hydro-electricity, only provide 10% of the world’s
energy.
Suggest reasons for this. [6]

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Copyright Acknowledgements:

Figure 1. © The Economist

Figure 2. © The Economist
Figure 10. © The Guardian. www.guardian.co.uk
Figure 11. EUSTON, BROWN AND WOODWARD. Geography. © Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press.
Figure 12. © The Independent

Every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders where the publishers (i.e. UCLES) are aware that third-party material has been reproduced.
The publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights they have unwittingly infringed.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

2217/01/O/N04