Recall: K

mv =
C v γw
V =V s +V u
Or,

(Via void ratio)

Immediate Elastic Settlement, S1
e 1−e 2

( )
1−μ 2 mv =
S1=C s qB P2−P1 (1+e ave )
Es

( )
2
1−μ
S1=qB Ip CASE B: Over Consolidated Clay, P0 < Pc
Es
B1:

When, P0 +∆ P< P c
Primary Consolidation, Sc

e −eH
Sc = 0
1+ e0
Sc =
Cc H
1+e 0
log
(P 0+ ∆ P
P0 )
Swell Index
Compression Index

C c=
e 0−e Cs:
( 101 C ≤ C ≤ 51 C )
s c

( PP )
c
log
0 B2:

P=P 0+ ∆ P When, P0 +∆ P> P c

Or,
Sc =
Cc H
1+e 0
log( P0
+ )
P 0+ ∆ P C s H
1+ e0
log( )
Pc
P0
Sc =
Cc H
1+e 0
log
P0 (
P 0+ ∆ P
)
Secondary Consolidation, Ss

( )
CASE A: Normally Consolidated Clay, P0=P c Ca H T
Ss = log 2
1+ e p T1
C H P +∆ P
Sc = c log 0
1+e 0 P0 ( ) Secondary Index

Where: 0.03 C c ≤ Ca ≤ 0.06 Cc

C c =0.009≪−10 Void ratio at end of primary consolidation

Or, e p=e0−∆ e
Sc =mv ∆ PH

Where, Final Remark: Total Settlement, S

S=S 1+ S c + S s t1 U 1
2
=
t 2 U 22

Pre-consolidation Pressure Ṕc for Over-

consolidated Clay

e0
1.22− −0.0463 log Ṕ o
eL
Compression Index log Ṕc =
0.188
e1 −e 2 Where,
C c=
log
( )
P2
P1 e L=
( 100¿ ) G s

Coefficient of Compressibility

e 1−e 2 For Normally Consolidated Clay

a v=
P 2−P1
e
=1.122−0.2343 log P o
Coefficient of Volume Compressibility eL

av e1 +e 2 Over Consolidation Ratio

mv = ; e ave =
1+e ave 2 Pc
OCR=
Coefficient of Coefficient Po

K Surcharge needed to eliminate the entire

C v=
mv γ w primary settlement for a period of time by pre-
compression
Time Factor
S c1 if only ∆ P is acting
Cv t U=
T= Sc 2 if ∆ P+∆ P f is acting
2
H dr

Degree of Consolidation (entire depth)

U=
log 1+
( ∆P
Po )
[ ( )]
Sc t ∆P ∆ Pf
U= log 1+ 1+
Sc Po ∆P
Degree of Consolidation (distance “z”)

1−U z
U=
U0
Relation between Time and Degree of
Consolidation