GROUP 10 REPORT

ORGANIC
WATER
POLLUTANTS
Verano, Vergara, Villafuerte, Young
BIO REFRACTORY ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
According to Manahan (2001) There are
millions of tons of organic compounds
are manufactured globally each year
wherein thousands appeared to be as
water pollutants.

But on the other side, organic pesticides

which contains bio refractory organic
industrial waste are essential in
agriculture, in which without them,
millions would starve as the supply of
crops decreases by double or triple.
PESTICIDES IN WATER
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audience. They have a variety of
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highlights, which can be applied to
whatever subject you plan on discussing.
NATURAL PRODUCT INSECTICIDES,
PYRETHRINS, AND PYRETHROIDS
THE SAFE INSECTICIDES

-Several significant classes of insecticides are derived from plants.

-These include nicotine from tobacco, rotenone extracted from certain legume roots, and
pyrethrins.
-Pyrethrins and their synthetic analogs represent both the oldest and newest of insecticides.
-Biodegradability
-Used in China 2000 years ago.
BYPRODUCTS OF PESTICIDE
MANUFACTURE
THE DANGER PART
A number of water pollution and health problems have been associated with the manufacture of
organochlorine pesticides. For example, degradation-resistant hexa-chlorobenzene is used as a
raw material for the synthesis of other pesticides and has often been found in water.
The most notorious byproducts of pesticide manufacture are polychlorinated dibenzodioxins.
From 1 to 8 Cl atoms can be substituted for H atoms on dibenzo-p-dioxin giving a total of 75
possible chlorinated derivatives.
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

SEWAGE
- from domestic, commercial, food-processing,
and industrial sources contains a wide variety of pollutants, including organic
Pollutant (Table 12.4).
- Disposal of inadequately treated sewage can cause severe problems
NATURALLY OCCURRING CHLORINATED AND BROMINATED
COMPOUNDS
-Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB compounds) were discovered as environmental pollutants in
1966 and have been found in water, sediments, bird tissue, and fish tissue all over the world.

- They are made by substituting from 1 to 10 Cl atoms onto the

biphenyl aryl structure as shown on the left in Figure 12.10

Figure 12.10 General formula of polychlorinated

biphenyls (left, where X can range from 1 to 10) and
a specific 5-chlorine congener (right)
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

- These are primarily produced by marine species, particularly some types of red algae, and are
most likely used as chemical defense agents.
- Organochlorine and organobromine compounds are also produced by some marine
microorganisms, worms, sponges, and tunicates.
- An intriguing observation has been made regarding the possible bio accumulation of a class of
compounds with the formula C10H6N2Br4Cl2 in several species of sea birds from the Pacific
Ocean region.

1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromodichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole
- Polychlorinated biphenyls have very high chemical, thermal, and biological
stability, as well as low vapor pressure and high dielectric constants.

- The manufacture of PCBs was prohibited in the United States by regulations

issued under the authority of the Toxic Substances Control Act, which was
passed in 1976, and their uses and disposal were strictly regulated.

- PCBs are especially common pollutants in Hudson River sediments as a result

of waste discharges from two capacitor manufacturing plants that operated
approximately 60 kilometers upstream from the river's southernmost dam from
1950 to 1976.
Biodegradation of PCBs
-The Hudson River in New York provides an interesting example of microbial degradation of
environmental chemicals.

- Although it was well known that aerobic bacteria could degrade PCBs with only one or two
Cl atom constituents, the majority of the PCB congeners discharged to the sediments had
multiple chlorine atom constituents, with an average of 3.5 Cl atoms per PCB molecule at
the time of discharge. Investigations in the late 1980s, however, revealed that the
PCBs in the sediments had been largely converted to mono- and dichloro-substituted forms.

- According to laboratory studies, once formed, mono- and dichloro- substituted PCBs can be
degraded by aerobic bacteria, which oxidize the PCB molecules, cleave the aromatic rings,
and eventually mineralize the pollutants to inorganic chloride, carbon dioxide, and water.
Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders
SOAPS HOW SOAP CLEANS
-Produced from the hydrolysis -Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to
of fats in a chemical reaction act as an emulsifying agent.
called saponification. -The hydrophilic head of the soap molecule is also called
-Soaps are chemically the fatty polar end.
acids of salts -The hydrophobic end of the soap molecule is also called
non-polar end.
-he hydrocarbon chains are attracted by dispersion forces forming
structures called micelles.
 -Affected by the presence of minerals in the water
THE DIS- (hard water)
→
ADVANTAGE OF
2 CH3(CH2)16CO2-Na+ + Mg2+
[CH3(CH2)16CO2-]2Mg2+ + 2 Na+

SOAP -Soap form films (soap scum)

-Soaps are environmentally friendly.

