- The yellow color of urine is caused
Urinary
Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions
that occur in the body.
2 stages include:
Anabolism – build biomolecules
Catabolism – breakdown biomolecules
• Products of digestion are molecules
containing energy.
Urine – one of the waste products after
metabolism.
ANALYSIS OF URINE IMPORTANCE
• Aids in the diagnosis
• Screening of asymptomatic or
undetected disorders.
• Monitoring the progress of a disease
and effectiveness of therapy.
URINE COMPOSITION
• 95% water + 5% solutes
Urea – Primary organic component
- Account nearly half of the total
dissolved solids in urine
- Other organic compounds:
Creatinine and Uric Acid
- • Management or urinary conditions
Chloride – Primary inorganic component
- Other inorganic compounds:
Sodium and Potassium
URINE COLOR
• Varies from colorless to black
DUE TO: Normal metabolic functions
- Physical Activity
- Ingested Materials
- Pathologic conditions
NORMAL URINE COLOR
by the presence of a pigment called
Urochrome
Urochrome – Product of endogenous
metabolism
• Under normal conditions the body
produces it at a constant rate
Uroerythrin – Pink Pigment
Urobilin – Orange-Brown Color
ABNORMAL URINE COLOR
• Yellow-green-presence of biliverdin
• Port-wine (red) – Oxidation of
porphobilinogen to porphyrins
Urine pH
Healthy individual:
• First Morning Specimen – slightly
acidic
- 5.0 to 6.0 pH level
• Normal random specimen
- 4.5 – 8 pH level
IMPORTANCE
• Aid in determining the existence of
systemic acid-base disorders of
metabolic and respiratory origin.
that require urine to be maintained
at a specific pH.
Principle : Double-Indicator System
Reagent:
• Methyl Red – Produces a color change
from red to yellow in the pH 4-6
• Bromthymol Blue – turns from yellow to
blue in the pH range 6-9
Specific Gravity
• Evaluates urine concentration
• Determine if specimen concentration is
adequate to ensure the accuracy of
chemical tests
 • Kidney – selectively reabsorbs essential - Produce a visible colorimetric
chemicals and water from the reaction.
glomerular filtrate. - Certain indicators change color in
presence of protein.
URINOMETER
Principle : Bouyancy INTERFERENCES IN PROTEIN TESTING
• Increased density of urine compared to False Positive :
that of water, the urinometer will float - Highly buffered interference
higher in urine than in water. alkaline urine.
• The weighted float displace the volume - Pigmented Specimens
of the urine which is equal to its weight. - Antiseptics
- Loss of buffer from prolonged
REFRACTOMETER exposure of the strip to the
Principle: Refractive Index specimen
• Refractive Index – ratio of the velocity of - High SG ( trace reading )
light in air to the velocity of light in the False Negative :
medium being measured. - Proteins other than albumin
- Microalbuminuria
PROTEINURIA
• Presence of Protein in Urine. MICROALBUMINURIA
- Excretion of albumin between 20-
Why is protein not normally detected in the 200 mg/min
Urine? - Detects onset of renal
- Protein is present in the blood. complications
- Healthy Kidneys should only filter - Also associated with the risk of
trace amounts into the urine as cardiovascular disease.
most molecules are too large for the
filters (glomeruli) TEST FOR MICROALBUMINURIA
- Warning Signal that kidneys are not Micral-Test:
functioning well. Principle: Enzyme Immunoassay
3 TYPES: Sensitivity: 0-10 mg/dL
Pre – renal : caused by conditions affecting
the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney • Reagent strips contain gold-labeled
• Not indicative of actual renal dse. antihuman albumin antibody-enzyme
Renal : result of either glomerular or tubular conjugate.
damage. • Albumin in the urine bind to the
Post- Renal: Protein is added to the urine as antibody.
it passes through the structures of the lower
urinary tract. GLUCOSURIA
- Presence of glucose in the urine.
REAGENT STRIP REACTION Why is glucose not normally found in the
PRINCIPLE : Protein error of Indicators. urine?
SENSITIVITY: Albumin In a healthy individual, almost all of the
• Contains more amino groups to accept glucose filtered are reabsorbed.
hydrogen ions from the indicator.
 • The amount of glucose reabsorbed is
determined by the body’s need to
maintain an sufficient level of glucose
in the blood.
• In blood glucose surpasses the
threshold level, tubules no longer
reabsorb glucose.
• Renal threshold level for glucose: 160-
180mg/dL
• mg/dl acetone
GLUCOSE REAGENT STRIP TEST
• Glucose Oxidase Method
• Principle: Double Enzyme Sequential
Reaction
• Purpose: Detection and monitoring of
DM
- Most frequently performed.
INTERFERENCES:
False Positive- Contamination by oxidizing
agents and detergents.
False negative: High level of ascorbic acid.
High levels of ketones
High SG
Low temp
Improperly preserved.
- Uncontrolled disease
- Glycogen storage disease
- Starvation
KETONE REAGENT STRIP TEST
Principle: Sodium Nitroprusside Reaction
Sensitivity:
Multistix: 5-10 mg/dl acetoacetic acid
Chemstrips: 9 mg/dL acetoacetic acid. 70
INTERFERENCES:
False Positive:
• Phthalein dyes
• Highly Pigmented red urine
• Levodopa
• Medications containing free sulfhydryl
•
False Negative:
• Improperly preserved specimens
REAGENT STRIP PARAMETERS

KETONURIA:
Presence of Urine in the body

Why are ketone bodies not normally detected

in urine?
• All metabolized fast is completely
broken down into CO2 and water.
• CAUSES OF KETONURIA
- Uncontrolled Diabetes
- Glycogan storage disease
- Starvation

• Represents the 3 intermediate

products of fat metabolism:
- Acetone (2%)
- Acetoacetic Acid (20%)
- B-hydroxybutyaric Acid