Alois Riegl (1858–1905) was the pioneer of making a systematic analysis of the conservation of

heritage buildings. He believed that age value is against the preservation of heritage buildings, whilst
historical value is the result of faithful preservation of monument. He is also one of the most
infliuential practitioners of formalism

Theory Of Kunstwollen Or Artistic Volition

- exploited empathy as the mental capacity enabling us to conceive a spatial understanding
from such design.
- He thought the primary function of art to be expression.
- stated that the art reveals its meaning only when a human being sees the work, he
eliminated all sorts of rational and scientific attempts at deciphering.
- in terms of architecture, he preferred the art of carving over the art of weaving
- When combined into a building, there are a lot of straight lines and edges that outline
individual forms, which are following each other in a rhythmic sequence.
Cesare Brandi (1906–1988) was an art critic and historian, specialist in conservation-
restoration theory.

Conservation-restoration theory
- application of science, modern methods in conserving and restoring architecture
- For him, art is considered to be the apex of human creation, and must, therefore, be
protected
- the moment in which, through a critical approach, we identify a work of architecture as a
work of art, is the only one suitable for its restoration
- restoration work must respect the original building, and thus must be identifiable. Some
materials cannot be replaced due to their role in presenting the mainfeatures of a building
- Any conservation work on a historic building must be reversible.
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The Venice Charter (1964)
- The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is a set of
guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation professionals in Venice, that provides an
international framework for the conservation and restoration of historic buildings.

Adaptive ReuseTheory
- refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was
originally built or designed for.
- also known as recycling and conversion.
- prevented thousands of buildings' demolition and has allowed them to become critical
components of urban regeneration.
- mainly discussed in two forms, within-use adaptation and across-use adaptation
Within-use Adaptation - restore or conserve a structure based on its original use, functions
and character.
Across-use Adaptation - restore or conserve structures by changing its use and/or
functions but retain its physical characteristics.
Analysis of 19th and 20th century key-theories
- shows the evolution of the adaptive reuse concept
- mainly presented in three groups of key theories, the stylistic restoration, conservation
(anti-restoration), and restoration-conservation movements
Stylistic restoration - refers to considering the original style of a heritage building in any
work carried out to the building
Conservation (anti-restoration) - process which material, historical and design
durability of mankind's built architectural history is prolonged to last longer and to be able
to sustain difficult conditions or to be kept sustainable, in general.
Restoration-conservation movement - sfsf attempt to conserve and repair architecture,
paintings, drawings, prints, sculptures, and objects of the decorative arts
that have been adversely affected by intentional destruction, or, more commonly, the
natural decay of the materials from which they are built as a result of time and human use