UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Faculty of Resources Science and Technology

PBI1092 ACADEMIC ENGLISH 2

AE 2 Group 3

Information Report

SEMESTER 1 2020/2021

Submission Date : 9 December 2020

Oral presentation Link:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ad7XmBeeoG5cvAOkvuVlcf3xJtWhyfip/view?usp=s
haring

NAME OF LECTURER MADAM MINAH BINTI MOHAMMED SALLEH

TITLE TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING

PREPARED BY 1. LENYX BONG XIN JIE 75401 (01116198382)

2. NG XUAN XIAN 76021 (0109602982)

3. VERONISA BONG SIEW FANG 77087 (01139258068)

 Chemical bond can be said as the foundation of chemistry. In 1916, chemical bond
was first introduced by Gilbert Newton Lewis. It outlines the connections between
atoms in a molecule (Frenking & Shaik, 2014). These connections contain attractive
forces that keep the atoms together. The chemical bonds can be classified into four
types, which are ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond and Van der Waals
interaction.

One of the chemical bonds is ionic bond. Ionic bond is the electrostatic force of
attraction between two oppositely charged ions (Uce, 2015). It occurs in the process of
transferring electrons from one atom to another atom. Ionic bond usually occurs in a
metal and a non-metal, for example sodium (Na) ion and chloride (Cl) ion. During the
reaction of ionic bonding, sodium ion will loses one valence electron and transfer to
chloride ion, resulting in a more positively charged sodium ion which is known as
cation and a negatively charged chloride ion, which is known as anion. Thus, sodium
ion and chloride ion become more stable. Ionic bond is the strongest chemical bond
because it has a higher dissociation energy.

In chemistry, covalent bond is a chemical link between two atoms or ions which
result from the electron pairs that are shared between them. A covalent bond also known
or termed as a molecular bond (Helmenstine, 2019). The electrostatic attraction of their
nuclei arises from the binding of the same electrons. A covalent bond is formed when
the bonded atoms have lower total energy than a widely separated atom (Britannica,
2020). The electron pairs which participate in the covalent bond are called the bonding
pairs or shared pairs. Hence, sharing the bonding pairs allows each atom to achieve a
much more stable outer electron shell which can be seen in the noble gas atoms
(Helmenstine, 2019). There are few types of orbital used in the covalent bond
formation. In the covalent bond, sigma bonds are the strongest bond as it is formed by
direct overlap of orbitals from each of the two bonded atoms. Next, the single covalent
bond occurs when one pair of electrons are shared between the atoms as one of the parts
of a molecule or compound. Sigma bond and pi bonds can be found in the double and
triple bonds as it will increase the stability and restrict the geometry of a compound
(“The Covalent Bond'', n.d.).

The basis of the principle in the relative atomic electronegativities is the modern
concept of hydrogen bond as it was forwarded by Pauling in his Nature of the Chemical
Bond. The electronegativity increases the electron density over to balance the nuclear
charge and the electric potential as it proceeds from left to right of the Periodic Table.
Even though all the charges are neutral, the additional charge on the nuclei is
increasingly less screened by the additional electron. It has been known that the
electronegative donor and the acceptor atom which is the hydrogen bonding resembling
a covalent bond whereas the weakly electronegative atoms is the primarily electrostatic.
The electrons are then formally associated with the hydrogen atom which is involved
with the covalent of X-H bond. The position of the hydrogen atom is in the centre and
the hydrogen atom became descreened as its centre of mass is displaced relative to the
hydrogen atom position. The excess electron density at the acceptor atoms which form
the hydrogen bond interaction is the Coulombic interaction of the dipole.

Last is the Van der Waals interactions. Van der Waals interactions are made up of
Van der Waals forces. Van der Waals forces are weak forces which attract neutral
molecules to each other (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016). Van der
Waals interaction is known to be the weakest chemical bond but can be very strong
when a lot of Van der Waals forces are involved (LibreTexts, 2020). Despite being the
weakest chemical bond, Van der Waals interactions are responsible for a huge part of
structures and functions in chemistry, biology, and materials (Han Z. et al., 2016).
Under Van der Waals interactions, there are two types of forces which are dipole-dipole
forces which occur when the polar molecules interact and London dispersion forces.
An example of dipole-dipole forces is the interaction of hydrogen chloride molecules
where the molecules will align themselves in a way that the oppositely charged
neighbouring molecules are near each other. Adding on, London dispersion forces is
another force which enables nonpolar substances to condense into liquids and freeze
into solids in low temperature (London dispersion forces, n.d.). For example, the
electron distribution of a helium atom is unstable and can result in an instantaneous
dipole. The temporary dipole will then influence the neighbouring helium atoms as
well, inducing a dipole on them (CK-12 Foundation, 2013).

In conclusion, there are four types of chemical bonds. Ionic bond is the strongest
chemical bond while Van der Waals interactions is the weakest chemical bond. The
chemical bonds formed will depend on the type of atoms, ions or molecules involved.
Reference

Chemistry LibreTexts. (2020). Van der Waals Interactions. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Te
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ysical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_
Forces/Specific_Interactions/Van_Der_Waals_Interactions

Ck12 Science. (2013). 9.18 Van der Waals Forces. Retrieved from

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-concepts-intermediate/section/9.18/

Covalent bond. (2020). In Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/covalent-bond

Frenking, G. & Shaik, S. (Eds.). (2014). The Chemical Bond: Fundamental Aspects of

Chemical Bonding. Weinheim, Germany: John Wiley & Sons.

Han, Z., Wei, X., Xu, C., Chiang, C., Zhang, Y., Wu, R., & Ho, W. (2016). Imaging

van der Waals interactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 7(24),
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Helmenstine, A.M. (2020). What Is a Covalent Bond in Chemistry? Retrieved from

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-covalent-bond-604414

Jeffrey, G.A., Saenger, W. (1994). Definitions and Concepts. In: Hydrogen Bonding

in Biological Structures. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Purdue University - Department of Chemistry. (n.d.). London dispersion forces.

Retrieved from https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/disperse.html

The Covalent Bond (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/the-covalent-
bond/
Uce, M. (2015). Constructing models in teaching of chemical bonds: Ionic bond,

covalent bond, double and triple bonds, hydrogen bond and molecular geometry.
Educational Research and Reviews, 10(4), 491-500.

Van der Waals forces. (2016). In Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/van-der-Waals-forces
 Appendix 1

Figure 1. Types of Chemical Bonding