SOAP AS -Soaps are biodegradable.

POLLUTANT
DETERGENTS
-Soluble in hard and soft water
-Does not form scum
-Detergents are Na+ or K salt of sulphonic acids of
hydrocarbons.
-Detergents are amphipathic molecules.
-Surfactant
-It has a of structure of alkyl benzene sulfonate
(ABS) surfactant
-ABS was replaced by a biodegradable surfactant
known as linear alkyl sulfonate LAS.
 -Builders bind to hardness ions, making the detergent solution
DETERGENT alkaline and greatly improving the action of the detergent

BUILDERS
surfactant.
-Causes environmental problem
-Other ingredients include ion exchangers, alkalies (sodium
carbonate), bleaches, fabric softeners, enzymes, optical
brighteners, fragrances, dyes, zinc, lead, and polyphosphates.

-Phosphate inhibits biodegradation

DETERGENTS -Cause eutrophication

AS -Detergents also cause oxygen-reducing substances

-Causes water to grow murky
POLLUTANTS
HERBICIDES
-Substance use to destroy
unwanted plants like weeds.
-Selective and non-selective
herbicides
-Herbicides’ mode of action
Compounds that are commonly used in
insecticides and herbicides:
Common compounds in Herbicides
BIPYRIDILIUM COMPOUNDS
-The two important pesticidal
compounds of this type are the
herbicides diquat and paraquat.

-Destroy plant cells and gives plant

frostbite appearance

-Paraquat is considered highly toxic

HERBICIDAL HETEROCYCLIC NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS
--Herbicides has three heterocyclic
nitrogen atoms in ring structures,
called triazines.

-Triazine herbicides inhibit

photosynthesis.

-Atrazine and metribuzin

CHLOROPHENOXY HERBICIDES
Includes 2,4-D and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
SUBSTITUTED AMIDE HERBICIDES
-Diverse group of herbicides consists of substituted amides such as
propanil and alachlor
NITROANILINE HERBICIDES

MISCELLANEOUS HERBICIDES
-A wide variety of chemicals have been used as herbicides

HERBICIDES AS WATER
POLLUTANT

-Through leeching, herbicides contaminate groundwater

-Contamination can also occur due to surface runoff

-Volatilization of herbicides can go through atmosphere and pollute bodies of water through
precipitation.
PESTICIDE IN WATER
INTRODUCTION
·A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or
control certain forms of plant or animal life that
are considered to be pests.
·Pesticides are employed for many different
usage.
·As of the mid-1990s, U.S. agriculture used about
365 million kg of pesticides per year, whereas
about 900 million kg of insecticides were used in
non-agricultural applications.
USES OF PESTICIDE
· Insecticides – used in the control
of invertebrates include.
· Molluscicides – for the control of
snails and slugs.
· Nematicides – for the control of
microscopic roundworms.
· Herbicides – used to kill plants
(invasive)
· Fungicides – used against fungi.
· Bactericides – used to kill bacteria.
· Slimicides – used against slime-
causing organisms in water.
· Algicides – used against algae.
DDT AND ORGANOCHLORINE
INSECTICIDES
Chlorinated hydrocarbon or Organochlorine
insecticides - Hydrocarbon compounds which
hydrogen atoms have been substituted by Cl
atoms in varying amounts.
COMMON ORGANOCHLORINE
INSECTICIDES
DDT
(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
DDT was a commonly-used
pesticide for insect control in the
United States until it was cancelled
in 1972 by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
Why was DDT used? DDT was
initially used by the military in WW II
to control malaria, typhus, body lice,
and bubonic plague.
METHOXYCLOR IMPORTANCE
Use to kill biting flies, houseflies, mosquito larvae,
cockroaches, and chiggers are among the pests that
can be controlled with this insecticide. Field crops,
vegetables, fruits, stored grains, cattle, pests,
residences, gardens, lakes, and marshes were all
treated with it.

DESCRIPTION
· It has a molecular formula of C16H15Cl3O2.
White crystalline solid.
 IMPORTANCE
CHLORDANE Chlordane was first commercially produced in 1947
and has mostly been used for termite control around
home foundations and the management of soil
insects in maize cultivation. Chlordane has also
been found in a variety of household and garden
insecticides.

DESCRIPTION
It is a chlorinated cyclodiene that is the principal
isomer formed in the preparation of a contact
insecticide of the same name.
IUPAC name, 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-
tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindane.
 IMPORTANCE
ALDRIN Aldrin is a pesticide that is used to kill termites, corn
rootworms, wireworms, rice water weevils, and
grasshoppers in the soil. It has been frequently used
to protect crops such as corn and potatoes, as well
as to keep termites away from wooden
constructions.

DESCRIPTION
Aldrin, cast solid is a brown to white solid. If the
large pieces are broken up or powdered,
It is insoluble in water and noncombustible.
The molecule has a molecular weight of 364.896
g/mol. The melting point of aldrin is a temperature
of 105 °C.
IUPAC name, of this compound is 1,2,3,4,10,10-
Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-
dimethanonaphthalene.
 IMPORTANCE
HEPTACHLOR Use as a insecticides. Formerly used to kill termites,
ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic
situations.

DESCRIPTION
Heptachlor is a white to light tan waxy looking solid.
IUPAC name, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-
tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene
 IMPORTANCE
TOXAPHENE In the 1970s and early 1980s, toxaphene was one of
the most widely used pesticides in the United
States.
It was largely used in the southern United States to
control insect pests on cotton and other crops.
Other uses included controlling insect pests on
livestock and killing unwanted fish in lakes.

DESCRIPTION
Toxaphene has a molecular formula of C10H8Cl8.
IUPAC Name: 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,2-
bis(chloromethyl)-3-
methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
 IMPORTANCE
LINDANE It is an organochlorine and useful as an agricultural
insecticide and as a pharmaceutical agent to
eliminate lice and scabies.

DESCRIPTION
Also known as 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane.
It is the gamma-isomer of benzene hexachloride, a
colorless to white colored, synthetic, crystalline solid
with a slight musty odor.
ORGANOPHOSPHATE
INSECTICIDES
INTRODUCTION

Organophosphate insecticides are insecticidal

organic compound that contain phosphorus,
some of which are organic esters of
orthophosphoric acid, such as paraoxon.
METHYL PARATHION IMPORTANCE
Methyl parathion is used to kill insects on farm
crops, especially cotton.

DESCRIPTION
·Methyl parathion is a white crystalline solid which is
often dissolved in a liquid solvent carrier.
·It is slightly soluble to insoluble in water.
IUPAC name, dimethoxy-(4-nitrophenoxy)-
sulfanylidene-λ5-phosphane
CHLORPYRIFOS IMPORTANCE
Chlorpyrifos is used on agricultural food and feed
crops, cattle ear tags, golf course turf, industrial
plants and vehicles, non-structural wood treatments
including processed wood products, fence posts and
utility poles, and to control public health pests such
as mosquitoes and fire ants.

DESCRIPTION
·a white crystal-like solid with a strong odor. It does
not mix well with water.
Chlorpyrifos is an organic thiophosphate that is O,O-
diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate.
CARBAMATES
INTRODUCTION

Carbamate pesticides have been widely used

because some are more biodegradable than
the formerly popular organochlorine
insecticides, and have lower dermal toxicities
than most common organophosphate
pesticides.

COMMON TYPE OF
CARBAMATES
·Carbaryl – widely used as an insecticide
on lawns or gardens and low toxicity to
mammals.
·Carbofuran – has high water solubility
and act as a plant systemic insecticides.
Pirimicarb – has been widely used in
agriculture as a systemic aphicide.
ORGANIC PESTICIDES AS
WATER POLLUTANTS
·The common examples of organic
pesticides shown, share a common
characteristic of high persistence and
suspicions of potential carcinogenic.
·These pesticides ha a higher rate of
bioaccumulation in water due to their
low solubility in water, and so, it poses a
significant long-term threat to aquatic
animals.
·Pesticides dissolved in a liquid carrier, it
can easily penetrate the soil and
contaminate groundwater and nearby
streams.
THANK YOU!

-GROUP 10